1
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Wang Y, Shen M, Li Y, Shao J, Zhang F, Guo M, Zhang Z, Zheng S. COVID-19-associated liver injury: Adding fuel to the flame. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:1076-1092. [PMID: 37947373 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is mainly characterized by respiratory disorders and progresses to multiple organ involvement in severe cases. With expansion of COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 research, correlative liver injury has been revealed. It is speculated that COVID-19 patients exhibited abnormal liver function, as previously observed in the SARS and MERS pandemics. Furthermore, patients with underlying diseases such as chronic liver disease are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and indicate a poor prognosis accompanied by respiratory symptoms, systemic inflammation, or metabolic diseases. Therefore, COVID-19 has the potential to impair liver function, while individuals with preexisting liver disease suffer from much worse infected conditions. COVID-19 related liver injury may be owing to direct cytopathic effect, immune dysfunction, gut-liver axis interaction, and inappropriate medication use. However, discussions on these issues are infancy. Expanding research have revealed that angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression mediated the combination of virus and target cells, iron metabolism participated in the virus life cycle and the fate of target cells, and amino acid metabolism regulated immune response in the host cells, which are all closely related to liver health. Further exploration holds great significance in elucidating the pathogenesis, facilitating drug development, and advancing clinical treatment of COVID-19-related liver injury. This article provides a review of the clinical and laboratory hepatic characteristics in COVID-19 patients, describes the etiology and impact of liver injury, and discusses potential pathophysiological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Shen
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yujia Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangjuan Shao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Guo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Zili Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Shizhong Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Therapeutic Material of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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2
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Ziganshina MM, Shilova NV, Khalturina EO, Dolgushina NV, V Borisevich S, Yarotskaya EL, Bovin NV, Sukhikh GT. Antibody-Dependent Enhancement with a Focus on SARS-CoV-2 and Anti-Glycan Antibodies. Viruses 2023; 15:1584. [PMID: 37515270 PMCID: PMC10384250 DOI: 10.3390/v15071584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is a phenomenon where virus-specific antibodies paradoxically cause enhanced viral replication and/or excessive immune responses, leading to infection exacerbation, tissue damage, and multiple organ failure. ADE has been observed in many viral infections and is supposed to complicate the course of COVID-19. However, the evidence is insufficient. Since no specific laboratory markers have been described, the prediction and confirmation of ADE are very challenging. The only possible predictor is the presence of already existing (after previous infection) antibodies that can bind to viral epitopes and promote the disease enhancement. At the same time, the virus-specific antibodies are also a part of immune response against a pathogen. These opposite effects of antibodies make ADE research controversial. The assignment of immunoglobulins to ADE-associated or virus neutralizing is based on their affinity, avidity, and content in blood. However, these criteria are not clearly defined. Another debatable issue (rather terminological, but no less important) is that in most publications about ADE, all immunoglobulins produced by the immune system against pathogens are qualified as pre-existing antibodies, thus ignoring the conventional use of this term for natural antibodies produced without any stimulation by pathogens. Anti-glycan antibodies (AGA) make up a significant part of the natural immunoglobulins pool, and there is some evidence of their antiviral effect, particularly in COVID-19. AGA have been shown to be involved in ADE in bacterial infections, but their role in the development of ADE in viral infections has not been studied. This review focuses on pros and cons for AGA as an ADE trigger. We also present the results of our pilot studies, suggesting that AGAs, which bind to complex epitopes (glycan plus something else in tight proximity), may be involved in the development of the ADE phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina M Ziganshina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Oparina Street 4, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nadezhda V Shilova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Oparina Street 4, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Eugenia O Khalturina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Oparina Street 4, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya V Dolgushina
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Oparina Street 4, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Ekaterina L Yarotskaya
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Oparina Street 4, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Nicolai V Bovin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady T Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Oparina Street 4, 117997 Moscow, Russia
- Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University), 119991 Moscow, Russia
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3
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Deng T, Li T, Chen G, Zhu Y, Xu L, Lin Y, Sun H, Zhang H, Fang Q, Hong J, Wu D, Gao S, Li S, Wang Y, Zhang T, Chen Y, Yuan Q, Zheng Q, Yu H, Zhao Q, Zhang J, Li S, Xia N, Gu Y. Characterization and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins with varied glycosylation. Vaccine 2022; 40:6839-6848. [PMID: 36253220 PMCID: PMC9510068 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.09.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has drastically changed our way of life and continues to have an unmitigated socioeconomic impact across the globe. Research into potential vaccine design and production is focused on the spike (S) protein of the virus, which is critical for virus entry into host cells. Yet, whether the degree of glycosylation in the S protein is associated with vaccine efficacy remains unclear. Here, we first optimized the expression of the S protein in mammalian cells. While we found no significant discrepancy in purity, homogeneity, or receptor binding ability among S proteins derived from 293F cells (referred to as 293F S-2P), 293S GnTI- cells (defective in N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase I enzyme; 293S S-2P), or TN-5B1-4 insect cells (Bac S-2P), there was significant variation in the glycosylation patterns and thermal stability of the proteins. Compared with the partially glycosylated 293S S-2P or Bac S-2P, the fully glycosylated 293F S-2P exhibited higher binding reactivity to convalescent sera. In addition, 293F S-2P induced higher IgG and neutralizing antibody titres than 293S or Bac S-2P in mice. Furthermore, a prime-boost-boost regimen, using a combined immunization of S-2P proteins with various degrees of glycosylation, elicited a more robust neutralizing antibody response than a single S-2P alone. Collectively, this study provides insight into ways to design a more effective SARS-CoV-2 immunogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Tingting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Gege Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yuhe Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yanlin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qianjiao Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Junping Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Dinghui Wu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen 361003, China
| | - Shuangquan Gao
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shaoyong Li
- National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yingbin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Tianying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Yixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Quan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qingbing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Hai Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Qinjian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Shaowei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ningshao Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,The Research Unit of Frontier Technology of Structural Vaccinology of ChineseAcademy of Medical Sciences, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Ying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Life Sciences, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China,Corresponding author at: National Institute of Diagnostics and Vaccine Development in Infectious Diseases, Xiamen University, Xiang An South Road, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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4
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Abdoli M, Shafaati M, Ghamsari LK, Abdoli A. Intranasal administration of cold-adapted live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 candidate vaccine confers protection against SARS-CoV-2. Virus Res 2022; 319:198857. [PMID: 35820511 PMCID: PMC9270963 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
With the COVID-19 pandemic globally, the ongoing threat of new challenges of mucosal infections was once again reminded human beings. Hence, access to the next-generation vaccine to elicit mucosal immunity is required to reduce virus shedding. SARS-CoV-2 retains a unique polybasic cleavage motif in its spike protein, recognized by the host furin protease. The proteolytic furin cleavage site at the junction of S1/S2 glycoprotein plays a key role in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we examined the protective immunity of a double-deleted PRRA/GTNGTKR motifs cold-adapted live-attenuated candidate vaccines as a called "KaraVac." using a hamster animal model of infected attenuated SARS-CoV-2. The KaraVac vaccinated hamsters were challenged against the wild-type (WT) SARS-CoV-2. No apparent bodyweight loss and histopathological lesions were observed in the hamsters. The establishment of sterilizing immunity was induced via stimulating a robust neutralizing antibody (NAb) response in a hamster model. Consequently, deletions in the spike sequence and inoculation into hamsters provide resistance to the subsequent challenge with WT SARS-CoV-2. We have suggested that deletion of the furin cleavage site and GTNGTKR motifs in the spike sequence attenuates the virus from the parental strain and can be used as a potent immunogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Abdoli
- Amirabad Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Unit, Tehran 1413693341, Iran
| | - Maryam Shafaati
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty Science, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Jahrom, Iran
| | | | - Asghar Abdoli
- Amirabad Virology Laboratory, Vaccine Unit, Tehran 1413693341, Iran; Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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5
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Kim J, Yoon J, Park JE. Furin cleavage is required for swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus spike protein-mediated cell-cell fusion. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2176-2183. [PMID: 35976165 PMCID: PMC9518401 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2114850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV) was reported in China in 2017 and is a causative agent of porcine enteric disease. Recent studies indicate that cells from various hosts are susceptible to SADS-CoV, suggesting the zoonotic potential of this virus. However, little is known about the mechanisms through which this virus enters cells. In this study, we investigated the role of furin in SADS-CoV spike (S)-mediated cell-cell fusion and entry. We found that the SADS-CoV S protein induced the fusion of various cells. Cell-cell fusion was inhibited by the proprotein convertase inhibitor dec-RVKR-cmk, and between cells transfected with mutant S proteins resistant to furin cleavage. These findings revealed that furin-induced cleavage of the SADS-CoV S protein is required for cell-cell fusion. Using mutagenesis analysis, we demonstrated that furin cleaves the SADS-CoV S protein near the S1/S2 cleavage site, 446RYVR449 and 543AVRR546. We used pseudotyped viruses to determine whether furin-induced S cleavage is also required for viral entry. Pseudotyped viruses expressing S proteins with a mutated furin cleavage site could be transduced into target cells, indicating that furin-induced cleavage is not required for pseudotyped virus entry. Our data indicate that S cleavage is critical for SADS-CoV S-mediated cell-cell fusion and suggest that furin might be a host target for SADS-CoV antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinman Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Yoon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.,Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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6
