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Band-Winterstein T, Shulyaev K, Eisikovits Z. Rethinking Lifetime Abuse in Old Age. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2024; 39:4020-4040. [PMID: 39254272 DOI: 10.1177/08862605241264533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/11/2024]
Abstract
Research on abuse is often piecemeal and focused on specific forms, populations, and social situations. As a result, these studies tend to ignore the web of abuse resulting from the interactive effects of various forms of abuse over the life course, together referred to as "lifetime abuse." An examination of abuse from the point of view of older adults is likely to provide a lifetime perspective based on linking child abuse to elder abuse over the life course and an assessment of its consequences. Despite the growing awareness and resulting body of knowledge regarding this phenomenon, proposed theoretical formulations about it remain limited. The present article aimed to conceptualize the multifaceted phenomenon of lifetime abuse and to gain a deeper perspective of the topic by understanding its dimensions, meanings, and experiences in older age, based on a critical review of empirical studies. A model is suggested, which can be useful for future exploration and understanding of lifetime abuse. Based on a critical review of previous studies, we suggest a theoretical framework of lifetime abuse from the perspective of older adults, identifying three key domains: (a) perception of time and life review in old age; (b) cumulative and interactive abusive life events; and (c) resilience versus vulnerability over the life course. We propose a heuristic model to explore and understand lifetime abuse. We believe our proposed model is open to reflection and elaboration and is intended to raise questions that could enhance the need for our understanding of lifetime abuse in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tova Band-Winterstein
- The Minerva Center on Intersectionality in Aging (MCIA), University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Ksenya Shulyaev
- The Minerva Center on Intersectionality in Aging (MCIA), University of Haifa, Israel
| | - Zvi Eisikovits
- The Minerva Center on Intersectionality in Aging (MCIA), University of Haifa, Israel
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Rudolfsson L. "I Want to Be Heard": Rape Victims' Encounters With Swedish Police. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:3163-3186. [PMID: 37248621 PMCID: PMC11380363 DOI: 10.1177/10778012231176206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Interactions with police are vitally important to victims' ability to process their trauma. This study focused on the experiences of victims who reported a rape to police in Sweden. Thirteen women participated in interviews; the material was analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Findings include lack of information and the role of luck in finding an understanding officer; some found comfort, and some felt violated once again. Long processing times bound participants to their trauma. Findings highlight the need for improved knowledge of trauma among police, victims' needs for information and rights to support, and structural barriers that need to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Rudolfsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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3
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Cogan N, Craig A, Milligan L, McCluskey R, Burns T, Ptak W, Kirk A, Graf C, Goodman J, De Kock J. 'I've got no PPE to protect my mind': understanding the needs and experiences of first responders exposed to trauma in the workplace. Eur J Psychotraumatol 2024; 15:2395113. [PMID: 39238472 PMCID: PMC11382715 DOI: 10.1080/20008066.2024.2395113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACTBackground: First responders (FRs) are at high risk of being exposed to traumatic events in their occupational roles. Responding to critical incidents often involves exposure to life-threatening circumstances, dealing with fatalities and encountering highly stressful situations that may trigger traumatic responses. These experiences can lead to poor physical and mental health (MH) outcomes including post-traumatic stress disorder, co-morbid conditions such as depression, anxiety, substance abuse, insomnia, and suicidality. Little research has explored the perspectives and experiences of FRs in dealing with occupational trauma(s) and how best to meet their health needs.Objective: This study aimed to explore FRs' experiences of exposure to occupational trauma and its impact on their mental wellbeing. The wider objective was to investigate how FRs can be supported to access appropriate and relevant help, addressing barriers like stigma.Method: A qualitative research design using in-depth semi-structured interviews with FRs (n = 54) was adopted. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed using an inductive thematic approach.Results: Themes developed were: (1) the pervasive, cumulative and salient impact of occupational trauma on MH (micro-traumas, nightmares, flashbacks and reliving experiences); (2) the demands of the job exacerbating the adverse effects of trauma (self and others); (3) insufficient support and unhelpful ways of coping following exposure to trauma (lack of psychological safety); (4) stigma and fear of judgement as barriers to MH help-seeking; and (5) need for specific, accessible and credible trauma-focused interventions and workplace support.Conclusions: The implications of these findings are discussed at the individual, service provider and organisational level, emphasising the importance of implementing a strengths-based, non-pathologising and de-stigmatising approach to trauma in the workplace as experienced by FRs. Emphasis is placed on the importance of overcoming barriers to accessing MH support and improving access to evidence-based, trauma-focused psychological interventions and workplace support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Cogan
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Ashleigh Craig
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lucy Milligan
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Robyn McCluskey
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Tara Burns
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Wiktoria Ptak
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Alison Kirk
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christoph Graf
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jolie Goodman
- Department of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Johannes De Kock
- University of the Highlands and Islands, Institute for Health Research and Innovation, Inverness, UK
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Alsous M, Al Muhaissen B, Massad T, Sayaheen B, Alnasser T, Al-Smadi A, Al-Zeghoul R, Abo Al Rob O, Aljabali AAA, Gammoh O. Exploring depression, PTSD, insomnia, and fibromyalgia symptoms in women exposed to Gaza war news: A community-based study from Jordan. Int J Soc Psychiatry 2024:207640241270831. [PMID: 39219368 DOI: 10.1177/00207640241270831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The circulating violent news about the war on Gaza is believed to impact the mental health status of people globally especially in Jordan, the closest country to Palestine. Also, women are more vulnerable to mental distress. AIMS This study investigates the prevalence and correlates of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, insomnia, and fibromyalgia among Jordanian females exposed to the Gaza war news. METHOD In a comprehensive cross-sectional inquiry, we applied validated scales to assess the severity of PTSD, depression, insomnia, and fibromyalgia symptoms in a dataset comprising 1,044 females. RESULTS The findings revealed that 32.3% exhibited severe PTSD symptoms, 53.4% had severe depressive symptoms, 48.2% reported severe insomnia, and 17.2% were diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Exploring demographic factors, the study established statistically significant correlations (p < .05) between the evaluated symptoms and various variables. Notably, individuals of Palestinian nationality, employed as teachers or housewives, those using over-the-counter analgesics for fibromyalgia, and those with chronic diseases exhibited elevated prevalence rates of the investigated conditions. CONCLUSIONS This pioneering study, the first of its kind, delves into the acute psychiatric repercussions of the October 7th conflict on Jordanian females. The alarming prevalence of severe symptoms underscores the urgent need for timely psychiatric intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervat Alsous
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Batoul Al Muhaissen
- Princess Basma Center for Jordanian Women's Studies, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Talal Massad
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Bilal Sayaheen
- Department of Translation, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Tariq Alnasser
- Princess Basma Center for Jordanian Women's Studies, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
- Department of Journalism and Digital Media, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Ahmed Al-Smadi
- Faculty of Nursing, Al al-Bayt University, Mafraq, Jordan
| | | | - Osama Abo Al Rob
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Alaa A A Aljabali
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Omar Gammoh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
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5
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Meeker SA, Lincoln AK, Molnar BE. Vicarious trauma and the COVID-19 pandemic: The role of organisations. Stress Health 2024:e3458. [PMID: 39158648 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Vicarious trauma (VT) is an occupational challenge incurred through hearing about traumatic experiences of others such as child maltreatment, mass casualties, and others while serving in helping professions. Without sufficient resources and support, long-term exposure can lead to symptoms such as intrusion, avoidance, arousal, emotional numbing, anxiety, and decline in one's ability to work. Organisations can mitigate VT's impact by addressing the needs of staff through 5 evidence-informed areas of occupational health. This project explored the impact of VT-informed practices on organisational responses to the COVID-19 pandemic. We compared responses from 50 organisations on strengths and weaknesses in core areas of being VT-informed to how those organisations responded to the COVID-19 pandemic. Subscales of the VT Organizational Readiness Guide (VT-ORG) were utilized as the exposure variables and 4 new COVID-19 questions served as the outcome. We ran a series of multilevel linear regression models with clustering controlled for at the organisational level. Staff ratings on 4 of the 5 pillars of the VT-ORG were positively associated with the organisation's responsiveness to the pandemic. Various demographic factors of the employees were negatively associated with organisations' responsiveness to the pandemic. While this study contributes to the growing research on VT, it also provides justification for helping organisations to become VT-informed; it provides evidence that being prepared for VT can also be useful to support workers and their communities during emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha A Meeker
- Institute for Health Equity and Social Justice Research, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alisa K Lincoln
- Institute for Health Equity and Social Justice Research, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Beth E Molnar
- Institute for Health Equity and Social Justice Research, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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6
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Gammoh O, Qnais E, Abu Alshaikh H, Mansour M, Al-Habahbeh S, Weshah F, Ennab W, Alotaibi BS, Alqudah A. "PTSD symptoms among patients with multiple sclerosis in Jordan during October 7th gaza war outbreak". Int J Psychiatry Med 2024:912174241272680. [PMID: 39106247 DOI: 10.1177/00912174241272680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/09/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinicians have noted that the ongoing war on Gaza has had a psychological impact on people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS) whose mental health is particularly vulnerable during times such as these. The present study sought to examine the prevalence and correlates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms among PwMS in Jordan during the Gaza war outbreak. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study involving 171 patients (PwMS) out of 372 patients approached (46% response rate) who were being seen in the MS unit at Al Bashir Hospital, Ammann, Jordan. Inclusion criteria required that participants had been following daily news updates of the October 7 war in Gaza for the past 4 months. RESULTS Of participants, 125 (73.1%) were female, 98 (57.3%) were on therapy for less than five years, and 30 (17.5%) reported having a relapse during the past 6 months. Significant PTSD symptoms were identified in 58.5% (100 of 171 participants). Those at higher risk were the unemployed (OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.13-4.07, P = 0.02), whereas patients receiving dimethyl fumarate (19.9%) were at lower risk (OR = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.19-0.94, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION The high rate of significant PTSD symptoms among people with MS in this study underscores the need for attention by primary care providers and implementation of a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach to optimize the mental well-being of this fragile population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Gammoh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Esam Qnais
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | | | | | | | - Feras Weshah
- Department of Neurology, Al-Bashir Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Wail Ennab
- Department of Neurology, Al-Bashir Hospital, Amman, Jordan
| | - Badriyah S Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdelrahim Alqudah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
