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Pérez-Villegas EM, Ruiz R, Bachiller S, Ventura F, Armengol JA, Rosa JL. The HERC proteins and the nervous system. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 132:5-15. [PMID: 34848147 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The HERC protein family is one of three subfamilies of Homologous to E6AP C-terminus (HECT) E3 ubiquitin ligases. Six HERC genes have been described in humans, two of which encode Large HERC proteins -HERC1 and HERC2- with molecular weights above 520 kDa that are constitutively expressed in the brain. There is a large body of evidence that mutations in these Large HERC genes produce clinical syndromes in which key neurodevelopmental events are altered, resulting in intellectual disability and other neurological disorders like epileptic seizures, dementia and/or signs of autism. In line with these consequences in humans, two mice carrying mutations in the Large HERC genes have been studied quite intensely: the tambaleante mutant for Herc1 and the Herc2+/530 mutant for Herc2. In both these mutant mice there are clear signs that autophagy is dysregulated, eliciting cerebellar Purkinje cell death and impairing motor control. The tambaleante mouse was the first of these mice to appear and is the best studied, in which the Herc1 mutation elicits: (i) delayed neural transmission in the peripheral nervous system; (ii) impaired learning, memory and motor control; and (iii) altered presynaptic membrane dynamics. In this review, we discuss the information currently available on HERC proteins in the nervous system and their biological activity, the dysregulation of which could explain certain neurodevelopmental syndromes and/or neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Pérez-Villegas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Rocío Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Sara Bachiller
- Clinical Unit of Infectious Diseases, Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine of Sevilla, Virgen del Rocío University Hospital, CSIC, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Francesc Ventura
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IBIDELL, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose A Armengol
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.
| | - Jose Luis Rosa
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IBIDELL, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
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2
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Lalonde R, Strazielle C. The Herc1 gene in neurobiology. Gene X 2022; 814:146144. [PMID: 34990797 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The function of the HERC1 gene has mainly been delineated by studying Herc1tbl (tambaleante) mutant mice, characterized by losses in cerebellar Purkinje cells, a lower number of synaptic vesicles in the hippocampus, and anomalies in climbing fiber projections from the inferior olive as well as alpha-motoneuron projections to the skeletal muscle. The salient behavioral phenotypes include cerebellar ataxia, a loss in motor coordination, muscle weakness, and spatial deficits. Similar neuropathological and behavioral profiles have been described in childhood-onset subjects with HERC1 variants, including cerebellar ataxia and hypotonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Lalonde
- University of Rouen, Dept Psychology, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA7300), University of Lorraine Medical School, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France.
| | - Catherine Strazielle
- Laboratory of Stress, Immunity, Pathogens (EA7300), University of Lorraine Medical School, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France; CHRU Nancy, Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France
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3
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van der Heijden ME, Lackey EP, Perez R, Ișleyen FS, Brown AM, Donofrio SG, Lin T, Zoghbi HY, Sillitoe RV. Maturation of Purkinje cell firing properties relies on neurogenesis of excitatory neurons. eLife 2021; 10:e68045. [PMID: 34542409 PMCID: PMC8452305 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm infants that suffer cerebellar insults often develop motor disorders and cognitive difficulty. Excitatory granule cells, the most numerous neuron type in the brain, are especially vulnerable and likely instigate disease by impairing the function of their targets, the Purkinje cells. Here, we use regional genetic manipulations and in vivo electrophysiology to test whether excitatory neurons establish the firing properties of Purkinje cells during postnatal mouse development. We generated mutant mice that lack the majority of excitatory cerebellar neurons and tracked the structural and functional consequences on Purkinje cells. We reveal that Purkinje cells fail to acquire their typical morphology and connectivity, and that the concomitant transformation of Purkinje cell firing activity does not occur either. We also show that our mutant pups have impaired motor behaviors and vocal skills. These data argue that excitatory cerebellar neurons define the maturation time-window for postnatal Purkinje cell functions and refine cerebellar-dependent behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike E van der Heijden
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Elizabeth P Lackey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Ross Perez
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Fatma S Ișleyen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Amanda M Brown
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Sarah G Donofrio
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Tao Lin
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
| | - Huda Y Zoghbi
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s HospitalHoustonUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
- Development, Disease Models and Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of MedicineHoustonUnited States
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4
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van der Heijden ME, Sillitoe RV. Interactions Between Purkinje Cells and Granule Cells Coordinate the Development of Functional Cerebellar Circuits. Neuroscience 2021; 462:4-21. [PMID: 32554107 PMCID: PMC7736359 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar development has a remarkably protracted morphogenetic timeline that is coordinated by multiple cell types. Here, we discuss the intriguing cellular consequences of interactions between inhibitory Purkinje cells and excitatory granule cells during embryonic and postnatal development. Purkinje cells are central to all cerebellar circuits, they are the first cerebellar cortical neurons to be born, and based on their cellular and molecular signaling, they are considered the master regulators of cerebellar development. Although rudimentary Purkinje cell circuits are already present at birth, their connectivity is morphologically and functionally distinct from their mature counterparts. The establishment of the Purkinje cell circuit with its mature firing properties has a temporal dependence on cues provided by granule cells. Granule cells are the latest born, yet most populous, neuronal type in the cerebellar cortex. They provide a combination of mechanical, molecular and activity-based cues that shape the maturation of Purkinje cell structure, connectivity and function. We propose that the wiring of Purkinje cells for function falls into two developmental phases: an initial phase that is guided by intrinsic mechanisms and a later phase that is guided by dynamically-acting cues, some of which are provided by granule cells. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms that granule cells use to help establish the unique properties of Purkinje cell firing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike E van der Heijden
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
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5
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Diaz J, Gérard X, Emerit MB, Areias J, Geny D, Dégardin J, Simonutti M, Guerquin MJ, Collin T, Viollet C, Billard JM, Métin C, Hubert L, Larti F, Kahrizi K, Jobling R, Agolini E, Shaheen R, Zigler A, Rouiller-Fabre V, Rozet JM, Picaud S, Novelli A, Alameer S, Najmabadi H, Cohn R, Munnich A, Barth M, Lugli L, Alkuraya FS, Blaser S, Gashlan M, Besmond C, Darmon M, Masson J. YIF1B mutations cause a post-natal neurodevelopmental syndrome associated with Golgi and primary cilium alterations. Brain 2021; 143:2911-2928. [PMID: 33103737 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human post-natal neurodevelopmental delay is often associated with cerebral alterations that can lead, by themselves or associated with peripheral deficits, to premature death. Here, we report the clinical features of 10 patients from six independent families with mutations in the autosomal YIF1B gene encoding a ubiquitous protein involved in anterograde traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cell membrane, and in Golgi apparatus morphology. The patients displayed global developmental delay, motor delay, visual deficits with brain MRI evidence of ventricle enlargement, myelination alterations and cerebellar atrophy. A similar profile was observed in the Yif1b knockout (KO) mouse model developed to identify the cellular alterations involved in the clinical defects. In the CNS, mice lacking Yif1b displayed neuronal reduction, altered myelination of the motor cortex, cerebellar atrophy, enlargement of the ventricles, and subcellular alterations of endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus compartments. Remarkably, although YIF1B was not detected in primary cilia, biallelic YIF1B mutations caused primary cilia abnormalities in skin fibroblasts from both patients and Yif1b-KO mice, and in ciliary architectural components in the Yif1b-KO brain. Consequently, our findings identify YIF1B as an essential gene in early post-natal development in human, and provide a new genetic target that should be tested in patients developing a neurodevelopmental delay during the first year of life. Thus, our work is the first description of a functional deficit linking Golgipathies and ciliopathies, diseases so far associated exclusively to mutations in genes coding for proteins expressed within the primary cilium or related ultrastructures. We therefore propose that these pathologies should be considered as belonging to a larger class of neurodevelopmental diseases depending on proteins involved in the trafficking of proteins towards specific cell membrane compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Diaz
- INSERM UMR894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris F-75014, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Paris 5, France
| | - Xavier Gérard
- INSERM UMR-S1163 Imagine Institute for Genetic Diseases, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, France
| | - Michel-Boris Emerit
- INSERM UMR894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris F-75014, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Paris 5, France
| | - Julie Areias
- INSERM UMR894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris F-75014, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Paris 5, France
| | - David Geny
- INSERM UMR894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris F-75014, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Paris 5, France
| | - Julie Dégardin
- INSERM UMR-S968, Institut de la vision, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris F-75012, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France
| | - Manuel Simonutti
- INSERM UMR-S968, Institut de la vision, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris F-75012, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France
| | | | - Thibault Collin
- Saint Pères Paris Institute for the Neurosciences CNRS - UMR 8003 Université de Paris, Paris 75006, France
| | - Cécile Viollet
- INSERM UMR894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris F-75014, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Paris 5, France
| | - Jean-Marie Billard
- INSERM UMR894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris F-75014, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Paris 5, France
| | - Christine Métin
- INSERM, UMR-S1270, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Laurence Hubert
- INSERM UMR-S1163 Imagine Institute for Genetic Diseases, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, France
| | - Farzaneh Larti
- University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Genetics Research Center, Tehran 19834, Iran
| | - Kimia Kahrizi
- University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Genetics Research Center, Tehran 19834, Iran
| | - Rebekah Jobling
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Molecular Genetics, Toronto, Canada
| | - Emanuele Agolini
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Ranad Shaheen
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Developmental Genetics Unit, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Jean-Michel Rozet