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Gao K, Wang R, Chen J, Cheng L, Frishcosy J, Huzumi Y, Qiu Y, Schluckbier T, Wei X, Wei GW. Methodology-Centered Review of Molecular Modeling, Simulation, and Prediction of SARS-CoV-2. Chem Rev 2022; 122:11287-11368. [PMID: 35594413 PMCID: PMC9159519 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite tremendous efforts in the past two years, our understanding of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), virus-host interactions, immune response, virulence, transmission, and evolution is still very limited. This limitation calls for further in-depth investigation. Computational studies have become an indispensable component in combating coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to their low cost, their efficiency, and the fact that they are free from safety and ethical constraints. Additionally, the mechanism that governs the global evolution and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 cannot be revealed from individual experiments and was discovered by integrating genotyping of massive viral sequences, biophysical modeling of protein-protein interactions, deep mutational data, deep learning, and advanced mathematics. There exists a tsunami of literature on the molecular modeling, simulations, and predictions of SARS-CoV-2 and related developments of drugs, vaccines, antibodies, and diagnostics. To provide readers with a quick update about this literature, we present a comprehensive and systematic methodology-centered review. Aspects such as molecular biophysics, bioinformatics, cheminformatics, machine learning, and mathematics are discussed. This review will be beneficial to researchers who are looking for ways to contribute to SARS-CoV-2 studies and those who are interested in the status of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifu Gao
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Jiahui Chen
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Limei Cheng
- Clinical
Pharmacology and Pharmacometrics, Bristol
Myers Squibb, Princeton, New Jersey 08536, United States
| | - Jaclyn Frishcosy
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yuta Huzumi
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yuchi Qiu
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Tom Schluckbier
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Xiaoqi Wei
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Guo-Wei Wei
- Department
of Mathematics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department
of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan
State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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7
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Ghosh A, Kar PK, Gautam A, Gupta R, Singh R, Chakravarti R, Ravichandiran V, Ghosh Dastidar S, Ghosh D, Roy S. An insight into SARS-CoV-2 structure, pathogenesis, target hunting for drug development and vaccine initiatives. RSC Med Chem 2022; 13:647-675. [PMID: 35814927 PMCID: PMC9215161 DOI: 10.1039/d2md00009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has been confirmed to be a new coronavirus having 79% and 50% similarity with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, respectively. For a better understanding of the features of the new virus SARS-CoV-2, we have discussed a possible correlation between some unique features of the genome of SARS-CoV-2 in relation to pathogenesis. We have also reviewed structural druggable viral and host targets for possible clinical application if any, as cases of reinfection and compromised protection have been noticed due to the emergence of new variants with increased infectivity even after vaccination. We have also discussed the types of vaccines that are being developed against SARS-CoV-2. In this review, we have tried to give a brief overview of the fundamental factors of COVID-19 research like basic virology, virus variants and the newly emerging techniques that can be applied to develop advanced treatment strategies for the management of COVID-19 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Ghosh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata India
- Department of Chemistry, University of Calcutta Kolkata India
- Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Cancer Research institute 3081, Nayabad Kolkata-700094 India
| | - Paritosh K Kar
- Foundation on Tropical Diseases & Health Research Development, A Mission on Charitable Health Care Unit Balichak CT, Paschim Medinipur West Bengal 721 124 India
| | - Anupam Gautam
- Institute for Bioinformatics and Medical Informatics, University of Tübingen Sand 14 72076 Tübingen Germany
- International Max Planck Research School "From Molecules to Organisms", Max Planck Institute for Biology Tübingen Max-Planck-Ring 5 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Rahul Gupta
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata India
| | - Rajveer Singh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata India
| | - Rudra Chakravarti
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata India
| | - Velayutham Ravichandiran
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata India
| | | | - Dipanjan Ghosh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata India
| | - Syamal Roy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology Kolkata India
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8
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Jiménez D, Torres Arias M. Immunouniverse of SARS-CoV-2. Immunol Med 2022; 45:186-224. [PMID: 35502127 DOI: 10.1080/25785826.2022.2066251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 virus has become a global health problem that has caused millions of deaths worldwide. The infection can present with multiple clinical features ranging from asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic patients to patients with severe or critical illness that can even lead to death. Although the immune system plays an important role in pathogen control, SARS-CoV-2 can drive dysregulation of this response and trigger severe immunopathology. Exploring the mechanisms of the immune response involved in host defense against SARS-CoV-2 allows us to understand its immunopathogenesis and possibly detect features that can be used as potential therapies to eliminate the virus. The main objective of this review on SARS-CoV-2 is to highlight the interaction between the virus and the immune response. We explore the function and action of the immune system, the expression of molecules at the site of infection that cause hyperinflammation and hypercoagulation disorders, the factors leading to the development of pneumonia and subsequent severe acute respiratory distress syndrome which is the leading cause of death in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Jiménez
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y Agricultura, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Pichincha, Ecuador
| | - Marbel Torres Arias
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida y Agricultura, Carrera de Ingeniería en Biotecnología, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Sangolquí, Pichincha, Ecuador.,Laboratorio de Inmunología y Virología, CENCINAT, GISAH, Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas, Sangolquí, Pichincha, Ecuador
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9
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Verma AK. Cordycepin: a bioactive metabolite of C ordyceps militaris and polyadenylation inhibitor with therapeutic potential against COVID-19. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:3745-3752. [PMID: 33225826 PMCID: PMC7754931 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2020.1850352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spike protein and main proteases of SARS-CoV-2 have been identified as potential therapeutic targets and their inhibition may lead to the reticence of viral entry and replication in the host body. Despite several efforts; till now no specific drugs are available to treat SARS-CoV-2. Considering all these challenges, the main objective of the present study was to establish therapeutic potential of cordycepin against COVID-19 as a conventional therapeutic strategy. In the present study; molecular interaction study was performed to assess potential binding affinity of cordycepin with SARS-CoV-2 target proteins using computational approach. Additionally, network pharmacology was used to understand cordycepin-protein interactions and their associated pathways in human body. Cordycepin is under clinical trial (NCT00709215) and possesses structural similarity with adenosine except that, it lacks a 3' hydroxyl group in its ribose moiety and hence it served as a poly(A) polymerase inhibitor and terminate premature protein synthesis. Additionally, it is known that functional RNAs of SARS-CoV-2 genome are highly 3'-plyadenylated and leading to synthesis of all viral proteins and if cordycepin can destabilize SARS-CoV-2 RNAs by inhibiting polyadenylation process then it may step forward in terms of inhibition of viral replication and multiplication in the host. Moreover, cordycepin showed strong binding affinity with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (-145.3) and main proteases (-180.5) that further corroborate therapeutic potential against COVID-19. Since cordycepin has both pre-clinical and clinical information about antiviral activities, therefore; it is suggested to the world community to undertake repurposing cordycepin to test efficacy and safety for the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akalesh Kumar Verma
- Department of Zoology, Cell and Biochemical Technology Laboratory, Cotton University, Guwahati, India
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10
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Ajmeriya S, Kumar A, Karmakar S, Rana S, Singh H. Neutralizing Antibodies and Antibody-Dependent Enhancement in COVID-19: A Perspective. J Indian Inst Sci 2022; 102:671-687. [PMID: 35136306 PMCID: PMC8814804 DOI: 10.1007/s41745-021-00268-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) is an alternative route of viral entry in the susceptible host cell. In this process, antiviral antibodies enhance the entry access of virus in the cells via interaction with the complement or Fc receptors leading to the worsening of infection. SARS-CoV-2 variants pose a general concern for the efficacy of neutralizing antibodies that may fail to neutralize infection, raising the possibility of a more severe form of COVID-19. Data from various studies on respiratory viruses raise the speculation that antibodies elicited against SARS-CoV-2 and during COVID-19 recovery could potentially exacerbate the infection through ADE at sub-neutralizing concentrations; this may contribute to disease pathogenesis. It is, therefore, of utmost importance to study the effectiveness of the anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19-infected subjects. Theoretically, ADE remains a general concern for the efficacy of antibodies elicited during infection, most notably in convalescent plasma therapy and in response to vaccines where it could be counterproductive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Ajmeriya
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Subhradip Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, AIIMS, Room no 3020, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Shweta Rana
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, ICMR-AIIMS Computational Genomics Center, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029 India
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11
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Lubinski B, Fernandes MH, Frazier L, Tang T, Daniel S, Diel DG, Jaimes JA, Whittaker GR. Functional evaluation of the P681H mutation on the proteolytic activation of the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 (Alpha) spike. iScience 2022; 25:103589. [PMID: 34909610 PMCID: PMC8662955 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the agent causing the COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 (Alpha), a WHO variant of concern first identified in the United Kingdom in late 2020, contains several mutations including P681H in the spike S1/S2 cleavage site, which is predicted to increase cleavage by furin, potentially impacting the viral cell entry. Here, we studied the role of the P681H mutation in B.1.1.7 cell entry. We performed assays using fluorogenic peptides mimicking the Wuhan-Hu-1 and B.1.1.7 S1/S2 sequence and observed no significant difference in furin cleavage. Functional assays using pseudoparticles harboring SARS-CoV-2 spikes and cell-to-cell fusion assays demonstrated no differences between Wuhan-Hu-1, B.1.1.7, or a P681H point mutant. Likewise, we observed no differences in viral growth between USA-WA1/2020 and a B.1.1.7 isolate in cell culture. Our findings suggest that, although the B.1.1.7 P681H mutation may slightly increase S1/S2 cleavage, this does not significantly impact viral entry or cell-cell spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Lubinski
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 618 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Maureen H.V. Fernandes
