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Ortiz M, Esteban MÁ. Biology and functions of fish thrombocytes: A review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 148:109509. [PMID: 38493985 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
This comprehensive review examines the role of fish thrombocytes, cells considered functionally analogous to platelets in terms of coagulation, but which differ in their origin and morphology. Despite the evolutionary distance between teleosts and mammals, genomic studies reveal conserved patterns in blood coagulation, although there are exceptions such as the absence of factors belonging to the contact system. Beyond coagulation, fish thrombocytes have important immunological functions. These cells express both proinflammatory genes and genes involved in antigen presentation, suggesting a role in both innate and adaptive immune responses. Moreover, having demonstrated their phagocytic abilities, crucial in the fight against pathogenic microorganisms, underscores their multifaceted involvement in immunity. Finally, the need for further research on the functions of these cells is highlighted, in order to better understand their involvement in maintaining the health of aquaculture fish. The use of standardized and automated methods for the analysis of these activities is advocated, emphaiszing their potential to facilitate the early detection of stress or infection, thus minimizing the economic losses that these adverse situations can generate in the field of aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ortiz
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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2
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Ucar A, Günay A, Parlak V, Yeltekin AC, Ozgeris FB, Turkez H, Alak G, Atamanalp M. Modulatory role ulexit against thiamethoxam-induced hematotoxicity/hepatotoxicity oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in Oncorhynchusmykiss. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 193:106294. [PMID: 38096712 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/02/2024]
Abstract
Contamination of the aquatic environment with different insecticides is a major concern in the aquatic ecosystem today. For this reason, in the designed study, Thiamethoxam (TMX) for which there is limited information on its negative effects on Oncorhynchus mykiss was investigated, its effects on hematotoxicity, oxidative status, cytotoxicity, DNA damage and apoptotic status indicators in blood/liver tissue. However, the antitoxic potential of ulexite (UX) supplementation in the elimination of TMX-mediated toxicity has been determined. LC50-96h value determined for TMX 0.73 mg/L has been determined. As a result of hematology profile, TMX application, RBC, Hgb and Hct values showed a temporal decrease compared to the control group, while increases were determined in MCV, MCH and MCHC values. It was determined that the inhibition/induction of hematological parameters was slowed down by adding UX to the medium. During the trial (48th and 96th hours), it was noted that TMX induced cortisol level, while UX supplementation slowed this induction at 48th hour. Antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly inhibited by TMX application, and MDA and MPO values increased as a result of the stimulation of ROS. It was determined that UX added to the medium showed activity in favor of antioxidants and tried to inhibit MDA and MPO levels. When Nrf-2, one of the inflammation parameters, was compared with the administration and control groups, it was determined that it inhibited depending on time, TNF-α, IL-6, DNA damage and apoptosis were induced, and UX suppressed this situation. The results obtained were evaluated as statistically meaningful. Briefly, it was determined that TMX induced oxidative damage in all tissues at 48th - 96th hours, whereas UX mitigated this situation. The results provide possible in vivo evidence that UX supplements can reduce TMX-mediated oxidative stress and tissues damage in O. mykiss blood and liver tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Ucar
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye.
