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Pappoe JA, Opoku-Ansah J, Amuah CLY, Osei-Wusu Adueming P, Sackey SS, Boateng R, Addo JK, Eghan MJ, Mensah-Amoah P, Anderson B. Automatic Classification of Antimalarial Herbal Drugs Exposed to Ultraviolet Radiation from Unexposed Ones Using Laser-Induced Autofluorescence with Chemometric Techniques. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:367-380. [PMID: 37266836 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03281-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Exposure of antimalarial herbal drugs (AMHDs) to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) affects the potency and integrity of the AMHDs. Instant classification of the AMHDs exposed to UVR (UVR-AMHDs) from unexposed ones (Non-UVR-AMHDs) would be beneficial for public health safety, especially in warm regions. For the first time, this work combined laser-induced autofluorescence (LIAF) with chemometric techniques to classify UVR-AMHDs from Non-UVR-AMHDs. LIAF spectra data were recorded from 200 ml of each of the UVR-AMHDs and Non-UVR-AMHDs. To extract useful data from the spectra fingerprint, principal components (PCs) analysis was used. The performance of five chemometric algorithms: random forest (RF), neural network (NN), support vector machine (SVM), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and k-nearest neighbour (KNN), were compared after optimization by validation. The chemometric algorithms showed that KNN, SVM, NN, and RF were superior with a classification accuracy of 100% for UVR-AMHDs while LDA had a classification accuracy of 98.8% after standardization of the spectra data and was used as an input variable for the model. Meanwhile, a classification accuracy of 100% was obtained for KNN, LDA, SVM, and NN when the raw spectra data was used as input except for RF for which a classification accuracy of 99.9% was obtained. Classification accuracy above 99.74 ± 0.26% at 3 PCs in both the training and testing sets were obtained from the chemometric models. The results showed that the LIAF, combined with the chemometric techniques, can be used to classify UVR-AMHDs from Non-UVR-AMHDs for consumer confidence in malaria-prone regions. The technique offers a non-destructive, rapid, and viable tool for identifying UVR-AMHDs in resource-poor countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justice Allotey Pappoe
- Laser and Fibre Optics Centre, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Space Environment, Institute of Basic and Applied Sciences, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Jerry Opoku-Ansah
- Laser and Fibre Optics Centre, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana.
| | - Charles Lloyd Yeboah Amuah
- Laser and Fibre Optics Centre, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Peter Osei-Wusu Adueming
- Laser and Fibre Optics Centre, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Samuel Sonko Sackey
- Laser and Fibre Optics Centre, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Rabbi Boateng
- Laser and Fibre Optics Centre, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Justice Kwaku Addo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Moses Jojo Eghan
- Laser and Fibre Optics Centre, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Patrick Mensah-Amoah
- Laser and Fibre Optics Centre, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Benjamin Anderson
- Laser and Fibre Optics Centre, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
- Department of Physics, School of Physical Sciences, College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
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Adeyoju EO, Ajayi CO, Adepiti AO, Elujoba AA. Comparative in vivo antimalarial activities of aqueous and methanol extracts of MAMA powder - A herbal antimalarial preparation. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 283:114686. [PMID: 34571079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The choice of extraction solvent is a significant consideration in ethnomedicine as optimal extraction could influence the bioactivity of the herbal medicinal product. AIM OF STUDY This study investigated the possible influence of the choice of solvents (methanol and water) for extracting MAMA Powder (MP) against Plasmodium berghei-infected mice to optimize its antimalarial activity and for developing other pharmaceutical dosage forms. MATERIALS AND METHODS Aqueous and methanol extracts of MP, obtained through the decoction and soxhlet methods, respectively, were subjected to liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) for their respective fingerprints. The antimalarial activities of the methanol and aqueous extracts (12.5-100 mg/kg) were evaluated orally using the chemosuppressive test model on chloroquine-sensitive Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. The methanol extract was subjected to the established infection and prophylactic antimalarial tests with chloroquine (10 mg/kg) and pyrimethamine (1.25 mg/kg) as positive controls, respectively. The aqueous extract was investigated in chloroquine-resistant P. berghei using the chemosuppressive (12.5-800 mg/kg) and established infection (25-400 mg/kg) antimalarial models. RESULTS The LC-MS fingerprints of both aqueous and methanol extracts revealed similar indole alkaloid contents. Chemosuppressive activity of the aqueous extract (75.3%) was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the methanol extract (67.6%). In the chloroquine-resistant P. berghei infection experiments, the aqueous extract (400 mg/kg) exhibited significant parasite clearance (72%). CONCLUSION The study concluded that the water extract with higher antimalarial activity could be optimized for chloroquine-resistant malaria and can thus facilitate the production of liquid and solid dosage forms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel O Adeyoju
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Clement O Ajayi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Awodayo O Adepiti
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
| | - Anthony A Elujoba
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria.