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Kornwachs G, Hautzinger M, Kizilhan J. The importance of cultural understanding and practical solutions during the handover of a psychotherapy and psychotraumatology program in Northern Iraq into local hands. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1434670. [PMID: 39119076 PMCID: PMC11306170 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1434670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In post war regions, especially in low-income countries, the health care systems often require immediate support. For example, after the terror of the so-called Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) in 2014, many internally displaced persons took refuge in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). Those displaced by war have had to face the reality that psychotherapy did not exist as a service in the Kurdish health system. Many projects and Non-Government-Organizations (NGOs) that work in post-conflict regions focus on short term and quick response and/or basic psychological services. The implementation of the "Institute for Psychotherapy and Psychotraumatology" (IPP) at the University of Dohuk, follows a long-term approach. The 3-year-program teaches students to become professional psychotherapists, with respect to evidence-based and culturally adapted methods of psychotherapy. To achieve sustainability, the project is working towards handing over the teaching and organizational responsibilities into local hands. This article highlights the chances and challenges during this transition, as well as the importance of cultural understanding and realistic, practical solutions. An honest reflection on existing cultural challenges, e.g. inflexible hierarchical structures or an "old-fashioned" religious view of homosexuality, can then lead to practical solutions. These include winning over local authorities by including them in the process, culturally adapting to customs with the help of educated locals, demonstrating non-authoritarian forms of leadership, and explicitly promoting newly graduated young lecturers into positions of authority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Kornwachs
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Hautzinger
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan Kizilhan
- Institute for Transcultural Health Science, DHBW, Stuttgart, Germany
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Livanou M, Whittenbury K, Di Basilio D. Listening to other people's traumatic experiences: What makes it hard and what could protect professionals from developing related distress? A qualitative investigation. Stress Health 2024; 40:e3353. [PMID: 38015473 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Listening to people talk about their trauma experiences involves indirect exposure to trauma (IET) and can trigger emotional distress. Existing studies about the risk factors for post-IET distress have methodological limitations and reported inconsistent results, making their findings difficult to meaningfully synthesise. Also, most of them did not focus explicitly on trauma narratives and did not explore qualitatively the opinions and experiences of professionals who work closely with trauma survivors. The present study involved 36 professionals who worked with trauma survivors and used a qualitative design to investigate: (a) the perceived impact of the survivors' accounts, (b) the factors they deemed as important to be psychologically prepared for trauma accounts, and (c) their strategies for coping with IET. The semi-structured interviews conducted yielded rich data that was analysed thematically and organised in 13 subordinate themes, and 4 master themes. Listening to trauma narratives was thought to lead to emotional distress when it challenges the listener's 'basic assumptions' of safety and justice, when the listener has reduced sense of control and operates outside their 'window of tolerance', when empathic responses are too strong, and psychological preparedness for trauma-narratives is perceived as insufficient. Recommendations for future research and implications for practice are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Livanou
- School of Psychology, University of Bolton, Bolton, UK
| | - Kate Whittenbury
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Education, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Daniela Di Basilio
- Division of Psychology and Mental Health, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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9
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Gewirtz-Meydan A, Mitchell KJ, O'Brien JE. Trauma behind the keyboard: Exploring disparities in child sexual abuse materials exposure and mental health factors among investigators and forensic examiners - A network analysis. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 152:106757. [PMID: 38574600 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite acknowledging the detrimental impact of child sexual abuse material (CSAM) exposure on the mental and physical well-being of investigators and forensic examiners, there is a need for comprehensive exploration into the complex relationship between CSAM exposure, its various dimensions, mental health (i.e., anxiety, depression, and PTSD), and burnout, as well as the presence of positive attitudes towards the job. OBJECTIVE To understand how CSAM exposure, mental health and burnout interconnect and cluster within distinct networks of police investigators and forensic examiners. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Police investigators and forensic examiners from across the United States who were exposed to CSAM as part of their professions (N = 470). METHODS Participants, recruited through connections with the National Criminal Justice Training Center, completed an anonymous online survey. RESULTS The network analysis revealed differences in centrality between investigators and forensic examiners, particularly in their associations with exposure factors and mental health variables. Edges invariance tests showed differences in the strength of these associations, with some factors being more strongly linked to PTSD avoidance symptoms among investigators and others among forensic examiners. Stability analyses suggested potentially greater heterogeneity among investigators, while both groups displayed high stability in other centrality indices. CONCLUSIONS This study contributes to our comprehension of the distinct experiences and challenges faced by CSAM investigators and forensic examiners, and specifically the nuanced disparities between CSAM investigators and forensic examiners in terms of their exposure to CSAM content and the associated mental health factors. These insights highlight the imperative need for tailored support mechanisms and interventions that can effectively address the unique challenges encountered by individuals working tirelessly in this critical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan
- School of Social Work, Faculty of Social Welfare & Health Sciences, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel. Agewirtz-@univ.haifa.ac.il
| | - Kimberly J Mitchell
- University of New Hampshire, Crimes against Children Research Center, Durham, NH, United States
| | - Jennifer E O'Brien
- University of New Hampshire, Crimes against Children Research Center, Durham, NH, United States; University of New Hampshire, Department of Social Work, United States
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Scott R, Freckelton I. Vicarious trauma among legal practitioners and judicial officers. PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY, AND LAW : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY JOURNAL OF THE AUSTRALIAN AND NEW ZEALAND ASSOCIATION OF PSYCHIATRY, PSYCHOLOGY AND LAW 2024; 31:500-522. [PMID: 38899325 PMCID: PMC11185848 DOI: 10.1080/13218719.2024.2339323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The term 'vicarious trauma' refers to a range of cumulative and harmful effects from exposure to the trauma of others and is now recognised as a category of causation in the diagnostic criteria of post-traumatic stress disorder. Legal practitioners may be exposed to the risk of harm from vicarious trauma in a number of occupational contexts. This article reviews recent case authority, including a 2023 prosecution of Court Services Victoria for failing to provide a safe workplace in the Coroners Court of Victoria and the High Court decision in Kozarov v Victoria (2022) and the Victoria Court of Appeal decision in Bersee v Victoria (2022). It considers measures that should be taken to provide a workplace for both legal practitioners and judicial officers that is as safe and without risks to health as is reasonably practicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russ Scott
- West Moreton Prison Mental Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian Freckelton
- Castan Chambers, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Law Faculty, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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11
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Salem Gammoh O, Alqudah A, Alotaibi B. Factors associated with insomnia and fatigue symptoms during the outbreak of Oct.7th war on Gaza: A study from Jordan. Prev Med Rep 2024; 41:102685. [PMID: 38524272 PMCID: PMC10957494 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The Jordanian and the Palestinian communities are tightly related, hence, the current war on Gaza also has social and psychological impacts on Jordanians. Therefore, this study aims to identify the factors associated with severe insomnia and fatigue symptoms in a cohort of Jordanians during the Gaza War outbreak. Methods This is a cross-sectional web-based questionnaire study. The Insomnia Severity Index-Arabic version (ISI-A), and the Brief Fatigue Inventory-Arabic (BFI-A) were employed, binary logistic and linear regression analyses was performed to identify predictors to severe insomnia and fatigue respectively. Data were collected between December 2023 and January 2024. Results Data were analyzed from 477 participants, of which 315 (66 %) were females, 107 (22.4 %) reported having a family relative or a friend residing in Gaza, 365 (76.5 %) reported not using any sleep aid, 78 (16.4 %) reported using homeopathy herbal remedies for sleep, and only 52 (10.9 %) reported using over-the-counter sedating antihistamines. Severe insomnia was significantly associated with participants "younger than 30 years old" (OR = 1.81, 95 %CI = 1.22-2.66, p = 0.003), participants "using over-the-counter sedating antihistamines" (OR = 2.78, 95 % CI = 1.27-6.06, p = 0.01). Severe fatigue was significantly associated with "females" (B = 5.87, t = 2.78, p = 0.006), and "smokers" (B = 5.09, t = 2.52, p = 0.01). On the other hand, "not using sleep aids" demonstrated significantly lower odds for severe insomnia (OR = 0.41, 95 % CI = 0.24-0.68, p = 0.001), and fatigue (B = -10.84, t = -4.81, p < 0.001). Conclusions Addressing modifiable risk factors such as smoking and sleep self-medications is essential to improve insomnia and fatigue symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Salem Gammoh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Abdelrahim Alqudah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, The Hashemite University, Zarqa, Jordan
| | - Bardiah Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Levy E, Herzog D, Ryder CH, Grunstein R, Gidron Y. Indirect Exposure to Atrocities and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms among Aid Workers: Hemispheric Lateralization Matters. J Clin Med 2024; 13:2373. [PMID: 38673646 PMCID: PMC11051319 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13082373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Humanitarian aid workers (HAWs) are indirectly exposed to atrocities relating to people of concern (POC). This may result in a risk of secondary traumatization demonstrated by post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs). Previous studies have demonstrated that hemispheric lateralization (HL) moderates the relationship between threat exposure and post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSSs). Aims: We hypothesized that indirect exposure to atrocities (IETA) would be positively correlated with PTSSs among HAWs with right and not left HL. Method: Fifty-four HAWs from several countries that provided humanitarian support in Greece and Colombia participated in this correlational and cross-sectional observation study. They completed scales relating to IETA, PTSSs were assessed using a brief, valid scale, and HL was measured. Results: IETA was positively and significantly related to PTSSs (r = 0.39, p < 0.005). Considering HL, IETA was unrelated to PTSSs among people with right HL (r = 0.29, p = 0.14), while IETA was related to PTSSs among people with left HL (r = 0.52, p = 0.008). Right HL emerged as a protective factor in the relationship between IETA and PTSS. Conclusions: An assessment of dominant HL can serve as one consideration among others when deploying HAWs in specific locations and roles, vis à vis IETA. Moreover, those found to have a higher risk for PTSSs based on their HL could be monitored more closely to prevent adverse reactions to IETA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einav Levy
- Department of Social Work, Tel Hai College, Qiryat Shemona 1220800, Israel;
- Research Center for Innovation in Social Work, Tel Hai College, Qiryat Shemona 1220800, Israel
- The Israeli School of Humanitarian Action, Tel Aviv 4632825, Israel
| | | | - Chen Hanna Ryder
- Brain & Behavior Research Institute, Western Galilee Academic College, Akko 2412101, Israel;
| | - Rachel Grunstein
- Department of Social Work, Tel Hai College, Qiryat Shemona 1220800, Israel;
| | - Yori Gidron
- Department of Nursing, Haifa University, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