| | - Ayşe Günay
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Veysel Parlak
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye; Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Aslı Cilingir Yeltekin
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Yızüncü Yıl, Van, Türkiye
| | - Fatma Betul Ozgeris
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Atatürk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Gonca Alak
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye; Department of Sea Food Processing, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Muhammed Atamanalp
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Türkiye; Atatürk University, Fisheries Faculty, Türkiye
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3
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Ferdous F, Scott T. The Immunological Capacity of Thrombocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12950. [PMID: 37629130 PMCID: PMC10454457 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombocytes are numerous in the blood of aves (birds) and ichthyoids (fish). The origin of this cell type is a common hematopoietic stem cell giving rise to a cell that is active in blood coagulation, inflammatory functions, and the immune response in general. It has been well documented that thrombocytes can phagocytize small particles and bacteria. While phagocytosis with an associated oxidative burst has been reported for chicken thrombocytes, some questions remain as to the degradation capacity of phagosomes in ichthyoids. As innate cells, thrombocytes can be stimulated by bacterial, viral, and fungal pathogens to express altered gene expression. Furthermore, there have been observations that led researchers to state that platelets/thrombocytes are capable of serving as "professional antigen presenting cells" expressing CD40, CD80/86, MHC I, and MHC II. This indeed may be the case or, more likely at this time, provide supporting evidence that these cells aid and assist in the role of professional antigen-presenting cells to initiate adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Ferdous
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, 9201 University City Blvd., Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Thomas Scott
- Department of Animal & Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, 129 Poole Agricultural Center, Clemson, SC 29634, USA;
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Butrimavičienė L, Nalivaikienė R, Kalcienė V, Rybakovas A. Impact of copper and zinc mixture on haematological parameters of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): acute exposure and recovery. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:873-884. [PMID: 33851333 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02404-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Significant changes in composition of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss blood cells types were induced after 4-days exposure with mixture of Cu2+ and Zn2+ at 0.25, 0.125 and 0.06 parts of LC50 in comparison to control group. The highest concentration of metal mixture (0.25 of LC50) significantly induced elevation of the number of monocytes and poly-segmented neutrophils. Treatment with 0.125 parts of LC50 concentration increased the number of thrombocytes, monocytes and non-segmented neutrophils. The most diluted mixture resulted in significant induction of thrombocytes, monocytes, non- and poly segmented neutrophils. Analysis of leucocyte cell types in the O. mykiss blood samples after 4-days of exposure at all applied mixture parts showed signs of monocytosis and neutrophilia. Comparison of different types of leucocytes' percentages (leukogram) in fish after 4-days exposure to metal mixture and after 4, 8, and 12-days recovery periods showed that, values of neutrophils even after the 12-days recovery period at all tested parts of LC50, and monocytes after exposure with the highest (0.25) used part of LC50 were not restored to control group levels. Depuration and recovery processes in treated fish are concentration and recovery period dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Butrimavičienė
- Nature Research Centre, Institute of Ecology, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania.
| | - Reda Nalivaikienė
- Nature Research Centre, Institute of Ecology, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Virginija Kalcienė
- Vilnius University, Life Sciences Center, Institute of Biosciences, Saulėtekio av. 7, LT-10257, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Aleksandras Rybakovas
- Nature Research Centre, Institute of Ecology, Akademijos Str. 2, LT-08412, Vilnius, Lithuania
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Magrone T, Russo MA, Jirillo E. Dietary Approaches to Attain Fish Health with Special Reference to their Immune System. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:4921-4931. [PMID: 30608037 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190104121544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fish despite their low collocation in the vertebrate phylum possess a complete immune system. In teleost fish both innate and adaptive immune responses have been described with melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) equivalent to mammalian germinal centers. Primary lymphoid organs are represented by the thymus and kidney, while spleen and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues act as secondary lymphoid organs. Functions of either innate immune cells (e.g., macrophages and dendritic cells) or adaptive immune cells (T and B lymphocytes) will be described in detail, even including their products, such as cytokines and antibodies. In spite of a robust immune arsenal, fish are very much exposed to infectious agents (marine bacteria, parasites, fungi, and viruses) and, consequentially, mortality is very much enhanced especially in farmed fish. In fact, in aquaculture stressful events (overcrowding), microbial infections very frequently lead to a high rate of mortality. With the aim to reduce mortality of farmed fish through the reinforcement of their immune status the current trend is to administer natural products together with the conventional feed. Then, in the second part of the present review emphasis will be placed on a series of products, such as prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, β-glucans, vitamins, fatty acids and polyphenols all used to feed farmed fish. With special reference to polyphenols, results of our group using red grape extracts to feed farmed European sea bass will be illustrated. In particular, determination of cytokine production at intestinal and splenic levels, areas of MMCs and development of hepatopancreas will represent the main biomarkers considered. All together, our own data and those of current literature suggests that natural product administration to farmed fish for their beneficial effects may, in part, solve the problem of fish mortality in aquaculture, enhancing their immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo A Russo