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Arnold MSJ, Macdonald JR, Quinn RJ, Skinner-Adams TS, Andrews KT, Fisher GM. Antiplasmodial activity of the natural product compounds alstonine and himbeline. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2021; 16:17-22. [PMID: 33915339 PMCID: PMC8100350 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2021.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by Plasmodium parasites, continues to be a devastating global health issue. Despite a decline in malaria related deaths over the last decade, overall progress has plateaued. Key challenges to malaria prevention and control include the lack of a broadly effective vaccine and parasite drug resistance, including to the current gold standard artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs). New drugs with unique modes of action are therefore a priority for both the treatment and prevention of malaria. Unlike treatment drugs which need to kill parasites quickly to reduce or prevent clinical symptoms, compounds that kill parasites more slowly may be an option for malaria prevention. Natural products and natural product derived compounds have historically been an excellent source of antimalarial drugs, including the artemisinin component of ACTs. In this study, 424 natural product derived compounds were screened for in vitro activity against P. falciparum in assays designed to detect slow action activity, with 46 hit compounds identified as having >50% inhibition at 10 μM. Dose response assays revealed nine compounds with submicromolar activity, with slow action activity confirmed for two compounds, alstonine and himbeline (50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) 0.17 and 0.58 μM, respectively). Both compounds displayed >140-fold better activity against P. falciparum versus two human cell lines (Selectivity Index (SI) >1,111 and > 144, respectively). Importantly, P. falciparum multi-drug resistant lines showed no cross-resistance to alstonine or himbeline, with some resistant lines being more sensitive to these two compounds compared to the drug sensitive line. In addition, alstonine displayed cross-species activity against the zoonotic species, P. knowelsi (IC50 ~1 μM). Outcomes of this study provide a starting point for further investigations into these compounds as antiplasmodial drug candidates and the investigation of their molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S J Arnold
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - J R Macdonald
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - R J Quinn
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - T S Skinner-Adams
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - K T Andrews
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Nathan, Queensland, Australia
| | - G M Fisher
- Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Nathan, Queensland, Australia.
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Creed SM, Gutridge AM, Argade MD, Hennessy MR, Friesen JB, Pauli GF, van Rijn RM, Riley AP. Isolation and Pharmacological Characterization of Six Opioidergic Picralima nitida Alkaloids. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2021; 84:71-80. [PMID: 33326237 PMCID: PMC7932029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.0c01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The seeds of the akuamma tree (Picralima nitida) have been used as a traditional treatment for pain and fever. Previous studies have attributed these effects to a series of indole alkaloids found within the seed extracts; however, these pharmacological studies were significantly limited in scope. Herein, an isolation protocol employing pH-zone-refining countercurrent chromatography was developed to provide six of the akuamma alkaloids in high purity and quantities sufficient for more extensive biological evaluation. Five of these alkaloids, akuammine (1), pseudo-akuammigine (3), akuammicine (4), akuammiline (5), and picraline (6), were evaluated against a panel of >40 central nervous system receptors to identify that their primary targets are the opioid receptors. Detailed in vitro investigations revealed 4 to be a potent kappa opioid receptor agonist, and three alkaloids (1-3) were shown to have micromolar activity at the mu opioid receptor. The mu opioid receptor agonists were further evaluated for analgesic properties but demonstrated limited efficacy in assays of thermal nociception. These findings contradict previous reports of the antinociceptive properties of the P. nitida alkaloids and the traditional use of akuamma seeds as analgesics. Nevertheless, their opioid-preferring activity does suggest the akuamma alkaloids provide distinct scaffolds from which novel opioids with unique pharmacologic properties and therapeutic utility can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone M Creed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Anna M Gutridge
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Malaika D Argade
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Madeline R Hennessy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - J Brent Friesen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacognosy Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Guido F Pauli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmacognosy Institute, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Richard M van Rijn