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McCann-Pineo M, Keating M, McEvoy T, Schwartz M, Schwartz RM, Washko J, Wuestman E, Berkowitz J. The Female Emergency Medical Services Experience: A Mixed Methods Study. PREHOSP EMERG CARE 2024; 28:626-634. [PMID: 38266147 DOI: 10.1080/10903127.2024.2306248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emergency Medical Services (EMS) is a challenging profession. Little is known if there are gender differences in the experiences among EMS clinicians. Therefore, our aim was to understand and characterize the occupational experiences of female EMS clinicians. METHODS A mixed methodological study was conducted among currently licensed female EMS clinicians via focus group and self-report survey data. Three focus groups (n = 5, 4, 13, respectively) were conducted with participants purposively recruited from primarily Northeastern EMS agencies. Through ongoing collaborations, a recruitment advertisement was provided to EMS leadership at respective agencies for distribution among their female staff. Sessions were recorded and transcribed for thematic analysis. A six-phase inductive analytical approach was utilized to evaluate focus group data. Qualitative findings were utilized to inform a cross-sectional, self-report survey consisting of occupational specific experiences, such as harassment and pregnancy, and validated measures of mental wellbeing. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the study sample and female EMS clinician occupational and personal experiences. RESULTS A total of 22 female EMS clinicians participated across the three focus group sessions. Four major themes were identified: 1) the female EMS experience; 2) impact on personal wellbeing; 3) impact on occupational wellbeing; and 4) coping mechanisms. Each theme had multiple subthemes. There were 161 participants that attempted the 72-item survey, 13 partial and 148 competed surveys. Median age was 32 years (IQR: 25-42), and the majority were EMT-Bs (55.1%). Approximately 70.0% met the criteria for probable anxiety, 53.9% probable depression and 40.9% elevated symptoms of burnout. Almost 73.0% reported workplace harassment, with most experiences being perpetrated by patients and coworkers. Over 61.0% reported reconsideration of their career in EMS. Overall, survey data indicated interactions with peers and leadership, and social support were positive. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight the need to improve the occupational experiences of female EMS clinicians to preserve and encourage the continuation of their participation in this workforce. Specifically tailored interventions aimed at protecting and improving their overall wellbeing are critical, particularly considering the increased occupational burden resulting from the pandemic. Future research should aim to understand specific predictors of adverse mental health outcomes among this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly McCann-Pineo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Northshore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Meghan Keating
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Northshore University Hospital, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Tara McEvoy
- Cancer Institute, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
| | - Mikayla Schwartz
- The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York
| | - Rebecca M Schwartz
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Epidemiology and Prevention, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, New York
| | - Jonathan Washko
- Center for Emergency Medical Services, Northwell Health, Syosset, New York
| | - Elizabeth Wuestman
- Center for Emergency Medical Services, Northwell Health, Syosset, New York
| | - Jonathan Berkowitz
- Center for Emergency Medical Services, Northwell Health, Syosset, New York
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Spence R, Bifulco A, Bradbury P, Martellozzo E, DeMarco J. Content Moderator Mental Health, Secondary Trauma, and Well-being: A Cross-Sectional Study. CYBERPSYCHOLOGY, BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL NETWORKING 2024; 27:149-155. [PMID: 38153846 DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2023.0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Content moderators (CMs) analyze and remove offensive or harmful user generated content that has been uploaded to the internet. Jobs which involve exposure to other people's suffering are associated with raised rates of secondary traumatic stress and mental health problems. However, research establishing psychological baseline symptoms in CMs is lacking. This study used an online survey to explore rates of psychological distress, secondary trauma, and well-being in a sample of CMs. Regression analysis explored how various features of the work affected mental health. There was a dose-response effect between frequency of exposure to distressing content and psychological distress and secondary trauma, but not well-being. The results suggested supportive colleagues and feedback about the importance of their role ameliorated this relationship. Implications for CM working conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Spence
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Abuse and Trauma Studies, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonia Bifulco
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Abuse and Trauma Studies, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paula Bradbury
- Department of Criminology, Centre for Abuse and Trauma Studies, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Elena Martellozzo
- Department of Criminology, Centre for Abuse and Trauma Studies, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey DeMarco
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Abuse and Trauma Studies, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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15
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Patole S, Pawale D, Rath C. Interventions for Compassion Fatigue in Healthcare Providers-A Systematic Review of Randomised Controlled Trials. Healthcare (Basel) 2024; 12:171. [PMID: 38255060 PMCID: PMC10815881 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare12020171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compassion fatigue is a significant issue considering its consequences including negative feelings, impaired cognition, and increased risk of long-term morbidities. We aimed to assess current evidence on the effects of interventions for compassion fatigue in healthcare providers (HCP). METHODS We used the Cochrane methodology for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) for conducting and reporting this review. RESULTS Fifteen RCTs (n = 1740) were included. The sample size of individual studies was small ranging from 23 to 605. There was significant heterogeneity in participant, intervention, control, and outcome characteristics. The tools for assessing intervention effects on compassion fatigue included ProQOL, compassion fatigue scale, and nurses compassion fatigue inventory. Thirteen out of the fifteen included RCTs had overall high risk of bias (ROB). Meta-analysis could not be performed given the significant heterogeneity. CONCLUSIONS Current evidence on interventions for reducing compassion fatigue in HCPs is inadequate. Given the benefits reported in some of the included studies, well-designed and adequately powered RCTs are urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Patole
- Neonatal Directorate, KEM Hospital for Women, Perth, WA 6008, Australia; (D.P.); (C.R.)
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Dinesh Pawale
- Neonatal Directorate, KEM Hospital for Women, Perth, WA 6008, Australia; (D.P.); (C.R.)
| | - Chandra Rath
- Neonatal Directorate, KEM Hospital for Women, Perth, WA 6008, Australia; (D.P.); (C.R.)
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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16
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Witkowski K, Lofaro RJ, Headley AM, Contreras S, Remington CL, Ganapati NE. Understanding problematic substance use among first responders during the COVID-19 pandemic: A survey of law enforcement, fire, and EMS workers in the United States. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2024; 123:104261. [PMID: 38006639 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2023.104261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND First responders have experienced increased levels of stress, anxiety, and depression due to job-related pressures associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. However, little is known about the factors associated with first responder drug and alcohol use during this time. METHODS We conducted a nationwide survey of first responders (n = 2801) to understand the relationship between work pressures, workplace support strategies, and problematic substance use during the early stages of the COVID-19 pandemic. We employed structural equation modeling to analyze whether burnout mediated these relationships. RESULTS Descriptive statistics showed that 60.8 % reported no concerns with substance use. While general workplace support strategies were negatively associated with problematic substance use, specific COVID-related strategies, such as providing compensation during quarantine, were positively associated with problematic substance use. Burnout fully mediated relationships between workplace support strategies and problematic substance use. Finally, providing spaces at work to decompress was negatively associated with problematic substance use and burnout. CONCLUSION Although work pressures increased burnout and problematic substance use among first responders, general workplace support strategies (e.g., decompression spaces) reduced problematic substance use while some COVID-related strategies (e.g. compensation during quarantine) increased problematic substance use. Policy interventions to address problematic substance use should focus on providing spaces for first responders to decompress at work, as well as implementing strategies (e.g., access to mental health services, time off) to reduce burnout. However, organizations should be mindful that not all interventions will have their intended impact and some interventions may unintentionally contribute to negative employee outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaila Witkowski
- Florida Atlantic University, Department of Public Administration, United States.
| | - Ryan J Lofaro
- Georgia Southern University, Department of Public and Nonprofit Studies, United States
| | | | - Santina Contreras
- University of Southern California, Department of Urban Planning and Spatial Analysis, United States
| | - Christa L Remington
- University of South Florida, Department of Public Administration, United States
| | - N Emel Ganapati
- Florida International University, Department of Public Policy and Administration, United States
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17
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Gladden J, Weller BE, Hernandez A, Hopkins A. Teaching Trauma Content in Higher Education: A Systematic Literature Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:3384-3397. [PMID: 36331141 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221129575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Higher education must prepare future mental health providers to work with individuals who have been exposed to trauma. This is vital to the success of students' practice, many of whom would benefit from trauma reduction strategies in their own lives. The purpose of this systematic review is to summarize the knowledge base on teaching methods that may reduce the potential that trauma content in the classroom could cause: (a) re-traumatization; (b) vicarious traumatization; or (c) secondary traumatic stress (collectively "adverse consequences") in higher education students. This systematic review was conducted following PRISMA-P guidelines. A total of 27 peer-reviewed articles met the inclusion criteria, which included studies that focused on teaching methods that were used to teach trauma content for students in higher education, peer-reviewed articles, and articles published in English before February 12, 2020. Studies were identified based on key words and the full-text articles were reviewed by two authors who discussed discrepancies until consensus was obtained. Researchers recommend using a variety of teaching approaches, from teaching about self-care to journaling. However, the major findings showed that few studies analyzed the effectiveness of these methods, and that therefore, the effectiveness of various methods to address the adverse consequences of teaching trauma content is unknown. Further research is needed, including cross-sectional and longitudinal studies in this area.
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18
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Duchesne E, Nathoo A, Walker M, Bartels SA. Patient and Provider Emergency Care Experiences Related to Intimate Partner Violence: A Systematic Review of the Existing Evidence. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:2901-2921. [PMID: 35997064 PMCID: PMC10594849 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221118962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a public health problem that has devastating physical, psychological, and economic consequences. The emergency department (ED) is an important point of contact for individuals experiencing IPV. However, there are few studies synthesizing interactions between patients experiencing IPV and providers. We aimed to summarize the existing evidence regarding (1) ED care experiences of patients with a history of IPV and (2) experiences of ED providers interacting with them. The secondary aim of this review was to evaluate high-quality care barriers and facilitators and to elucidate common causes of care avoidance. A literature search of peer-reviewed electronic databases was undertaken. Inclusion criteria consisted of studies detailing IPV-related patient or provider experiences surrounding ED visits. Articles published before 2000 or unavailable in English/French were excluded. A total of 772 studies were screened, yielding a final number of 41 studies. Negative patient experiences arose from individual-, institutional-, and system-level issues, commonly including adverse provider behavior. Negative provider experiences stemmed from individual-, institutional-, and system-level issues, such as a lack of knowledge and lack of infrastructure. Facilitators to positive patient experiences included interacting with empathetic providers, having privacy, and receiving timely specialized care. Facilitators to positive provider experiences included feeling well-equipped to manage IPV and having policies leading to appropriate care. Negative ED care experiences reveal inadequate care quality, ultimately leading to secondary victimization of individuals experiencing IPV. This review also uncovered important literature gaps regarding experiences of those who identify as equity-deserving.