- MEBIC Consortium, San Raffaele Open University of Rome and IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
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Delamare-Deboutteville J, Kawasaki M, Zoccola E, Heath CM, Bowater RO, Barnes AC. Interactions of head-kidney leucocytes from giant grouper, Epinephelus lanceolatus, with pathogenic Streptococcus agalactiae strains from marine and terrestrial origins. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 90:250-263. [PMID: 31026501 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B Streptococcus, GBS) is emerging as a genetically diverse species infecting farmed and wild fish, including commercially and culturally important groupers. To better understand how S. agalactiae are pathogenic in fish, we investigated interactions between isolates from fish and terrestrial hosts and the cellular immune system of Queensland grouper Epinephelus lanceolatus using flow cytometry. Adherent head-kidney leucocytes (HKL) from Queensland grouper displayed two main cell populations with distinct forward and side scatter by flow cytometry. The population of smaller and less complex cells (P1) was composed of monocytes, lymphocytes and thrombocytes, while the population of primarily larger and more complex cells (P2) comprised predominantly of macrophages and neutrophils. The cells in P2 had higher phagocytic index and capacity when incubated with fluorescent latex beads. HKL were activated by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) but were unresponsive to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and peptidoglycan (PTG), suggesting the absence of specific receptors on the surface of these cells for these ligands or a requirement for intermediates. In in vitro phagocytosis assays, all fish isolates of GBS activated a respiratory burst in P2 indicated by significant production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Similarly, dog and cat isolates of different serotype and sequence type also induced ROS production in grouper HKL. However, human, crocodile and bovine isolates of GBS did not elicit significant ROS in HKL although they coincided with the highest phagocytic index. This suggests that these strains are capable of quenching ROS production. Terrestrial isolates significantly increased mortality of Queensland grouper leucocytes in vitro, aligned with a more diverse repertoire of cellular toxins in these strains. Opsonisation of a marine strain and terrestrial strain of GBS with antiserum raised against the marine strain resulted in an increase in ROS production by HKL in both cases although there was low antigenic cross reactivity between the two strains by flow cytometry, reflecting their diverse serotypes (Ib vs III). However, pre-incubation of either strain with normal serum from grouper also increased ROS production of HKL suggesting other opsonins may be involved. Based on these results it appears that piscine and terrestrial GBS isolates have contrasting strategies when interacting with the cellular immune system of Queensland grouper; the former seemingly evading phagocytosis, whilst the latter are readily phagocytosed but counteract ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Delamare-Deboutteville
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine Science, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Minami Kawasaki
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine Science, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Emmanuelle Zoccola
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine Science, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Candice M Heath
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine Science, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Rachel O Bowater
- Biosecurity Queensland (North Region), Department of Agriculture and Fisheries, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andrew C Barnes
- The University of Queensland, School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Marine Science, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia.
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7
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Burgos-Aceves MA, Lionetti L, Faggio C. Multidisciplinary haematology as prognostic device in environmental and xenobiotic stress-induced response in fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 670:1170-1183. [PMID: 31018433 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The variations of haematological parameters hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, leukocyte and erythrocyte count have been used as pollution and physiological indicators of organic dysfunction in both environmental and aquaculture studies. These parameters are commonly applied as prognostic and diagnostic tools in fish health status. However, there are both extrinsic and intrinsic factors to consider when performing a blood test, because a major limitation for field researchers is that the "rules" for animal or human haematology do not always apply to wildlife. The main objective of this review is to show how some environmental and xenobiotic factors are capable to modulating the haematic cells. Visualizing the strengths and limitations of a haematological analysis in the health assessment of wild and culture fish. Finally, we point out the importance of the use of mitochondrial activities as part of haematological evaluations associated to environment or aquaculture stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Alberto Burgos-Aceves
- Departament of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Lillà Lionetti
- Departament of Chemistry and Biology, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166 Messina, Italy.