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Laura Frazier
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 618 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tiffany Tang
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Susan Daniel
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Diego G. Diel
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Javier A. Jaimes
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 618 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Gary R. Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 618 Tower Road, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Master of Public Health Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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12
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Mule S, Singh A, Greish K, Sahebkar A, Kesharwani P, Shukla R. Drug repurposing strategies and key challenges for COVID-19 management. J Drug Target 2021; 30:413-429. [PMID: 34854327 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2021.2013852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a clinical outcome of viral infection emerged due to strain of beta coronavirus which attacks the type-2 pneumocytes in alveoli via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors. There is no satisfactory drug developed against 'SARS-CoV2', highlighting an immediate necessity chemotherapeutic repurposing plan COVID-19. Drug repurposing is a method of selection of approved therapeutics for new use and is considered to be the most effective drug finding strategy since it includes less time and cost to obtain treatment compared to the de novo drug acquisition process. Several drugs such as hydroxychloroquine, remdesivir, teicoplanin, darunavir, ritonavir, nitazoxanide, chloroquine, tocilizumab and favipiravir (FPV) showed their activity against 'SARS-CoV2' in vitro. This review has emphasized on repurposing of drugs, and biologics used in clinical set up for targeting COVID-19 and to evaluate their pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety with their future aspect. The key benefit of drug repurposing is the wealth of information related to its safety, and easy accessibility. Altogether repurposing approach allows access to regulatory approval as well as reducing sophisticated safety studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubham Mule
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Ajit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
| | - Khaled Greish
- Nanomedicine Unit, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Al-Jawhara Center for Molecular Medicine and Inherited Disorders, Arabian Gulf University, Manama, Bahrain
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Rahul Shukla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Lucknow, India
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13
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Salimi-Jeda A, Abbassi S, Mousavizadeh A, Esghaie M, Bokharaei-Salim F, Jeddi F, Shafaati M, Abdoli A. SARS-CoV-2: Current trends in emerging variants, pathogenesis, immune responses, potential therapeutic, and vaccine development strategies. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108232. [PMID: 34673335 PMCID: PMC8519814 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
More than a year after the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is still a major global challenge for scientists to understand the different dimensions of infection and find ways to prevent, treat, and develop a vaccine. On January 30, 2020, the world health organization (WHO) officially announced this new virus as an international health emergency. While many biological and mechanisms of pathogenicity of this virus are still unclear, it seems that cytokine storm resulting from an immune response against the virus is considered the main culprit of the severity of the disease. Despite many global efforts to control the SARS-CoV-2, several problems and challenges have been posed in controlling the COVID-19 infection. These problems include the various mutations, the emergence of variants with high transmissibility, the short period of immunity against the virus, the possibility of reinfection in people improved, lack of specific drugs, and problems in the development of highly sensitive and specific vaccines. In this review, we summarized the results of the current trend and the latest research studies on the characteristics of the structure and genome of the SARS-CoV- 2, new mutations and variants of SARS-CoV-2, pathogenicity, immune response, virus diagnostic tests, potential treatment, and vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Salimi-Jeda
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sina Abbassi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Atieh Mousavizadeh
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Esghaie
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farah Bokharaei-Salim
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Jeddi
- Department of Medical Genetics and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran
| | - Maryam Shafaati
- Department of Microbiology, Jahrom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran
| | - Asghar Abdoli
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Lubinski B, Fernandes MHV, Frazier L, Tang T, Daniel S, Diel DG, Jaimes JA, Whittaker GR. Functional evaluation of the P681H mutation on the proteolytic activation the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 (Alpha) spike. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2021:2021.04.06.438731. [PMID: 33851153 PMCID: PMC8043443 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.06.438731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the agent causing the COVID-19 pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 (Alpha), a WHO variant of concern (VOC) first identified in the UK in late 2020, contains several mutations including P681H in the spike S1/S2 cleavage site, which is predicted to increase cleavage by furin, potentially impacting the viral cell entry. Here, we studied the role of the P681H mutation in B.1.1.7 cell entry. We performed assays using fluorogenic peptides mimicking the Wuhan-Hu-1 and B.1.1.7 S1/S2 sequence and observed no significant difference in furin cleavage. Functional assays using pseudoparticles harboring SARS-CoV-2 spikes and cell-to-cell fusion assays demonstrated no differences between Wuhan-Hu-1, B.1.1.7 or a P681H point mutant. Likewise, we observed no differences in viral growth between USA-WA1/2020 and a B.1.1.7 isolate in cell culture. Our findings suggest that while the B.1.1.7 P681H mutation may slightly increase S1/S2 cleavage this does not significantly impact viral entry or cell-cell spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bailey Lubinski
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Maureen H. V. Fernandes
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Laura Frazier
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Tiffany Tang
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Susan Daniel
- Robert Frederick Smith School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Diego G. Diel
- Department of Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Javier A. Jaimes
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Gary R. Whittaker
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- Master of Public Health Program, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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15
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Prajapat M, Handa V, Sarma P, Prakash A, Kaur H, Sharma S, Bhattacharyya A, Kumar S, Sharma AR, Avti P, Medhi B. Update on geographical variation and distribution of SARS-nCoV-2: A systematic review. Indian J Pharmacol 2021; 53:310-316. [PMID: 34414910 PMCID: PMC8411960 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_483_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of a new mutant strain of SARS-coronavirus (CoV-2) is enormously essential to identify a targeted drug and for the development of the vaccine. In this article, we systematically reviewed the different mutation strains (variant of concern [VOC] and variant of interest [VOI]) which were found in different countries such as the UK, Singapore, China, Germany, Vietnam, Western Africa, Dublin, Ireland, Brazil, Iran, Italy, France, America, and Philippines. We searched four literature databases (PubMed, EMBASE, NATURE, and Willey online library) with suitable keywords and the time filter was November 2019 to June 16, 2021. To understand the worldwide spread of variants of SARS-CoV-2, we included a total of 27 articles of case reports, clinical and observational studies in the systematic review. However, these variants mostly spread because of their ability to increase transmission, virulence, and escape immunity. So, in this paper is we found mutated strains of SARS-CoV-2 like VOCs that are found in different regions across the globe are ALPHA strain in the U.K, BETA strain in South Africa, GAMMA strain in Brazil, Gamma and Beta strains in European Countries, and some VOIs like Theta variant in the Philippines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Prajapat
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vrishbhanu Handa
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Phulen Sarma
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Hardeep Kaur
- Department of Paediatrics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Anusuya Bhattacharyya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - Subodh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Raj Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Pramod Avti
- Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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16
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Abstract
CoVID-19 is a multi-symptomatic disease which has made a global impact due to its ability to spread rapidly, and its relatively high mortality rate. Beyond the heroic efforts to develop vaccines, which we do not discuss herein, the response of scientists and clinicians to this complex problem has reflected the need to detect CoVID-19 rapidly, to diagnose patients likely to show adverse symptoms, and to treat severe and critical CoVID-19. Here we aim to encapsulate these varied and sometimes conflicting approaches and the resulting data in terms of chemistry and biology. In the process we highlight emerging concepts, and potential future applications that may arise out of this immense effort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yimon Aye
- Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne (EPFL)1015LausanneSwitzerland
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17
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Nagy A, Basiouni S, Parvin R, Hafez HM, Shehata AA. Evolutionary insights into the furin cleavage sites of SARS-CoV-2 variants from humans and animals. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2541-2549. [PMID: 34258664 PMCID: PMC8276844 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05166-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein Q677P/H mutation and furin cleavage site (FCS) have been shown to affect cell tropism and virus transmissibility. Here, we analyzed the frequency of Q677P/H and FCS point mutations in 1,144,793 human and 1042 animal spike protein sequences and from those of the emergent variants B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, B.1.429 + B.1.427, and B.1.525, which were deposited in the database of the GISAID Initiative. Different genetic polymorphisms, particularly P681H and A688V, were detected in the FCS, mainly in human isolates, and otherwise, only pangolin and bat sequences had these mutations. Multiple FCS amino acid deletions such as Δ680SPRRA684 and Δ685RSVA688 were only detected in eight and four human isolates, respectively. Surprisingly, deletion of the entire FCS motif as Δ680SPRRARSVA688 and Δ680SPRRARSVAS689 was detected only in three human isolates. On the other hand, analysis of FCS from emergent variants showed no deletions in the FCS except for spike P681del, which was detected in seven B.1.1.7 isolates from the USA. Spike Q677P was detected only once in variant, B.1.1.7, whereas Q677H was detected in all variants, i.e., B.1.1.7 (n = 1938), B.1.351 (n = 28), P.1 (n = 9), B.1.429 + B.1.427 (n = 132), and B.1.525 (n = 1584). Structural modeling predicted that mutations or deletions at or near the FCS significantly alter the cleavage loop structure and would presumably affect furin binding. Taken together, our results show that Q677H and FCS point mutations are prevalent and may have various biological effects on the circulating variants. Therefore, we recommend urgent monitoring and surveillance of the investigated mutations, as well as laboratory assessment of their pathogenicity and transmissibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdou Nagy
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Sharkia, 44511, Egypt.
| | - Shereen Basiouni
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Rokshana Parvin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Hafez M Hafez
- Institute of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Free University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Awad A Shehata
- Avian and Rabbit Diseases Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Sadat City, Egypt. .,Research and Development Section, PerNaturam GmbH, Gödenroth, Germany.