- INSERM UMR-S1163 Imagine Institute for Genetic Diseases, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, France
| | - Serge Picaud
- INSERM UMR-S968, Institut de la vision, Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, Paris F-75012, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, France
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Seham Alameer
- Department of Pediatrics, King Khaled National Guard Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Genetics Research Center, Tehran 19834, Iran
| | - Ronald Cohn
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Molecular Genetics, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arnold Munnich
- INSERM UMR-S1163 Imagine Institute for Genetic Diseases, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, France
| | | | - Licia Lugli
- Division of Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Developmental Genetics Unit, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Susan Blaser
- Division of Neuroradiology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Maha Gashlan
- King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Developmental Genetics Unit, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Claude Besmond
- INSERM UMR-S1163 Imagine Institute for Genetic Diseases, Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité University, France
| | - Michèle Darmon
- INSERM UMR894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris F-75014, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Paris 5, France.,INSERM, UMR-S1270, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, Paris F-75005, France
| | - Justine Masson
- INSERM UMR894, Center for Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Paris F-75014, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité - Paris 5, France.,INSERM, UMR-S1270, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, Paris F-75005, France
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6
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Pérez-Villegas EM, Pérez-Rodríguez M, Negrete-Díaz JV, Ruiz R, Rosa JL, de Toledo GA, Rodríguez-Moreno A, Armengol JA. HERC1 Ubiquitin Ligase Is Required for Hippocampal Learning and Memory. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:592797. [PMID: 33328904 PMCID: PMC7710975 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.592797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the human HERC1 E3 ubiquitin ligase protein develop intellectual disability. The tambaleante (tbl) mouse carries a HERC1 mutation characterized by cerebellar ataxia due of adult cerebellar Purkinje cells death by extensive autophagy. Our previous studies demonstrated that both the neuromuscular junction and the peripheral nerve myelin sheaths are also affected in this mutant. Moreover, there are signs of dysregulated autophagy in the central nervous system in the tbl mouse, affecting spinal cord motor neurons, and pyramidal neurons of the neocortex and the hippocampal CA3 region. The tbl mutation affects associative learning, with absence of short- and long-term potentiation in the lateral amygdala, altered spinogenesis in their neurons, and a dramatic decrease in their glutamatergic input. To assess whether other brain areas engaged in learning processes might be affected by the tbl mutation, we have studied the tbl hippocampus using behavioral tests, ex vivo electrophysiological recordings, immunohistochemistry, the Golgi-Cox method and transmission electron microscopy. The tbl mice performed poorly in the novel-object recognition, T-maze and Morris water maze tests. In addition, there was a decrease in glutamatergic input while the GABAergic one remains unaltered in the hippocampal CA1 region of tbl mice, accompanied by changes in the dendritic spines, and signs of cellular damage. Moreover, the proportions of immature and mature neurons in the dentate gyrus of the tbl hippocampus differ relative to the control mice. Together, these observations demonstrate the important role of HERC1 in regulating synaptic activity during learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M. Pérez-Villegas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Mikel Pérez-Rodríguez
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - José V. Negrete-Díaz
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
- División de Ciencias de la Salud e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Rocío Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Rosa
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IBIDELL, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Antonio Rodríguez-Moreno
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - José A. Armengol
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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Li J, Snyder EY, Tang FHF, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Sidman RL. Nna1 gene deficiency triggers Purkinje neuron death by tubulin hyperglutamylation and ER dysfunction. JCI Insight 2020; 5:136078. [PMID: 33004692 PMCID: PMC7566705 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.136078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational glutamylation/deglutamylation balance in tubulins influences dendritic maturation and neuronal survival of cerebellar Purkinje neurons (PNs). PNs and some additional neuronal types degenerate in several spontaneous, independently occurring Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mice featuring mutant neuronal nuclear protein induced by axotomy (Nna1), a deglutamylase gene. This defective deglutamylase allows glutamylases to form hyperglutamylated tubulins. In pcd, all PNs die during postnatal “adolescence.” Neurons in some additional brain regions also die, mostly later than PNs. We show in laser capture microdissected single PNs, in cerebellar granule cell neuronal clusters, and in dissected hippocampus and substantia nigra that deglutamase mRNA and protein were virtually absent before pcd PNs degenerated, whereas glutaminase mRNA and protein remained normal. Hyperglutamylated microtubules and dimeric tubulins accumulated in pcd PNs and were involved in pcd PN death by glutamylase/deglutamylase imbalance. Importantly, treatment with a microtubule depolymerizer corrected the glutamylation/deglutamylation ratio, increasing PN survival. Further, before onset of neuronal death, pcd PNs displayed prominent basal polylisosomal masses rich in ER. We propose a “seesaw” metamorphic model summarizing mutant Nna1-induced tubulin hyperglutamylation, the pcd’s PN phenotype, and report that the neuronal disorder involved ER stress, unfolded protein response, and protein synthesis inhibition preceding PN death by apoptosis/necroptosis. Purkinje cell degeneration is due to ER stress, unfolded protein response, and protein synthesis inhibition preceding Purkinje neuron death by apoptosis/necroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxue Li
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Evan Y Snyder
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Fenny HF Tang
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Division of Cancer Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Wadih Arap
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Richard L Sidman
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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8
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Montes-Fernández MA, Pérez-Villegas EM, Garcia-Gonzalo FR, Pedrazza L, Rosa JL, de Toledo GA, Armengol JA. The HERC1 ubiquitin ligase regulates presynaptic membrane dynamics of central synapses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12057. [PMID: 32694577 PMCID: PMC7374096 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HERC1 is a ubiquitin ligase protein, which, when mutated, induces several malformations and intellectual disability in humans. The animal model of HERC1 mutation is the mouse tambaleante characterized by: (1) overproduction of the protein; (2) cerebellar Purkinje cells death by autophagy; (3) dysregulation of autophagy in spinal cord motor neurons, and CA3 and neocortical pyramidal neurons; (4) impairment of associative learning, linked to altered spinogenesis and absence of LTP in the lateral amygdala; and, (5) motor impairment due to delayed action potential transmission, decrease synaptic transmission efficiency and altered myelination in the peripheral nervous system. To investigate the putative role of HERC1 in the presynaptic dynamics we have performed a series of experiments in cultured tambaleante hippocampal neurons by using transmission electron microscopy, FM1-43 destaining and immunocytochemistry. Our results show: (1) a decrease in the number of synaptic vesicles; (2) reduced active zones; (3) less clathrin immunoreactivity and less presynaptic endings over the hippocampal main dendritic trees; which contrast with (4) a greater number of endosomes and autophagosomes in the presynaptic endings of the tambaleante neurons relative to control ones. Altogether these results show an important role of HERC1 in the regulation of presynaptic membrane dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Mª Pérez-Villegas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Leonardo Pedrazza
- Department of Physiological Sciences, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Rosa
- Department of Physiological Sciences, IDIBELL, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - José A Armengol
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.
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9
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Caspase-3 Mediated Cell Death in the Normal Development of the Mammalian Cerebellum. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123999. [PMID: 30545052 PMCID: PMC6321612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspase-3, onto which there is a convergence of the intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways, is the main executioner of apoptosis. We here review the current literature on the intervention of the protease in the execution of naturally occurring neuronal death (NOND) during cerebellar development. We will consider data on the most common altricial species (rat, mouse and rabbit), as well as humans. Among the different types of neurons and glia in cerebellum, there is ample evidence for an intervention of caspase-3 in the regulation of NOND of the post-mitotic cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) and Purkinje neurons, as a consequence of failure to establish proper synaptic contacts with target (secondary cell death). It seems possible that the GABAergic interneurons also undergo a similar type of secondary cell death, but the intervention of caspase-3 in this case still remains to be clarified in full. Remarkably, CGCs also undergo primary cell death at the precursor/pre-migratory stage of differentiation, in this instance without the intervention of caspase-3. Glial cells, as well, undergo a process of regulated cell death, but it seems possible that expression of caspase-3, at least in the Bergmann glia, is related to differentiation rather than death.
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10
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Amer MG, Karam RA. Morphological and Biochemical Features of Cerebellar Cortex After Exposure to Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles: Possible Protective Role of Curcumin. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2018; 301:1454-1466. [DOI: 10.1002/ar.23807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mona G. Amer
- Department of Histology and Cell Biology; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt
| | - Rehab A. Karam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Zagazig University; Zagazig Egypt
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11
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Cerebellar Pathways in Mouse Model of Purkinje Cell Degeneration Detected by High-Angular Resolution Diffusion Imaging Tractography. THE CEREBELLUM 2018; 16:648-655. [PMID: 28102462 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-016-0842-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Cerebellar MR imaging has several challenging aspects, due to the fine, repetitive layered structure of cortical folia with underlying axonal pathways. In this MR study, we imaged with high-angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) abnormal cerebellar cortical structure (gray matter) and myelinated axonal pathways (white matter) of a mouse spontaneous mutation, Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd), in which almost all Purkinje neurons degenerate, mainly between postnatal days 20 and 35. Mouse brains at postnatal day 20 (P20) and at 8 months were scanned, and known or expected abnormalities, such as reduction of the white matter volume, disorganized pathways likely linked to parallel fibers, mossy fibers, and other fibers running from/to the cerebellar cortex were observed in mutant mice. Such abnormalities were detected at both an early and a fully advanced degeneration stage. These results suggest that our diffusion MR tractography is useful for early detection and tracking of neuropathology in the cerebellum.