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8
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da Silva EB, da Silva Corrêa SA, de Souza Abessa DM, da Silva BFX, Rivero DHRF, Seriani R. Mucociliary transport, differential white blood cells, and cyto-genotoxicity in peripheral erythrocytes in fish from a polluted urban pond. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:2683-2690. [PMID: 29134526 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study evaluated the water quality of a polluted pond through the analysis of in vitro mucociliary transport, hematological parameters, and biomarkers of cyto-genotoxicity in the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Blood and mucus samples were collected from ten specimens from the polluted pond and from ten specimens from a control area. The fish were anesthetized with 3% benzocaine, mucus was collected directly from the gills, and blood was drawn from the caudal artery. Blood smears were stained using the May-Grünwald Giemsa process for the differential leukocyte counts and to determine the frequency of leukocytes, thrombocytes, erythroblasts, micronuclei, and nuclear abnormalities. The results revealed low transportability in vitro, a high percentage of monocytes and eosinophils, and increased frequency of leukocytes and nuclear abnormalities in fish from the polluted pond. However, the frequency of thrombocytes and erythroblasts and the percentage of lymphocytes and neutrophils were significantly lower. It is possible to conclude that changes in fish are due to poor water quality and that these non-destructive biomarkers can be used for the biomonitoring of aquatic environments vulnerable to contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edison Bezerra da Silva
- Pós-Graduacão em Ecogestão, Campus Paraíso, Universidade Paulista-UNIP, São Paulo, Brazil
- Escola Municipal de Ensino Fundamental Olavo Fontoura, Prefeitura do Município de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Denis Moledo de Souza Abessa
- Campus do Litoral Paulista-Núcleo de Estudos em Poluição e Ecotoxicologia Aquática, Universidade Estadual Paulista-UNESP, São Vicente, Brazil
| | | | - Dolores Helena Rodriguez Ferreira Rivero
- Faculdade das Américas-FAM, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório de Investigação Médica LIM05, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 1°andar, sala 1150, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robson Seriani
- Faculdade das Américas-FAM, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Laboratório de Investigação Médica LIM05, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo 455, 1°andar, sala 1150, Cerqueira César, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Marino F, Di Caro G, Gugliandolo C, Spanò A, Faggio C, Genovese G, Morabito M, Russo A, Barreca D, Fazio F, Santulli A. Preliminary Study on the In vitro and In vivo Effects of Asparagopsis taxiformis Bioactive Phycoderivates on Teleosts. Front Physiol 2016; 7:459. [PMID: 27826246 PMCID: PMC5078491 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Several compounds from marine organisms have been studied for their potential use in aquaculture. Among the red algae, Asparagopsis taxiformis is considered one of the most promising species for the production of bioactive metabolites with numerous proposed applications. Here, the in vitro antibacterial activity, the easy handling and the absence of adverse effects on marine fish species are reported. Depending on the seasonal period of sampling, ethanol extracts of A. taxiformis exhibited significantly different inhibitory activity against fish pathogenic bacteria. The extract obtained in late spring showed strong antibacterial activity against Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida, Vibrio alginolyticus, and V. vulnificus, and moderate activity against Photobacterium damselae subsp. damselae, P. damselae subsp. piscicida, V. harveyi and V. parahaemolyticus. Sea bass and gilthead sea bream were fed with pellets supplied with the alga and algal extracts. The absence of undesired effects on fish was demonstrated. Hematological and biochemical investigations allowed to confirm that the whole alga and its extracts could be proposed for a future application in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | | | - Concetta Gugliandolo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Antonio Spanò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Genovese
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Marina Morabito
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Annamaria Russo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Davide Barreca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Francesco Fazio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of MessinaMessina, Italy
| | - Andrea Santulli
- Laboratory of Marine Biochemistry and Ecotoxixology, Department of Earth and Sea Sciences, University of PalermoTrapani, Italy