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18
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Okada Y, Yoshimura K, Toya S, Tsuchimochi M. Pathogenesis of taste impairment and salivary dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2021; 57:111-122. [PMID: 34257762 PMCID: PMC8266517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly transmissible pandemic disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The characteristics of the disease include a broad range of symptoms from mild to serious to death, with mild pneumonia to acute respiratory distress syndrome and complications in extrapulmonary organs. Taste impairment and salivary dysfunction are common early symptoms in COVID-19 patients. The mouth is a significant entry route for SARS-COV-2, similar to the nose and eyes. The cells of the oral epithelium, taste buds, and minor and major salivary glands express cell entry factors for SARS-COV-2, such as ACE2, TMPRSS2, and Furin. We describe the occurrence of taste impairment and salivary dysfunction in COVID-19 patients and show immunohistochemical findings regarding the cell entry factors in the oral tissue. We review and describe the pathogeneses of taste impairment and salivary dysfunction. Treatment for the oral disease is also described. Recently, it was reported that some people experience persistent and prolonged taste impairment and salivary dysfunction, described as post-COVID-19 syndrome or long COVID-19, after the acute illness of the infection has healed. To resolve these problems, it is important to understand the pathogenesis of oral complications. Recently, important advances have been reported in the understanding of gustatory impairment and salivary dysfunction. Although some progress has been made, considerable effort is still required for in-depth elucidation of the pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Okada
- Department of Pathology, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
| | - Ken Yoshimura
- Department of Anatomy, The Nippon Dental University School of Life Dentistry at Niigata, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
| | - Shuji Toya
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Nippon Dental University Niigata Hospital, 1-8 Hamaura-cho, Chuo-ku, Niigata 951-8580, Japan
| | - Makoto Tsuchimochi
- The Nippon Dental University (Emeritus Professor), 1-9-20 Fujimi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-8159, Japan
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19
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Breikaa RM, Lilly B. The Notch Pathway: A Link Between COVID-19 Pathophysiology and Its Cardiovascular Complications. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:681948. [PMID: 34124207 PMCID: PMC8187573 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.681948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is associated with a large number of cardiovascular sequelae, including dysrhythmias, myocardial injury, myocarditis and thrombosis. The Notch pathway is one likely culprit leading to these complications due to its direct role in viral entry, inflammation and coagulation processes, all shown to be key parts of COVID-19 pathogenesis. This review highlights links between the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV2 and the Notch signaling pathway that serve as primary drivers of the cardiovascular complications seen in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa M. Breikaa
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Brenda Lilly
- Center for Cardiovascular Research and The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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20
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Haddad D, John SE, Mohammad A, Hammad MM, Hebbar P, Channanath A, Nizam R, Al-Qabandi S, Al Madhoun A, Alshukry A, Ali H, Thanaraj TA, Al-Mulla F. SARS-CoV-2: Possible recombination and emergence of potentially more virulent strains. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251368. [PMID: 34033650 PMCID: PMC8148317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is challenging healthcare preparedness, world economies, and livelihoods. The infection and death rates associated with this pandemic are strikingly variable in different countries. To elucidate this discrepancy, we analyzed 2431 early spread SARS-CoV-2 sequences from GISAID. We estimated continental-wise admixture proportions, assessed haplotype block estimation, and tested for the presence or absence of strains' recombination. Herein, we identified 1010 unique missense mutations and seven different SARS-CoV-2 clusters. In samples from Asia, a small haplotype block was identified, whereas samples from Europe and North America harbored large and different haplotype blocks with nonsynonymous variants. Variant frequency and linkage disequilibrium varied among continents, especially in North America. Recombination between different strains was only observed in North American and European sequences. In addition, we structurally modelled the two most common mutations, Spike_D614G and Nsp12_P314L, which suggested that these linked mutations may enhance viral entry and replication, respectively. Overall, we propose that genomic recombination between different strains may contribute to SARS-CoV-2 virulence and COVID-19 severity and may present additional challenges for current treatment regimens and countermeasures. Furthermore, our study provides a possible explanation for the substantial second wave of COVID-19 presented with higher infection and death rates in many countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Haddad
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Sumi Elsa John
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Anwar Mohammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Maha M. Hammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Prashantha Hebbar
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Arshad Channanath
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Rasheeba Nizam
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | | | - Ashraf Al Madhoun
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Abdullah Alshukry
- Department of Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery, Jaber Al-Ahmad Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | - Hamad Ali
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Kuwait University, Kuwait, Kuwait
| | | | - Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute, Kuwait, Kuwait
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21
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Jelinek HF, Mousa M, Alefishat E, Osman W, Spence I, Bu D, Feng SF, Byrd J, Magni PA, Sahibzada S, Tay GK, Alsafar HS. Evolution, Ecology, and Zoonotic Transmission of Betacoronaviruses: A Review. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:644414. [PMID: 34095271 PMCID: PMC8173069 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.644414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus infections have been a part of the animal kingdom for millennia. The difference emerging in the twenty-first century is that a greater number of novel coronaviruses are being discovered primarily due to more advanced technology and that a greater number can be transmitted to humans, either directly or via an intermediate host. This has a range of effects from annual infections that are mild to full-blown pandemics. This review compares the zoonotic potential and relationship between MERS, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. The role of bats as possible host species and possible intermediate hosts including pangolins, civets, mink, birds, and other mammals are discussed with reference to mutations of the viral genome affecting zoonosis. Ecological, social, cultural, and environmental factors that may play a role in zoonotic transmission are considered with reference to SARS-CoV, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2 and possible future zoonotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert F. Jelinek
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center of Heath Engineering Innovation, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mira Mousa
- Nuffield Department of Women's and Reproduction Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eman Alefishat
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Wael Osman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ian Spence
- Discipline of Pharmacology, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dengpan Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, Beijing, China
| | - Samuel F. Feng
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Mathematics, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jason Byrd
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Paola A. Magni
- Discipline of Medical, Molecular and Forensic Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
- Murdoch University Singapore, King's Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shafi Sahibzada
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, Australia
| | - Guan K. Tay
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Habiba S. Alsafar
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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22
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Tian D, Liu Y, Liang C, Xin L, Xie X, Zhang D, Wan M, Li H, Fu X, Liu H, Cao W. An update review of emerging small-molecule therapeutic options for COVID-19. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 137:111313. [PMID: 33556871 PMCID: PMC7857046 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak and pandemic that began near the end of 2019 has posed a challenge to global health. At present, many candidate small-molecule therapeutics have been developed that can inhibit both the infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2 and even potentially relieve cytokine storms and other related complications. Meanwhile, host-targeted drugs that inhibit cellular transmembrane serine protease (TMPRSS2) can prevent SARS-CoV-2 from entering cells, and its combination with chloroquine and dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHODH) inhibitors can limit the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and reduce the morbidity and mortality of patients with COVID-19. The present article provides an overview of these small-molecule therapeutics based on insights from medicinal chemistry research and focuses on RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors, such as the nucleoside analogues remdesivir, favipiravir and ribavirin. This review also covers inhibitors of 3C-like protease (3CLpro), papain-like protease (PLpro) and other potentially innovative active ingredient molecules, describing their potential targets, activities, clinical status and side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengke Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Yuzhi Liu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Chengyuan Liang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China; Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China.
| | - Liang Xin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Xie
- Shaanxi Panlong Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710025, PR China
| | - Dezhu Zhang
- Shaanxi Panlong Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, 710025, PR China
| | - Minge Wan
- School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Business & Commerce, Xi'an 712046, PR China
| | - Han Li
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Xueqi Fu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, PR China
| | - Hong Liu
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, 519030, PR China.
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- Zhuhai Jinan Selenium Source Nanotechnology Co., Ltd., Hengqin New Area, Zhuhai, 519030, PR China.
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23
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Oz M, Lorke DE. Multifunctional angiotensin converting enzyme 2, the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor, and critical appraisal of its role in acute lung injury. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 136:111193. [PMID: 33461019 PMCID: PMC7836742 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.111193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent emergence of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic affecting millions of individuals has raised great concern throughout the world, and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the causative agent for COVID-19. The multifunctional protein angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is accepted as its primary target for entry into host cells. In its enzymatic function, ACE2, like its homologue ACE, regulates the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) critical for cardiovascular and renal homeostasis in mammals. Unlike ACE, however, ACE2 drives an alternative RAS pathway by degrading Ang-II and thus operates to balance RAS homeostasis in the context of hypertension, heart failure, and cardiovascular as well as renal complications of diabetes. Outside the RAS, ACE2 hydrolyzes key peptides, such as amyloid-β, apelin, and [des-Arg9]-bradykinin. In addition to its enzymatic functions, ACE2 is found to regulate intestinal amino acid homeostasis and the gut microbiome. Although the non-enzymatic function of ACE2 as the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2 has been well established, the contribution of enzymatic functions of ACE2 to the pathogenesis of COVID-19-related lung injury has been a matter of debate. A complete understanding of this central enzyme may begin to explain the various symptoms and pathologies seen in SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals, and may aid in the development of novel treatments for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Oz
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Safat 13110, Kuwait.
| | - Dietrich Ernst Lorke
- Department of Anatomy and Cellular Biology, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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24
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Dos Santos WG. Impact of virus genetic variability and host immunity for the success of COVID-19 vaccines. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 136:111272. [PMID: 33486212 PMCID: PMC7802525 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) continues to challenge most scientists in the search of an effective way to either prevent infection or to avoid spreading of the disease. As result of global efforts some advances have been reached and we are more prepared today than we were at the beginning of the pandemic, however not enough to stop the transmission, and many questions remain unanswered. The possibility of reinfection of recovered individuals, the duration of the immunity, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 mutations in the spreading of the disease as well as the degree of protection that a potential vaccine could have are some of the issues under debate. A number of vaccines are under development using different platforms and clinical trials are ongoing in different countries, but even if they are licensed it will need time until reach a definite conclusion about their real safety and efficacy. Herein we discuss the different strategies used in the development of COVID-19 vaccines, the questions underlying the type of immune response they may elicit, the consequences that new mutations may have in the generation of sub-strains of SARS-CoV-2 and their impact and challenges for the efficacy of potential vaccines in a scenario postpandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wagner Gouvêa Dos Santos
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Academic Unit of Health Sciences, Federal University of Jataí-UFJ, BR 364, km 195, nº 3800, CEP 75801-615, Jataí, GO, Brazil.