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Purdue Institute for Drug Discovery, Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience, Purdue Interdisciplinary Life Sciences Graduate Program, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Andrew P Riley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Ungogo MA, Ebiloma GU, Ichoron N, Igoli JO, de Koning HP, Balogun EO. A Review of the Antimalarial, Antitrypanosomal, and Antileishmanial Activities of Natural Compounds Isolated From Nigerian Flora. Front Chem 2020; 8:617448. [PMID: 33425860 PMCID: PMC7786139 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.617448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The West African country Nigeria features highly diverse vegetation and climatic conditions that range from rain forest bordering the Atlantic Ocean in the South to the Desert (Sahara) at the Northern extreme. Based on data from the World Conservation Monitoring Center of the United Nations Environmental Protection, Nigeria, with ~5,000 documented vascular plants, ranks amongst the top 50 countries in terms of biodiversity. Such a rich biodiversity implies that the country is rich in diverse secondary metabolites-natural products/unique chemicals produced by the plant kingdom to confer selective advantages to them. Like many tropical countries, Nigeria is also endemic to numerous infectious diseases particularly those caused by parasitic pathogens. These phytochemicals have been exploited for the treatment of diseases and as a result, a new branch of chemistry, natural product chemistry, has evolved, to try to reproduce and improve the therapeutic qualities of particular phytochemicals. In this review, we have compiled a compendium of natural products, isolated from Nigerian flora, that have been reported to be effective against certain protozoan parasites with the aim that it will stimulate interests for further investigations, and give impetus to the development of the natural products into registered drugs. In total 93 structurally characterized natural compounds have been identified with various levels of anti-parasite activity mainly from Nigerian plants. The synthesis protocol and molecular target for some of these natural anti-parasite agents have been established. For instance, the anti-plasmodial compound fagaronine (7), a benzophenanthridine alkaloid from Fagara zanthoxyloides has been successfully synthesized in the laboratory, and the anti-trypanosomal compound azaanthraquinone (55) elicits its effect by inhibiting mitochondrial electron transfer in trypanosomes. This review also discusses the barriers to developing approved drugs from phytochemicals, and the steps that should be taken in order to accelerate the development of new antiparasitics from the highlighted compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzuq A. Ungogo
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Godwin U. Ebiloma
- School of Health and Life Sciences, Teesside University, Middlesbrough, United Kingdom
| | - Nahandoo Ichoron
- Phytochemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - John O. Igoli
- Phytochemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Harry P. de Koning
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel O. Balogun
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Africa Centre of Excellence for Neglected Tropical Diseases and Forensic Biotechnology (ACENTDFB), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Subramani R, Narayanasamy M, Feussner KD. Plant-derived antimicrobials to fight against multi-drug-resistant human pathogens. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:172. [PMID: 28660459 PMCID: PMC5489455 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-0848-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is becoming a pivotal concern for public health that has accelerated the search for new antimicrobial molecules from nature. Numbers of human pathogens have inevitably evolved to become resistant to various currently available drugs causing considerable mortality and morbidity worldwide. It is apparent that novel antibiotics are urgently warranted to combat these life-threatening pathogens. In recent years, there have been an increasing number of studies to discover new bioactive compounds from plant origin with the hope to control antibiotic-resistant bacteria. This review attempts to focus and record the plant-derived compounds and plant extracts against multi-drug-resistant (MDR) pathogens including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), MDR-Mycobacterium tuberculosis and malarial parasites Plasmodium spp. reported between 2005 and 2015. During this period, a total of 110 purified compounds and 60 plant extracts were obtained from 112 different plants. The plants reviewed in this study belong to 70 different families reported from 36 countries around the world. The present review also discusses the drug resistance in bacteria and emphasizes the urge for new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Subramani
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences, College of Engineering, Science and Technology, Fiji National University, Natabua Campus, Lautoka, Fiji.
