1
|
Marsh EB, Snyder-Warwick AK, Mackinnon SE, Wood MD. Interpretation of Data from Translational Rodent Nerve Injury and Repair Models. Hand Clin 2024; 40:429-440. [PMID: 38972687 PMCID: PMC11228394 DOI: 10.1016/j.hcl.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
This article highlights the use of rodents as preclinical models to evaluate the management of nerve injuries, describing the pitfalls and value from rodent nerve injury and regeneration outcomes, as well as treatments derived from these rodent models. The anatomic structure, size, and cellular and molecular differences and similarities between rodent and human nerves are summarized. Specific examples of success and failure when assessing outcome metrics are presented for context. Evidence for translation to clinical practice includes the topics of electrical stimulation, Tacrolimus (FK506), and acellular nerve allografts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evan B Marsh
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alison K Snyder-Warwick
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Susan E Mackinnon
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Matthew D Wood
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chaker SC, Saad M, Mayes T, Lineaweaver WC. Burn Injury-related Growth Factor Expressions and Their Potential Roles in Burn-related Neuropathies. J Burn Care Res 2024; 45:25-31. [PMID: 37978864 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irad184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
In the context of burn injury, growth factors (GFs) play a significant role in mediating the complex local and systematic processes that occur. Among the many systemic complications that arise following a burn injury, peripheral neuropathy remains one of the most common. Despite the broad understanding of the effects GFs have on multiple tissues, their potential implications in both wound healing and neuropathy remain largely unexplored. Therefore, this review aims to investigate the expression patterns of GFs prominent during the burn wound healing process and explore the potential contributions these GFs have on the development of burn-related peripheral neuropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara C Chaker
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232USA
| | - Mariam Saad
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232USA
| | - Taylor Mayes
- Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN, 37132USA
| | - William C Lineaweaver
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, 37232USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Bayraktutar BN, Atocha V, Farhad K, Soto O, Hamrah P. Autoantibodies Against Trisulfated Heparin Disaccharide and Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor-3 May Play a Role in the Pathogenesis of Neuropathic Corneal Pain. Cornea 2023; 42:821-828. [PMID: 36256257 PMCID: PMC10106522 DOI: 10.1097/ico.0000000000003142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to describe cases of patients with presumable dysimmune small-fiber neuropathy (SFN)-related neuropathic corneal pain (NCP), presenting with autoantibodies against trisulfated heparin disaccharide (TS-HDS) or fibroblast growth factor receptor-3 (FGFR-3). METHODS This study was a case series of 3 patients with NCP with positive anti-TS-HDS and/or anti-FGFR-3 autoantibodies and systemic SFN as confirmed by positive skin biopsy results. RESULTS All 3 patients were women with a mean age of 34.3± 6.1 years. They suffered from moderate to severe persistent chronic ocular discomfort (10/10, 10/10, and 9/10 on a visual analogue scale, respectively). Although 1 patient suffered from ocular pain and photophobia alone, the other 2 patients experienced additional non-ocular pain. One of the patients had pain on her face and head, and 1 patient reported neck and lower back pain. Two patients had high anti-TS-HDS IgM titers, whereas 1 patient had both high anti-TS-HDS IgM and anti-FGFR-3 IgG titers. Skin biopsy confirmed the presence of SFN in all patients by demonstrating decreased intraepidermal nerve fiber density. CONCLUSIONS The presence of anti-TS-HDS and anti-FGFR-3 autoantibodies in patients with NCP with positive skin biopsy findings for SFN highlights the potential role of dysimmune SFN in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Betul N. Bayraktutar
- Cornea Service, New England Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Vanessa Atocha
- Cornea Service, New England Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Khosro Farhad
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oscar Soto
- Department of Neurology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedram Hamrah
- Cornea Service, New England Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Translational Ocular Immunology, Department of Ophthalmology, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Development and In Vitro Differentiation of Schwann Cells. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233753. [PMID: 36497014 PMCID: PMC9739763 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells are glial cells of the peripheral nervous system. They exist in several subtypes and perform a variety of functions in nerves. Their derivation and culture in vitro are interesting for applications ranging from disease modeling to tissue engineering. Since primary human Schwann cells are challenging to obtain in large quantities, in vitro differentiation from other cell types presents an alternative. Here, we first review the current knowledge on the developmental signaling mechanisms that determine neural crest and Schwann cell differentiation in vivo. Next, an overview of studies on the in vitro differentiation of Schwann cells from multipotent stem cell sources is provided. The molecules frequently used in those protocols and their involvement in the relevant signaling pathways are put into context and discussed. Focusing on hiPSC- and hESC-based studies, different protocols are described and compared, regarding cell sources, differentiation methods, characterization of cells, and protocol efficiency. A brief insight into developments regarding the culture and differentiation of Schwann cells in 3D is given. In summary, this contribution provides an overview of the current resources and methods for the differentiation of Schwann cells, it supports the comparison and refinement of protocols and aids the choice of suitable methods for specific applications.