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25
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Abdullahi IN, Emeribe AU, Adekola HA, Abubakar SD, Dangana A, Shuwa HA, Nwoba ST, Mustapha JO, Haruna MT, Olowookere KA, Animasaun OS, Ugwu CE, Onoja SO, Gadama AS, Mohammed M, Daneji IM, Amadu DO, Ghamba PE, Onukegbe NB, Shehu MS, Isomah C, Babayo A, Ahmad AEF. Leveraging on the genomics and immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 for vaccines development: prospects and challenges. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:620-637. [PMID: 32936732 PMCID: PMC7993231 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1812313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence and case-fatality rates (CFRs) of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, the etiological agent for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), have been rising unabated. Even though the entire world has been implementing infection prevention and control measures, the pandemic continues to spread. It has been widely accepted that preventive vaccination strategies are the public health measures for countering this pandemic. This study critically reviews the latest scientific advancement in genomics, replication pattern, pathogenesis, and immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and how these concepts could be used in the development of vaccines. We also offer a detailed discussion on the anticipated potency, efficacy, safety, and pharmaco-economic issues that are and will be associated with candidate COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Nasir Abdullahi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Anthony Uchenna Emeribe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | | | - Sharafudeen Dahiru Abubakar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Amos Dangana
- Department of Medical Laboratory Services, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Halima Ali Shuwa
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology, Manchester Collaborative Center for Inflammation Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, UK
| | | | - Jelili Olaide Mustapha
- Biological Sciences Department, Faculty of Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | | | - Kafayat Adepeju Olowookere
- Department of Medical Laboratory Services, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Olawale Sunday Animasaun
- Nigeria Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Programme, African Field Epidemiology Network, Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Charles Egede Ugwu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | | | - Abdullahi Sani Gadama
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Musa Mohammed
- Department of Medicine, Immunology Unit, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Isa Muhammad Daneji
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Dele Ohinoyi Amadu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Peter Elisha Ghamba
- WHO National Polio Reference Laboratory, University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | | | - Muhammad Sagir Shehu
- Medical Laboratory Department, College of Health Technology, Ningi, Bauchi State, Nigeria
| | - Chiladi Isomah
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Adamu Babayo
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Abdurrahman El-Fulaty Ahmad
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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26
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Al-Mulla F, Mohammad A, Al Madhoun A, Haddad D, Ali H, Eaaswarkhanth M, John SE, Nizam R, Channanath A, Abu-Farha M, Ahmad R, Abubaker J, Thanaraj TA. ACE2 and FURIN variants are potential predictors of SARS-CoV-2 outcome: A time to implement precision medicine against COVID-19. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06133. [PMID: 33532652 PMCID: PMC7843038 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The severity of the new COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus is strikingly variable in different global populations. SARS-CoV-2 uses ACE2 as a cell receptor, TMPRSS2 protease, and FURIN peptidase to invade human cells. Here, we investigated 1,378 whole-exome sequences of individuals from the Middle Eastern populations (Kuwait, Qatar, and Iran) to explore natural variations in the ACE2, TMPRSS2, and FURIN genes. We identified two activating variants (K26R and N720D) in the ACE2 gene that are more common in Europeans than in the Middle Eastern, East Asian, and African populations. We postulate that K26R can activate ACE2 and facilitate binding to S-protein RBD while N720D enhances TMPRSS2 cutting and, ultimately, viral entry. We also detected deleterious variants in FURIN that are frequent in the Middle Eastern but not in the European populations. This study highlights specific genetic variations in the ACE2 and FURIN genes that may explain SARS-CoV-2 clinical disparity. We showed structural evidence of the functionality of these activating variants that increase the SARS-CoV-2 aggressiveness. Finally, our data illustrate a significant correlation between ACE2 variants identified in people from Middle Eastern origins that can be further explored to explain the variation in COVID-19 infection and mortality rates globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahd Al-Mulla
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Anwar Mohammad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Ashraf Al Madhoun
- Department of Animal and Imaging Core Facilities, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Dania Haddad
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Hamad Ali
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Health Sciences Center (HSC), Kuwait University, Jabriya, Kuwait
| | | | - Sumi Elsa John
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Rasheeba Nizam
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Arshad Channanath
- Department of Genetics and Bioinformatics, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Mohamed Abu-Farha
- Department of Special Services Facilities, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Rasheed Ahmad
- Department of Immunology & Microbiology, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
| | - Jehad Abubaker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dasman Diabetes Institute (DDI), Dasman, Kuwait
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27
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Murgolo N, Therien AG, Howell B, Klein D, Koeplinger K, Lieberman LA, Adam GC, Flynn J, McKenna P, Swaminathan G, Hazuda DJ, Olsen DB. SARS-CoV-2 tropism, entry, replication, and propagation: Considerations for drug discovery and development. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009225. [PMID: 33596266 PMCID: PMC7888651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the initial report of the novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) emanating from Wuhan, China, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread globally. While the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection are not completely understood, there appears to be a wide spectrum of disease ranging from mild symptoms to severe respiratory distress, hospitalization, and mortality. There are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatments for COVID-19 aside from remdesivir; early efforts to identify efficacious therapeutics for COVID-19 have mainly focused on drug repurposing screens to identify compounds with antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2 in cellular infection systems. These screens have yielded intriguing hits, but the use of nonhuman immortalized cell lines derived from non-pulmonary or gastrointestinal origins poses any number of questions in predicting the physiological and pathological relevance of these potential interventions. While our knowledge of this novel virus continues to evolve, our current understanding of the key molecular and cellular interactions involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection is discussed in order to provide a framework for developing the most appropriate in vitro toolbox to support current and future drug discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Murgolo
- Department of Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Alex G. Therien
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bonnie Howell
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Daniel Klein
- Department of Computational and Structural Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Koeplinger
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Linda A. Lieberman
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gregory C. Adam
- Department of Quantitative Biosciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jessica Flynn
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Philip McKenna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gokul Swaminathan
- Exploratory Science Center, Merck & Co., Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daria J. Hazuda
- Discovery Biology & Translational Medicine, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David B. Olsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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28
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Alquisiras-Burgos I, Peralta-Arrieta I, Alonso-Palomares LA, Zacapala-Gómez AE, Salmerón-Bárcenas EG, Aguilera P. Neurological Complications Associated with the Blood-Brain Barrier Damage Induced by the Inflammatory Response During SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:520-535. [PMID: 32978729 PMCID: PMC7518400 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02134-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The main discussion above of the novel pathogenic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has focused substantially on the immediate risks and impact on the respiratory system; however, the effects induced to the central nervous system are currently unknown. Some authors have suggested that SARS-CoV-2 infection can dramatically affect brain function and exacerbate neurodegenerative diseases in patients, but the mechanisms have not been entirely described. In this review, we gather information from past and actual studies on coronaviruses that informed neurological dysfunction and brain damage. Then, we analyzed and described the possible mechanisms causative of brain injury after SARS-CoV-2 infection. We proposed that potential routes of SARS-CoV-2 neuro-invasion are determinant factors in the process. We considered that the hematogenous route of infection can directly affect the brain microvascular endothelium cells that integrate the blood-brain barrier and be fundamental in initiation of brain damage. Additionally, activation of the inflammatory response against the infection represents a critical step on injury induction of the brain tissue. Consequently, the virus' ability to infect brain cells and induce the inflammatory response can promote or increase the risk to acquire central nervous system diseases. Here, we contribute to the understanding of the neurological conditions found in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection and its association with the blood-brain barrier integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Alquisiras-Burgos
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Insurgentes Sur #3877, 14269, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Irlanda Peralta-Arrieta
- Laboratorio de Epigenómica del Cáncer y Enfermedades Pulmonares, Unidad de Investigación en Biomedicina, Facultad de Estudios Superiores-Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 54090, Tlanepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Antonio Alonso-Palomares
- Molecular and Cellular Virology Laboratory, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, 8380453, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ana Elvira Zacapala-Gómez
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, 39070, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Mexico
| | - Eric Genaro Salmerón-Bárcenas
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, 07360, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Penélope Aguilera
- Laboratorio de Patología Vascular Cerebral, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía "Manuel Velasco Suárez", Insurgentes Sur #3877, 14269, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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29
