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Seelig AH, Zahn D, Reemtsma T. Sources of persistent and mobile chemicals in municipal wastewater: a sewer perspective in Leipzig, Germany. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-33259-0. [PMID: 38635091 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33259-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Persistent and mobile (PM) chemicals spread in the water cycle and have been widely detected, yet information about their sources is still scarce. In this study, 67 PM chemicals were analyzed in 19 wastewater samples taken in the sewer system of the city of Leipzig, Germany, covering different industrial, clinical, and domestic discharges. A total of 37 of these analytes could be detected, with highly variable median concentrations between substances (median: 0.5-800 µg L-1) and for single substances between samples (e.g., 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) by up to three orders of magnitude, with the highest single concentration exceeding 10 mg L-1 (p-cumenesulfonic acid). The emission of PM chemicals into the sewer system was classified as stemming from diffuse (14 analytes) or point sources (23 analytes), while 9 analytes fulfill both criteria. Many so-called industrial chemicals were also discharged from households (e.g., tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate or 1H-benzotriazole). Examples for analytes showing specific sources are tetrafluoroborate (traffic-related industry and metal production and finishing), ε-caprolactam (large-scale laundry), or cyanuric acid (likely swimming pool). Furthermore, a correlation between 1-cyanoguanidine and guanylurea was observed for the traffic-related industry. This study outlines that sewer sampling can provide valuable information on the sources of PM chemicals. This knowledge is a prerequisite for their future emission control at source or substitution as an alternative to end-of-pipe treatment in municipal wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina H Seelig
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Zahn
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, University of Leipzig, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Shi Y, Chen S, Xu K, Zhao L, Liu Y, Zou Q, Zhang H, Zhu H, Zhang T, Sun H. Exposure to nitrogenous based flame retardants in Chinese population: Evidence from a national-scale study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130653. [PMID: 37056013 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Extensive use of nitrogen-based flame retardants (NFRs) has resulted in their widespread environmental occurrence. To investigate human exposure to NFRs on a national scale, the abundance and spatial distribution of NFRs were assessed in urine specimens collected from 13 cities in China. Six out of eight target NFRs were detectable in more than half of the urine samples, and the total concentrations of NFRs ranged from 3.22 to 880 ng/mL with a median of 46.7 ng/mL. Cyanuric acid was the most abundant chemical, accounting for 66.2%, followed by melamine (16.3%), ammelide (10.8%), and ammeline (6.11%). Regional differences in concentrations and composition profiles of NFRs were observed within China as a result of different production and application profiles. In addition, we found that urinary NFRs levels were much higher than but statistically correlated with that of organophosphates (r2 = 0.69, p < 0.05), another class of phosphorus-based flame retardant, implying similar emission sources and/or human exposure pathways. Furthermore, the estimated daily intakes and hazard quotients revealed that the Chinese population's exposure to NFRs is within safe limits. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to document the ubiquitous occurrence and region-specific variations of human exposure to NFRs in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Shucong Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ke Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yarui Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of Interventional Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin's Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Henglin Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Yesildemir O, Akdevelioglu Y, Kose SBE, Cakir DA, Yirun A, Ozyurt AB, Sabuncuoglu S, Camurdan AD, Cakir BC, Erkekoglu P. Comparison of melamine exposure by feeding practices in babies aged 0-6 months. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 98:104065. [PMID: 36640921 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to estimate the daily dietary intakes of melamine for human milk-fed (HMF) babies and mixed-fed (MF) babies. It was carried out in 70 mother-baby pairs (40 babies in the HMF group and 30 babies in the MF group). Human milk, formula milk, and baby urine samples were collected to assess the dietary exposure of babies. Melamine concentrations were analyzed by using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Melamine was determined in 82.5 % of the human milk samples in the HMF group (median: 0.75 µg/L) while it was present in 96.7 % of human milk samples (median: 1.25 µg/L) and 96.7 % in formula milk samples (median: 0.95 µg/kg) in the MF group. The mean urinary melamine concentration of HMF babies (1.20 ± 0.21 µg/L) was not significantly different than MF babies (1.35 ± 0.49 µg/L). Melamine exposure was calculated as 0.12 µg/kg bw/day and 0.24 µg/kg bw/day in HMF and MF babies, respectively. Melamine exposure in both groups was below the tolerable daily intake. There were no significant associations between melamine exposure and various features of babies and mothers. As a result, it can be suggested that Turkish babies (aged 0-6 months) are not at risk for high melamine exposure through the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Yesildemir
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Yasemin Akdevelioglu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Selinay Basak Erdemli Kose
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Burdur Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Burdur, Turkey
| | - Deniz Arca Cakir
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anil Yirun
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aylin Balci Ozyurt
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Suna Sabuncuoglu
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysu Duyan Camurdan
- Department of Social Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bahar Cuhaci Cakir
- Department of Social Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pinar Erkekoglu
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Shi Y, Chen S, Yan M, Cheng Z, Zhao L, Liu Y, Zhang B, Zhu H, Zhang T, Kannan K. Elevated levels of biomarkers of oxidative stress and renal injury linked to nitrogenous flame retardants exposure in e-waste dismantling site: A case study in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 314:137747. [PMID: 36608880 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogenous flame retardants (NFRs) have aroused worldwide public concern as their nephrotoxic effect. However, knowledge regarding the pathogenesis mechanism of their exposure to induce kidney injury remains largely unknown. In this study, eight NFRs, four oxidative stress biomarkers (OSBs), and one kidney injury biomarker, namely neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), were measured in urine specimens collected from residents living around e-waste disassembly and reference areas, representing two exposure scenarios. Significant higher concentrations of Σ8NFR (median: 70.6 vs. 33.8 μg/g Cre) and five biomarkers (124 vs. 97.4 μg/g Cre) were found in urines of populations living in e-waste site compared to those in the reference site (p < 0.05). Primary NFRs exhibited significant positive associations with OSBs and NGAL regardless of the population examined, implying that chronic NFRs exposure could induce oxidative stress and kidney damage. By using structure equation model, we found that oxidative stress, particularly DNA and RNA oxidation mediated 16.1% of the total effect of NFRs on NGAL in e-waste related people, but not on the general population. Overall, this study suggests long-term chronic exposure to NFRs can induce oxidative stress and renal injury in humans but the pathogenesis mode may be scenario-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumeng Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Shucong Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Mengqi Yan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhipeng Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yarui Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics and Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