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De Munter S, Bamps D, Malheiro AR, Kumar Baboota R, Brites P, Baes M. Autonomous Purkinje cell axonal dystrophy causes ataxia in peroxisomal multifunctional protein-2 deficiency. Brain Pathol 2018; 28:631-643. [PMID: 29341299 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes play a crucial role in normal neurodevelopment and in the maintenance of the adult brain. This depends largely on intact peroxisomal β-oxidation given the similarities in pathologies between peroxisome biogenesis disorders and deficiency of multifunctional protein-2 (MFP2), the central enzyme of this pathway. Recently, adult patients diagnosed with cerebellar ataxia were shown to have mild mutations in the MFP2 gene, hydroxy-steroid dehydrogenase (17 beta) type 4 (HSD17B4). Cerebellar atrophy also develops in MFP2 deficient mice but the cellular origin of the degeneration is unexplored. In order to investigate whether peroxisomal β-oxidation is essential within Purkinje cells, the sole output neurons of the cerebellum, we generated and characterized a mouse model with Purkinje cell selective deletion of the MFP2 gene. We show that selective loss of MFP2 from mature cerebellar Purkinje neurons causes a late-onset motor phenotype and progressive Purkinje cell degeneration, thereby mimicking ataxia and cerebellar deterioration in patients with mild HSD17B4 mutations. We demonstrate that swellings on Purkinje cell axons coincide with ataxic behavior and precede neurodegeneration. Loss of Purkinje cells occurs in a characteristic banded pattern, proceeds in an anterior to posterior fashion and is accompanied by progressive astro- and microgliosis. These data prove that the peroxisomal β-oxidation pathway is required within Purkinje neurons to maintain their axonal integrity, independent of glial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie De Munter
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dorien Bamps
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ana Rita Malheiro
- Neurolipid Biology group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ritesh Kumar Baboota
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pedro Brites
- Neurolipid Biology group, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular - IBMC and Instituto de Inovação e Investigação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Myriam Baes
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Cell Metabolism, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Cubillos-Rojas M, Schneider T, Hadjebi O, Pedrazza L, de Oliveira JR, Langa F, Guénet JL, Duran J, de Anta JM, Alcántara S, Ruiz R, Pérez-Villegas EM, Aguilar-Montilla FJ, Carrión ÁM, Armengol JA, Baple E, Crosby AH, Bartrons R, Ventura F, Rosa JL. The HERC2 ubiquitin ligase is essential for embryonic development and regulates motor coordination. Oncotarget 2018; 7:56083-56106. [PMID: 27528230 PMCID: PMC5302898 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
A mutation in the HERC2 gene has been linked to a severe neurodevelopmental disorder with similarities to the Angelman syndrome. This gene codifies a protein with ubiquitin ligase activity that regulates the activity of tumor protein p53 and is involved in important cellular processes such as DNA repair, cell cycle, cancer, and iron metabolism. Despite the critical role of HERC2 in these physiological and pathological processes, little is known about its relevance in vivo. Here, we described a mouse with targeted inactivation of the Herc2 gene. Homozygous mice were not viable. Distinct from other ubiquitin ligases that interact with p53, such as MDM2 or MDM4, p53 depletion did not rescue the lethality of homozygous mice. The HERC2 protein levels were reduced by approximately one-half in heterozygous mice. Consequently, HERC2 activities, including ubiquitin ligase and stimulation of p53 activity, were lower in heterozygous mice. A decrease in HERC2 activities was also observed in human skin fibroblasts from individuals with an Angelman-like syndrome that express an unstable mutant protein of HERC2. Behavioural analysis of heterozygous mice identified an impaired motor synchronization with normal neuromuscular function. This effect was not observed in p53 knockout mice, indicating that a mechanism independent of p53 activity is involved. Morphological analysis showed the presence of HERC2 in Purkinje cells and a specific loss of these neurons in the cerebella of heterozygous mice. In these animals, an increase of autophagosomes and lysosomes was observed. Our findings establish a crucial role of HERC2 in embryonic development and motor coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Cubillos-Rojas
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Taiane Schneider
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ouadah Hadjebi
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Leonardo Pedrazza
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.,Laboratório de Pesquisa em Biofísica Celular e Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jarbas Rodrigues de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Biofísica Celular e Inflamação, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Francina Langa
- Département de Biologie du Développement, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Guénet
- Département de Biologie du Développement, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Joan Duran
- Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria de Anta
- Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soledad Alcántara
- Departament de Patologia i Terapèutica Experimental, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocio Ruiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.,Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Eva María Pérez-Villegas
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Ángel M Carrión
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose Angel Armengol
- Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Emma Baple
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew H Crosby
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Exeter, UK
| | - Ramon Bartrons
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Ventura
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Rosa
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques, IDIBELL, Campus de Bellvitge, Universitat de Barcelona, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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14
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Pfisterer U, Khodosevich K. Neuronal survival in the brain: neuron type-specific mechanisms. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2643. [PMID: 28252642 PMCID: PMC5386560 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neurogenic regions of mammalian brain produce many more neurons that will eventually survive and reach a mature stage. Developmental cell death affects both embryonically produced immature neurons and those immature neurons that are generated in regions of adult neurogenesis. Removal of substantial numbers of neurons that are not yet completely integrated into the local circuits helps to ensure that maturation and homeostatic function of neuronal networks in the brain proceed correctly. External signals from brain microenvironment together with intrinsic signaling pathways determine whether a particular neuron will die. To accommodate this signaling, immature neurons in the brain express a number of transmembrane factors as well as intracellular signaling molecules that will regulate the cell survival/death decision, and many of these factors cease being expressed upon neuronal maturation. Furthermore, pro-survival factors and intracellular responses depend on the type of neuron and region of the brain. Thus, in addition to some common neuronal pro-survival signaling, different types of neurons possess a variety of 'neuron type-specific' pro-survival constituents that might help them to adapt for survival in a certain brain region. This review focuses on how immature neurons survive during normal and impaired brain development, both in the embryonic/neonatal brain and in brain regions associated with adult neurogenesis, and emphasizes neuron type-specific mechanisms that help to survive for various types of immature neurons. Importantly, we mainly focus on in vivo data to describe neuronal survival specifically in the brain, without extrapolating data obtained in the PNS or spinal cord, and thus emphasize the influence of the complex brain environment on neuronal survival during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Pfisterer
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Konstantin Khodosevich
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Fucà E, Guglielmotto M, Boda E, Rossi F, Leto K, Buffo A. Preventive motor training but not progenitor grafting ameliorates cerebellar ataxia and deregulated autophagy in tambaleante mice. Neurobiol Dis 2017; 102:49-59. [PMID: 28237314 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment options for degenerative cerebellar ataxias are currently very limited. A large fraction of such disorders is represented by hereditary cerebellar ataxias, whose familiar transmission facilitates an early diagnosis and may possibly allow to start preventive treatments before the onset of the neurodegeneration and appearance of first symptoms. In spite of the heterogeneous aetiology, histological alterations of ataxias often include the primary degeneration of the cerebellar cortex caused by Purkinje cells (PCs) loss. Thus, approaches aimed at replacing or preserving PCs could represent promising ways of disease management. In the present study, we compared the efficacy of two different preventive strategies, namely cell replacement and motor training. We used tambaleante (tbl) mice as a model for progressive ataxia caused by selective loss of PCs and evaluated the effectiveness of the preventive transplantation of healthy PCs into early postnatal tbl cerebella, in terms of PC replacement and functional preservation. On the other hand, we investigated the effects of motor training on PC survival, cerebellar circuitry and their behavioral correlates. Our results demonstrate that, despite a good survival rate and integration of grafted PCs, the adopted grafting protocol could not alleviate the ataxic symptoms in tbl mice. Conversely, preventive motor training increases PCs survival with a moderate positive impact on the motor phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fucà
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
| | - Michela Guglielmotto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Boda
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Rossi
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, Italy
| | - Ketty Leto
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi-Montalcini, University of Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri Ottolenghi, Regione Gonzole, 10043 Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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16
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Pérez-Villegas EM, Negrete-Díaz JV, Porras-García ME, Ruiz R, Carrión AM, Rodríguez-Moreno A, Armengol JA. Mutation of the HERC 1 Ubiquitin Ligase Impairs Associative Learning in the Lateral Amygdala. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:1157-1168. [PMID: 28102468 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0371-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tambaleante (tbl/tbl) is a mutant mouse that carries a spontaneous Gly483Glu substitution in the HERC1 (HECT domain and RCC1 domain) E3 ubiquitin ligase protein (HERC1). The tbl/tbl mutant suffers an ataxic syndrome given the almost complete loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells during adult life. More recent analyses have identified alterations at neuromuscular junctions in these mice, as well as in other neurons of the central nervous system, such as motor neurons in the spinal cord, or pyramidal neurons in the hippocampal CA3 region and the neocortex. Accordingly, the effect of the tbl/tbl mutation apparently extends to other regions of the nervous system far from the cerebellum. As HERC1 mutations in humans have been correlated with intellectual impairment, we studied the effect of the tbl/tbl mutation on learning. Using a behavioral test, ex vivo electrophysiological recordings, immunohistochemistry, and Golgi method, we analyzed the associative learning in the lateral amygdala of the tbl/tbl mouse. The tbl/tbl mice perform worse than wild-type animals in the passive avoidance test, and histologically, the tbl/tbl mice have more immature forms of dendritic spines. In addition, LTP cannot be detected in these animals and their STP is dampened, as is their glutamatergic input to the lateral amygdala. Together, these data suggest that HERC1 is probably involved in regulating synaptic function in the amygdala. Indeed, these results indicate that the tbl/tbl mutation is a good model to analyze the effect of alterations to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway on the synaptic mechanisms involved in learning and its defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Mª Pérez-Villegas
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Pablo de Olavide, Ctra Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - José V Negrete-Díaz
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Pablo de Olavide, Ctra Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
- División de Ciencias de la Salud e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guanajuato, Campus Celaya-Salvatierra, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Mª Elena Porras-García
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Pablo de Olavide, Ctra Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Rocío Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Angel M Carrión
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Pablo de Olavide, Ctra Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Moreno
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Pablo de Olavide, Ctra Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - José A Armengol
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Pablo de Olavide, Ctra Utrera km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain.