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19
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Valmari EG, Nygren U, Ghazinour M, Gilenstam K. Being a top cop in pursuit of a sustainable lifestyle. Int J Qual Stud Health Well-being 2023; 18:2235789. [PMID: 37469287 PMCID: PMC10360990 DOI: 10.1080/17482631.2023.2235789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has widely recognized the challenges uniformed police officers face in their working lives. However, little is known about the overall lifestyles of police officers, including what they do in private life. We interviewed 17 officers and used reflexive thematic analysis to explore their experiences. The study sheds light on how uniformed police officers navigate the intersection between their private and professional lives, as well as how their professional role impacts their day-to-day doings and private life roles. The key findings relate to how the demands of their professional role impact their private life, such as the profession becoming a way of life. Furthermore, they highlight the challenges of avoiding certain environments where they might be recognized as police officers. It also entails balancing energy levels in work and private life, as well as how their profession's unpredictability affects their daily routines and roles. The findings also show how their personal choices in private life are frequently influenced by their professional role. The study's findings have theoretical as well as practical implications, contributing to a better understanding of uniformed police officers' challenges and resources for a sustainable and healthy lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulla Nygren
- Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Kajsa Gilenstam
- Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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20
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Serrano-Ibáñez ER, Corrás T, Del Prado M, Diz J, Varela C. Psychological Variables Associated With Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder in Firefighters: A Systematic Review. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2023; 24:2049-2066. [PMID: 35521996 PMCID: PMC10486174 DOI: 10.1177/15248380221082944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Firefighters are repeatedly exposed to work-related potential traumatic events and have an increased risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the mechanisms implicated in this relationship are not clear. The aim of this study was to analyse the risk and protective factors related to the development of PTSD in firefighters. According to PRISMA, a systematic review of scientific literature was conducted in Web of Science, PsycINFO, Scopus, PubMed and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Quality in Prognosis Studies (QUIPS) was used as the methodological quality indicator of the selected articles (PROSPERO reference CRD42020213009). Prognostic studies involving active firefighters with presence of post-traumatic symptomatology, presenting original findings, and written in Spanish or English were included. A total of 1768 potentially eligible articles were identified. According to the inclusion criteria, 87 articles were selected to evaluate the full text. Finally, 19 articles were included, comprising 12,298 active firefighters. There is high heterogeneity in the variables evaluated in the different studies. Taking the data for which this review has found more evidence (moderate support), operational stress, job duration, burnout, expressive suppression and rumination could be risk factors of PTSD, and belongingness and dispositional mindfulness could be protective factors. Other variables with weak support (e.g. resilience) were analysed. This review analyses the available literature, highlighting its scarcity for future research on the subject. Due to repeated trauma exposure, it is important to continue investigations and bear these variables in mind for the prevention of PTSD in firefighters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tania Corrás
- Área de Psicología, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, España
| | | | - Javier Diz
- Área de Psicología, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, España
| | - Carmen Varela
- Área de Psicología, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, España
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21
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Rushforth A, Durk M, Rothwell-Blake GAA, Kirkman A, Ng F, Kotera Y. Self-Compassion Interventions to Target Secondary Traumatic Stress in Healthcare Workers: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6109. [PMID: 37372696 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20126109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Healthcare professionals' wellbeing can be adversely affected by the intense demands of, and the secondary traumatic stress associated with, their job. Self-compassion is associated with positive wellbeing outcomes across a variety of workforce populations and is potentially an important skill for healthcare workers, as it offers a way of meeting one's own distress with kindness and understanding. This systematic review aimed to synthesise and evaluate the utility of self-compassion interventions in reducing secondary traumatic stress in a healthcare worker population. Eligible articles were identified from research databases, including ProQuest, PsycINFO, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and EBSCO. The quality of non-randomised and randomised trials was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. The literature search yielded 234 titles, from which 6 studies met the inclusion criteria. Four studies reported promising effects of self-compassion training for secondary traumatic stress in a healthcare population, although these did not use controls. The methodological quality of these studies was medium. This highlights a research gap in this area. Three of these four studies recruited workers from Western countries and one recruited from a non-Western country. The Professional Quality of Life Scale was used to evaluate secondary traumatic stress in all studies. The findings show preliminary evidence that self-compassion training may improve secondary traumatic stress in healthcare professional populations; however, there is a need for greater methodological quality in this field and controlled trials. The findings also show that the majority of research was conducted in Western countries. Future research should focus on a broader range of geographical locations to include non-Western countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Rushforth
- College of Health, Psychology and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Mia Durk
- Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry and Neuroscience, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | | | - Ann Kirkman
- College of Health, Psychology and Social Care, University of Derby, Derby DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Fiona Ng
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK
| | - Yasuhiro Kotera
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2TU, UK
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22
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Schiro S, Elwood LS, Streed T, Kivisto AJ. Occupational exposure to traumatic evidence and posttraumatic stress symptoms in forensic science professionals: Prevalence and patterns. J Forensic Sci 2023. [PMID: 37235488 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Forensic science professionals are routinely exposed to potentially traumatizing evidence. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of occupational posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among forensic science professionals, identify job-related correlates of PTSD symptoms, and examine the role of social support in mitigating PTSD symptomology. In response to recruitment through the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, the American Society of Crime Laboratory Directors, and Evidence Technology Magazine, 449 forensic science professionals participated in the current study. Results found that 73.5% (n = 330) of the overall sample experienced at least one work-related traumatic event consistent with meeting Criterion A for PTSD, and these rates were higher for field-based respondents (n = 203, 87.9%). The prevalence of past-month provisional PTSD was 21.6% for the full sample. Disaggregated PTSD rates were 29.0% and 14.5% for field-based and non-field-based respondents, respectively. These rates were 6- to 8-fold higher than the past-year prevalence of PTSD in the general US population, estimated to be 3.5%, and were found to be at least as high as those observed in prior epidemiological research with non-treatment seeking members of the US military deployed to war zones in Iraq and Afghanistan. Results further showed that social support was protective against PTSD symptomology. The high rates of occupational exposure to trauma and consequent PTSD symptomology observed in this large sample of forensic science professionals highlight the under-acknowledged psychological risks of these occupations and the need for enhanced attention to mental health resources for these professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa S Elwood
- Ponce Health Sciences University, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Thomas Streed
- Forensic Consultation International, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Aaron J Kivisto
- Graduate Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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23
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Simonovska T, Sinclair R, Duval K. International health and wellness of online child sexual exploitation police personnel: individual, management, and organizational realms of responsibility. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1155733. [PMID: 37275720 PMCID: PMC10235813 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1155733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognizing the need to better understand the operational and organizational stressors as well as the short- and long-term effects of working in the area of online child sexual exploitation (OCSE), the Virtual Global Taskforce international health and wellness study engaged current and former police personnel (inclusive of civilian and sworn officers) working in this area of specialization. Through the use of an online survey, this study engaged current (n = 516) and former (n = 126) personnel and focused on a thematic exploration of several topics of significance: job demands (sources that create distress), general health outcomes (including specific changes since joining or leaving an OCSE unit), health and wellness policies (beneficial aspects, suggested improvements, and desired components if no policy was in place), job resources (sources of positive energy) and personal resources and coping strategies. Recognizing that the health and wellness of police personnel working in OCSE units is not a "one-size-fits-all" approach, this study proposes a unique approach to understanding these impacts, effects and stressors by showcasing the findings across three distinct realms of responsibility: the individual level, the management level and organizational level highlighting the ways in which these work toward creating a holistic approach to safeguarding and maintaining the health and wellness of police personnel.