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Liu S, Zhao Q, Huang F, Yang Q, Wang Y, Wang H, Sun Y, Yan Y, He G, Zhao G, Dong R, Chen B. Exposure to melamine and its derivatives in Chinese adults: The cumulative risk assessment and the effect on routine blood parameters. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113714. [PMID: 35660378 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Melamine (MEL) and its derivatives, ammeline (AMN), ammelide (AMD), cyanuric acid (CYA) are widely existed in environmental media. Animal studies have reported the cumulative risk assessment (CRA) of simultaneous exposure to MEL and its derivatives and explored the associations between exposure and routine blood parameters. Such information is largely unknown in human studies. In this study, we detected the urinary concentrations of MEL and its derivatives in 239 Chinese adults to conduct the CRA by evaluating their hazard quotients (HQ) and hazard Index (HI), and also explored the possible associations between exposure and measured routine blood parameters in study population. The detectable frequencies of MEL, AMN, AMD and CYA were 96.65%, 41.00%, 97.91% and 97.07%, respectively. The median values of creatinine (Cr)-adjusted MEL, AMN, AMD, CYA and the total concentrations of MEL and its derivatives (∑MEL) were 11.41 μg/g Cr, not detected (ND), 2.64 μg/g Cr, 15.30 μg/g Cr, 35.02 μg/g Cr, respectively. There were 9 (3.77%) participants with estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of CYA exceeding the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 2500 ng/kg bw/day, and 12 (5.02%) participants with HI of ∑MEL exposure exceeding 1 based on the strictest TDI value. Urinary concentrations of MEL and its derivatives were positively associated with specific routine blood parameters, including hematocrit, hemoglobin, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, white blood cell, neutrophil count (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, exposure to MEL and its derivatives increased the risk of red blood cell abnormality (P < 0.05). Our study is the first study to provide evidence-based data on the CRA of exposure to MEL and its derivatives in Chinese adults, and to propose a possible association between such exposure and routine blood parameters in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShaoJie Liu
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - FeiFei Huang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - QiFan Yang
- Chemical Laboratory, Jing'an District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200041, China
| | - YiFei Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - HangWei Wang
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - YongYun Sun
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - YuJia Yan
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - GengSheng He
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - GenMing Zhao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - RuiHua Dong
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Bo Chen
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Li J, Gao X, He Y, Wang L, Wang Y, Zeng L. Elevated emissions of melamine and its derivatives in the indoor environments of typical e-waste recycling facilities and adjacent communities and implications for human exposure. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 432:128652. [PMID: 35286931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Melamine and its derivatives are used as additives in flame retardants. Moreover, melamine-containing consumables such as laminates, adhesives, glues, and plastics are extensively used in electronic products. Nevertheless, there is no information concerning the identification of melamine and its derivatives during e-waste recycling. In the present study, the occurrence of melamine and three of its derivatives (cyanuric acid, ammelide, and ammeline) was identified for the first time in indoor dust from typical e-waste recycling areas and adjacent rural communities. Urban communities situated about 80 kilometers away were used as a control. The target analytes were detected in almost all the dust samples, which were dominated by melamine and cyanuric acid. The total concentrations of melamine and its derivatives varied among sampling locations in the following order: e-waste workshops (geometric mean: 15,018 ng/g) > urban houses (9060 ng/g) > local rural houses (6204 ng/g) > local streets (201 ng/g). This suggested that e-waste dismantling/recycling activities mainly contributed to the abundant emission of melamine and its derivatives in e-waste dust. Correlation analysis indicated that melamine and its derivatives were similarly applied in electronic products and e-waste recycling resulted in common emissions. The combined toxicity of melamine and its derivatives on human bladder cancer cells was observed. Importantly, Monte Carlo analysis was used to determine that the estimated daily intakes of these chemicals via dust ingestion for occupational e-waste recycling workers were 2.5-9 times higher than the estimated daily intakes for adult residents in both adjacent local communities and urban areas. These results are the first to demonstrate that e-waste dismantling workers are more vulnerable to the exposure risk posed by the presence of melamine and its derivatives in e-waste dust, which deserves more research attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Xiaoming Gao
- Quality Management Center, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 102629, China
| | - Yuqing He
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental and Health Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances, School of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lixi Zeng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
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Liu SS, Cai QS, Li C, Cheng S, Wang Z, Yang Y, Ying GG, Sweetman AJ, Chen CE. In situ measurement of an emerging persistent, mobile and toxic (PMT) substance - Melamine and related triazines in waters by diffusive gradient in thin-films. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 206:117752. [PMID: 34695670 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Melamine has received increasing public attention as a persistent, mobile and toxic (PMT) substance. To better assess environmental exposure and risks of melamine and related triazines (cyromazine, ammeline, and atrazine), a new passive sampling method based on the diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique has been developed and validated in this study. The studied triazines were adsorbed quickly and strongly by the selected mixed cation exchange (MCX) binding gels. This MCX-DGT can linearly accumulate these chemicals over at least 5 days, with neither significant individual influence from pH (6-8), ionic strength (0.01-0.5 M) or dissolved organic matter (0-10 M), or interaction effects. Field applications in Southern China showed that DGT performed well in both sewage treatment plant (STP) and river samples. Melamine was found to be the dominant triazine with the concentrations at μg·L-1 in the STP and receiving river. Surprisingly, much higher concentration of melanine was found in the STP effluent than influent, and appeared to be some of the highest concentrations reported in STPs worldwide to date. Comparable melamine and atrazine concentraions in the STP effluent and receiving river suggested other sources to the river. The MCX-DGT sampler developed here was demonstrated to be reliable and robust for measuring the triazines in waters, and is promising as an in situ tool in understanding the occurrence, sources, and fate of the emerging PMT substances in aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Si Liu