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Nagasawa T, Nakayasu C, Rieger AM, Barreda DR, Somamoto T, Nakao M. Phagocytosis by Thrombocytes is a Conserved Innate Immune Mechanism in Lower Vertebrates. Front Immunol 2014; 5:445. [PMID: 25278940 PMCID: PMC4165319 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombocytes, nucleated hemostatic blood cells of non-mammalian vertebrates, are regarded as the functional equivalent of anucleated mammalian platelets. Additional immune functions, including phagocytosis, have also been suggested for thrombocytes, but no conclusive molecular or cellular experimental evidence for their potential ingestion and clearance of infiltrating microbes has been provided till date. In the present study, we demonstrate the active phagocytic ability of thrombocytes in lower vertebrates using teleost fishes and amphibian models. Ex vivo, common carp thrombocytes were able to ingest live bacteria as well as latex beads (0.5-3 μm in diameter) and kill the bacteria. In vivo, we found that thrombocytes represented nearly half of the phagocyte population in the common carp total peripheral blood leukocyte pool. Phagocytosis efficiency was further enhanced by serum opsonization. Particle internalization led to phagolysosome fusion and killing of internalized bacteria, pointing to a robust ability for microbe elimination. We find that this potent phagocytic activity is shared across teleost (Paralichthys olivaceus) and amphibian (Xenopus laevis) models examined, implying its conservation throughout the lower vertebrate lineage. Our results provide novel insights into the dual nature of thrombocytes in the immune and homeostatic response and further provide a deeper understanding of the potential immune function of mammalian platelets based on the conserved and vestigial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Nagasawa
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Chihaya Nakayasu
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Fisheries Research Agency, Minami-Ise, Japan
| | - Aja M. Rieger
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Daniel R. Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Tomonori Somamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miki Nakao
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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11
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Azevedo C, Matos P, Rocha S, Matos E, Oliveira E, Al-Quraishy S, Casal G. Ultrastructure of novel thrombocytes in the dog snapper Lutjanus jocu. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2014; 84:865-871. [PMID: 24602039 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Myxosporean cysts containing spores of Henneguya sp. were observed in the gills of the dog snapper Lutjanus jocu. Adjacent to the cysts were capillaries, allowing observation of peripheral blood cells. Numerous white blood cells displaying uncommon cytoplasmic projections were observed amongst the erythrocytes. Their morphology allowed them to be identified as thrombocytes (TCs). Each TC displayed 18-26 cytoplasmic projections, most of which were in close proximity to erythrocytes. At their apical end, each cytoplasmic projection presented an ellipsoidal vacuole (c. 0·6 µm × 0·3 µm) from which a secretory tubule, 0·3-0·4 µm long and c. 120 nm in total diameter, extended towards the periphery of the TC plasmalemma and fused with the cellular membrane. From this opening, contents of vacuoles were apparently released into the lumen of the capillaries. Other vacuoles with similar features, and containing an electron-lucent matrix, were observed in the cytoplasm of the TC. This is the first description of fish TC with these ultrastructural features and organization, which suggest that they perform a secretory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Azevedo
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS/UP), University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Laboratory of Pathology, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR/UP), University of Porto, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal; Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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12
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Castro MP, Claudiano GS, Petrillo TR, Shimada MT, Belo MAA, Marzocchi-Machado CM, Moraes JRE, Manrique GW, Moraes FR. Acute aerocystitis in Nile tilapia bred in net cages and supplemented with chromium carbochelate and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 36:284-290. [PMID: 24309138 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Oreochromis niloticus bred in net cages were supplemented with cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Sc) (0.3%) or chromium carbochelate (Cr) (18 mg/kg of feed) or in association (Sc + Cr), for 90 days. After this period, acute inflammation was induced in the swim bladder by inoculation of 3 × 10(8) CFU of inactivated Streptococcus agalactiae, and another group received 0.65% saline solution (control). Twelve, 24, and 48 h after stimulation, the inflammation was evaluated through total and differential counting of accumulated cells, and