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何 文, 陈 清. [Progress in source tracking of SARS-CoV-2]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2020; 40:1838-1842. [PMID: 33380405 PMCID: PMC7835685 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2020.12.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused a total of 55 928 327 confirmed cases and 1 344 003 deaths as of November 19, 2020. But so far the origin of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes this pandemic has remained undetermined. The purpose of this study is to review the current research of SARS-CoV-2 and the existing problems therein, which may provide inspiration for further researches. Existing evidence suggested that SARS-CoV-2 may be derived from bat coronavirus 40-70 years ago. During the evolution, this virus underwent extensive variations in the process of mutations and natural selection. Different genomic regions of SARS-CoV-2 may have different selection pressures, but all of which increase the difficulty of tracing the origin of this virus. A wide variety of animals have been considered as potential hosts of SARS-CoV-2, including cats, lions, tigers, dogs and minks. SARS-CoV-2 has a chance to transmit from humans to animals and can be transmitted among animals. Current research evidence has shown that China is not the original source of SARS-CoV-2. It is still unclear how the virus spreads to human, and efforts are still need to be made to explore the origin of SARS-CoV-2, its hosts and intermediate hosts, and the mechanism of its transmission across different species of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- 文巧 何
- />南方医科大学公共卫生学院流行病学系,广东 广州 510515Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - 清 陈
- />南方医科大学公共卫生学院流行病学系,广东 广州 510515Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
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30
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Verma AK, Aggarwal R. Repurposing potential of FDA-approved and investigational drugs for COVID-19 targeting SARS-CoV-2 spike and main protease and validation by machine learning algorithm. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 97:836-853. [PMID: 33289334 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to assess the repurposing potential of existing antiviral drug candidates (FDA-approved and investigational) against SARS-CoV-2 target proteins that facilitates viral entry and replication into the host body. To evaluate molecular affinities between antiviral drug candidates and SARS-CoV-2 associated target proteins such as spike protein (S) and main protease (Mpro ), a molecular interaction simulation was performed by docking software (MVD) and subsequently the applicability score was calculated by machine learning algorithm. Furthermore, the STITCH algorithm was used to predict the pharmacology network involving multiple pathways of active drug candidate(s). Pharmacophore features of active drug(s) molecule was also determined to predict structure-activity relationship (SAR). The molecular interaction analysis showed that cordycepin has strong binding affinities with S protein (-180) and Mpro proteins (-205) which were relatively highest among other drug candidates used. Interestingly, compounds with low IC50 showed high binding energy. Furthermore, machine learning algorithm also revealed high applicability scores (0.42-0.47) of cordycepin. It is worth mentioning that the pharmacology network depicted the involvement of cordycepin in different pathways associated with bacterial and viral diseases including tuberculosis, hepatitis B, influenza A, viral myocarditis, and herpes simplex infection. The embedded pharmacophore features with cordycepin also suggested strong SAR. Cordycepin's anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity indicated 65% (E-gene) and 42% (N-gene) viral replication inhibition after 48h of treatment. Since, cordycepin has both preclinical and clinical evidences on antiviral activity, in addition the present findings further validate and suggest repurposing potential of cordycepin against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akalesh Kumar Verma
- Cell and Biochemical Technology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Cotton University, Guwahati, India
| | - Rohit Aggarwal
- Cosmic Cordycep Farms, Badarpur Said Tehsil Tigaon, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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Munir K, Ashraf S, Munir I, Khalid H, Muneer MA, Mukhtar N, Amin S, Ashraf S, Imran MA, Chaudhry U, Zaheer MU, Arshad M, Munir R, Ahmad A, Zhao X. Zoonotic and reverse zoonotic events of SARS-CoV-2 and their impact on global health. Emerg Microbes Infect 2020; 9:2222-2235. [PMID: 32967592 PMCID: PMC7594747 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1827984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses (CoVs) are enveloped, positive sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. The viruses have adapted to infect a large number of animal species, ranging from bats to camels. At present, seven CoVs infect humans, of which Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for causing the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in humans. Since its emergence in late 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has spread rapidly across the globe. Healthcare systems around the globe have been stretched beyond their limits posing new challenges to emergency healthcare services and critical care. The outbreak continues to jeopardize human health, social life and economy. All known human CoVs have zoonotic origins. Recent detection of SARS-CoV-2 in pet, zoo and certain farm animals has highlighted its potential for reverse zoonosis. This scenario is particularly alarming, since these animals could be potential reservoirs for secondary zoonotic infections. In this article, we highlight interspecies SARS-CoV-2 infections and focus on the reverse zoonotic potential of this virus. We also emphasize the importance of potential secondary zoonotic events and the One-Health and One-World approach to tackle such future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Munir
- PetLife Veterinary Professional Corporation, NJ, USA
- Department of Pathobiology, Riphah College of Veterinary Sciences, Riphah University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shoaib Ashraf
- Department of Pathobiology, Riphah College of Veterinary Sciences, Riphah University, Lahore, Pakistan
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Isra Munir
- School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hamna Khalid
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
| | - Mohammad Akram Muneer
- Department of Pathobiology, Riphah College of Veterinary Sciences, Riphah University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Shahid Amin
- Animal Hospital of Loves Park, Loves Park, IL, USA
| | - Sohaib Ashraf
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Shaikh Zayed Hospital Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Umer Chaudhry
- ; Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and Roslin Institute, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Muhammad Usman Zaheer
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Country Office, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Rukhsana Munir
- Consultant Emergency Medicine, Russells Hall Hospital, Dudley Group of Hospitals NHS Trust, Dudley, UK
| | - Ali Ahmad
- CHU Sainte-Justine Research Center, Department of Microbiology, Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Animal Sciences, McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
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Gil C, Ginex T, Maestro I, Nozal V, Barrado-Gil L, Cuesta-Geijo MÁ, Urquiza J, Ramírez D, Alonso C, Campillo NE, Martinez A. COVID-19: Drug Targets and Potential Treatments. J Med Chem 2020; 63:12359-12386. [PMID: 32511912 PMCID: PMC7323060 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Currently, humans are immersed in a pandemic caused by the emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which threatens public health worldwide. To date, no drug or vaccine has been approved to treat the severe disease caused by this coronavirus, COVID-19. In this paper, we will focus on the main virus-based and host-based targets that can guide efforts in medicinal chemistry to discover new drugs for this devastating disease. In principle, all CoV enzymes and proteins involved in viral replication and the control of host cellular machineries are potentially druggable targets in the search for therapeutic options for SARS-CoV-2. This Perspective provides an overview of the main targets from a structural point of view, together with reported therapeutic compounds with activity against SARS-CoV-2 and/or other CoVs. Also, the role of innate immune response to coronavirus infection and the related therapeutic options will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Gil
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro
de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiziana Ginex
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro
de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés Maestro
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro
de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Nozal
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro
de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucía Barrado-Gil
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro
de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Cuesta-Geijo
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro
de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Urquiza
- Department of Biotechnology,
Instituto Nacional de Investigación y
Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA),
Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid,
Spain
| | - David Ramírez
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas,
Universidad Autónoma de Chile,
Llano Subercaseaux 2801- piso 6, 7500912 Santiago,
Chile
| | - Covadonga Alonso
- Department of Biotechnology,
Instituto Nacional de Investigación y
Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA),
Ctra. de la Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid,
Spain
| | - Nuria E. Campillo
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro
de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Martinez
- Centro de Investigaciones
Biológicas Margarita Salas (CSIC), Ramiro
de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Akin H, Kurt R, Tufan F, Swi A, Ozaras R, Tahan V, Hammoud G. Newly Reported Studies on the Increase in Gastrointestinal Symptom Prevalence withCOVID-19 Infection: A Comprehensive Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diseases 2020; 8:E41. [PMID: 33182651 PMCID: PMC7709133 DOI: 10.3390/diseases8040041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Although constitutional and respiratory symptoms such as cough and fever are the most common symptoms in patients infected with COVID-19, gastrointestinal (GI) tract involvement has been observed by endoscopic biopsies. Multiple GI symptoms, including diarrhea, nausea or vomiting and abdominal pain, have also been reported. This review aims to present the currently available data regarding the GI symptoms of COVID-19 patients, and to compare the frequency of GI symptoms in early stage (Eastern) mostly Chinese data to the current stage (Western) non-Chinese data. METHODS We performed a systematic literature search to identify both published studies by using PubMed, Google Scholar, and CNKI (Chinese medical search engine), and yet unpublished studies through medRxiv and bioRxiv. We also reviewed the cross references of the detected articles. We conducted a Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) search up until 20 September 2020. We pooled the prevalence of symptoms of diarrhea, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain by using the Freeman-Tukey's transforming random effect model. RESULTS A total of 118 studies were included in the systematic review and 44 of them were included in the meta-analysis. There was a significant heterogeneity between the studies; therefore, the random effects model was used. The pooled prevalence estimate of any GI symptoms reported was found to be 0.21 (95%CI, 0.16-0.27). Anorexia was the most commonly reported GI symptom at 18% (95%CI, 0.10-0.27) followed by diarrhea at 15% (95%CI, 0.12-0.19). Diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea/vomiting, and respiratory symptoms were more common in non-Chinese studies. The prevalence of abdominal pain was lower in the "inpatient-only" studies when compared with studies that included outpatients only and those including both inpatients and outpatients. CONCLUSIONS In this comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis study, we observed higher rates of diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, and abdominal pain in COVID-19 infected patients among non-Chinese studies compared to Chinese studies. We also observed a higher prevalence of GI symptoms in Chinese studies than was reported previously. Non-respiratory symptoms, including GI tract symptoms, should be more thoroughly and carefully evaluated and reported in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Akin
- Birinci International Hospital, Istanbul 34525, Turkey;
| | - Ramazan Kurt
- Sondurak Medical Center, Istanbul 34764, Turkey;
| | - Fatih Tufan
- Independent Investigator, Istanbul 34107, Turkey;
| | - Ahmed Swi
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (A.S.); (G.H.)
| | - Resat Ozaras
- Medilife International Hospital, Istanbul 34523, Turkey;
| | - Veysel Tahan
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (A.S.); (G.H.)
| | - Ghassan Hammoud
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; (A.S.); (G.H.)