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Qi-Si Cai
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Cailin Li
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Shengming Cheng
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Zhanyun Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Andy J Sweetman
- Lancaster Environment Center, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Chang-Er Chen
- Environmental Research Institute, School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety and MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
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Sun W, Yang Y, Mei Y, Wu Y, Chen X, An L. Prenatal cyanuric acid exposure depresses hippocampal synaptic plasticity and induces spatial learning and memory deficits. Toxicol Lett 2021; 354:24-32. [PMID: 34757177 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The infant and fetus may be exposed to cyanuric acid (CA) via several different routes into the diet or milk product as well as deliberate contamination. Previous findings indicated chronic CA treatment caused neurotransmission and synaptic impairment in the early developing hippocampus. This study was designed to characterize the effects of different doses (10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg) of CA exposure on the developing fetus. Pregnant rats were intraperitoneally exposed to CA during the entire period of gestation and male offspring were selected for water maze task, neural recording and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor detection around the eighth postnatal week. We found that CA exposure impaired the learning and memory function in a dose-dependent manner. The paired-pulse ratio (PPR) and GluN2A-dependent long-term potentiation (LTP) at the Schaffer collateral-CA1 pathway were affected in CA-exposed rats. Remarkably, hippocampal levels of NMDA-GluN2A, but not NMDA-GluN2B, were significantly decreased. Meanwhile, the spine density of hippocampal CA1 neurons was not altered by the CA exposure. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that CA treatment during the prenatal period produces deficits in spatial cognition by disrupting hippocampal synaptic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China; Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China
| | - Yazi Mei
- Graduate School of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuanhua Wu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China
| | - Lei An
- Department of Pediatric, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China; Behavioral Neuroscience Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China; Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guizhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guiyang, Guizhou, 550001, China.
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Abedini R, Jahed Khaniki G, Molaee Aghaee E, Sadighara P, Nazmara S, Akbari-Adergani B, Naderi M. Determination of melamine contamination in chocolates containing powdered milk by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:165-171. [PMID: 34150227 PMCID: PMC8172743 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-020-00590-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Melamine is widely being reported as a food adulterant. Although its toxicity is currently recognized, melamine adulterations of dairy products are ongoing to apparently increase the amount of protein. The study was conducted to investigate the determination of melamine amounts in chocolates containing powdered milk. In this study, 60 samples of chocolates containing powdered milk, both imported and domestic brands, were collected. The samples were prepared by solid phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). According to the results, melamine was found in about 94% of imported samples and about 77% of Iranian samples. Melamine concentration in imported samples ranged from 0.032 to 2.692 mg/kg, while in Iranian ones it ranged from 0.013 to 2.600 mg/kg. The mean melamine concentrations of foreign and Iranian samples were 0.685 ± 0.68 and 0.456 ± 0.73 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) values of melamine were 0.017 and 0.052 μg/ml, respectively. The recovery rate (R%) at fortified levels of 1-2 mg/kg was found to be 89.20-95.69% with an RSD (Relative Standard Deviation) of 1.8-2.7%. Based on the study results, melamine was present in 85% of all samples and the melamine level in one Iranian brand and one imported brand was higher than the Codex Organization standard. However, the consumption of chocolates containing these low levels of melamine does not constitute a health risk for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roghayeh Abedini
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Jahed Khaniki
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Molaee Aghaee
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahrokh Nazmara
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behrouz Akbari-Adergani
- Food & Drug Laboratory Research Center, Food & Drug Organization, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maziar Naderi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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10
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Chronic Cyanuric Acid Exposure Depresses Hippocampal LTP but Does Not Disrupt Spatial Learning or Memory in the Morris Water Maze. Neurotox Res 2021; 39:1148-1159. [PMID: 33751468 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to cyanuric acid (CA) causes multiple organ failure accompanied by the involvement in kinds of target proteins, which are detectable and play central roles in the CNS. The hippocampus has been identified as a brain area which was especially vulnerable in developmental condition associated with cognitive dysfunction. No studies have examined the effects of CA on hippocampal function after in vitro or in vivo treatment. Here, we aimed to examine hippocampal synaptic function and adverse behavioral effects using a rat model administered CA intraperitoneally or intrahippocampally. We found that infusion of CA induced a depression in the frequency but not the amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs), miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), or N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) of the CA1 neurons in dose-dependent pattern. Both intraperitoneal and intrahippocampal injections of CA suppressed hippocampal LTP from Schaffer collaterals to CA1 regions. Paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), a presynaptic phenomenon, was enhanced while the total and phosphorylated expression of NMDA-GluN1, NMDA-GluN2A, and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)-GluA1 subunits were comparable between CA-treated and control groups. In Morris water maze test, both groups could effectively learn and retain spatial memory. Our studies provide the first evidence for the neurotoxic effect of CA and the insight into its potential mechanisms.