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24
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Vaughn RM, Bagatell N, McGovern H, Feinberg R, Hendry K, Chowdhury R, Cassidy JM. Politics, policies, and patient care: Rehabilitation therapists' experiences during the COVID-19 Pandemic. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN MEDICINE & HEALTHCARE 2023; 7:10823. [PMID: 37441129 PMCID: PMC10336862 DOI: 10.4081/qrmh.2023.10823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The year 2020 represents a historically turbulent period for the United States marked by the COVID-19 pandemic, a contentious political season, and heightened awareness of racism among citizens. This intersection of medicine, politics, and social unrest generated a demanding clinical environment for healthcare workers, including understudied groups such as physical therapists, occupational therapists, and speech-language pathologists. This descriptive qualitative study focused on experiences and perspectives of clinical rehabilitation therapists working in inpatient rehabilitation and acute-care units from September to November, 2020. Thirteen participants completed individual, semi-structured interviews focused on clinical practice and coping strategies. The analysis included a multi-step, inductive process. Four interconnecting factors chronicling participants' experiences emerged: sociopolitical, institutional, hospital unit, and personal. Stressors and buffers were noted that further shaped individual experiences. Utilization of an ecological framework provided a way to recognize the impact of a complex range of social and environmental factors affecting participants' experiences on personal and professional levels. Awareness of rehabilitation therapists' experiences enriches understanding of the pandemic's effect on healthcare workers and presents clinical implications for healthcare systems to promote therapist well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jessica M. Cassidy
- Department of Health Sciences, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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25
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Trotzky D, Aizik U, Mosery J, Carady N, Tavori G, Cohen A, Pachys G, Avraham M, Levtzion-Korach O, Tal O. Resilience of hospital staff facing COVID-19 pandemic: Lessons from Israel. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1050261. [PMID: 37064690 PMCID: PMC10102590 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1050261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionThe COVID-19 pandemic has placed additional burden on already strained healthcare systems worldwide, intensifying the responsibility and burden of healthcare workers. Although most hospital staff continued working during this stressful and challenging unprecedented pandemic, differences in the characteristics and attributes were noted between sectors and hospital departments. Israeli healthcare workers are trained and experienced in coping with national emergencies, but the pandemic has exposed variations in staff reactions. Understanding the intrinsic differences between sectors and departments is a key factor in staff and hospital preparedness for unexpected events, better resource utilization for timely interventions to mitigate risk and improve staff wellbeing.ObjectiveTo identify and compare the level of resilience, secondary traumatization and burnout among hospital workers, between different sectors and hospital departments, during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsCross-sectional research to assess the resiliency, secondary traumatization and burnout of healthcare workers at a large general public hospital in central Israel. The sample consisted of 655 participants across various hospital units exposed to COVID-19 patients.ResultsEmergency department physicians had higher rates of resilience and lower rates of burnout and secondary traumatization than staff in other hospital departments. In contrast, staff from internal medicine departments demonstrated the highest levels of burnout (4.29). Overall, physicians demonstrated higher levels of resilience (7.26) and lower levels of burnout compared to other workers.ConclusionIdentifying resilience characteristics across hospital staff, sectors and departments can guide hospital management in education, preparation and training of healthcare workers for future large-scale health emergencies such as pandemics, natural disasters, and war.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Trotzky
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shamir Medical Center (Assaf Harofeh Medical Center), Zerifin, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Uri Aizik
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shamir Medical Center (Assaf Harofeh Medical Center), Zerifin, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Jonathan Mosery
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Shamir Medical Center (Assaf Harofeh Medical Center), Zerifin, Israel
| | - Natali Carady
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shamir Medical Center (Assaf Harofeh Medical Center), Zerifin, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Guy Tavori
- Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aya Cohen
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shamir Medical Center (Assaf Harofeh Medical Center), Zerifin, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- *Correspondence: Aya Cohen
| | - Gal Pachys
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shamir Medical Center (Assaf Harofeh Medical Center), Zerifin, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Miri Avraham
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Nursing Administration, Shamir Medical Center (Assaf Harofeh Medical Center), Zerifin, Israel
| | - Osnat Levtzion-Korach
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Medical Management, Shamir Medical Center (Assaf Harofeh Medical Center), Zerifin, Israel
| | - Orna Tal
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Medical Management, Shamir Medical Center (Assaf Harofeh Medical Center), Zerifin, Israel
- Israeli Center for Emerging Technologies, Zerifin, Israel
- Department of Management, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
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Nicholson TP, Blazer EC, Hymes AS, Ginley MK. A Qualitative Investigation into the Trauma Exhibited by First Responders Impacted by the Opioid Epidemic. Int J Ment Health Addict 2023:1-22. [PMID: 36619000 PMCID: PMC9810250 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-022-00993-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This qualitative study aimed to capture the lived experiences of first responders (FRs) combatting the opioid epidemic in an effort to better understand how the increase in opioids, opioid-related harm, and opioid-related death has affected the FR profession. FRs (N = 30) from Tennessee partook in semi-structured interviews investigating the impact of responding to opioid-related incidents. Using a phenomenological approach, three response themes emerged including (1) opioid epidemic burden on FR mental health, (2) variable availability and effectiveness of resources, and (3) identified roles of FRs in reducing the impact of the epidemic. The findings indicate that FRs are experiencing posttraumatic stress and secondary traumatic stress symptoms due to a shift in their duties, as well as repeated exposures to the adverse impacts of opioid use. This study finds a deficit in resources and support to combat the mental health repercussions FRs have experienced due to the epidemic. Given that FRs are often directly involved in preventing opioid-related deaths, ensuring that they are well resourced is an essential component of harm reduction and will ultimately augment care for individuals experiencing opioid-related harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalia P. Nicholson
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, 420 Rogers Stout-Hall, P.O. Box 70649, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
| | - Erin C. Blazer
- Department of Counseling, Carson Newman, 1646 Russell Avenue, Jefferson City, TN 37760 USA
| | - Aaron S. Hymes
- Department of Counseling, Milligan University, P.O. Box 22, Milligan, TN 37682 USA
| | - Meredith K. Ginley
- Department of Psychology, East Tennessee State University, 420 Rogers Stout-Hall, P.O. Box 70649, Johnson City, TN 37614 USA
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Birze A, Regehr K, Regehr C. Workplace Trauma in a Digital Age: The Impact of Video Evidence of Violent Crime on Criminal Justice Professionals. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP1654-NP1689. [PMID: 35483029 PMCID: PMC9709553 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221090571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
High-quality video and audio recordings of violent crimes, captured using now ubiquitous digital technologies, play an increasingly important role in the administration of justice. However, the effects of exposure to gruesome material presented in this form on criminal justice professionals who analyze, evaluate, and use this potentially traumatic content in the context of their work, are largely unknown. Using long interviews and constructivist grounded theory, this qualitative study sought to explore experiences of exposure to video evidence of violent crime among Canadian criminal justice professionals. Sixteen individuals including police, lawyers, judges, psychiatrists, law clerks, and court reporters volunteered to participate in qualitative long interviews asking about workplace exposures to violent videos. Themes identified address the ubiquity of video evidence of violent crime; proximity to violence through video; being blindsided through lack of preparedness for violent content; repeated exposures through multiple and protracted viewings; insufficient customary methods for self-protection; and the enduring impact of exposure to videoed violence. We determine that criminal justice professionals are increasingly and repeatedly presented with deeply disturbing imagery that was once imperceptible or unknowable and thus previously held at a greater distance. Elements of what is newly visible and audible in video evidence of violent crime create a new emotional proximity to violence that potentially increases the risks of secondary trauma and underscores the need for improved safety measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arija Birze
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social
Work, University
of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Cheryl Regehr
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social
Work and Faculty of Law, University of
Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Caricati L, De vito M, Panari C. The role of group identification, self‐ and collective efficacy on secondary traumatic stress and general health in a sample of emergency medical service volunteers. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jasp.12946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Caricati
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries University of Parma Parma Italy
| | - Martina De vito
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries University of Parma Parma Italy
| | - Chiara Panari
- Department of Economics and Management University of Parma Parma Italy
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Safari Shirazi M, Sadeghzadeh M, Abbasi M, Yousefi M, Hedayati A. The Effect of Occupational Stress and Concerns about the COVID-19 Pandemic on Secondary Traumatic Stress Syndrome among Iranian Frontline Nurses: A Mediating Model. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2022; 17:369-378. [PMID: 36817816 PMCID: PMC9922346 DOI: 10.18502/ijps.v17i4.10685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Objective: With the increasing effects of stress caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and occupational stress on the mental health of frontline nurses, it is imperative to further investigate how these stresses affect nurses' mental health and secondary traumatic stress syndrome. This research aimed to investigate the relationship of nurses' occupational stress and concerns about COVID-19 with secondary traumatic stress syndrome, and also to investigate the mediating effect that concerns about the COVID-19 pandemic have on the relationship between nurses' occupational stress and secondary traumatic stress syndrome. Method : A cross-sectional design was adopted. The population of the study was defined as all front-line nurses in Shiraz hospitals, from which 225 nurses of two corona care hospitals were selected using convenience sampling. The degree of secondary traumatic stress, concerns about the COVID-19, and nurses' occupational stress were assessed using Bride's Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS), an adopted version of Level of Concerns about the COVID-19 questionnaire, and the Nurses' Occupational Stressor Scale (NOSS) among Hospital-based Healthcare Workers. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the relationships among variables. Results: Results showed that nurses' occupational stresses presented a direct effect on nurses' level of concern about the COVID-19 pandemic (β = 0.85, P < 0.001), and concern about the COVID-19 pandemic was directly related to front-line nurse's secondary traumatic stress syndrome (β = 0.83, P < 0.001). In addition, nurses' level of concern about the COVID-19 pandemic fully mediated the effects of nurses' occupational stresses on their secondary traumatic stress (β = 0.70, P < 0.001). This indirect effect has explained 68% of the variance in nurses' secondary traumatic stress. Conclusion: These results emphasized the indirect effect of nurses' occupational stresses on secondary traumatic stress syndrome via mediating the level of concern about COVID-19. Therefore, to reduce the secondary traumatic stress of nurses who have dealt directly with COVID-19 patients, it seems necessary to pay serious attention to the sources of their occupational stress, which probably existed even before this pandemic and increased their concerns in pandemic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Safari Shirazi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanity and Literature, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.,Corresponding Author: Address: Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanity and Literature, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran, Postal Code: 7319673544. Tel: 98-71 37302412, Fax: 98-71 36499269,
| | - Marziyeh Sadeghzadeh
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanity and Literature, Salman Farsi University, Kazeroon, Iran
| | - Moslem Abbasi
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Humanity and Literature, Salman Farsi University, Kazeroon, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Yousefi
- Quality Improvement Unit, Ali Asghar Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Arvin Hedayati