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17
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Early Purkinje Cell Development and the Origins of Cerebellar Patterning. CONTEMPORARY CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-59749-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
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Leto K, Arancillo M, Becker EBE, Buffo A, Chiang C, Ding B, Dobyns WB, Dusart I, Haldipur P, Hatten ME, Hoshino M, Joyner AL, Kano M, Kilpatrick DL, Koibuchi N, Marino S, Martinez S, Millen KJ, Millner TO, Miyata T, Parmigiani E, Schilling K, Sekerková G, Sillitoe RV, Sotelo C, Uesaka N, Wefers A, Wingate RJT, Hawkes R. Consensus Paper: Cerebellar Development. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016; 15:789-828. [PMID: 26439486 PMCID: PMC4846577 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0724-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The development of the mammalian cerebellum is orchestrated by both cell-autonomous programs and inductive environmental influences. Here, we describe the main processes of cerebellar ontogenesis, highlighting the neurogenic strategies used by developing progenitors, the genetic programs involved in cell fate specification, the progressive changes of structural organization, and some of the better-known abnormalities associated with developmental disorders of the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketty Leto
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy.
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy.
| | - Marife Arancillo
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Esther B E Becker
- Medical Research Council Functional Genomics Unit, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Annalisa Buffo
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Chin Chiang
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 4114 MRB III, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Baojin Ding
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2324, USA
| | - William B Dobyns
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Genetics Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Isabelle Dusart
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie Univ Paris 06, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, France, 75005, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, CNRS, UMR8246, INSERM U1130, Neuroscience Paris Seine, France, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Parthiv Haldipur
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary E Hatten
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mikio Hoshino
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa-Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Masanobu Kano
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Daniel L Kilpatrick
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems and Program in Neuroscience, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 368 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA, 01605-2324, USA
| | - Noriyuki Koibuchi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, 3-39-22 Showa-machi, Maebashi, Gunma, 371-8511, Japan
| | - Silvia Marino
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Department Human Anatomy, IMIB-Arrixaca, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Kathleen J Millen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas O Millner
- Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, 4 Newark Street, London, E1 2AT, UK
| | - Takaki Miyata
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Elena Parmigiani
- Department of Neuroscience Rita Levi Montalcini, University of Turin, via Cherasco 15, 10026, Turin, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute Cavalieri-Ottolenghi, University of Turin, Regione Gonzole 10, 10043, Orbassano, Torino, Italy
| | - Karl Schilling
- Anatomie und Zellbiologie, Anatomisches Institut, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gabriella Sekerková
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Departments of Pathology & Immunology and Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Constantino Sotelo
- Institut de la Vision, UPMC Université de Paris 06, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Naofumi Uesaka
- Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Annika Wefers
- Center for Neuropathology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Richard J T Wingate
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 4NI, AB, Canada
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Kolinko Y, Cendelin J, Kralickova M, Tonar Z. Smaller Absolute Quantities but Greater Relative Densities of Microvessels Are Associated with Cerebellar Degeneration in Lurcher Mice. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:35. [PMID: 27147979 PMCID: PMC4835681 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Degenerative affections of nerve tissues are often accompanied by changes of vascularization. In this regard, not much is known about hereditary cerebellar degeneration. In this study, we compared the vascularity of the individual cerebellar components and the mesencephalon of 3-month-old wild type mice (n = 5) and Lurcher mutant mice, which represent a model of hereditary olivocerebellar degeneration (n = 5). Paraformaldehyde-fixed brains were processed into 18-μm thick serial sections with random orientation. Microvessels were visualized using polyclonal rabbit anti-laminin antibodies. Then, the stacks comprised of three 5-μm thick optical sections were recorded using systematic uniform random sampling. Stereological assessment was conducted based on photo-documentation. We found that each of the cerebellar components has its own features of vascularity. The greatest number and length of vessels were found in the granular layer; the number of vessels was lower in the molecular layer, and the lowest number of vessels was observed in the cerebellar nuclei corresponding with their low volume. Nevertheless, the nuclei had the greatest density of blood vessels. The reduction of cerebellum volume in the Lurcher mice was accompanied by a reduction in vascularization in the individual cerebellar components, mainly in the cortex. Moreover, despite the lower density of microvessels in the Lurcher mice compared with the wild type mice, the relative density of microvessels in the cerebellar cortex and nuclei was greater in Lurcher mice. The complete primary morphometric data, in the form of continuous variables, is included as a supplement. Mapping of the cerebellar and midbrain microvessels has explanatory potential for studies using mouse models of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaroslav Kolinko
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Cendelin
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Milena Kralickova
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Tonar
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague Pilsen, Czech Republic
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20
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Ruiz R, Pérez-Villegas EM, Bachiller S, Rosa JL, Armengol JA. HERC 1 Ubiquitin Ligase Mutation Affects Neocortical, CA3 Hippocampal and Spinal Cord Projection Neurons: An Ultrastructural Study. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:42. [PMID: 27147983 PMCID: PMC4834294 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The spontaneous mutation tambaleante is caused by the Gly483Glu substitution in the highly conserved N terminal RCC1-like domain of the HERC1 protein, which leads to the increase of mutated protein levels responsible for cerebellar Purkinje cell death by autophagy. Until now, Purkinje cells have been the only central nervous neurons reported as being targeted by the mutation, and their degeneration elicits an ataxic syndrome in adult mutant mice. However, the ultrastructural analysis performed here demonstrates that signs of autophagy, such as autophagosomes, lysosomes, and altered mitochondria, are present in neocortical pyramidal, CA3 hippocampal pyramidal, and spinal cord motor neurons. The main difference is that the reduction in the number of neurons affected in the tambaleante mutation in the neocortex, the hippocampus, and the spinal cord is not so evident as the dramatic loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells. Interestingly, signs of autophagy are absent in both interneurons and neuroglia cells. Affected neurons have in common that they are projection neurons which receive strong and varied synaptic inputs, and possess the highest degree of neuronal activity. Therefore, because the integrity of the ubiquitin-proteasome system is essential for protein degradation and hence, for normal protein turnover, it could be hypothesized that the deleterious effects of the misrouting of these pathways would depend directly on the neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocío Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of SevilleSeville, Spain; Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Pablo de OlavideSeville, Spain
| | | | - Sara Bachiller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Pablo de Olavide Seville, Spain
| | - José Luis Rosa
- Departament de Ciències Fisiològiques II, IDIBELL, Campus Bellvitge, University of Barcelona Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Angel Armengol
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Pablo de Olavide Seville, Spain
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Takagishi Y, Katanosaka K, Mizoguchi H, Murata Y. Disrupted axon-glia interactions at the paranode in myelinated nerves cause axonal degeneration and neuronal cell death in the aged Caspr mutant mouse shambling. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 43:34-46. [PMID: 27255813 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Emerging evidence suggests that axonal degeneration is a disease mechanism in various neurodegenerative diseases and that the paranodes at the nodes of Ranvier may be the initial site of pathogenesis. We investigated the pathophysiology of the disease process in the central and peripheral nervous systems of a Caspr mutant mouse, shambling (shm), which is affected by disrupted paranodal structures and impaired nerve conduction of myelinated nerves. The shm mice manifest a progressive neurological phenotype as mice age. We found extensive axonal degeneration and a loss of neurons in the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system in aged shm mice. Axonal alteration of myelinated nerves was defined by abnormal distribution and expression of neurofilaments and derangements in the status of phosphorylated and non/de-phosphorylated neurofilaments. Autophagy-related structures were also accumulated in degenerated axons and neurons. In conclusion, our results suggest that disrupted axon-glia interactions at the paranode cause the cytoskeletal alteration in myelinated axons leading to neuronal cell death, and the process involves detrimental autophagy and aging as factors that promote the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Takagishi
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Kimiaki Katanosaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Mizoguchi
- Research Center for Next-Generation Drug Development, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Murata
- Department of Genetics, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
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22
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Cell death and neurodegeneration in the postnatal development of cerebellar vermis in normal and Reeler mice. Ann Anat 2016; 207:76-90. [PMID: 26931496 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Programmed cell death (PCD) was demonstrated in neurons and glia in normal brain development, plasticity, and aging, but also in neurodegeneration. (Macro)autophagy, characterized by cytoplasmic vacuolization and activation of lysosomal hydrolases, and apoptosis, typically entailing cell shrinkage, chromatin and nuclear condensation, are the two more common forms of PCD. Their underlying intracellular pathways are partly shared and neurons can die following both modalities, according to the type of death-triggering stimulus. Reelin is an extracellular protein necessary for proper neuronal migration and brain lamination. In the mutant Reeler mouse, its absence causes neuronal mispositioning, with a notable degree of cerebellar hypoplasia that was tentatively related to an increase in PCD. We have carried out an ultrastructural analysis on the occurrence and type of postnatal PCD affecting the cerebellar neurons in normal and Reeler mice. In the forming cerebellar cortex, PCD took the form of apoptosis or autophagy and mainly affected the cerebellar granule cells (CGCs). Densities of apoptotic CGCs were comparable in both mouse strains at P0-P10, while, in mutants, they increased to become significantly higher at P15. In WT mice the density of autophagic neurons did not display statistically significant differences in the time interval examined in this study, whereas it was reduced in Reeler in the P0-P10 interval, but increased at P15. Besides CGCs, the Purkinje neurons also displayed autophagic features in both WT and Reeler mice. Therefore, cerebellar neurons undergo different types of PCD and a Reelin deficiency affects the type and degree of neuronal death during postnatal development of the cerebellum.