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11
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Zhu H, Kannan K. Determination of melamine and its derivatives in textiles and infant clothing purchased in the United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 710:136396. [PMID: 31923697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Melamine-based resins are used extensively in fabrics to impart fire and heat resistance as well as wrinkle-free properties. Little is known, however, regarding the occurrence of melamine and its derivatives in textiles. In this study, concentrations of melamine, ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid were determined in 77 textile samples and infant clothing purchased from Albany, New York, USA. All textile samples contained one or more target analytes, at concentration ranges of 1.19-81,800, 3.21-17,800, <1.20-25,700, and <0.50-550 ng/g for melamine, cyanuric acid, ammeline, and ammelide, respectively. Melamine was the predominant compound, accounting for 52% of the total concentrations of four analytes (i.e., ∑melamines). Significant positive correlations were found between the concentrations of melamine and its three derivatives (0.347 < r < 0.862, p < .01). The concentrations of ∑melamines were significantly higher in cotton fabrics (mean: 10,500 ng/g) and cotton clothes (10,200 ng/g) than in synthetic fabrics (1,380 ng/g) and socks (40.0 ng/g) (p < .01). Simulated laundry experiments suggested that a single round of washing with water removed 76-90% of melamine from clothing. The calculated dermal exposure doses of melamine and cyanuric acid were three to four orders of magnitude below the reference value. This study provides the first evidence of the occurrence of melamine derivatives in textiles and clothing purchased in the United States. CAPSULE: Melamine and cyanuric acid are widely distributed in textiles and infant clothing collected from the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 22254, Saudi Arabia; Department of Pediatrics, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States.
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12
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Zhu H, Kannan K. Occurrence and distribution of melamine and its derivatives in surface water, drinking water, precipitation, wastewater, and swimming pool water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113743. [PMID: 31838396 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use of melamine and its three derivatives (i.e., ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid) resulted in their widespread occurrence in the environment. Nevertheless, limited information is available on their distribution in the aquatic environment. In this study, concentrations and profiles of melamine and its derivatives were determined in 223 water samples, comprising river water, lake water, seawater, tap water, bottled water, rain water, wastewater, and swimming pool water, collected from New York State, USA. The sum concentrations of melamine and its derivatives (∑4MELs) decreased in the following order: swimming pool water (median: 1.5 × 107 ng/L) ≫ wastewater (1240) > precipitation (739) > tap water (512) > river water (370) > lake water (347) > seawater (186) > bottled water (98). Cyanuric acid was the major compound, accounting for 60-100% of ∑4MELs concentrations in swimming pool water, wastewater, precipitation, tap water, seawater, and bottled water, whereas melamine dominated in river and lake water (54-64% of ∑4MELs). Significant positive correlations (0.499 < R < 0.703, p < 0.002) were found between the concentrations of melamine and atrazine (a triazine herbicide) in surface waters. The geographic distribution in the concentrations of ∑4MELs in river, lake, and tap water corresponded with the degree of urbanization, suggesting that human activities contribute to the sources melamine and cyanuric acid in the aquatic environments. A preliminary hazard assessment of melamine and cyanuric acid in waters suggested that their ecological or human health risks were minimal. This is the first study to document the occurrence and spatial distribution of melamine and its derivatives in waters from the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 22254, Saudi Arabia.
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13
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Romero Gonzalez RR, Cobuccio L, Delatour T. Reconstitution followed by non-targeted mid-infrared analysis as a workable and cost-effective solution to overcome the blending duality in milk powder adulteration detection. Food Chem 2019; 295:42-50. [PMID: 31174777 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.05.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mid-infrared analysis of reconstituted milk is proposed as a feasible solution for the detection of milk powder adulteration regardless of the blending practice. To challenge the concept, skim milk powders were spiked with three of the most reactive/unstable of potential milk adulterants: semicarbazide hydrochloride, ammonium sulfate and cornstarch. To create the wet-blended set, a fraction of each sample was reconstituted and re-spray dried at laboratory scale with a benchtop spray dryer. Dry and wet-blended adulterated samples were reconstituted prior to mid-infrared measurement and projected onto a one-class classifier SIMCA model for reconstituted skim milk. Quantitative sensitivities, determined from the normalized orthogonal distances, were compared. Although the non-industrial spray drying introduced a spectroscopic bias, as revealed by the control samples, the non-targeted mid-infrared model showed comparable sensitivities for both blending practices once the main bias-rich spectral regions were removed, validating thereby the proposed concept.