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Kumar D, Chauhan G, Kalra S, Kumar B, Gill MS. A perspective on potential target proteins of COVID-19: Comparison with SARS-CoV for designing new small molecules. Bioorg Chem 2020; 104:104326. [PMID: 33142431 PMCID: PMC7524440 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.104326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) epidemic has created an unprecedented medical and economic crisis all over the world. SARS-CoV-2 is found to have more contagious character as compared to MERS-CoV and is spreading in a very fast manner all around the globe. It has affected over 31 million people all over the world till date. This virus shares around 80% of genome similarity with SARS-CoV. In this perspective, we have explored three major targets namely; SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein, RNA dependent RNA polymerase, and 3CL or Mpro Protease for the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2. These targets have attracted attention of the medicinal chemists working on computer-aided drug design in developing new small molecules that might inhibit these targets for combating COVID-19 disease. Moreover, we have compared the similarity of these target proteins with earlier reported coronavirus (SARS-CoV). We have observed that both the coronaviruses share around 80% similarity in their amino acid sequence. The key amino acid interactions which can play a crucial role in designing new small molecule inhibitors against COVID-19 have been reported in this perspective. Authors believe that this study will help the medicinal chemists to understand the key amino acids essential for interactions at the active site of target proteins in SARS-CoV-2, based on their similarity with earlier reported viruses. In this review, we have also described the lead molecules under various clinical trials for their efficacy against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Gaurav Chauhan
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501 Sur, 64849 Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Sourav Kalra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Sector 67, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Bhupinder Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ISF College of Pharmacy, Ghal Kalan, G.T Road, Moga, Punjab 142001, India.
| | - Manjinder Singh Gill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Process Chemistry), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Sector 67, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India.
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35
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Frydman GH, Streiff MB, Connors JM, Piazza G. The Potential Role of Coagulation Factor Xa in the Pathophysiology of COVID-19: A Role for Anticoagulants as Multimodal Therapeutic Agents. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 4:e288-e299. [PMID: 33043235 PMCID: PMC7541169 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1718415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) results in local and systemic activation of inflammation and coagulation. In this review article, we will discuss the potential role of coagulation factor Xa (FXa) in the pathophysiology of COVID-19. FXa, a serine protease, has been shown to play a role in the cleavage of SARS-CoV-1 spike protein (SP), with the inhibition of FXa resulting in the inhibition of viral infectivity. FX is known to be primarily produced in the liver, but it is also expressed by multiple cells types, including alveolar epithelium, cardiac myocytes, and macrophages. Considering that patients with preexisting conditions, including cardiopulmonary disease, are at an increased risk of severe COVID-19, we discuss the potential role of increased levels of FX in these patients, resulting in a potential increased propensity to have a higher infectious rate and viral load, increased activation of coagulation and inflammation, and development of fibrosis. With these observations in mind, we postulate as to the potential therapeutic role of FXa inhibitors as a prophylactic and therapeutic treatment for high-risk patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit H Frydman
- Coagulo Medical Technologies, Inc., Auburndale, Massachusetts, United States.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States.,Division of Trauma, Emergency Surgery and Surgical Critical Care, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Michael B Streiff
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States
| | - Jean M Connors
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Gregory Piazza
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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36
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Single cell sequencing unraveling genetic basis of severe COVID19 in obesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 20:100303. [PMID: 32995660 PMCID: PMC7513689 DOI: 10.1016/j.obmed.2020.100303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 has shown a substantial variation in the rate and severity by which it impacts different demographic groups. Specifically, it has shown a predilection towards obese patients as well as well as other vulnerable groups including predilection of males over females, old age over young age and black races over Caucasian ones. Single cell sequencing studies have highlighted the role of cell polarity and the co-expression of proteases, such as Furin, along with ACE2 in the genesis of coronavirus disease rather than exclusively link tissue involvement with ACE2 levels thought previously. It has also forged a connection between the genetic and immune cellular mechanisms underlying COVID infection and the inflammatory state of obese patients, offering a more accurate explanation as to why obese patients are at increased risk of poor COVID outcomes. These commonalities encompass macrophage phenotype switching, genetic expression switching, and overexpression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, depletion of the regulatory cytokines, in situ T cell proliferation, and T cell exhaustion. These findings demonstrate the necessity of single cell sequencing as a rapid means to identify and treat those who are most likely to need hospital admission and intensive care, in the hopes of precision medicine. Furthermore, this study underlines the use of immune modulators such as Leptin sensitizers, rather than immune suppressors as anti-inflammation therapies to switch the inflammatory response from a drastic immunological type 1 response to a beneficial type 2 effective one.
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Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) not only causes pulmonary inflammation but also causes multiple organ damages, including the kidney. ACE2, as one of the receptors for SARS-CoV-2 intrusion, is widely distributed in kidney tissues. Currently, the diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are still unclear. Here, we review the recent findings of characteristics of COVID-19 in CKD patients and highlight the possible mechanisms of kidney injury caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection. We then discuss the emerging therapeutic approaches aimed at reducing kidney damage and protecting kidney function including virus removal, immunotherapy, supporting treatment, special blood purification therapy, etc. Problems unresolved and challenges ahead are also discussed.
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38
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Caccuri F, Zani A, Messali S, Giovanetti M, Bugatti A, Campisi G, Filippini F, Scaltriti E, Ciccozzi M, Fiorentini S, Caruso A. A persistently replicating SARS-CoV-2 variant derived from an asymptomatic individual. J Transl Med 2020; 18:362. [PMID: 32967693 PMCID: PMC7509824 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-020-02535-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since the first outbreak of SARS-CoV-2, the clinical characteristics of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been progressively changed. Data reporting a viral intra-host and inter-host evolution favouring the appearance of mild SARS-CoV-2 strains are since being accumulating. To better understand the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity and its adaptation to the host, it is therefore crucial to investigate the genetic and phenotypic characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 strains circulating lately in the epidemic. METHODS Nasopharyngeal swabs have been analyzed for viral load in the early (March 2020) and late (May 2020) phases of epidemic in Brescia, Italy. Isolation of SARS-CoV-2 from 2 high viral load specimens identified on March 9 (AP66) and on May 8 (GZ69) was performed on Vero E6 cells. Amount of virus released was assessed by quantitative PCR. Genotypic characterization of AP66 and GZ69 was performed by next generation sequencing followed by an in-depth in silico analysis of nucleotide mutations. RESULTS The SARS-CoV-2 GZ69 strain, isolated in May from an asymptomatic healthcare worker, showed an unprecedented capability of replication in Vero E6 cells in the absence of any evident cytopathic effect. Vero E6 subculturing, up to passage 4, showed that SARS-CoV-2 GZ69 infection was as productive as the one sustained by the cytopathic strain AP66. Whole genome sequencing of the persistently replicating SARS-CoV-2 GZ69 has shown that this strain differs from the early AP66 variant in 9 nucleotide positions (C2939T; C3828T; G21784T; T21846C; T24631C; G28881A; G28882A; G28883C; G29810T) which lead to 6 non-synonymous substitutions spanning on ORF1ab (P892S; S1188L), S (K74N; I95T) and N (R203K, G204R) proteins. CONCLUSIONS Identification of the peculiar SARS-CoV-2 GZ69 strain in the late Italian epidemic highlights the need to better characterize viral variants circulating among asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic individuals. The current approach could unravel the ways for future studies aimed at analyzing the selection process which favours viral mutations in the human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Caccuri
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alberto Zani
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Serena Messali
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Flavivirus Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonella Bugatti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Campisi
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Filippini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Erika Scaltriti
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Ciccozzi
- Unit of Medical Statistics and Molecular Epidemiology, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Fiorentini
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Arnaldo Caruso
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Section of Microbiology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
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Shahzad F, Shahzad U, Fareed Z, Iqbal N, Hashmi SH, Ahmad F. Asymmetric nexus between temperature and COVID-19 in the top ten affected provinces of China: A current application of quantile-on-quantile approach. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 736:139115. [PMID: 32470687 PMCID: PMC7194057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study examines the asymmetrical effect of temperature on COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease) from 22 January 2020 to 31 March 2020 in the 10 most affected provinces in China. This study used the Sim & Zhou' quantile-on-quantile (QQ) approach to analyze how the temperature quantities affect the different quantiles of COVID-19. Daily COVID-19 and, temperature data collected from the official websites of the Chinese National Health Commission and Weather Underground Company (WUC) respectively. Empirical results have shown that the relationship between temperature and COVID-19 is mostly positive for Hubei, Hunan, and Anhui, while mostly negative for Zhejiang and Shandong provinces. The remaining five provinces Guangdong, Henan, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, and Heilongjiang are showing the mixed trends. These differences among the provinces can be explained by the differences in the number of COVID-19 cases, temperature, and the province's overall hospital facilitations. The study concludes that maintaining a safe and comfortable atmosphere for patients while COVID-19 is being treated may be rational.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farrukh Shahzad
- School of Economics and Management, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Guangdong, China.