through leukocyte respiratory burst in the blood, cortisolemia, glycemia and serum lysozyme concentration. The results showed that there were greater total numbers of cells in the exudate of fish inoculated with inactivated bacterium than in those injected with saline solution, with predominance of lymphocytes, thrombocytes, macrophages and granulocytes. Tilapia supplemented with Cr presented increased total numbers of cells with significant accumulation of lymphocytes and reductions in cortisolemia and glycemia, but the different treatments did not have any influence on leukocyte respiratory burst or serum lysozyme concentration. Tilapia supplemented with Sc and the Cr + Sc association did not present significant changes to the variables evaluated, despite higher accumulation of lymphocytes in the inflammatory exudate from fish treated with Sc. The results indicate that tilapia bred in net cages and supplemented with Cr presented higher total accumulation of cells at the inflammatory focus, thus indicating an increase in the inflammatory response induced by the bacterium, probably due to the reduction in cortisolemia and higher glucose consumption. Thus, supplementation with Cr had beneficial action, which facilitated development of acute inflammation induced by the bacterium, but did not affect neither leukocyte respiratory burst in the blood nor serum lysozyme concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcello P Castro
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, km 05, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo S Claudiano
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, km 05, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Thalita R Petrillo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, km 05, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Marina Tie Shimada
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, km 05, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Marco A A Belo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, km 05, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Cleni M Marzocchi-Machado
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, Ribeirão Preto School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Av. do Café s/n, Monte Alegre, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Julieta R E Moraes
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, km 05, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - G Wilson Manrique
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, km 05, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Flávio R Moraes
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Via Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, km 05, Jaboticabal, SP 14884-900, Brazil.
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Pereira BF, Da Silva Alves RM, Pitol DL, Senhorini JA, De Cássia Gimenes De Alcântara Roch R, Caetano FH. Effects of exposition to polluted environments on blood cells of the fish Prochilodus lineatus. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 75:571-5. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.21093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Sadauskas-Henrique H, Sakuragui MM, Paulino MG, Fernandes MN. Using condition factor and blood variable biomarkers in fish to assess water quality. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 181:29-42. [PMID: 21152972 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The condition factor and blood variables, including erythrocyte lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), in two ecologically distinct fish species (Astyanax fasciatus and Pimelodus maculatus) were evaluated at five sites in the Furnas Hydroelectric Power Station reservoir (Brazil) to assess water quality. Aldrin/dieldrin, endosulfan, heptachlor epoxide, and metolachlor were detected at different concentrations in four of the sites. Condition factor was not directly affected by such contaminants. A negative correlation between hematocrit and heptachlor was detected in P. maculatus. Positive correlations between red blood cells and heptachlor as well as an interactive effect of metolachlor and aldrin/dieldrin were detected in A. fasciatus. The erythrocytes of both species collected from the contaminated sites showed high levels of LPO, an increase in SOD and GPx activities and a decrease in CAT activity. Although the leukocyte number and the differential percentage of leukocytes varied among the sites, the hematological variables, the LPO levels, and the antioxidant enzyme activities could be used to assess water quality, regardless of the differences in the responses of the fish species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Sadauskas-Henrique
- Physiological Sciences Department, Federal University of São Carlos, Rodovia Washington Luiz, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
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15