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14
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Zhu H, Kannan K. Melamine and cyanuric acid in foodstuffs from the United States and their implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104950. [PMID: 31252165 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We determined the concentrations of melamine, ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid in meat, fish and seafood, cereal products, beverages, cooking oil, and vegetables (n = 121) collected from Albany, New York, United States. In addition, food packaging (n = 24) and animal feed (n = 12) were analyzed to determine the sources of melamine and its derivatives in foods. Among the six categories of foods analyzed, median concentrations of ∑melamine (sum of melamine and its three derivatives) in meat (23.6 ng/g fresh weight; fw) and cereal products (20.9 ng/g fw) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than those in other food categories (<5.03 ng/g fw). Cyanuric acid and melamine were the major compounds, accounting for 51% and 26% of the total ∑melamine concentrations, respectively. ∑melamine was found ubiquitously in food packaging (median: 36.2 ng/g fw) and animal feed (56.5 ng/g fw), which are two important sources of melamine found in foodstuffs. The median estimated daily dietary intakes (including concentrations reported for dairy products in our previous study) of melamine and cyanuric acid were in the ranges of 13.4-72.7 and 75.4-347 ng/kg body weight/day, respectively, for various age groups. Dairy products, cereal products, and meat were major sources of dietary melamine (~76%) and cyanuric acid (~95%) exposure. The calculated hazard quotients for dietary exposure to melamine and cyanuric acid were well below 1.0, which suggested minimal risk from current exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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15
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Shek R, Hilaire T, Sim J, French JB. Structural Determinants for Substrate Selectivity in Guanine Deaminase Enzymes of the Amidohydrolase Superfamily. Biochemistry 2019; 58:3280-3292. [PMID: 31283204 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Guanine deaminase is a metabolic enzyme, found in all forms of life, which catalyzes the conversion of guanine to xanthine. Despite the availability of several crystal structures, the molecular determinants of substrate orientation and mechanism remain to be elucidated for the amidohydrolase family of guanine deaminase enzymes. Here, we report the crystal structures of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae guanine deaminase enzymes (EcGuaD and Gud1, respectively), both members of the amidohydrolase superfamily. EcGuaD and Gud1 retain the overall TIM barrel tertiary structure conserved among amidohydrolase enzymes. Both proteins also possess a single zinc cation with trigonal bipyrimidal coordination geometry within their active sites. We also determined a liganded structure of Gud1 bound to the product, xanthine. Analysis of this structure, along with kinetic data of native and site-directed mutants of EcGuaD, identifies several key residues that are responsible for substrate recognition and catalysis. In addition, after a small library of compounds had been screened, two guanine derivatives, 8-azaguanine and 1-methylguanine, were identified as EcGuaD substrates. Interestingly, both EcGuaD and Gud1 also exhibit secondary ammeline deaminase activity. Overall, this work details key structural features of substrate recognition and catalysis of the amidohydrolase family of guanine deaminase enzymes in support of our long-term goal to engineer these enzymes with altered activity and substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Shek
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - Tylene Hilaire
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - Jasper Sim
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
| | - Jarrod B French
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , New York 11794 , United States
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16
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Zhu H, Kannan K. Occurrence of Melamine and Its Derivatives in Breast Milk from the United States and Its Implications for Exposure in Infants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7859-7865. [PMID: 31180207 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Melamine received public and regulatory attention in 2008 following a scandal that involved the adulteration of milk and infant formula in China that affected tens of thousands of infants. Little is known about human exposure and the food chain transfer of melamine and its derivatives. In this study, melamine, cyanuric acid, ammeline, and ammelide were analyzed in 100 human milk samples collected from the United States during the period of 2009-2012. ∑Melamine (sum of melamine and its three derivatives) was found in breast milk at concentrations that ranged from 0.176 to 10.0 ng/mL (median: 1.40 ng/mL). Cyanuric acid was the major derivative, accounting for 73% of the total concentrations, followed by melamine (21%). No remarkable associations were noted between melamine and cyanuric acid concentrations and maternal/infant characteristics. The cumulative daily intakes of melamine (16.9-30.6 ng/kg bw/day) and cyanuric acid (88.8-161 ng/kg bw/day) were calculated for breast-fed infants and were found to be 1-2 orders of magnitude below the current tolerable daily intake. This is the first study to report the distribution of melamine and its derivatives in breast milk from the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509 , Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509 , Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
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17
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Kessler FK, Schnick W. Ammelinium Sulfate Monohydrate and Ammelinium Sulfate Cyanuric Acid - Synthesis and Structural Characterization. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201900042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian K. Kessler
- Department of Chemistry; Chair in Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry; University of Munich (LMU); Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schnick
- Department of Chemistry; Chair in Inorganic Solid-State Chemistry; University of Munich (LMU); Butenandtstraße 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
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18
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Jiao X, Meng Y, Wang K, Huang W, Li N, Liu TCY. Rapid Detection of Adulterants in Whey Protein Supplement by Raman Spectroscopy Combined with Multivariate Analysis. Molecules 2019; 24:E1889. [PMID: 31100965 PMCID: PMC6571825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24101889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing demand for whey protein supplements has made them the target of adulteration with cheap substances. Therefore, Raman spectroscopy in tandem with chemometrics was proposed to simultaneously detect and quantify three common adulterants (creatine, l-glutamine and taurine) in whey protein concentrate (WPC) powder. Soft independent modeling class analogy (SIMCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) models were built based on two spectral regions (400-1800 cm-1 and 500-1100 cm-1) to classify different types of adulterated samples. The most effective was the SIMCA model in 500-1100 cm-1 with an accuracy of 96.9% and an error rate of 5%. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) models for each adulterant were developed using two different Raman spectral ranges (400-1800 cm-1 and selected specific region) and data pretreatment methods. The determination coefficients (R2) of all models were higher than 0.96. PLSR models based on typical Raman regions (500-1100 cm-1 for creatine and taurine, the combination of range 800-1000 cm-1 and 1300-1500 cm-1 for glutamine) were superior to models in the full spectrum. The lowest root mean squared error of prediction (RMSEP) was 0.21%, 0.33%, 0.42% for creatine, taurine and glutamine, and the corresponding limit of detection (LOD) values for them were 0.53%, 0.71% and 1.13%, respectively. This proves that Raman spectroscopy with the help of multivariate approaches is a powerful method to detect adulterants in WPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhi Jiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Laboratory of Photonic Chinese Medicine, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, China.
| | - Yaoyong Meng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Laboratory of Photonic Chinese Medicine, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, China.
| | - Kangkang Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Laboratory of Photonic Chinese Medicine, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Laboratory of Photonic Chinese Medicine, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, China.
| | - Nan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Laboratory of Photonic Chinese Medicine, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, China.
| | - Timon Cheng-Yi Liu
- Laboratory of Laser Sports Medicine, South China Normal University, Guangdong 510631, China.