| | | | - Klaus-D Feussner
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Conservation, Institute of Applied Sciences, The University of the South Pacific, Laucala Campus, Suva, Fiji
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Bakiri A, Hubert J, Reynaud R, Lanthony S, Harakat D, Renault JH, Nuzillard JM. Computer-Aided 13C NMR Chemical Profiling of Crude Natural Extracts without Fractionation. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 80:1387-1396. [PMID: 28414230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.6b01063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A computer-aided, 13C NMR-based dereplication method is presented for the chemical profiling of natural extracts without any fractionation. An algorithm was developed in order to compare the 13C NMR chemical shifts obtained from a single routine spectrum with a set of predicted NMR data stored in a natural metabolite database. The algorithm evaluates the quality of the matching between experimental and predicted data by calculating a score function and returns the list of metabolites that are most likely to be present in the studied extract. The proof of principle of the method is demonstrated on a crude alkaloid extract obtained from the leaves of Peumus boldus, resulting in the identification of eight alkaloids, including isocorydine, rogersine, boldine, reticuline, coclaurine, laurotetanine, N-methylcoclaurine, and norisocorydine, as well as three monoterpenes, namely, p-cymene, eucalyptol, and α-terpinene. The results were compared to those obtained with other methods, either involving a fractionation step before the chemical profiling process or using mass spectrometry detection in the infusion mode or coupled to gas chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Bakiri
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 7312, SFR CAP'SANTE, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne , Reims 51097, France
- Soliance-Givaudan , Pomacle 51110, France
| | - Jane Hubert
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 7312, SFR CAP'SANTE, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne , Reims 51097, France
| | | | - Sylvie Lanthony
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 7312, SFR CAP'SANTE, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne , Reims 51097, France
| | - Dominique Harakat
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 7312, SFR CAP'SANTE, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne , Reims 51097, France
| | - Jean-Hugues Renault
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 7312, SFR CAP'SANTE, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne , Reims 51097, France
| | - Jean-Marc Nuzillard
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de Reims, UMR CNRS 7312, SFR CAP'SANTE, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne , Reims 51097, France
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8
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Bajin Ba Ndob I, Mengome LE, Bourobou Bourobou HP, Lossangoye Banfora Y, Bivigou F. Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used as anthelmintic remedies in Gabon. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 191:360-371. [PMID: 27296084 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE In this article, we report on an ethnobotanical survey realized at the Peyrie market in Libreville on Gabonese medicinal plants used to treat helminthiasis. While several alerts about cases of resistance to conventional anthelmintic treatments are causing to fear a public and animal health issue, the search for new sources of active compounds becomes an urgent issue. In Gabon like in many developing countries, people regularly turn to traditional medicine in case of physical ailments and/or spiritual healing therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS To determine which medicinal plants are traditionally used by the populations of Libreville to fight against nematodes, medicinal plant traders were interviewed with standardized questionnaires. The surveys were conducted in the main market of Libreville. Ethnobotanical data such as frequency and percentage of families, species, administrations pathways, modes of preparations and parts of plants used were analyzed and summarized. RESULTS Thirty-four (34) traders were interviewed belonging to five (5) different ethnic groups. Twenty-four 24 plants used to treat intestinal, cutaneous and ocular helminthiasis were listed. The healers mainly turned towards to ligneous species. The parts of the plant used are mostly leaves and trunk bark. Most of the traditional remedies are prepared directly in water and four (4) principal routes were used for administration namely, oral, rectal, ocular and dermal. CONCLUSION This study allowed us to list anthelmintic species which will be subjected to a series of chemical and pharmacological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idensi Bajin Ba Ndob
- Institut de Pharmacopée et Médecines Traditionnelles (IPHAMETRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CENAREST), BP: 12 141 Libreville, Gabon.
| | - Line Edwige Mengome
- Institut de Pharmacopée et Médecines Traditionnelles (IPHAMETRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CENAREST), BP: 12 141 Libreville, Gabon.
| | - Henri-Paul Bourobou Bourobou
- Institut de Pharmacopée et Médecines Traditionnelles (IPHAMETRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CENAREST), BP: 12 141 Libreville, Gabon.
| | - Yvon Lossangoye Banfora
- Institut de Pharmacopée et Médecines Traditionnelles (IPHAMETRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CENAREST), BP: 12 141 Libreville, Gabon.
| | - Francis Bivigou
- Institut de Pharmacopée et Médecines Traditionnelles (IPHAMETRA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique (CENAREST), BP: 12 141 Libreville, Gabon; Gabon-Oregon Center (GOC), BP:23906 Libreville, Gabon.