| | - Umer Shahzad
- Institute of Guangdong Economy & Social Development, Guangdong University of Finance and Economics (GDUFE), 510320 Guangzhou, China; School of Economics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zeeshan Fareed
- School of Business, Huzhou University, Huzhou City, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Najaf Iqbal
- College of Economics and Management, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, China
| | | | - Fayyaz Ahmad
- School of Economics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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40
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Lee DJ, Lockwood J, Das P, Wang R, Grinspun E, Lee JM. Self-reported anosmia and dysgeusia as key symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019. CAN J EMERG MED 2020; 22:595-602. [PMID: 32507123 PMCID: PMC7308595 DOI: 10.1017/cem.2020.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To slow down the transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), it is important to identify specific symptoms for effective screening. While anosmia/hyposmia and dysgeusia/ageusia have been identified as highly prevalent symptoms, there are wide geographic variations, necessitating the regional evaluation of the prevalence of the symptoms. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed to evaluate the self-reported symptoms among adults (over 18 years old) who underwent COVID-19 tests at an ambulatory assessment centre. We identified 1,345 patients (102 positive and 1,243 negative) who visited the assessment centre between March 16 and April 15, 2020. We randomly sampled negative patients in a 1:3 ratio. The primary outcome was the prevalence of self-reported anosmia/hyposmia and dysgeusia/ageusia. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association between COVID-19 positivity and loss of smell and taste. RESULTS Fifty-six of 102 (50%) positive patients and 72 of 306 (23.5%) negative patients completed the survey. Anosmia/hyposmia and dysgeusia/ageusia were more prevalent among COVID-19 positive patients (41.1% v. 4.2%, p < 0.001 for smell and 46.4% v. 5.6%, p < 0.001 for taste). Anosmia/hyposmia and dysgeusia/ageusia were independently highly associated with COVID-19 positivity (adjusted odds ratios 14.4 and 11.4 for smell and taste, respectively). CONCLUSION In this Canadian study, smell and taste loss may be key symptoms of COVID-19. This evidence can be helpful in the clinical diagnosis of COVID-19, particularly settings of limited testing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Joel Lockwood
- Department of Emergency Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Paul Das
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - Ri Wang
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka-Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, ON
| | - Eitan Grinspun
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
| | - John M. Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON
- Li Ka-Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON
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Abdullahi IN, Emeribe AU, Ajayi OA, Oderinde BS, Amadu DO, Osuji AI. Implications of SARS-CoV-2 genetic diversity and mutations on pathogenicity of the COVID-19 and biomedical interventions. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2020; 15:258-264. [PMID: 32837505 PMCID: PMC7351386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused an unprecedented global health emergency. The COVID-19 pandemic has claimed over 350,000 human lives within five months of its emergence, especially in the USA and the European continent. This study analysed the implications of the genetic diversity and mutations in SARS-CoV-2 on its virulence diversity and investigated how these factors could affect the successful development and application of antiviral chemotherapy and serodiagnostic test kits, and vaccination. METHODS All the suitable and eligible full text articles published between 31st December 2019 and 31st May 2020 were filtered and extracted from "PubMed", "Scopus", "Web of Science", and "Hinari" and were critically reviewed. We used the Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms "COVID-19, "Mutation", "Genetic diversity", "SARS-CoV-2", "Virulence", "Pathogenicity", "Evolution" and "SARS-CoV-2 transmission" for this search. RESULTS Our search showed that SARS-CoV-2 has persistently undergone significant mutations in various parts of its non-structural proteins (NSPs) especially NSP2 and NSP3, S protein, and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp). In particular, the S protein was found to be the key determinant of evolution, transmission, and virulence of SARS-CoV-2, and could be a potential target for vaccine development. Additionally, RdRp could be a major target in the development of antivirals for the treatment of COVID-19. CONCLUSION Given the critical importance of mutations in the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 and in the development of sero-diagnostics, antivirals, and vaccines, this study recommends continuous molecular surveillance of SARS-CoV-2. This approach would potentially prompt identification of new mutants and their impact on ongoing biomedical interventions and COVID-19 control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris N. Abdullahi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Anthony U. Emeribe
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Onaoluwa A. Ajayi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Services, Ogun State Hospital Management Board, Abeokuta, Nigeria
| | - Bamidele S. Oderinde
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medical Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
| | - Dele O. Amadu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ahaneku I. Osuji
- Department of Medical Laboratory Services, University of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Gwagwalada, Abuja, Nigeria
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Ulrich H, Pillat MM, Tárnok A. Dengue Fever, COVID-19 (SARS-CoV-2), and Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE): A Perspective. Cytometry A 2020; 97:662-667. [PMID: 32506725 PMCID: PMC7300451 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and recurrent dengue epidemics in tropical countries have turned into a global health threat. While both virus-caused infections may only reveal light symptoms, they can also cause severe diseases. Here, we review the possible antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) occurrence, known for dengue infections, when there is a second infection with a different virus strain. Consequently, preexisting antibodies do not neutralize infection, but enhance it, possibly by triggering Fcγ receptor-mediated virus uptake. No clinical data exist indicating such mechanism for SARS-CoV-2, but previous coronavirus infections or infection of SARS-CoV-2 convalescent with different SARS-CoV-2 strains could promote ADE, as experimentally shown for antibodies against the MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV spike S protein. © 2020 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning Ulrich
- Department of BiochemistryInstitute of Chemistry, University of São PauloSão PauloBrazil
| | - Micheli M. Pillat
- Department of Microbiology and ParasitologyHealth Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa MariaSanta MariaRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Attila Tárnok
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Epidemiology (IMISE), University of LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Department of Therapy ValidationFraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology IZILeipzigGermany
- Department of Precision InstrumentTsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
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43
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Stawicki SP, Jeanmonod R, Miller AC, Paladino L, Gaieski DF, Yaffee AQ, De Wulf A, Grover J, Papadimos TJ, Bloem C, Galwankar SC, Chauhan V, Firstenberg MS, Di Somma S, Jeanmonod D, Garg SM, Tucci V, Anderson HL, Fatimah L, Worlton TJ, Dubhashi SP, Glaze KS, Sinha S, Opara IN, Yellapu V, Kelkar D, El-Menyar A, Krishnan V, Venkataramanaiah S, Leyfman Y, Saoud Al Thani HA, WB Nanayakkara P, Nanda S, Cioè-Peña E, Sardesai I, Chandra S, Munasinghe A, Dutta V, Dal Ponte ST, Izurieta R, Asensio JA, Garg M. The 2019-2020 Novel Coronavirus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2) Pandemic: A Joint American College of Academic International Medicine-World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine Multidisciplinary COVID-19 Working Group Consensus Paper. J Glob Infect Dis 2020; 12:47-93. [PMID: 32773996 PMCID: PMC7384689 DOI: 10.4103/jgid.jgid_86_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
What started as a cluster of patients with a mysterious respiratory illness in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, was later determined to be coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The pathogen severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel Betacoronavirus, was subsequently isolated as the causative agent. SARS-CoV-2 is transmitted by respiratory droplets and fomites and presents clinically with fever, fatigue, myalgias, conjunctivitis, anosmia, dysgeusia, sore throat, nasal congestion, cough, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, and/or diarrhea. In most critical cases, symptoms can escalate into acute respiratory distress syndrome accompanied by a runaway inflammatory cytokine response and multiorgan failure. As of this article's publication date, COVID-19 has spread to approximately 200 countries and territories, with over 4.3 million infections and more than 290,000 deaths as it has escalated into a global pandemic. Public health concerns mount as the situation evolves with an increasing number of infection hotspots around the globe. New information about the virus is emerging just as rapidly. This has led to the prompt development of clinical patient risk stratification tools to aid in determining the need for testing, isolation, monitoring, ventilator support, and disposition. COVID-19 spread is rapid, including imported cases in travelers, cases among close contacts of known infected individuals, and community-acquired cases without a readily identifiable source of infection. Critical shortages of personal protective equipment and ventilators are compounding the stress on overburdened healthcare systems. The continued challenges of social distancing, containment, isolation, and surge capacity in already stressed hospitals, clinics, and emergency departments have led to a swell in technologically-assisted care delivery strategies, such as telemedicine and web-based triage. As the race to develop an effective vaccine intensifies, several clinical trials of antivirals and immune modulators are underway, though no reliable COVID-19-specific therapeutics (inclusive of some potentially effective single and multi-drug regimens) have been identified as of yet. With many nations and regions declaring a state of emergency, unprecedented quarantine, social distancing, and border closing efforts are underway. Implementation of social and physical isolation measures has caused sudden and profound economic hardship, with marked decreases in global trade and local small business activity alike, and full ramifications likely yet to be felt. Current state-of-science, mitigation strategies, possible therapies, ethical considerations for healthcare workers and policymakers, as well as lessons learned for this evolving global threat and the eventual return to a "new normal" are discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislaw P Stawicki
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - Rebecca Jeanmonod
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - Andrew C Miller
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
| | - Lorenzo Paladino
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - David F Gaieski
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - Anna Q Yaffee
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
| | - Annelies De Wulf
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
| | - Joydeep Grover
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - Thomas J. Papadimos
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
| | - Christina Bloem
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
| | - Sagar C Galwankar
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - Vivek Chauhan
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - Michael S. Firstenberg
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - Salvatore Di Somma
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - Donald Jeanmonod
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - Sona M Garg
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
| | - Veronica Tucci
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
| | - Harry L Anderson
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - Lateef Fatimah
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - Tamara J Worlton
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
| | | | - Krystal S Glaze
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
| | - Sagar Sinha
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - Ijeoma Nnodim Opara
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
| | - Vikas Yellapu
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
| | - Dhanashree Kelkar
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - Ayman El-Menyar
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - Vimal Krishnan
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - S Venkataramanaiah
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - Yan Leyfman
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
| | | | | | - Sudip Nanda
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
| | - Eric Cioè-Peña
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
| | - Indrani Sardesai
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - Shruti Chandra
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - Aruna Munasinghe
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - Vibha Dutta
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - Silvana Teixeira Dal Ponte
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
| | - Ricardo Izurieta
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
| | - Juan A Asensio
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
| | - Manish Garg
- Working Group on International Health Security, The American College of Academic International Academic Medicine, USA
- COVID-19 Pandemic Taskforce, World Academic Council of Emergency Medicine, USA
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