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19
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Selão TT, Włodarczyk A, Nixon PJ, Norling B. Growth and selection of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 using alternative nitrogen and phosphorus sources. Metab Eng 2019; 54:255-263. [PMID: 31063791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria, such as Synechococcus sp. PCC 7002 (Syn7002), are promising chassis strains for "green" biotechnological applications as they can be grown in seawater using oxygenic photosynthesis to fix carbon dioxide into biomass. Their other major nutritional requirements for efficient growth are sources of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P). As these organisms are more economically cultivated in outdoor open systems, there is a need to develop cost-effective approaches to prevent the growth of contaminating organisms, especially as the use of antibiotic selection markers is neither economically feasible nor ecologically desirable due to the risk of horizontal gene transfer. Here we have introduced a synthetic melamine degradation pathway into Syn7002 and evolved the resulting strain to efficiently use the nitrogen-rich xenobiotic compound melamine as the sole N source. We also show that expression of phosphite dehydrogenase in the absence of its cognate phosphite transporter permits growth of Syn7002 on phosphite and can be used as a selectable marker in Syn7002. We combined these two strategies to generate a strain that can grow on melamine and phosphite as sole N and P sources, respectively. This strain is able to resist deliberate contamination in large excess and should be a useful chassis for metabolic engineering and biotechnological applications using cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Artur Włodarczyk
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Peter J Nixon
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Sir Ernst Chain Building- Wolfson Laboratories, Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, S. Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Birgitta Norling
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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20
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Zhu H, Halden RU, Kannan K. A nationwide survey of the occurrence of melamine and its derivatives in archived sewage sludge from the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:994-999. [PMID: 30682756 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Melamine-based resins are used extensively in laminates, plastics, coatings, glues, and dinnerware. Little is known, however, about the occurrence of melamine and its derivatives in the environment. In this study, a nationwide survey of melamine and its derivatives, namely ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid, was conducted, using archived sewage sludge samples collected from 68 wastewater treatment plants in the United States (U.S.). The sum concentrations of four target compounds in sludge ranged from 34 to 1800 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean concentration of 240 ng/g dw; melamine (46%) and cyanuric acid (40%) collectively accounted for 86% of the total mass of analytes. No significant geographical variation in the concentrations of melamine and its derivatives in sewage sludge was found. The estimated emission of melamine and its derivatives via land-application of sludge was approximately 1600 kg/yr in the U.S. The hazard quotient values for melamine in sludge-amended soils ranged from 2.2 × 10-5 to 4.4 × 10-3, indicating that the current levels of melamine in sludge pose a minimal risk to the soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Rolf U Halden
- Center for Environmental Health Engineering, The Biodesign Institute and School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 22254, Saudi Arabia.
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21
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Zhu H, Kannan K. Inter-day and inter-individual variability in urinary concentrations of melamine and cyanuric acid. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 123:375-381. [PMID: 30572169 PMCID: PMC6402796 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Melamine is used extensively in household products, such as furniture, dinnerware, and food utensils. Several studies have shown that melamine adversely affects kidney function. Nevertheless, little is known about urinary melamine concentrations, and its temporal variability. In this study, 213 first-morning-void urine samples were collected from 19 volunteers for over a month to assess longitudinal variability in concentrations of melamine and its three structural analogues, i.e., cyanuric acid, ammeline, and ammelide. Target analytes were found in all urine samples at mean concentrations of 3.3, 16, 0.99, and 0.62 ng/mL, for melamine, cyanuric acid, ammelide, and ammeline, respectively. Cyanuric acid was the major compound found in all urine samples, accounting for 74-80% of the total concentrations, followed by melamine (12-20%), ammelide (4-6%), and ammeline (2-4%). Gender- and age-related differences in melamine concentrations were observed, although no such pattern was found for cyanuric acid. After adjusting for creatinine, melamine and cyanuric acid concentrations were moderately predictable with inter-day intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) in the range of 0.541-0.763. Nevertheless, substantial inter-individual variation in melamine levels existed even after creatinine adjustment, as evidenced by low ICCs (0.008-0.108). Cumulative daily intake of melamine and cyanuric acid was calculated on the basis of urinary concentrations and the mean values were found to be at least 10-fold below the current tolerable daily intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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22
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Zhu H, Kannan K. Distribution Profiles of Melamine and Its Derivatives in Indoor Dust from 12 Countries and the Implications for Human Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12801-12808. [PMID: 30274520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Melamine and its derivatives (i.e., ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid) are extensively used in household products, such as furniture, dinnerware, and food utensils. Nevertheless, limited information is available on human exposures, other than dietary sources, to melamine and its derivatives. In this study, the occurrence of melamine and its derivatives was determined, for the first time, in 341 samples of indoor dust, collected from 12 countries. All of the dust samples contained target analytes, with global median concentrations of 1800, 1100, 48, and 45 ng/g for melamine, cyanuric acid, ammelide, and ammeline, respectively. The total concentrations of melamine and its derivatives varied among countries in the following decreasing order: United States (median: 17 000 ng/g) > Japan (8400) > China (8000) > South Korea (7300) > Saudi Arabia (4400) > Romania (4300) > Greece (3400) > Kuwait (2400) > Vietnam (2300) > Colombia (1300) > Pakistan (820) > India (430). Correlation analysis indicated the existence of multiple and varied sources for melamine and cyanuric acid. Estimated daily intakes of melamine via indoor dust ingestion were at least 2 orders of magnitude below the current tolerable daily intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongkai Zhu