- Department of Psychiatry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Jeglic EL, Zulueta I, Katsman K. The Experience of Working With Individuals Who Sexually Offend. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2022; 34:643-666. [PMID: 34666578 DOI: 10.1177/10790632211051691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Providing treatment to those who have committed sexual offenses can be difficult and challenging work. Older studies have suggested that service providers may experience changes in mood, symptoms of trauma, and countertransference reactions due to their work. Recent research has found that effective coping and self-care strategies may mitigate these negative outcomes. Given the relative dearth of recent empirical studies, we assessed the prevalence of self-reported mood, trauma symptoms, and countertransference reactions and their relation to coping styles and self-care practices in a sample of 32 male and 52 female therapists who provided treatment to individuals convicted of sexual offenses. As expected, we found minimal levels of clinically significant depressive (4%) and trauma symptoms (9%). Some countertransference reactions to clients were reported, including intense anger, retributive fantasies, sexual attraction, and arousal. A problem-solving coping style was associated with higher levels of psychological well-being, while avoidant coping was related to increased depressive and trauma symptoms. Approximately 10% of therapists with an abuse history reported re-experiencing their own victimization. The majority of therapists reported engaging in self-care practices. The findings are discussed as they pertain to those who provide services to individuals convicted of sexual offenses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ines Zulueta
- 14775John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kseniya Katsman
- 14775John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA
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Miao X, Wang W, Chen Y, Huang X, Wang R. Psychological stress and influencing factors of hospital workers in different periods under the public health background of infectious disease outbreak: A cross-sectional study. Health Sci Rep 2022; 5:e834. [PMID: 36177398 PMCID: PMC9476554 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aims It is well known that public health emergencies can affect the mental health of medical personnel, and many studies have focused on cross-sectional studies with short-term benefits. The present study aimed to investigate the long-term influence of infectious disease outbreak about the mental health of hospital staff. Methods The demographic characteristics and mental health status of staff in Fuzhou, China, were analyzed by using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) Scale and Depression Screening Scale (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire [PHQ-9]) in February and December 2020. Results There were no significant differences in anxiety levels during different time periods (p > 0.05), but there were significant differences among anxiety level and total score of GAD-7 scale (p < 0.001). There were significant differences among the number of people with depression, depression level, and total score on the PHQ-9 scale (p < 0.001). As the pandemic progressed, total scores of anxiety in medical staff with different titles decreased (p < 0.05), but depression scores in professionals with intermediate and senior titles increased significantly (p < 0.05). changes in anxiety and depression scores during different time periods also changed according to hospital worker specialty. Total scores of anxiety in doctors, nurses, medical technicians, and other staff members all decreased (p < 0.05), while total scores of depression in doctors, nurses, and other staff members significantly increased (p < 0.05). There were no significant differences in total depression score among medical technicians (p > 0.05). Conclusions Since the outbreak of an infectious disease public health emergency, the anxiety of hospital staff has decreased over time, but the depression has increased. The management and psychological support personnel in medical institutions should continue to pay attention to the mental health of medical staff, and it is necessary to take different intervention measures in different periods when implementing the psychological crisis prevention mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Miao
- Department of Cardiology Fujian Provincial Hospital Fuzhou China
- Department of Cardiology Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry Fuzhou Neuropsychiatric Hospital Affiliated to Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Yongli Chen
- Department of Cardiology Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
| | - Xiufang Huang
- Department of Cardiology Fujian Provincial Hospital Fuzhou China
| | - Rehua Wang
- Department of Cardiology Fujian Provincial Hospital Fuzhou China
- Department of Cardiology Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University Fuzhou China
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Alshahrani KM, Johnson J, Prudenzi A, O’Connor DB. The effectiveness of psychological interventions for reducing PTSD and psychological distress in first responders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272732. [PMID: 36001612 PMCID: PMC9401173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND First responders are faced with stressful and traumatic events in their work that may affect their psychological health. The current review examined the effectiveness of psychological interventions to treat posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, depression, stress and burnout in first responders. METHODS Four databases were searched to identify controlled studies that examined the efficacy of psychological interventions to reduce PTSD symptoms (primary outcome) in first responders (including firefighters, police/law enforcement officers, search and rescue personnel, emergency and paramedics teams). Secondary outcomes were anxiety, depression, burnout, and stress. RESULTS 15 studies were identified, including 10 studies that measured PTSD, 7 studies for anxiety, 10 studies for depression, 7 studies for stress and 1 for burnout. Interventions were associated with a significant reduction in PTSD (SDM = -0.86; 95% CI = -1.34 -- 0.39), depression (SDM = -0.63; 95% CI = -0.94 --0.32), and anxiety (SDM = -0.38; 95% CI = -0.71 --0.05) but not stress (SDM = -0.13; 95% CI = -0.51-0.25). CBT-based and clinician-delivered interventions were associated with significantly greater reductions in PTSD than other types of interventions and non-clinician interventions, but no differences were found for depression. There was evidence of moderate to high risk of bias across all studies. CONCLUSIONS Psychological interventions are effective in reducing PTSD, depression and anxiety symptoms but not stress in first responders. Further research is needed using high quality randomised designs over longer periods of follow-up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid M. Alshahrani
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Psychology Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanity, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Judith Johnson
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Bradford Institute for Health Research, Bradford Royal Infirmary, Temple Bank House, Duckworth Lane, Bradford, United Kingdom
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Arianna Prudenzi
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Climate Change Related Depression, Anxiety and Stress Symptoms Perceived by Medical Students. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19159142. [PMID: 35897512 PMCID: PMC9332784 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19159142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Climate change has drastic consequences on human physical and mental health. However, research on the psychological effects of climate change awareness is still inconclusive. To examine the mental burden posed by climate change awareness and potential resilience factors, n = 203 medical students were surveyed about their awareness of the implications of climate change. Furthermore, well-established mental health questionnaires (PHQ-9, GAD-7, PTSS-10, PSQ-20) were presented twice, in their original form and in a modified version to specifically ask about the respective psychological burden regarding climate change. For identification of potential resilience factors, measures for attachment style (RQ), structural abilities (OPD-SF), and sense of coherence (SOC-13) were used. The results of our study suggest that medical students in Germany have an increased risk to suffer from mental health problems and predominantly experience significant perceived stress in regard to climate change. However, the reported stress does not yet translate into depressive, anxious, or traumatic symptoms. Climate-related perceived stress correlates negatively with potential resilience factors preventing the development of mental disorders such as attachment style, structural abilities, and sense of coherence.
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Vinnikov D, Kapanova G, Romanova Z, Krugovykh I, Kalmakhanov S, Ualiyeva A, Baigonova K, Tulekov Z, Ongarbaeva D. Occupational burn-out, fatigue and stress in professional rescuers: a cross-sectional study in Kazakhstan. BMJ Open 2022; 12:e057935. [PMID: 35768094 PMCID: PMC9240878 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To find predictors of burn-out in a cohort of rescuers. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Republican Rescue Squad (N=105) and Republican Mudslide Rescue Service under the Ministry of Emergency Situations (N=480) in Almaty, Kazakhstan. PARTICIPANTS In total, we included 268 (80% men, median age 38 (IQR 22) years) rescuers from both organisations. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES We offered a questionnaire to rescuers, which included Maslach Burnout Inventory, quantifying emotional exhaustion (EX), cynicism (CY) and professional efficacy (PE) along with fatigue, stress and health-related quality of life (HRQL) tools. RESULTS Lower scores of HRQL (Physical Component Score (PCS) beta -0.04 (95% CI -0.06 to -0.02); Mental Component Score beta -0.03 (95% CI -0.05 to -0.01)), higher fatigue (Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS) score beta 0.03 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.04)) and stress (Perceived Stress Score-10 beta 0.04 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.06)) independently predicted greater EX. Lower PCS (beta -0.03 (95% CI -0.06 to -0.01)) and FSS (beta 0.02 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.03)) could predict more CY burn-out. In addition to stress, higher education (beta 0.86 (95% CI 0.40 to 1.32)) was positively associated with lower burn-out severity in PE domain. CONCLUSIONS Fatigue, stress and HRQL were associated with burn-out in rescuers. Addressing these predictors may help guide further interventions to reduce occupational burn-out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Vinnikov
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Gulnara Kapanova
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Scientific Center of Anti-Infectious Drugs, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Ilya Krugovykh
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Aliya Ualiyeva
- Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
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35
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Yi LJ, Liu Y, Tang L, Cheng L, Wang GH, Hu SW, Liu XL, Tian X, Jiménez-Herrera MF. A Bibliometric Analysis of the Association Between Compassion Fatigue and Psychological Resilience From 2008 to 2021. Front Psychol 2022; 13:890327. [PMID: 35814110 PMCID: PMC9258720 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.890327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims A negative association between the lower level of psychological resilience (PR) and increased risk of compassion fatigue (CF) and higher Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) stress has been revealed. However, bibliometric studies have not been performed to comprehensively investigate this topic. This study aimed to identify the status and trends in the CF and PR field from 2008 to 2021 and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods We identified relevant literature from the Web of Science Core Collection® database using "resilience" and "compassion fatigue" on September 30, 2021. All search results were exported in plain text format for collaboration network analysis, reference-based co-citation analysis, analysis of journals, and keywords-based co-occurrence analysis, which were performed using Citespace® 5.8.R1. Results A total of 388 publications were identified finally, and there has been an increasing trend in the annual number of publications with light fluctuations. The analysis of journals and keywords indicated that nurses and social workers are the main research targets, and their mental problems are the main research topics. The turnover intention of health care providers has been a research focus, particularly during the COVID-19. Conclusion The results of the present study help us understand the status of the CF and PR field and its recent developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Juan Yi
- Department of Nursing, Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, China
- Department of Nursing, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Nursing, Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Guo-Hao Wang
- Department of Management Engineering, Tangshan Industrial Vocational & Technical College, Tangshan, China
| | - Su-Wen Hu
- Department of Nursing, Hunan Traditional Chinese Medical College, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Liu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory for Intelligent Oncology in Breast Cancer (iCQBC), Department of Ultrasound, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xu Tian
- Department of Nursing, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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Alqassim AY, Shami MO, Ageeli AA, Ageeli MH, Doweri AA, Melaisi ZI, Wafi AM, Muaddi MA, El-Setouhy M. Burnout Among School Teachers During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia. Front Psychol 2022; 13:849328. [PMID: 35719515 PMCID: PMC9205293 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.849328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Burnout is a syndrome that results from stressors in the work environment that have not been successfully managed. The prevalence of burnout among schoolteachers was always controversial. COVID-19 pandemic added more stressors to teachers since they had to change their working styles in response to the pandemic lockdowns or curfews. In Saudi Arabia, the prevalence and determinants of burnout among school teachers were not measured by any other group during the COVID-19 pandemic stressors. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 879 teachers in the Jazan region, Saudi Arabia, using the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), during April 2021. Multistage cluster random sampling was used. Results The mean age of the participants was 41.4 (±6.9) years. Male teachers represented 52.6% of the participants while females represented 47.4%. Most teachers showed burnout symptoms (69.6%). Consequences of burnout were observed, such as using psychotropic medications (4.6%), absenteeism (45.6%), lack of job satisfaction (7.7%), and changing schools (15.8%). Using the MBI scale, most teachers showed medium or high emotional exhaustion (57.6%), low depersonalization (62.2%), and low personal accomplishment (51.4%). Conclusion Most teachers showed symptoms of burnout during the COVID-19 pandemic. Being an expert and ability to adapt to technology during the COVID-19 pandemic proved to effectively reduce burnout symptoms. Increasing incentives, early detection, and improving the work environment is recommended to diminish burnout consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Y Alqassim