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Umasuthan N, Whang I, Kim JO, Oh MJ, Jung SJ, Choi CY, Yeo SY, Lee JH, Noh JK, Lee J. Rock bream (Oplegnathus fasciatus) serpin, protease nexin-1: transcriptional analysis and characterization of its antiprotease and anticoagulant activities. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 35:785-798. [PMID: 21419793 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2011.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Protease nexin-1 (PN-1) is a serine protease inhibitor (SERPIN) protein with functional roles in growth, development, patho-physiology and injury. Here, we report our work to clone, analyze the expression profile and characterize the properties of the PN-1 gene in rock bream (Rb), Oplegnathus fasciatus. RbPN-1 encodes a peptide of 397 amino acids (AA) with a predicted molecular mass of 44 kDa and a 23 AA signal peptide. RbPN-1 protein was found to harbor a characteristic SERPIN domain comprised of a SERPIN signature and having sequence homology to vertebrate PN-1s. The greatest identity (85%) was observed with PN-1 from the three-spined stickleback fish, Gasterosteus aculeatus. The functional domains, including a heparin binding site and reactive centre loop were conserved between RbPN-1 and other fish PN-1s; in particular, they were found to correspond to components of the human plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, PAI-1. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that RbPN-1 was closer to homologues of green spotted pufferfish and Japanese pufferfish. Recombinant RbPN-1 demonstrated antiprotease activity against trypsin (48%) and thrombin (89%) in a dose-dependent manner, and its antithrombotic activity was potentiated by heparin. The anticoagulant function prolonged clotting time by 3.7-fold, as compared to the control in an activated partial thromboplastin time assay. Quantitative real-time PCR results indicated that RbPN-1 is transcribed in many endogenous tissues at different levels. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulated a prolonged transcriptional response in hematic cells, and Rb iridovirus up-regulated the RbPN-1 mRNA level in hematic cells to a maximum of 3.4-fold at 12 h post-infection. Interestingly, LPS and Edwardsiella tarda significantly induced the RbPN-1 transcription at the late phase of infection. In vivo studies indicated that injury response caused a temporal suppression in RbPN-1 transcription, in conjunction with that of another SERPIN, rock bream heparin cofactor II, RbHCII. Taken together, our findings suggest that PN-1 functions as an antiprotease and anticoagulant and that SERPINs (PN-1 and HCII) are likely to contribute to immunity and post-injury responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navaneethaiyer Umasuthan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences, School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju Special Self-Governing Province 690-756, Republic of Korea
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16
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Claver JA, Quaglia AI. Comparative Morphology, Development, and Function of Blood Cells in Nonmammalian Vertebrates. J Exot Pet Med 2009. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jepm.2009.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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17
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Passantino L, Massaro MA, Jirillo F, Di Modugno D, Ribaud MR, Modugno GD, Passantino GF, Jirillo E. Antigenically Activated Avian Erythrocytes Release Cytokine-Like Factors: A Conserved Phylogenetic Function Discovered in Fish. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2008; 29:141-52. [PMID: 17464774 DOI: 10.1080/08923970701284664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Fish erythrocytes are endowed with the ability to produce cytokine like factors when stimulated with Candida albicans (Ca). To evaluate whether similar activities are still conserved in bird erythrocytes (BE), a morphological, cytochemical and immunological evaluation was conducted on peripheral cells in chickens (Gallus gallus). BE form rosettes with monocytes (Mo)-macrophages (MØ), and Mo-MØ according to cytochemical analysis to maintain phagocytic functions across the evolution. Finally, Ca-activated BE release in the supernatants cytokine like-factors that enhance Mo-MØ phagocytosis (interferon-gamma-like activity) and inhibit Mo-MØ migration in agarose (migration inhibitory factor activity). In conclusion, bird erythrocytes, as nonimmune cells, are able to participate in the immune response contributing to the host defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Passantino
- Department of Animal Health and Welfare, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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18
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Dönmez H, Sur E. Hematology and Enzyme Histochemistry of the Peripheral Blood Leucocytes in Rock Partridges (Alectoris graeca). Poult Sci 2008; 87:56-60. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2007-00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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