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Linck VM, Ganzella M, Herrmann AP, Okunji CO, Souza DO, Antonelli MC, Elisabetsky E. Original mechanisms of antipsychotic action by the indole alkaloid alstonine (Picralima nitida). PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:52-55. [PMID: 25636871 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Alstonine is the major component of plant based remedies that traditional psychiatrists use in Nigeria. Alstonine is an indole alkaloid that has an antipsychotic experimental profile comparable with that of clozapine and is compatible with the alleged effects in mental patients. Representing a desirable innovation in the pharmacodynamics of antipsychotic medications, the evidence indicates that alstonine does not bind to D2 dopamine receptors (D2R) and differentially regulates dopamine in the cortical and limbic areas. The purpose of this study was to further investigate the effects of alstonine on D2R binding in specific brain regions using quantitative autoradiography (QAR) and its effects on dopamine (DA) uptake in mouse striatal synaptosomes. The effects of alstonine on D2R binding were determined in the nucleus accumbens and caudate-putamen using QAR in mice treated with alstonine doses that have antipsychotic effects. The effects of alstonine [3H]DA uptake were assessed in synaptosomes prepared from striatal tissue obtained from mice treated acutely or for 7 days with alstonine. Alstonine did not change the D2R binding densities in the studied regions. DA uptake was increased after acute (but not after 7 days) treatment with alstonine. Consistent with the alstonine behavioral profile, these results indicate that alstonine indirectly modulates DA receptors, specifically by modulating DA uptake. This unique mechanism for DA transmission modulation contributes to the antipsychotic-like effects of alstonine and is compatible with its behavioral profile in mice and alleged effects in patients. These results may represent an innovation in the antipsychotic development field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane M Linck
- Laboratório de Etnofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil ; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil .
| | - Marcelo Ganzella
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana P Herrmann
- Laboratório de Etnofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil ; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Christopher O Okunji
- International Centre for Ethnomedicine and Drug Development (InterCEDD), 110 Aku Road, Nsukka, EnuguState, Nigeria
| | - Diogo O Souza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marta C Antonelli
- Laboratório de Programación Perinatal del Neurodesarrollo, Instituto de Biologia Celular y Neurociencias "Dr E.D.P. De Robertis", Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Uriburu 951 6º piso, C1114AAC, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Elaine Elisabetsky
- Laboratório de Etnofarmacologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil ; Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Ezuruike UF, Prieto JM. The use of plants in the traditional management of diabetes in Nigeria: pharmacological and toxicological considerations. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 155:857-924. [PMID: 24929108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The prevalence of diabetes is on a steady increase worldwide and it is now identified as one of the main threats to human health in the 21st century. In Nigeria, the use of herbal medicine alone or alongside prescription drugs for its management is quite common. We hereby carry out a review of medicinal plants traditionally used for diabetes management in Nigeria. Based on the available evidence on the species׳ pharmacology and safety, we highlight ways in which their therapeutic potential can be properly harnessed for possible integration into the country׳s healthcare system. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ethnobotanical information was obtained from a literature search of electronic databases such as Google Scholar, Pubmed and Scopus up to 2013 for publications on medicinal plants used in diabetes management, in which the place of use and/or sample collection was identified as Nigeria. 'Diabetes' and 'Nigeria' were used as keywords for the primary searches; and then 'Plant name - accepted or synonyms', 'Constituents', 'Drug interaction' and/or 'Toxicity' for the secondary searches. RESULTS The hypoglycemic effect of over a hundred out of the 115 plants reviewed in this paper is backed by preclinical experimental evidence, either in vivo or in vitro. One-third of the plants have been studied for their mechanism of action, while isolation of the bioactive constituent(s) has been accomplished for twenty three plants. Some plants showed specific organ toxicity, mostly nephrotoxic or hepatotoxic, with direct effects on the levels of some liver function enzymes. Twenty eight plants have been identified as in vitro modulators of P-glycoprotein and/or one or more of the cytochrome P450 enzymes, while eleven plants altered the levels of phase 2 metabolic enzymes, chiefly glutathione, with the potential to alter the pharmacokinetics of co-administered drugs. CONCLUSION This review, therefore, provides a useful resource to enable a thorough assessment of the profile of plants used in diabetes management so as to ensure a more rational use. By anticipating potential toxicities or possible herb-drug interactions, significant risks which would otherwise represent a burden on the country׳s healthcare system can be avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udoamaka F Ezuruike
- Center for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX London, United Kingdom.
| | - Jose M Prieto
- Center for Pharmacognosy and Phytotherapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, WC1N 1AX London, United Kingdom.