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Abstract
The name of Jan Evangelista Purkyně and the cerebellum belong inseparably together. He was the first who saw and described the largest nerve cells in the brain, de facto in the cerebellum. The most distinguished researchers of the nervous system then showed him the highest recognition by naming these neurons as Purkinje cells. Through experiments by J. E. Purkyně and his followers properly functionally was attributed to the cerebellum share in precision of motor skills. Despite ongoing and fruitful research, after a relatively long time, especially in the last two decades, scientists had to constantly replenish and re-evaluate the traditional conception of the cerebellum and formulate a new one. It started in the early 1990s, when it was found that cerebellar cortex contains more neurons than the cerebral cortex. Shortly thereafter it was gradually revealed that such enormous numbers of neural cells are not without an impact on brain functions and that the cerebellum, except its traditional role in the motor skills, also participates in higher nervous activity. These new findings were obtained thanks to the introduction of modern methods of examination into the clinical praxis, and experimental procedures using animal models of cerebellar disorders described below.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vožeh
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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Silvestri L, Paciscopi M, Soda P, Biamonte F, Iannello G, Frasconi P, Pavone FS. Quantitative neuroanatomy of all Purkinje cells with light sheet microscopy and high-throughput image analysis. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:68. [PMID: 26074783 PMCID: PMC4445386 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterizing the cytoarchitecture of mammalian central nervous system on a brain-wide scale is becoming a compelling need in neuroscience. For example, realistic modeling of brain activity requires the definition of quantitative features of large neuronal populations in the whole brain. Quantitative anatomical maps will also be crucial to classify the cytoarchtitectonic abnormalities associated with neuronal pathologies in a high reproducible and reliable manner. In this paper, we apply recent advances in optical microscopy and image analysis to characterize the spatial distribution of Purkinje cells (PCs) across the whole cerebellum. Light sheet microscopy was used to image with micron-scale resolution a fixed and cleared cerebellum of an L7-GFP transgenic mouse, in which all PCs are fluorescently labeled. A fast and scalable algorithm for fully automated cell identification was applied on the image to extract the position of all the fluorescent PCs. This vectorized representation of the cell population allows a thorough characterization of the complex three-dimensional distribution of the neurons, highlighting the presence of gaps inside the lamellar organization of PCs, whose density is believed to play a significant role in autism spectrum disorders. Furthermore, clustering analysis of the localized somata permits dividing the whole cerebellum in groups of PCs with high spatial correlation, suggesting new possibilities of anatomical partition. The quantitative approach presented here can be extended to study the distribution of different types of cell in many brain regions and across the whole encephalon, providing a robust base for building realistic computational models of the brain, and for unbiased morphological tissue screening in presence of pathologies and/or drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovico Silvestri
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council Sesto Fiorentino, Italy ; European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Paciscopi
- Department of Information Engineering, University of Florence Florence, Italy
| | - Paolo Soda
- Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Filippo Biamonte
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart "A. Gemelli", Rome Italy
| | - Giulio Iannello
- Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Frasconi
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Francesco S Pavone
- National Institute of Optics, National Research Council Sesto Fiorentino, Italy ; European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy Sesto Fiorentino, Italy ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence Sesto Fiorentino, Italy ; International Center for Computational Neurophotonics Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Abstract
Cerebellar circuits are patterned into an array of topographic parasagittal domains called zones. The proper connectivity of zones is critical for motor coordination and motor learning, and in several neurological diseases cerebellar circuits degenerate in zonal patterns. Despite recent advances in understanding zone function, we still have a limited understanding of how zones are formed. Here, we focused our attention on Purkinje cells to gain a better understanding of their specific role in establishing zonal circuits. We used conditional mouse genetics to test the hypothesis that Purkinje cell neurotransmission is essential for refining prefunctional developmental zones into sharp functional zones. Our results show that inhibitory synaptic transmission in Purkinje cells is necessary for the precise patterning of Purkinje cell zones and the topographic targeting of mossy fiber afferents. As expected, blocking Purkinje cell neurotransmission caused ataxia. Using in vivo electrophysiology, we demonstrate that loss of Purkinje cell communication altered the firing rate and pattern of their target cerebellar nuclear neurons. Analysis of Purkinje cell complex spike firing revealed that feedback in the cerebellar nuclei to inferior olive to Purkinje cell loop is obstructed. Loss of Purkinje neurotransmission also caused ectopic zonal expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, which is only expressed in adult Purkinje cells when calcium is dysregulated and if excitability is altered. Our results suggest that Purkinje cell inhibitory neurotransmission establishes the functional circuitry of the cerebellum by patterning the molecular zones, fine-tuning afferent circuitry, and shaping neuronal activity.