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza , P.O. Box 509, Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Empire State Plaza , P.O. Box 509, Albany , New York 12201-0509 , United States
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center , King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21589 , Saudi Arabia
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23
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Karthikraj R, Bollapragada R, Kannan K. Melamine and its derivatives in dog and cat urine: An exposure assessment study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:248-254. [PMID: 29567446 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Melamine is a nitrogen-containing organic compound that is used in a wide range of products, including paints, plastics, and paper, as a flame retardant. A few studies have reported the occurrence of melamine and its derivatives in pet food, following a number of deaths of cats and dogs from kidney failure in 2007, which was attributed to melamine contamination in ingredients used in pet food. Nevertheless, studies that report the occurrence of melamine and its derivatives in pet urine are scarce. In this study, we measured melamine and its derivatives (i.e., ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid) in dog (n = 30) and cat (n = 30) urine collected from Albany, New York, USA, during March through July 2017. The mean (±SD) concentrations of melamine, ammeline, ammelide, and cyanuric acid in dog urine were 21.1 ± 51.2, 2.3 ± 3.8, 9.9 ± 1 0.4, and 79.0 ± 105 ng/mL, respectively; the corresponding concentrations in cats were 21.4 ± 26.1, 1.2 ± 2.5, 6.1 ± 3.9, and 105 ± 94.6 ng/mL, respectively. No significant difference was observed in urinary concentrations of melamine derivatives between cats and dogs. Age and gender were important determinants of the concentrations of the target chemicals in cats and dogs. Cumulative daily intake of melamine and its derivatives was calculated on the basis of urinary concentrations and was found to be 10-500-fold below the tolerable daily intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendiran Karthikraj
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States
| | - Rasya Bollapragada
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY, 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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24
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Li W, Zheng Y, Zhang T, Wu S, Zhang J, Fang J. A Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Optical Fiber Probe Fabricated with Electropolymerized Molecular Imprinting Film for Melamine Detection. SENSORS 2018. [PMID: 29522472 PMCID: PMC5876666 DOI: 10.3390/s18030828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) films prepared by bulk polymerization suffer from numerous deficiencies, including poor mass transfer ability and difficulty in controlling reaction rate and film thickness, which usually result in poor repeatability. However, polymer film synthesized by electropolymerization methods benefit from high reproducibility, simplicity and rapidity of preparation. In the present study, an Au film served as the refractive index-sensitive metal film to couple with the light leaked out from optical fiber core and the electrode for electropolymerizing MIP film simultaneously. The manufactured probe exhibited satisfactory sensitivity and specificity. Furthermore, the surface morphology and functional groups of the synthesized MIP film were characterized by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Fourier transform infrared microspectroscopy (FTIR) for further insights into the adsorption and desorption processes. Given the low cost, label-free test, simple preparation process and fast response, this method has a potential application to monitor substances in complicated real samples for out-of-lab test in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Yongping Zheng
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Tingwei Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Songjie Wu
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jue Zhang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Jing Fang
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
- College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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25
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Maleki J, Nazari F, Yousefi J, Khosrokhavar R, Hosseini MJ. Determinations of Melamine Residue in Infant Formula Brands Available in Iran Market Using by HPLC Method. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2018; 17:563-570. [PMID: 29881414 PMCID: PMC5985174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The contamination of melamine was evaluated in 69 infants along with follow up formula samples collected from the market for the first time in Iran using HPLC method. Since there are no previous data concerning the contamination level of melamine in all brands of infant formula samples consumed using the HPLC method in Iran, this study is the first investigation in this regard. Our results showed that melamine contamination was found in 65% of samples, where mean and maximum levels of melamine were 0.73 ± 0.71 mg/kg and 3.63 mg/kg, respectively. The level of melamine in 10 out of 69 samples was higher than the maximum level set by the Codex Alimentarius in infant food (1 mg/kg). Melamine was determined in 67.8% and 50% of domestic and imported samples, respectively. The estimated daily intake was designed in two scenarios: it was calculated based on the mean level of melamine contamination and maximum level of melamine in the samples. In both scenarios, our results showed that melamine intake across all age groups is lower than the tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.2 mg/kg body weight, suggested by WHO (0.2 mg/kg body weight). Thus, it seems that the current levels of melamine in infant and follow up formula purchased in Iran pose no health risk for infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Maleki
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. ,J. M. and F. N. contributed equally to this work.
| | - Firouzeh Nazari
- Food and Drug Administration, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. ,J. M. and F. N. contributed equally to this work.