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Amoa Onguéné P, Ntie-Kang F, Lifongo LL, Ndom JC, Sippl W, Mbaze LM. The potential of anti-malarial compounds derived from African medicinal plants, part I: a pharmacological evaluation of alkaloids and terpenoids. Malar J 2013; 12:449. [PMID: 24330395 PMCID: PMC3878730 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2875-12-449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditional medicine caters for about 80% of the health care needs of many rural populations around the world, especially in developing countries. In addition, plant-derived compounds have played key roles in drug discovery. Malaria is currently a public health concern in many countries in the world due to factors such as chemotherapy faced by resistance, poor hygienic conditions, poorly managed vector control programmes and no approved vaccines. In this review, an attempt has been made to assess the value of African medicinal plants for drug discovery by discussing the anti-malarial virtue of the derived phytochemicals that have been tested by in vitro and in vivo assays. This survey was focused on pure compounds derived from African flora which have exhibited anti-malarial properties with activities ranging from "very active" to "weakly active". However, only the compounds which showed anti-malarial activities from "very active" to "moderately active" are discussed in this review. The activity of 278 compounds, mainly alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, coumarines, phenolics, polyacetylenes, xanthones, quinones, steroids, and lignans have been discussed. The first part of this review series covers the activity of 171 compounds belonging to the alkaloid and terpenoid classes. Data available in the literature indicated that African flora hold an enormous potential for the development of phytomedicines for malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Amoa Onguéné
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Fidele Ntie-Kang
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, PO Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Lydia Likowo Lifongo
- Chemical and Bioactivity Information Centre, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Buea, PO Box 63, Buea, Cameroon
| | - Jean Claude Ndom
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Martin-Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck Str. 4, Halle, Saale 06120, Germany
| | - Luc Meva’a Mbaze
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Douala, PO Box 24157, Douala, Cameroon
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Herrmann AP, Lunardi P, Pilz LK, Tramontina AC, Linck VM, Okunji CO, Gonçalves CA, Elisabetsky E. Effects of the putative antipsychotic alstonine on glutamate uptake in acute hippocampal slices. Neurochem Int 2012; 61:1144-50. [PMID: 22940693 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A dysfunctional glutamatergic system is thought to be central to the negative symptoms and cognitive deficits recognized as determinant to the poor quality of life of people with schizophrenia. Modulating glutamate uptake has, thus, been suggested as a novel target for antipsychotics. Alstonine is an indole alkaloid sharing with atypical antipsychotics the profile in animal models relevant to schizophrenia, though divergent in its mechanism of action. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of alstonine on glutamate uptake. Additionally, the effects on glutathione content and extracellular S100B levels were assessed. Acute hippocampal slices were incubated with haloperidol (10μM), clozapine (10 and 100μM) or alstonine (1-100μM), alone or in combination with apomorphine (100μM), and 5-HT(2) receptor antagonists (0.01μM altanserin and 0.1μM SB 242084). A reduction in glutamate uptake was observed with alstonine and clozapine, but not haloperidol. Apomorphine abolished the effect of clozapine, whereas 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) antagonists abolished the effects of alstonine. Increased levels of glutathione were observed only with alstonine, also the only compound that failed to decrease the release of S100B. This study shows that alstonine decreases glutamate uptake, which may be beneficial to the glutamatergic deficit observed in schizophrenia. Noteworthily, the decrease in glutamate uptake is compatible with the reversal of MK-801-induced social interaction and working memory deficits. An additional potential benefit of alstonine as an antipsychotic is its ability to increase glutathione, a key cellular antioxidant reported to be decreased in the brain of patients with schizophrenia. Adding to the characterization of the novel mechanism of action of alstonine, the lack of effect of apomorphine in alstonine-induced changes in glutamate uptake reinforces that D(2) receptors are not primarily implicated. Though clearly mediated by 5-HT(2A) and 5-HT(2C) serotonin receptors, the precise mechanisms that result in the effects of alstonine on glutamate uptake warrant elucidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana P Herrmann
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Linck VM, Bessa MM, Herrmann AP, Iwu MM, Okunji CO, Elisabetsky E. 5-HT2A/C receptors mediate the antipsychotic-like effects of alstonine. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2012; 36:29-33. [PMID: 21925231 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 08/11/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of alstonine, an indole alkaloid with putative antipsychotic effects, on working memory by using the step-down inhibitory avoidance paradigm and MK801-induced working memory deficits in mice. Additionally, the role of serotonin 5-HT2A/C receptors in the effects of alstonine on mouse models associated with positive (MK801-induced hyperlocomotion), negative (MK801-induced social interaction deficit), and cognitive (MK801-induced working memory deficit) schizophrenia symptoms was examined. Treatment with alstonine was able to prevent MK801-induced working memory deficit, indicating its potential benefit for cognitive deficits now seen as a core symptom in the disease. Corroborating previously reported data, alstonine was also effective in counteracting MK801-induced hyperlocomotion and social interaction deficit. Ritanserin, a 5-HT2A/C receptor antagonist, prevented alstonine's effects on these three behavioral parameters. This study presents additional evidence that 5-HT2A/C receptors are central to the antipsychotic-like effects of alstonine, consistently seen in mouse models relevant to the three dimensions of schizophrenia symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Linck