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Cendelin J. From mice to men: lessons from mutant ataxic mice. CEREBELLUM & ATAXIAS 2014; 1:4. [PMID: 26331028 PMCID: PMC4549131 DOI: 10.1186/2053-8871-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ataxic mutant mice can be used to represent models of cerebellar degenerative disorders. They serve for investigation of cerebellar function, pathogenesis of degenerative processes as well as of therapeutic approaches. Lurcher, Hot-foot, Purkinje cell degeneration, Nervous, Staggerer, Weaver, Reeler, and Scrambler mouse models and mouse models of SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, SCA7, SCA23, DRPLA, Niemann-Pick disease and Friedreich ataxia are reviewed with special regard to cerebellar pathology, pathogenesis, functional changes and possible therapeutic influences, if any. Finally, benefits and limitations of mouse models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Cendelin
- Department of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Lidicka 1, 301 66 Plzen, Czech Republic ; Biomedical Centre, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Plzen, Czech Republic
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Shevelkin AV, Ihenatu C, Pletnikov MV. Pre-clinical models of neurodevelopmental disorders: focus on the cerebellum. Rev Neurosci 2014; 25:177-94. [PMID: 24523305 PMCID: PMC4052755 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2013-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have advanced our understanding of the role of the cerebellum in non-motor behaviors. Abnormalities in the cerebellar structure have been demonstrated to produce changes in emotional, cognitive, and social behaviors resembling clinical manifestations observed in patients with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia. Several animal models have been used to evaluate the effects of relevant environmental and genetic risk factors on the cerebellum development and function. However, very few models of ASD and schizophrenia selectively target the cerebellum and/or specific cell types within this structure. In this review, we critically evaluate the strength and weaknesses of these models. We will propose that the future progress in this field will require time- and cell type-specific manipulations of disease-relevant genes, not only selectively in the cerebellum, but also in frontal brain areas connected with the cerebellum. Such information can advance our knowledge of the cerebellar contribution to non-motor behaviors in mental health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Genes and Development Research Group and Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary
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29
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Li J, Yu L, Gu X, Ma Y, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Snyder EY, Sidman RL. Tissue plasminogen activator regulates Purkinje neuron development and survival. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E2410-9. [PMID: 23674688 PMCID: PMC3696779 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1305010110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellar cortex is centrally involved in motor coordination and learning, and its sole output is provided by Purkinje neurons (PNs). Growth of PN dendrites and their major synaptic input from granule cell parallel fiber axons takes place almost entirely in the first several postnatal weeks. PNs are more vulnerable to cell death than most other neurons, but the mechanisms remain unclear. We find that the homozygous nervous (nr) mutant mouse's 10-fold-increased cerebellar tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), a part of the tPA/plasmin proteolytic system, influences several different molecular mechanisms, each regulating a key aspect of postnatal PN development, followed by selective PN necrosis, as follows. (i) Excess endogenous or exogenous tPA inhibits dendritic growth in vivo and in vitro by activating protein kinase Cγ and phosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein 2. (ii) tPA/plasmin proteolysis impairs parallel fiber-PN synaptogenesis by blocking brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tyrosine kinase receptor B signaling. (iii) Voltage-dependent anion channel 1 (a mitochondrial and plasma membrane protein) bound with kringle 5 (a peptide derived from the excess plasminogen) promotes pathological enlargement and rounding of PN mitochondria, reduces mitochondrial membrane potential, and damages plasma membranes. These abnormalities culminate in young nr PN necrosis that can be mimicked in wild-type PNs by exogenous tPA injection into cerebellum or prevented by endogenous tPA deletion in nr:tPA-knockout double mutants. In sum, excess tPA/plasmin, through separate downstream molecular mechanisms, regulates postnatal PN dendritogenesis, synaptogenesis, mitochondrial structure and function, and selective PN viability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lili Yu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University Medical School, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Xuesong Gu
- Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Yinghua Ma
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065
| | - Renata Pasqualini
- David H. Koch Center, the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Wadih Arap
- David H. Koch Center, the University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030; and
| | - Evan Y. Snyder
- Program in Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037
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30
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Porras-García ME, Ruiz R, Pérez-Villegas EM, Armengol JÁ. Motor learning of mice lacking cerebellar Purkinje cells. Front Neuroanat 2013; 7:4. [PMID: 23630472 PMCID: PMC3632800 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2013.00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum plays a key role in the acquisition and execution of motor tasks whose physiological foundations were postulated on Purkinje cells' long-term depression (LTD). Numerous research efforts have been focused on understanding the cerebellum as a site of learning and/or memory storage. However, the controversy on which part of the cerebellum participates in motor learning, and how the process takes place, remains unsolved. In fact, it has been suggested that cerebellar cortex, deep cerebellar nuclei, and/or their combination with some brain structures other than the cerebellum are responsible for motor learning. Different experimental approaches have been used to tackle this question (cerebellar lesions, pharmacological agonist and/or antagonist of cerebellar neurotransmitters, virus tract tracings, etc.). One of these approaches is the study of spontaneous mutations affecting the cerebellar cortex and depriving it of its main input–output organizer (i.e., the Purkinje cell). In this review, we discuss the results obtained in our laboratory in motor learning of both Lurcher (Lc/+) and tambaleante (tbl/tbl) mice as models of Purkinje-cell-devoid cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elena Porras-García
- División de Neurociencias, Departamento de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Área de Anatomía y Embriología Humana y Fisiología, Universidad Pablo de Olavide Seville, Spain
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31
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Purkartová Z, Vožeh F. Cerebellar degeneration in Lurcher mice under confocal laser scanning microscope. Microsc Res Tech 2013; 76:545-51. [PMID: 23463661 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lurcher mutant mice represent a natural model of genetically-determined olivocerebellar degeneration caused by a mutation in the δ2 glutamate receptor gene. They suffer from progressive postnatal loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells and a decrease of granule cells and inferior olive neurons. Their wild type littermates serve as healthy controls. A confocal laser scanning microscope was used aiming investigation the dynamics of changes in the cerebellar cortex of Lurcher and wild type mice derived from two strains during the period of 8-21 postnatal days. Fluorescent double-staining was used to visualize mainly the Purkinje cells in cerebellar slices. In wild types, only normal Purkinje cells of round or regular drop-shaped were present, when staining intensity of other individual cell structures differed in dependence on the age of the animal. In Lurcher mutants, there were still some normal-shaped cells. Nevertheless, depending on the animal's age, a wide variety of stages of the cell degeneration were depicted. The main characteristics of Purkinje cell degeneration in the early stage are: disruption of the continuity of the Purkinje cell layer, dark spots in cell nuclei and an irregular coloring of the cytoplasm. Later, the cells and their nuclei were deformed, often with two main dendrites sprouting from the cell body. Finally, the cell and nucleus margins were unclear, dendrites were significantly thickened, showing signs of shrinkage and fragmentation. Cell nucleoli underwent changes in number and appearance. No differences between the Lurcher mice of both strains (C3H and B6CBA) under examination were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdeňka Purkartová
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical Faculty in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Kuo SH, Tang G, Ma K, Babij R, Cortes E, Vonsattel JPG, Faust PL, Sulzer D, Louis ED. Macroautophagy abnormality in essential tremor. PLoS One 2012; 7:e53040. [PMID: 23300858 PMCID: PMC3531444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a cellular mechanism for the clearance of protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Impaired macroautophagy has been observed in neurodegenerative disorders. We investigated the macroautophagy pathway in essential tremor (ET) cases compared to age-matched controls. We analyzed microtubule-associated protein light chain 3-II (LC3-II), S6K, phosphorylated S6K, beclin-1, and mitochondrial membrane proteins levels by Western blot in the post-mortem cerebellum of 10 ET cases and 11 controls. We also performed immunohistochemistry in 12 ET cases and 13 controls to quantify LC3 clustering in Purkinje cells (PCs). LC3-II protein levels were significantly lower in ET cases vs. controls on Western blot (0.84±0.14 vs. 1.00±0.14, p = 0.02), and LC3-II clustering in PCs by immunohistochemistry was significantly lower in ET cases vs. controls (2.03±3.45 vs. 8.80±9.81, p = 0.03). In ET cases, disease duration was inversely correlated with LC3-II protein level (r = −0.64, p = 0.046). We found that mitochondrial membrane proteins were accumulated in ET (TIM23: 1.36±0.11 in ET cases vs. 1.00±0.08 in controls, p = 0.02; TOMM20: 1.63±0.87 in ET cases vs. 1.00±0.14 in controls, p = 0.03). Beclin-1, which is involved in macroautophagy, was strikingly deficient in ET (0.42±0.13 vs. 1.00±0.35, p<0.001). Decreased macroautophagy was observed in the ET cerebellum, and this could be due to a decrease in beclin-1 levels, which subsequently lead to mitochondrial accumulation as a result of autophagic failure. This provides a possible means by which perturbed macroautophagy could contribute to PC pathology in ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Guomei Tang
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Karen Ma
- GH Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rachel Babij
- GH Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Etty Cortes
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jean-Paul G. Vonsattel
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Phyllis L. Faust
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center and the New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David Sulzer
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elan D. Louis
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- GH Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Lebrun C, Avci HX, Wehrlé R, Doulazmi M, Jaudon F, Morel MP, Rivals I, Ema M, Schmidt S, Sotelo C, Vodjdani G, Dusart I. Klf9 is necessary and sufficient for Purkinje cell survival in organotypic culture. Mol Cell Neurosci 2012. [PMID: 23201237 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2012.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
During their phase of developmental programmed cell death (PCD), neurons depend on target-released trophic factors for survival. After this period, however, they critically change as their survival becomes target-independent. The molecular mechanisms underlying this major transition remain poorly understood. Here, we investigated, which transcription factors (TFs) might be responsible for the closure of PCD. We used Purkinje cells as a model since their PCD is restricted to the first postnatal week in the mouse cerebellum. Transcriptome analysis of Purkinje cells during or after PCD allowed the identification of Krüppel like factor 9 (Klf9) as a candidate for PCD closure, given its high increase of expression at the end of the 1st postnatal week. Klf9 function was tested in organotypic cultures, through lentiviral vector-mediated manipulation of Klf9 expression. In absence of trophic factors, the Purkinje cell survival rate is of 40%. Overexpression of Klf9 during PCD dramatically increases the Purkinje cell survival rate from 40% to 88%, whereas its down-regulation decreases it to 14%. Accordingly, in organotypic cultures of Klf9 knockout animals, Purkinje cell survival rate is reduced by half as compared to wild-type mice. Furthermore, the absence of Klf9 could be rescued by Purkinje cell trophic factors, Insulin growth factor-1 and Neurotrophin3. Altogether, our results ascribe a clear role of Klf9 in Purkinje cell survival. Thus, we propose that Klf9 might be a key molecule involved in turning off the phase of Purkinje PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lebrun
- UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7102, Paris, France
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Araki A, Maruyama R, Harada Y, Ishikawa N, Harada T. Analysis of the light-sensitivity of the photoreceptor cells of the ataxia and male sterility (AMS) mouse, anNna1mutant. Pathol Int 2012; 62:719-27. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.2012.02861.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Paul A, Cai Y, Atwal GS, Huang ZJ. Developmental Coordination of Gene Expression between Synaptic Partners During GABAergic Circuit Assembly in Cerebellar Cortex. Front Neural Circuits 2012; 6:37. [PMID: 22754500 PMCID: PMC3385560 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2012.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The assembly of neural circuits involves multiple sequential steps such as the specification of cell-types, their migration to proper brain locations, morphological and physiological differentiation, and the formation and maturation of synaptic connections. This intricate and often prolonged process is guided by elaborate genetic mechanisms that regulate each step. Evidence from numerous systems suggests that each cell-type, once specified, is endowed with a genetic program that unfolds in response to, and is regulated by, extrinsic signals, including cell–cell and synaptic interactions. To a large extent, the execution of this intrinsic program is achieved by the expression of specific sets of genes that support distinct developmental processes. Therefore, a comprehensive analysis of the developmental progression of gene expression in synaptic partners of neurons may provide a basis for exploring the genetic mechanisms regulating circuit assembly. Here we examined the developmental gene expression profiles of well-defined cell-types in a stereotyped microcircuit of the cerebellar cortex. We found that the transcriptomes of Purkinje cell and stellate/basket cells are highly dynamic throughout postnatal development. We revealed “phasic expression” of transcription factors, ion channels, receptors, cell adhesion molecules, gap junction proteins, and identified distinct molecular pathways that might contribute to sequential steps of cerebellar inhibitory circuit formation. We further revealed a correlation between genomic clustering and developmental co-expression of hundreds of transcripts, suggesting the involvement of chromatin level gene regulation during circuit formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anirban Paul
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Neuroscience Cold Spring Harbor, New York, NY, USA
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Kyöstilä K, Cizinauskas S, Seppälä EH, Suhonen E, Jeserevics J, Sukura A, Syrjä P, Lohi H. A SEL1L mutation links a canine progressive early-onset cerebellar ataxia to the endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD) machinery. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002759. [PMID: 22719266 PMCID: PMC3375262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited ataxias are characterized by degeneration of the cerebellar structures, which results in progressive motor incoordination. Hereditary ataxias occur in many species, including humans and dogs. Several mutations have been found in humans, but the genetic background has remained elusive in dogs. The Finnish Hound suffers from an early-onset progressive cerebellar ataxia. We have performed clinical, pathological, and genetic studies to describe the disease phenotype and to identify its genetic cause. Neurological examinations on ten affected dogs revealed rapidly progressing generalized cerebellar ataxia, tremors, and failure to thrive. Clinical signs were present by the age of 3 months, and cerebellar shrinkage was detectable through MRI. Pathological and histological examinations indicated cerebellum-restricted neurodegeneration. Marked loss of Purkinje cells was detected in the cerebellar cortex with secondary changes in other cortical layers. A genome-wide association study in a cohort of 31 dogs mapped the ataxia gene to a 1.5 Mb locus on canine chromosome 8 (praw = 1.1×10−7, pgenome = 7.5×10−4). Sequencing of a functional candidate gene, sel-1 suppressor of lin-12-like (SEL1L), revealed a homozygous missense mutation, c.1972T>C; p.Ser658Pro, in a highly conserved protein domain. The mutation segregated fully in the recessive pedigree, and a 10% carrier frequency was indicated in a population cohort. SEL1L is a component of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–associated protein degradation (ERAD) machinery and has not been previously associated to inherited ataxias. Dysfunctional protein degradation is known to cause ER stress, and we found a significant increase in expression of nine ER stress responsive genes in the cerebellar cortex of affected dogs, supporting the pathogenicity of the mutation. Our study describes the first early-onset neurodegenerative ataxia mutation in dogs, establishes an ERAD–mediated neurodegenerative disease model, and proposes SEL1L as a new candidate gene in progressive childhood ataxias. Furthermore, our results have enabled the development of a genetic test for breeders. Hereditary ataxias are a heterogeneous group of rare disorders characterized by progressive cerebellar neurodegeneration. Several causative mutations have been identified in various forms of human ataxias. In addition to humans, inherited ataxias have been described in several other species, including the domestic dog. In this study, we have studied the clinical and genetic properties of cerebellar ataxia in the Finnish Hound dog breed. The breed suffers from a progressive ataxia that has an early onset before the age of 3 months. Affected puppies have difficulties in coordinating their movements and balance, and have to be euthanized due to rapidly worsening symptoms. Our pedigree analysis suggested an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance, which was confirmed by identifying a homozygous mutation in the SEL1L gene through genome-wide association and linkage analyses. The SEL1L protein functions in a protein quality control pathway that targets misfolded proteins to degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Mutations in the SEL1L gene have not been previously found in ataxias. Our study indicates SEL1L as a novel candidate gene for human childhood ataxias, establishes a large animal model to investigate mechanisms of cerebellar neurodegeneration, and enables carrier screening for breeding purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Kyöstilä
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Eija H. Seppälä
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Esko Suhonen
- Small Animal Clinic Kontiolahti, Kontiolahti, Finland
| | | | - Antti Sukura
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pernilla Syrjä
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Helsinki, Finland
- * E-mail:
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Dusart I, Flamant F. Profound morphological and functional changes of rodent Purkinje cells between the first and the second postnatal weeks: a metamorphosis? Front Neuroanat 2012; 6:11. [PMID: 22514522 PMCID: PMC3324107 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2012.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Between the first and the second postnatal week, the development of rodent Purkinje cells is characterized by several profound transitions. Purkinje cells acquire their typical dendritic "espalier" tree morphology and form distal spines. During the first postnatal week, they are multi-innervated by climbing fibers and numerous collateral branches sprout from their axons, whereas from the second postnatal week, the regression of climbing fiber multi-innervation begins, and Purkinje cells become innervated by parallel fibers and inhibitory molecular layer interneurons. Furthermore, their periods of developmental cell death and ability to regenerate their axon stop and their axons become myelinated. Thus a Purkinje cell during the first postnatal week looks and functions differently from a Purkinje cell during the second postnatal week. These fundamental changes occur in parallel with a peak of circulating thyroid hormone in the mouse. All these features suggest to some extent an interesting analogy with amphibian metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Dusart
- Equipe Différenciation Neuronale et Gliale, Université Pierre et Marie CurieParis, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Neurobiologie des Processus AdaptatifsParis, France
| | - Frederic Flamant
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de LyonLyon, France
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Dastjerdi FV, Consalez GG, Hawkes R. Pattern formation during development of the embryonic cerebellum. Front Neuroanat 2012; 6:10. [PMID: 22493569 PMCID: PMC3318227 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2012.00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The patterning of the embryonic cerebellum is vital to establish the elaborate zone and stripe architecture of the adult. This review considers early stages in cerebellar Purkinje cell patterning, from the organization of the ventricular zone to the development of Purkinje cell clusters—the precursors of the adult stripes.
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Affiliation(s)
- F V Dastjerdi
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Genes and Development Research Group, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary AB, Canada
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Cav2.1 in cerebellar Purkinje cells regulates competitive excitatory synaptic wiring, cell survival, and cerebellar biochemical compartmentalization. J Neurosci 2012; 32:1311-28. [PMID: 22279216 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2755-11.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the adult cerebellum, each Purkinje cell (PC) is innervated by a single climbing fiber (CF) in proximal dendrites and 10(5)-10(6) parallel fibers (PFs) in distal dendrites. This organized wiring is established postnatally through heterosynaptic competition between PFs and CFs and homosynaptic competition among multiple CFs. Using PC-specific Cav2.1 knock-out mice (PC-Cav2.1 KO mice), we have demonstrated recently that postsynaptic Cav2.1 plays a key role in the homosynaptic competition by promoting functional strengthening and dendritic translocation of single "winner" CFs. Here, we report that Cav2.1 in PCs, but not in granule cells, is also essential for the heterosynaptic competition. In PC-Cav2.1 KO mice, the extent of CF territory was limited to the soma and basal dendrites, whereas PF territory was expanded reciprocally. Consequently, the proximal somatodendritic domain of PCs displayed hyperspiny transformation and fell into chaotic innervation by multiple CFs and numerous PFs. PC-Cav2.1 KO mice also displayed patterned degeneration of PCs, which occurred preferentially in aldolase C/zebrin II-negative cerebellar compartments. Furthermore, the mutually complementary expression of phospholipase Cβ3 (PLCβ3) and PLCβ4 was altered such that their normally sharp boundary was blurred in the PCs of PC-Cav2.1 KO mice. This blurring was caused by an impaired posttranscriptional downregulation of PLCβ3 in PLCβ4-dominant PCs during the early postnatal period. A similar alteration was noted in the banded expression of the glutamate transporter EAAT4 in PC-Cav2.1 KO mice. Therefore, Cav2.1 in PCs is essential for competitive synaptic wiring, cell survival, and the establishment of precise boundaries and reciprocity of biochemical compartments in PCs.
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Mitochondrial dysfunction and Purkinje cell loss in autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:1661-6. [PMID: 22307627 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1113166109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive spastic ataxia of Charlevoix-Saguenay (ARSACS) is a childhood-onset neurological disease resulting from mutations in the SACS gene encoding sacsin, a 4,579-aa protein of unknown function. Originally identified as a founder disease in Québec, ARSACS is now recognized worldwide. Prominent features include pyramidal spasticity and cerebellar ataxia, but the underlying pathology and pathophysiological mechanisms are unknown. We have generated an animal model for ARSACS, sacsin knockout mice, that display age-dependent neurodegeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells. To explore the pathophysiological basis for this observation, we examined the cell biological properties of sacsin. We show that sacsin localizes to mitochondria in non-neuronal cells and primary neurons and that it interacts with dynamin-related protein 1, which participates in mitochondrial fission. Fibroblasts from ARSACS patients show a hyperfused mitochondrial network, consistent with defects in mitochondrial fission. Sacsin knockdown leads to an overly interconnected and functionally impaired mitochondrial network, and mitochondria accumulate in the soma and proximal dendrites of sacsin knockdown neurons. Disruption of mitochondrial transport into dendrites has been shown to lead to abnormal dendritic morphology, and we observe striking alterations in the organization of dendritic fields in the cerebellum of knockout mice that precedes Purkinje cell death. Our data identifies mitochondrial dysfunction/mislocalization as the likely cellular basis for ARSACS and indicates a role for sacsin in regulation of mitochondrial dynamics.