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed A Ageeli
- Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Abrar A Doweri
- Jazan Health Affairs, Ministry of Health, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed M Wafi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A Muaddi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maged El-Setouhy
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Community, Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Greinacher A, Nikendei A, Kottke R, Wiesbeck J, Herzog W, Friederich HC, Nikendei C. Secondary traumatisation in psychosocial emergency care personnel-A longitudinal study accompanying German trainees. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:957-967. [PMID: 33370475 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Psychosocial emergency care personnel form an important first responder subgroup, in which trained volunteers provide psychological first aid to accident and trauma survivors, their relatives, eye witnesses, bystanders and first responders themselves. This is the first longitudinal study to assess psychological burden due to secondary traumatisation and relevant resilience factors in psychosocial emergency care personnel. We asked 100 German psychosocial emergency care workers to assess their feeling of preparedness and resilience factors prior training. After training, when participants had worked emergency responses, we assessed secondary traumatisation. Overall, the level of secondary traumatisation was sub-clinical (M = 37.50, SD = 5.35) after training and reported resilience factor levels were high. Three regression analyses were conducted to examine the moderation effect of preparedness on specific expertise (R2 = 0.479, p < 0.001), performance competence (R2 = 0.419, p = 0.002) and inner attitude (R2 = 0.336, p = 0.002) in regard to the relationship between resilience factors and secondary traumatisation. Feeling prepared and competent for emergency responses were protective factors. Practical implications include the following: volunteers should not take part in emergency responses if they are under excessive stress; the volunteers' resilience factors should be taken into account; emergency response training should promote the feeling of preparedness in specific expertise and performance competence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Greinacher
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexander Nikendei
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Red Cross, Rescue Service Bodensee-Oberschwaben, Ravensburg, Germany
| | - Renate Kottke
- German Red Cross, Baden-Wuerttemberg Regional Association, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Wiesbeck
- German Red Cross, Baden-Wuerttemberg Regional Association, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herzog
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Friederich
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nikendei
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Psychosomatics, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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He Y, Liu Z, Zhang J, Yao J, Xiao H, Wan H. Validity and Reliability of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale—Chinese Version. Front Surg 2022; 9:882712. [PMID: 35433816 PMCID: PMC9010506 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2022.882712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
ObjectivesTo test the validity and reliability of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale—Chinese version in clinical nurses.MethodsAccording to the translation principles of the Brislin Scale, the original scale was translated, back translated and cross-culturally adapted to form the Chinese version of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale. Nurses in three general hospitals in Changsha, Hunan province were surveyed by convenient sampling method from July 2020 to September 2021. Exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, content validity and criterion validity was used to evaluate the validity of the scale. Internal consistency Cronbach's α coefficient, split-half reliability and test-retest reliability were used to evaluate the reliability of the scale.ResultsA total of 678 nurses were included in the study. There were 460 people in sample 1 and 218 people in sample 2. Two common factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis. The cumulative contribution was 65.560%. The two-factor structure model was good (χ2/df = 3.137, CFI = 0.928, IFI = 0.929, GFI = 0.842, TLI = 0.917, RMSEA = 0.099). The I-CVI of the scale was 0.8–1.0. The S-CVI/Ave was 0.94. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient is 0.956. The broken half reliability is 0.920. The retest reliability is 0.910.ConclusionThis study identified two components of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale—Chinese version, which has 2 dimensions and 17 items. With good validity and reliability, it is suitable for the assessment of secondary traumatic stress among clinical nurses in the Chinese context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi He
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Zhiqun Liu
- Department of Respiratory Therapy, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Department of Biliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Jiapei Yao
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Huan Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
| | - Huan Wan
- Department of Nursing, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital (The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University), Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Huan Wan
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Pisanu E, Di Benedetto A, Infurna MR, Rumiati RI. Psychological Impact in Healthcare Workers During Emergencies: The Italian Experience With COVID-19 First Wave. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:818674. [PMID: 35386527 PMCID: PMC8977468 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.818674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 outbreak imposed an overwhelming workload as well as emotional burdens on Healthcare workers (HCWs). In May 2020, an online survey was administered to HCWs in Italy to assess the pandemic's psychological impact and to investigate possible predictive factors that led to individual differences. Methods The psychological experience was measured based on the prevalence of self-reported feelings during the pandemic, including negative and positive emotional states. We analyzed the relationship between factors of gender, age, geographic region, professional role, and operational unit, and the four-point scale used to rate the frequency of each emotional state experienced by performing several multinomial logistic regressions, one for each emotion. Results Our findings suggest that more than half of HCWs experienced psychological distress during the first COVID-19 outbreak in Italy. Female and younger respondents, especially those operating in northern Italy experienced more frequently negative emotional states such as irritability, anxiety, loneliness, and insecurity. However, positive feelings, first of all solidarity, were also reported especially by female and older workers. The majority of the negative as well as positive emotional states were experienced almost equally by both doctors and nurses, and independently of the operational unit in which they operated. Conclusions This study can be very useful as a contribution to the current literature on the psychological effects of this pandemic on health workers. Moreover, our findings can provide useful information in planning more tailored psychological interventions to support this category of workers in the ongoing and future emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Pisanu
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | | | | | - Raffaella I. Rumiati
- Neuroscience Area, International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
- Scuola Superiore di Studi Avanzati Sapienza (SSAS), Rome, Italy
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Abstract
A recent scandal in the Netherlands painfully underscored that sexual harassment and abuse are unfortunately still happening around the world, even after decades of advocacy on this issue and five years of #MeToo. To make progress in prevention and treatment we argue that we should address sexual violence from a public health perspective. Fruthermore, looking back on the past year, the COVID-19 pandemic was the dominant and potentially traumatic stressor affecting large populations around the world. Another big topic was that of the impact of climate change, we are only beginning to realize its impact on stress across the globe. The European Journal of Psychotraumatology (EJPT), with its increasing global readership and scientific and social impact, is focusing on the traumatic stress aspects of these and many other events. Relatedly, neurobiological aspects are an important and growing focus of the journal in that they help us better understand the mechanisms behind the development of trauma-related disorders and their treatment. In this editorial, we present recent trends, new Open Science developments, journal metrics, the plans and themes for next year and the ESTSS EJPT award winners for best paper of 2021. Highlights Next years' research focus should be on sexual violence from a public health lens, climate change, and neurobiologal aspects of trauma-related disorders. The European Journal of Psychotraumatology (EJPT) calls or papers on these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Olff
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience & Public Health, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- ARQ National Psychotrauma Centre, Diemen, Netherlands
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Regehr C, Regehr K, Birze A. Traumatic residue, mediated remembering and video evidence of sexual violence: A case study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 2022; 81:101778. [PMID: 35124404 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijlp.2022.101778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This qualitative case study examines the impact of video evidence of violent crime in the tragic Canadian case of serial killers Paul Bernardo and Karla Homolka. Through in-depth interviews with those centrally involved in the case, interviews with criminal justice professionals currently working with video evidence of violent crime, and review of official documents and media reports, we explore the complex role video evidence played in this case and the legacy it continues to have in society, the justice system, and in the individual lives of those involved twenty-five years later. Two primary sources of harm arose in our analysis: critogenic harm related to the use of video evidence in the justice process; and harm arising from the media publicity surrounding the video evidence. Both of these sources of harm intensified the trauma for victims and their families, and contributed to distress and trauma reactions of criminal justice professionals and members of the jury. Given the global increase in the use of video-evidence in criminal justice processes, it is imperative that continuing harms to those involved in the process are considered and mitigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl Regehr
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work and Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, Canada.
| | - Kaitlyn Regehr
- Media Studies, School of Arts, Kent University, Canterbury, UK.
| | - Arija Birze
- Factor-Inwentash Faculty of Social Work, University of Toronto, Canada.
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Beyond Art Expression: Understanding Participants’ Experience and Outcomes of a Vicarious Trauma and Response Art Workshop. ARTS IN PSYCHOTHERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aip.2022.101909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Renner A, Kaiser J, Kersting A. [Traumatization in the Medical Profession: Initiating Events, Roles and Process Factors]. Psychother Psychosom Med Psychol 2022; 72:378-381. [PMID: 35226961 DOI: 10.1055/a-1749-6325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physicians show an increased prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Potentially traumatic events in the medical profession include confrontation with suffering, death, violent experiences, and medical errors. The aim of the present analysis is to record traumatic events (TE) in physicians seeking help and to qualitatively analyze the roles and process factors involved. METHOD Using an online questionnaire, physicians who had experienced a traumatic event (TE) were surveyed regarding posttraumatic stress (PCL-5), depression (PHQ-9), alcohol abuse (CAGE test), and suicidality (BSIS). Reports of TEs were qualitatively analyzed using structured content analysis. RESULTS N=41 physicians described at least one TE. K=54 descriptions of TEs were qualitatively analyzed. In some cases, the physicians were victims of e. g., accidents or violence; in other cases, they were involved as witnesses or helpers. The following themes could be identified: Accompaniment of and confrontation with suffering and dying, negative courses of treatment (especially complications and medical errors), and lack of support (especially lack of error management). 53,7% of physicians had PTSD, and 36,6% showed symptoms of posttraumatic stress. Harmful alcohol use was observed in 24,4% of the sample. Psychotropic medication was taken by 31,7% of the respondents. DISCUSSION The results show a high burden of TE in the medical profession. In this context, physicians are affected by traumatization in their role as victims, witnesses, or treatment providers and confronted with the death or dying process of others. Residency presumably represents a particularly vulnerable phase. CONCLUSION Easily accessible forms of therapy (e. g., online therapy), structural changes (e. g., adequate support for residents), and programs for functional error management in hospitals could have a positive effect on the mental health of physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Renner
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Julia Kaiser
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anette Kersting