- Laboratório de Etnofarmacologia, Depto de Farmacologia, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500/202, 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Fang L, Liu Y, Yang B, Wang X, Huang L. Separation of alkaloids from herbs using high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:2545-58. [PMID: 21898796 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2010] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Alkaloids represent a most widespread group of bioactive natural products. Because of their alkalinity and structural diversity, the fractionation and purification of the alkaloids from herbs can often present a number of practical difficulties using the conventional chromatographic techniques. High-speed counter-current chromatography (HSCCC) is a liquid-liquid partition chromatography with a support-free liquid stationary phase, and is gaining more and more popularity as a viable separation technique for bioactive compounds from natural resources. In the present review, focus is placed on the separation of alkaloids by both conventional HSCCC and pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography (CCC) techniques from herbs. The review presents the separation of over 120 different alkaloid compounds from more than 30 plant species by the conventional HSCCC and pH-zone-refining CCC. Based on the data from the literature, the proper solvent systems for the separation of alkaloids by the conventional HSCCC and pH-zone-refining CCC are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fang
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Key Laboratory for Applied Technology of Sophisticated Analytical Instruments of Shandong Province, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, P. R. China
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Linck VM, Herrmann AP, Piato AL, Detanico BC, Figueiró M, Flório J, Iwu MM, Okunji CO, Leal MB, Elisabetsky E. Alstonine as an antipsychotic: effects on brain amines and metabolic changes. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:418597. [PMID: 19189988 PMCID: PMC3140158 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 01/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Managing schizophrenia has never been a trivial matter. Furthermore, while classical antipsychotics induce extrapyramidal side effects and hyperprolactinaemia, atypical antipsychotics lead to diabetes, hyperlipidaemia, and weight gain. Moreover, even with newer drugs, a sizable proportion of patients do not show significant improvement. Alstonine is an indole alkaloid identified as the major component of a plant-based remedy used in Nigeria to treat the mentally ill. Alstonine presents a clear antipsychotic profile in rodents, apparently with differential effects in distinct dopaminergic pathways. The aim of this study was to complement the antipsychotic profile of alstonine, verifying its effects on brain amines in mouse frontal cortex and striatum. Additionally, we examined if alstonine induces some hormonal and metabolic changes common to antipsychotics. HPLC data reveal that alstonine increases serotonergic transmission and increases intraneuronal dopamine catabolism. In relation to possible side effects, preliminary data suggest that alstonine does not affect prolactin levels, does not induce gains in body weight, but prevents the expected fasting-induced decrease in glucose levels. Overall, this study reinforces the proposal that alstonine is a potential innovative antipsychotic, and that a comprehensive understanding of its neurochemical basis may open new avenues to developing newer antipsychotic medications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane M Linck
- Laboratório de Etnofamacologia, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500/202, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Sun C, Li J, Wang X, Duan W, Zhang T, Ito Y. Preparative separation of quaternary ammonium alkaloids from Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang by pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography. J Sep Sci 2011; 34:278-85. [PMID: 21268250 PMCID: PMC4241851 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The optimal extraction condition for extracting quaternary ammonium alkaloid dehydrocorydaline from Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang was investigated using orthogonal experimental design. pH-zone-refining counter-current chromatography (CCC) with normal phase elution was successfully applied to preparative separation of alkaloids from the crude extract of Corydalis yanhusuo. The separation was performed with a biphasic solvent system composed of chloroform (CHCl(3))-methanol (MeOH)-water (2:1:1, v/v), in which the lower organic phase containing 10 mM of triethylamine was used as the mobile phase, while the upper aqueous phase containing 10 mM of hydrochloric acid was used as the stationary phase. The separation mechanism of quaternary ammonium alkaloids using pH-zone-refining CCC was discussed in comparison with standard high-speed CCC. In the present study, the separation of 1.200 g of crude sample yielded 129 mg of dehydrocorydaline and 12 mg of palmatine at a high purity of 94 and 92%, respectively. Recovery for dehydrocorydaline and palmatine was 85 and 86%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlei Sun