| | - Jamal Yousefi
- Department of Food Safety and Hygiene, School of Public Health, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
| | - Roya Khosrokhavar
- Food and Drug Laboratory Research Center, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mir-Jamal Hosseini
- Zanjan Applied Pharmacology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran. ,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.,Corresponding author: E-mail:
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26
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Frank N, Bessaire T, Tarres A, Goyon A, Delatour T. Development of a quantitative multi-compound method for the detection of 14 nitrogen-rich adulterants by LC-MS/MS in food materials. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1842-1852. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1372640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Frank
- Nestlé Research Centre, Nestec Ltd., Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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28
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Fry H, Mietle K, Mähnert E, Zinke S, Schwieters M, Pydde E, Preiß-Weigert A. Interlaboratory validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the determination of melamine and cyanuric acid in animal feed. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2017; 34:1320-1332. [PMID: 28332413 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2017.1307527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Melamine and cyanuric acid have been mixed illegally into food and feed to increase the nitrogen content, which results in deceptively high protein contents. As a consequence, a maximum level for melamine of 2.5 mg kg-1 feed was established by the European Union under Directive 2002/32/EC. The Technical Committee (TC) 327 of the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) commissioned the standardisation of a method for the analysis of melamine and cyanuric acid in animal feed. One main task in the standardisation process is the performance of a full international collaborative trial, which is described in this paper. After performing a pre-trial study, in the main study eight different feed samples with different concentration levels of melamine and/or cyanuric acid were distributed as double-blind samples to 13 participants. The minimum criterion of eight laboratories submitting results per sample is fulfilled for melamine but only partly for cyanuric acid. The evaluation showed for both analytes a Horwitz ratio (HorRat) well below 2, and meets the requirements stated in the appropriate international protocols. The results demonstrated that the method seems to be suitable for the analysis of melamine and cyanuric acid in animal feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildburg Fry
- a Department Safety in the Food Chain , Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - Kerstin Mietle
- a Department Safety in the Food Chain , Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - Eileen Mähnert
- a Department Safety in the Food Chain , Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - Sebastian Zinke
- a Department Safety in the Food Chain , Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - Mandy Schwieters
- a Department Safety in the Food Chain , Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - Emanuele Pydde
- a Department Safety in the Food Chain , Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
| | - Angelika Preiß-Weigert
- a Department Safety in the Food Chain , Federal Institute for Risk Assessment , Berlin , Germany
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29
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Fan Y, Ma X, Li Z, Chen M. Fast Derivatization Followed by Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry for Simultaneous Detection of Melamine, Ammeline, Ammelide, and Cyanuric Acid in Fish and Shrimp. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-015-0171-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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30
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Draher J, Pound V, Reddy TM. Validation of a rapid method of analysis using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry for nitrogen-rich adulterants in nutritional food ingredients. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1373:106-13. [PMID: 25435465 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A method for the rapid quantification of 9 potential nitrogen-rich economic adulterants (dicyandiamide, urea, biuret, cyromazine, amidinourea, ammeline, amidinourea, melamine, and cyanuric acid) in five milk and soy derived nutritional ingredients, i.e. whole milk powder, nonfat dry milk, milk protein concentrate, sodium caseinate, and soy protein isolate has been developed and validated for routine use. The samples were diluted tenfold with water followed by treatment with 2% formic acid and acetonitrile to precipitate proteins. Sample extracts were analyzed using hydrophilic interaction chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (HILIC-MS/MS) under both positive and negative modes. Stable isotope labeled internal standards were used to ensure accurate quantification. In multi-day validation experiments, the average accuracies, relative standard deviations (RSD), and method detection limits (MDL) for all analytes in whole milk powder were 82-101%, 6-13%, and 0.1mg/kg-7 mg/kg, respectively. The retention times of the analytes in matrix spiked controls were within ± 0.06 min of the average retention times of the corresponding analytes in calibration standards. The validated method was proven to be rugged for routine use to quantify the presence of 9 nitrogen-rich compounds in milk and soy derived ingredients and to provide a defense from economically motivated adulteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Draher
- Abbott Laboratories, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, Ohio 43219, United States
| | - Vickie Pound
- Abbott Laboratories, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, Ohio 43219, United States
| | - Todime M Reddy
- Abbott Laboratories, 3300 Stelzer Road, Columbus, Ohio 43219, United States.
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31
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Analytical chemistry, toxicology, epidemiology and health impact assessment of melamine in infant formula: Recent progress and developments. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 56:325-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.02.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Hassani S, Tavakoli F, Amini M, Kobarfard F, Nili-Ahmadabadi A, Sabzevari O. Occurrence of melamine contamination in powder and liquid milk in market of Iran. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:413-20. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.761730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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A Simple HPLC-DAD Method for the Analysis of Melamine in Protein Supplements: Validation Using the Accuracy Profiles. J CHEM-NY 2013. [DOI: 10.1155/2013/239342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The study presents a fully validated simple high-performance liquid chromatography method with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD), able to accurately determine the melamine, fraudulently added, in protein supplements, commonly used from healthy adults to enhance exercise or sport performance. The validation strategy was intentionally oriented towards routine use and the reliability of the method rather than extreme performance. For this reason, validation by accuracy profile, including estimation of uncertainty, was chosen. This procedure, based on the concept of total error (bias + standard deviation), clearly showed that this method was able to determine melamine over the range of 0.05–3.0 mg Kg−1, selected by taking into account the maximum residue levels (MRLs) proposed by European legislation to distinguish between the unavoidable background presence of melamine and unacceptable adulteration. The accuracy profile procedure established that at least 95% of the future results obtained with the proposed method would be within the ±15% acceptance limits of the validated HPLC-DAD method over the whole defined concentration range.
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34
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Wu B, Wang Z, Zhao D, Lu X. A novel molecularly imprinted impedimetric sensor for melamine determination. Talanta 2012; 101:374-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2012.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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35
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Furusawa N. A 100% Water Mobile Phase HPLC-PDA Analysis of Meamine and Related Analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2012.34040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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36
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Zhang† M, Ping† H, Cao X, Li H, Guan F, Sun C, Liu J. Rapid determination of melamine in milk using water-soluble CdTe quantum dots as fluorescence probes. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2011; 29:333-44. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2011.643459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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37
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Krska R, Becalski A, Braekevelt E, Koerner T, Cao XL, Dabeka R, Godefroy S, Lau B, Moisey J, Rawn DFK, Scott PM, Wang Z, Forsyth D. Challenges and trends in the determination of selected chemical contaminants and allergens in food. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:139-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5237-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2011] [Revised: 07/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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