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Psychosomatische Medizin und Psychotherapie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Bock C, Zimmermann T, Kahl KG. The impact of post-traumatic stress on the mental state of university hospital physicians - a cross sectional study. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:85. [PMID: 35114970 PMCID: PMC8815118 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-03719-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hospital physicians have an increased risk for post-traumatic stress caused by work-related trauma. This study examines the frequency of reported traumatic events (TE), post-traumatic stress (PTS) and its possible consequences for the mental state and work ability of physicians at a university hospital. METHODS As part of the mandatory psychological risk assessment, n = 145 physicians (n = 56 female; 38.6%) were examined at a university hospital in Germany in a cross sectional study. TE, PTS and symptoms of depression and anxiety were assessed using the self-report questionnaires "Freiburger Screening Fragebogen to identify patients at risk for the development of a post-traumatic stress disorder in the group of severely injured patients" (PTBS-13), the "Patient Health Questionnaire" (PHQ-2) and the "Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale" (GAD-2). Work ability was assessed using a modified version of the questionnaire for workplace analysis (KFZA). The response rate was 52%. RESULTS Traumatic events were experienced by n = 125 physicians (86.2%) throughout their whole career. Of these, 19 physicians (15.2%) reported PTS. PTS is reported by 12 of 56 female physicians (63.2%), compared to 7 of 89 reports of PTS by male physicians (36.8%). Physicians with PTS symptoms had higher depression scores (p = 0.007) compared to physicians without TE or with TE, but without PTS. Physicians with PTS reported significantly reduced work ability caused by constantly interrupted work (p = 0.03). Female gender was the greatest risk factor for the development of PTS. (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Physicians - especially females - with PTS may have an increased risk of developing depressive symptoms. Therefore, interventions aimed at reducing trauma-related stress symptoms may be helpful in improving mental health of hospital physicians. Further studies with more physicians from different hospitals are necessary to support the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bock
- Department of Occupational Safety, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Tanja Zimmermann
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai G. Kahl
- grid.10423.340000 0000 9529 9877Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Gurowiec PJ, Ogińska-Bulik N, Michalska P, Kȩdra E, Skarbalienė A. The Role of Satisfaction With Job and Cognitive Trauma Processing in the Occurrence of Secondary Traumatic Stress Symptoms in Medical Providers Working With Trauma Victims. Front Psychol 2022; 12:753173. [PMID: 35069331 PMCID: PMC8770279 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.753173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: As an occupational group, medical providers working with victims of trauma are prone to negative consequences of their work, particularly secondary traumatic stress (STS) symptoms. Various factors affect susceptibility to STS, including work-related and organizational determinants, as well as individual differences. The aim of the study was to establish the mediating role of cognitive trauma processing in the relationship between job satisfaction and STS symptoms among medical providers. Procedure and Participants: Results were obtained from 419 healthcare providers working with victims of trauma (218 nurses and 201 paramedics). Three questionnaires, namely the Secondary Traumatic Stress Inventory, Work Satisfaction Scale, and Cognitive Trauma Processing Scale, were used in the study, as well as a survey developed for this research. Correlational and mediation analyses were applied to assess relations between variables. Results: The results showed significant links between STS symptoms and both job satisfaction and cognitive processing of trauma. Three cognitive coping strategies play the intermediary role in the relationship between job satisfaction and symptoms of secondary traumatic stress. However, this role varies depending on preferred strategies. Conclusion: Nurses and paramedics are significantly exposed to the occurrence of STS. Thus, it is important to engage health care providers in activities aimed at preventing and reducing symptoms of STS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Ogińska-Bulik
- Department of Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Paulina Michalska
- Department of Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Edyta Kȩdra
- State Higher Vocation School in Glogow, Medical Institute, Glogow, Poland
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Mikutta C, Schmid JJ, Ehlert U. Resilience and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in the Swiss Alpine Rescue Association. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:780498. [PMID: 35401258 PMCID: PMC8985199 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.780498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to assess the frequency of trauma exposure, the prevalence of possible post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), the extent of resilience, and sense of coherence among personnel of the Swiss alpine rescue association (ARS). METHODS Using a trilingual online survey approach, 465 mountain rescuers of the ARS were surveyed using the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS), the PTSD Checklist 5 (PCL-5), the Resilience Scale 13 and 14 (RS-13/-14), the Perceived Stress Scale 10 (PSS-10), the General Health Questionnaire 12 (GHQ-12), the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Sense of Coherence Scale 13 (SOC-13), and the Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS). RESULTS Although the rate of mountain rescuers having witnessed or experienced a traumatic event was high (71%), the prevalence of possible PTSD was low (0.9%). The sample showed high resilience and high sense of coherence. Resilience was positively correlated with work experience. Low perceived stress and high sense of coherence predicted resilience. The severity of PTSD symptoms was mainly predicted by low sense of coherence. Sense of coherence mediated the interaction between resilience and severity of PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSION The findings suggest that resilience and sense of coherence are indicative for the low prevalence of possible PTSD among mountain rescuers, and may therefore represent valuable screening and training parameters for mountain rescue personnel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Mikutta
- University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Privatklinik Meiringen, Meiringen, Switzerland
| | - Julia J Schmid
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrike Ehlert
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Rudolfsson L, Punzi E. “We will make you feel safe”: Female medical staff's experiences of meeting with raped women in Sweden. FEMINISM & PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/09593535211049916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The focus of this study was on female emergency medical personnel's experiences of treating women who have been raped and on their own experiences of being women themselves working in this situation. We interviewed 12 female medical personnel in four focus groups of two to five participants each. The material was analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Participants’ experiences were structured under two main themes: Prerequisites for care and Effects on oneself. As women, the participants emphasized their understanding of other women and stressed the importance of offering flexible care and taking time with each patient. They described how their work affected them personally, making them increasingly aware of men's violence against women and their need for support from their colleagues. They also discussed structural barriers to both patient care and self-care. If unaddressed, such shortcomings risk negatively affecting raped women seeking medical care and may also be detrimental to the health and well-being of the professional offering care.
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Sick and Tired-Sociodemographic and Psychosocial Characteristics of Asylum Seekers Awaiting an Appointment for Psychotherapy. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182211850. [PMID: 34831606 PMCID: PMC8619663 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182211850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background: An EU directive holds the EU member states responsible for implementing the provision of health care for asylum seekers. However, current literature indicates insufficient care for asylum seekers in the German health system. This article aims to characterize the situation of the client population on the waiting list of a psychosocial center (PSZ). Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study based on client files in Halle (Saale), Germany. We included 437 adults who were on the PSZ waiting list between 2016 and 2019. Questionnaires that collected information on the clientele at two different times were analyzed. Results: The average waiting time for psychotherapy was 50 weeks. In total, 85.6% of the 188 respondents reported sleep disorders (n = 161), 65.4% of clients reported pain (n = 123) and 54.8% suicide attempts/suicidal thoughts (n = 54). In the 16-week waiting period in which the clients waited for an initial appointment with a psychologist, the residence status deteriorated in 21.3% (n = 40). Conclusion: Improving asylum seekers’ access to the German health system is urgently needed in order to prevent unnecessary suffering in the future and to comply with EU law.
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Killip SC, MacDermid JC, Sinden KE, Gewurtz RE, Scott L. Identifying predictors of return to work and the duration of time off work in first responders affected with musculoskeletal injuries or mental health issues. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2021; 95:723-735. [PMID: 34674035 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-021-01800-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To identify predictors of return to work, duration of time off work, and claim closure for first responders experiencing injuries or illnesses, and summarize the claim data. METHODS First responder claims collected between January 2012 and July 2017 were obtained from a disability management company. Known predictors of return to work were extracted from the data including age, sex, diagnosis, years of service, claim lag, medical report lag, and the return-to-work duties. Survival analyses were performed to identify predictors of return to work and claim closure using the Cox proportional regression analysis. Log-rank tests were performed to identify predictors that affected the rate of return to work and claim closure. Summary statistics were performed for the injury and return-to-work data. RESULTS 60 of the 67 (89.6%) identified first responders returned to work within the data collection period. Musculoskeletal injuries predicted an increased likelihood of returning to work (hazard ratio = 2.0, 95%CI = 1.14-3.60) and a shorter duration of time off work (37 days on average) compared to mental health issues. Everyday of claim lag and medical report lag predicted a 2% decrease in likelihood of return to work. Returning to work was the only predictor of claim closure. 45 (67.2%) first responders returned to their pre-absence duties. 22 (32.8%) mental health claims and 45 (67.2%) injury claims were identified. CONCLUSIONS 89.6% of first responders returned to work, although only 67.2% returned to their pre-absence duties. Predictors of return to work included injury type, as first responders with musculoskeletal injuries returned to work sooner, and claim and medical lag delayed the return to work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon C Killip
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, 1400 Main Street West IAHS 403, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.
| | - Joy C MacDermid
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, 1400 Main Street West IAHS 403, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada.,Physical Therapy and Surgery, Western University, London, ON, Canada.,Clinical Research Lab, Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Health Centre, London, ON, Canada
| | - Kathryn E Sinden
- School of Kinesiology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Rd, Thunder Bay, ON, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Rebecca E Gewurtz
- School of Rehabilitation Science, McMaster University, 1400 Main Street West IAHS 403, Hamilton, ON, L8S 4L8, Canada
| | - Liz Scott
- School of Psychology, Capella University, Minnesota, USA.,CEO of Organizational Solutions Inc., 2186 Mountain Grove Ave. #253, Burlington, ON, L7P 4X4, Canada
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Ericsson CR, Nordquist H, Lindström V, Rudman A. Finnish paramedics' professional quality of life and associations with assignment experiences and defusing use - a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1789. [PMID: 34610798 PMCID: PMC8490964 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11851-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paramedics experience traumatic events and social emergencies during assignments while also being subjected to verbal and physical threats. Consequently, they are at risk for burnout and secondary traumatic stress, factors inherent to professional quality of life. Defusing and peer-support potentially decrease such symptoms; however, perceived defusing needs and use are not always balanced. Our aim was to explore Finnish paramedics’ professional quality of life, using the Professional Quality of Life Scale, with associations to EMS assignment experiences as well as formal and informal defusing need and use over a 12-month period. Methods A quantitative study of 257 Finnish paramedics using a cross-sectional design. Study outcomes were secondary traumatic stress (STS), compassion satisfaction (CS), and burnout (BO) scores using the modified 9-item Short Professional Quality of Life scale (ProQOL). Likert-type scales were used to collect participants’ recollections of assignment experiences and defusing from a 12-month period. Associations were explored using Spearman’s correlation coefficients. Results Short ProQOL score medians were STS 4.00 (IQR 3), BO 6.00 (IQR 3) and CS 13.00 (IQR 3). STS and BO correlated to experiences of social emergencies and traumatic events while BO correlated to experiences of threat situations (r = 0.206, p = .001). Paramedics perceived a need for defusing in general associated with STS (r = 0.178, p < .001) and participated in informal defusing. Participation in defusing of any form did not associate with ProQOL scores. Conclusions Finnish paramedics’ more frequent experiences of social emergencies, traumatic events, and paramedic-directed threat situations were associated with higher levels of STS and BO. STS was also associated with paramedics’ increased need for defusing and use of informal peer defusing, although neither STS, BO or CS scores associated to any defusing form. Managing paramedics STS and BO, while fostering CS, could therefore be a future research focus. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12889-021-11851-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer R Ericsson
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland. .,Department of Healthcare, Arcada University of Applied Sciences, Jan Magnus Janssons plats 1, 00560, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Hilla Nordquist
- South-Eastern Finland University of Applied Sciences, Kotka, Finland
| | - Veronica Lindström
- Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Section of Nursing, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Rudman
- Department of Health and Welfare, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
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