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Armstrong CL, Duffin CA, McFarland R, Vogel MW. Mechanisms of compartmental purkinje cell death and survival in the lurcher mutant mouse. THE CEREBELLUM 2012; 10:504-14. [PMID: 21104177 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-010-0231-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The Lurcher mutant mouse is characterized by its ataxic gait and loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells and their afferents, granule cells and olivary neurons, during the first weeks of postnatal development. For the 50 years since its discovery, the heterozygous Lurcher mutant has served as an important model system for studying neuron-target interactions in the developing cerebellum and cerebellar function. The identification of the Lurcher (Lc) gene over 10 years ago as a gain-of-function mutation in the δ2 glutamate receptor (GluRδ2) led to extensive studies of cell death mechanisms in the Lc/+ cerebellum. The advantage of this model system is that GluRδ2(+) receptors and GluRδ2(Lc) channels are expressed predominantly in Purkinje cells, making it possible to study the effects of a well-characterized leak current in a well-defined cell type during a critical phase of neuronal development. Yet there is still controversy surrounding the mechanisms of neuronal death in Lc/+ Purkinje cells with competing hypotheses for necrotic, apoptotic, and autophagic cell death pathways as a consequence of the excitotoxic stress caused by the GluRδ2(Lc) leak current. The goal of this review is to summarize recent studies that critically test the role of various cell death pathways in Lc/+ Purkinje cell degeneration with respect to evidence for the molecular heterogeneity of Purkinje cells. We propose that the expression of putative survival factors, such as heat shock proteins, in a subset of cerebellar Purkinje cells may affect cell death pathways and account for the pattern and diverse mechanisms of Lc/+ Purkinje degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Armstrong
- Department of Chemical and Biological Sciences, Mt Royal University, Calgary, AB, Canada, T3E 6K6
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Baltanás FC, Casafont I, Lafarga V, Weruaga E, Alonso JR, Berciano MT, Lafarga M. Purkinje cell degeneration in pcd mice reveals large scale chromatin reorganization and gene silencing linked to defective DNA repair. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:28287-302. [PMID: 21700704 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.246041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair protects neurons against spontaneous or disease-associated DNA damage. Dysfunctions of this mechanism underlie a growing list of neurodegenerative disorders. The Purkinje cell (PC) degeneration mutation causes the loss of nna1 expression and is associated with the postnatal degeneration of PCs. This PC degeneration dramatically affects nuclear architecture and provides an excellent model to elucidate the nuclear mechanisms involved in a whole array of neurodegenerative disorders. We used immunocytochemistry for histone variants and components of the DNA damage response, an in situ transcription assay, and in situ hybridization for telomeres to analyze changes in chromatin architecture and function. We demonstrate that the phosphorylation of H2AX, a DNA damage signal, and the trimethylation of the histone H4K20, a repressive mark, in extensive domains of genome are epigenetic hallmarks of chromatin in degenerating PCs. These histone modifications are associated with a large scale reorganization of chromatin, telomere clustering, and heterochromatin-induced gene silencing, all of them key factors in PC degeneration. Furthermore, ataxia telangiectasia mutated and 53BP1, two components of the DNA repair pathway, fail to be concentrated in the damaged chromatin compartments, even though the expression levels of their coding genes were slightly up-regulated. Although the mechanism by which Nna1 loss of function leads to PC neurodegeneration is undefined, the progressive accumulation of DNA damage in chromosome territories irreversibly compromises global gene transcription and seems to trigger PC degeneration and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando C Baltanás
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Universidad de Salamanca, E-37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Lack of CaV3.1 channels causes severe motor coordination defects and an age-dependent cerebellar atrophy in a genetic model of essential tremor. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 410:19-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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45
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Parallel fiber counts and parallel fiber integrated density are similar in essential tremor cases and controls. Acta Neuropathol 2011; 121:287-9. [PMID: 21080179 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-010-0776-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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46
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Repici M, Wehrlé R, Antoniou X, Borsello T, Dusart I. c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase (JNK) and p38 Play Different Roles in Age-Related Purkinje Cell Death in Murine Organotypic Culture. THE CEREBELLUM 2010; 10:281-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-010-0244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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47
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Baltanás FC, Casafont I, Weruaga E, Alonso JR, Berciano MT, Lafarga M. Nucleolar disruption and cajal body disassembly are nuclear hallmarks of DNA damage-induced neurodegeneration in purkinje cells. Brain Pathol 2010; 21:374-88. [PMID: 21054627 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2010.00461.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The Purkinje cell (PC) degeneration (pcd) phenotype results from mutation in nna1 gene and is associated with the degeneration and death of PCs during the postnatal life. Although the pcd mutation is a model of the ataxic mouse, it shares clinical and pathological characteristics of inherited human spinocerebellar ataxias. PC degeneration in pcd mice provides a useful neuronal system to study nuclear mechanisms involved in DNA damage-dependent neurodegeneration, particularly the contribution of nucleoli and Cajal bodies (CBs). Both nuclear structures are engaged in housekeeping functions for neuronal survival, the biogenesis of ribosomes and the maturation of snRNPs and snoRNPs required for pre-mRNA and pre-rRNA processing, respectively. In this study, we use ultrastructural analysis, in situ transcription assay and molecular markers for DNA damage, nucleoli and CB components to demonstrate that PC degeneration involves the progressive accumulation of nuclear DNA damage associated with disruption of nucleoli and CBs, disassembly of polyribosomes into monoribosomes, ribophagy and shut down of nucleolar and extranucleolar transcription. Microarray analysis reveals that four genes encoding repressors of nucleolar rRNA synthesis (p53, Rb, PTEN and SNF2) are upregulated in the cerebellum of pcd mice. Collectively, these data support that nucleolar and CB alterations are hallmarks of DNA damage-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando C Baltanás
- Laboratory of Neural Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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Li J, Gu X, Ma Y, Calicchio ML, Kong D, Teng YD, Yu L, Crain AM, Vartanian TK, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Libermann TA, Snyder EY, Sidman RL. Nna1 mediates Purkinje cell dendritic development via lysyl oxidase propeptide and NF-κB signaling. Neuron 2010; 68:45-60. [PMID: 20920790 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The molecular pathways controlling cerebellar Purkinje cell dendrite formation and maturation are poorly understood. The Purkinje cell degeneration (pcd) mutant mouse is characterized by mutations in Nna1, a gene discovered in an axonal regenerative context, but whose actual function in development and disease is unknown. We found abnormal development of Purkinje cell dendrites in postnatal pcd(Sid) mice and linked this deficit to a deletion mutation in exon 7 of Nna1. With single cell gene profiling and virus-based gene transfer, we analyzed a molecular pathway downstream to Nna1 underlying abnormal Purkinje cell dendritogenesis in pcd(Sid) mice. We discovered that mutant Nna1 dramatically increases intranuclear localization of lysyl oxidase propeptide, which interferes with NF-κB RelA signaling and microtubule-associated protein regulation of microtubule stability, leading to underdevelopment of Purkinje cell dendrites. These findings provide insight into Nna1's role in neuronal development and why its absence renders Purkinje cells more vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxue Li
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Cell Death as a Regulator of Cerebellar Histogenesis and Compartmentation. THE CEREBELLUM 2010; 10:373-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-010-0222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Local insulin-like growth factor I expression is essential for Purkinje neuron survival at birth. Cell Death Differ 2010; 18:48-59. [PMID: 20596079 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2010.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
IGF1, an anabolic and neuroprotective factor, promotes neuronal survival by blocking apoptosis. It is released into the bloodstream by the liver, or synthesized locally by muscles and neural cells, acting in an autocrine or paracrine fashion. Intriguingly, genetic studies conducted in invertebrate and murine models also suggest that an excess of IGF1 signaling may trigger neurodegeneration. This emphasizes the importance of gaining a better understanding of the mechanisms controlling IGF1 regulation and gene transcription. In the cerebellum, Igf1 expression is activated just before birth in a subset of Purkinje cells (PCs). Mice carrying a null mutation for HLH transcription factor EBF2 feature PC apoptosis at birth. We show that Igf1 is sharply downregulated in Ebf2 null PCs starting before the onset of PC death. In vitro, EBF2 binds a conserved distal Igf1 promoter region. The pro-survival PI3K signaling pathway is strongly inhibited in mutant cerebella. Finally, Ebf2 null organotypic cultures respond to IGF1 treatment by inhibiting PC apoptosis. Consistently, wild type slices treated with an IGF1 competitor feature a sharp increase in PC death. Our findings reveal that IGF1 is required for PC survival in the neonatal cerebellum, and identify a new mechanism regulating its local production in the CNS.
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