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 19 Keyuan Street, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue street, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
| | - Jia Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 4655 Daxue street, Jinan, Shandong, 250355, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 19 Keyuan Street, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Wenjuan Duan
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 19 Keyuan Street, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Tianyou Zhang
- Shandong Analysis and Test Center, Shandong Academy of Sciences, 19 Keyuan Street, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Yoichiro Ito
- Laboratory of Bioseparation Technology, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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Adebayo JO, Krettli AU. Potential antimalarials from Nigerian plants: a review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 133:289-302. [PMID: 21093570 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Malaria, caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, is one of the leading infectious diseases in many tropical regions, including Nigeria, a West African country where transmission occurs all year round. Many of the inhabitants use plants as remedies against fever and other symptoms of acute malaria, as reported herein. Some of these plants have their antimalarial efficacies scientifically demonstrated and the active compounds isolated with their probable mechanisms of action studied. Medicinal plants are used to treat diseases also where the biodiversity of plants occur in parallel with endemic transmission of malaria. This review focuses on medicinal plants which are used to treat malaria in Nigeria, and on antimalarial testing of extracts and purified compounds from plants. Some show intense activity against malaria parasites in vitro and in experimentally infected mice. The search for new drugs based on plants is important due to the emergence and widespread of chloroquine-resistant and multiple drug-resistant malaria parasites, which require the development of new antimalarials. An acquaintance with antimalarial plants may be a springboard for new phytotherapies that could be affordable to treat malaria, especially among the less privileged native people living in endemic areas of the tropics, mostly at risk of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Adebayo
- Laboratorio de Malaria, Centro de Pesquisas Rene Rachou, FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte MG, Brazil.
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Abstract
Since the 1990s, interest in natural product research has increased considerably. Following several outstanding developments in the areas of separation methods, spectroscopic techniques, and sensitive bioassays, natural product research has gained new attention for providing novel chemical entities. This updated review deals with sample preparation and purification, recent extraction techniques used for natural product separation, liquid-solid and liquid-liquid isolation techniques, as well as multi-step chromatographic operations. It covers examples of papers published since the NPR review 'Modern separation methods' by Marston and Hostettmann,1 with major emphasis on methods developed and the research undertaken since 2000.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Sticher
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich 8093, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjiang Pan
- a Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , P. R. China
| | - Yanbin Lu
- a Department of Chemistry , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , P. R. China
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Toribio A, Delannay E, Richard B, Plé K, Zèches-Hanrot M, Nuzillard JM, Renault JH. Preparative isolation of huperzines A and B from Huperzia serrata by displacement centrifugal partition chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1140:101-6. [PMID: 17150226 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.11.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2006] [Revised: 11/14/2006] [Accepted: 11/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The pH-zone refining centrifugal partition chromatography technique was used to separate the two acetylcholinesterase inhibitors huperzines A and B from a crude alkaloid extract of the club moss Huperzia serrata. Complete co-elution of huperzines A and B was initially observed with the well-known methyl tert-butyl ether-acetonitrile-water (4:1:5, v/v/v) solvent system with triethylamine (8mM) as the displacer and methane sulfonic acid (6mM) as the retainer. An efficient biphasic system was designed on the basis of solvent association that provided selectivity in the elution mode: n-heptane/ethyl acetate/n-propanol/water (5:15:35:45, v/v/v/v). Lowering the bridge solvent content (n-propanol) of this system increased the polarity difference between the two phases thus adapting it to the pH-zone refining mode. Thus, the purification of these compounds was achieved using the biphasic system n-heptane/ethyl acetate/n-propanol/water (10:30:15:45, v/v/v/v) with triethylamine (8mM) as the displacer and methane sulfonic acid (6mM) as the retainer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Toribio
- FRE CNRS 2715, IFR 53, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Bât. 18, Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France
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. SIA, . SE, . OO. Evaluation of Picralima nitida: Hypoglycemic Activity, Toxicity and Analytical Standards. INT J PHARMACOL 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2006.576.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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