Collapse
|
5
|
Li X, Zhang X, Hao M, Wang D, Jiang Z, Sun L, Gao Y, Jin Y, Lei P, Zhuo Y. The application of collagen in the repair of peripheral nerve defect. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:973301. [PMID: 36213073 PMCID: PMC9542778 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.973301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen is a natural polymer expressed in the extracellular matrix of the peripheral nervous system. It has become increasingly crucial in peripheral nerve reconstruction as it was involved in regulating Schwann cell behaviors, maintaining peripheral nerve functions during peripheral nerve development, and being strongly upregulated after nerve injury to promote peripheral nerve regeneration. Moreover, its biological properties, such as low immunogenicity, excellent biocompatibility, and biodegradability make it a suitable biomaterial for peripheral nerve repair. Collagen provides a suitable microenvironment to support Schwann cells’ growth, proliferation, and migration, thereby improving the regeneration and functional recovery of peripheral nerves. This review aims to summarize the characteristics of collagen as a biomaterial, analyze its role in peripheral nerve regeneration, and provide a detailed overview of the recent advances concerning the optimization of collagen nerve conduits in terms of physical properties and structure, as well as the application of the combination with the bioactive component in peripheral nerve regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Li
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ming Hao
- School of Acupuncture-Moxi Bustion and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziping Jiang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liqun Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongjian Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Jin
- Department of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Peng Lei
- Department of Neurology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Lei, ; Yue Zhuo,
| | - Yue Zhuo
- School of Acupuncture-Moxi Bustion and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Lei, ; Yue Zhuo,
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhu Y, Peng N, Wang J, Jin Z, Zhu L, Wang Y, Chen S, Hu Y, Zhang T, Song Q, Xie F, Yan L, Li Y, Xiao J, Li X, Jiang B, Peng J, Wang Y, Luo Y. Peripheral nerve defects repaired with autogenous vein grafts filled with platelet-rich plasma and active nerve microtissues and evaluated by novel multimodal ultrasound techniques. Biomater Res 2022; 26:24. [PMID: 35690849 PMCID: PMC9188244 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-022-00264-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing biocompatible nerve conduits that accelerate peripheral nerve regeneration, lengthening and functional recovery remains a challenge. The combined application of nerve microtissues and platelet-rich plasma (PRP) provides abundant Schwann cells (SCs) and various natural growth factors and can compensate for the deficiency of SCs in the nerve bridge, as well as the limitations of applying a single type of growth factor. Multimodal ultrasound evaluation can provide additional information on the stiffness and microvascular flow perfusion of the tissue. This study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of a novel tissue-engineered nerve graft composed of an autogenous vein, nerve microtissues and PRP in reconstructing a 12-mm tibial nerve defect and to explore the value of multimodal ultrasound techniques in evaluating the prognosis of nerve repair. METHODS In vitro, nerve microtissue activity was first investigated, and the effects on SC proliferation, migration, factor secretion, and axonal regeneration of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were evaluated by coculture with nerve microtissues and PRP. In vivo, seventy-five rabbits were equally and randomly divided into Hollow, PRP, Micro-T (Microtissues), Micro-T + PRP and Autograft groups. By analysing the neurological function, electrophysiological recovery, and the comparative results of multimodal ultrasound and histological evaluation, we investigated the effect of these new nerve grafts in repairing tibial nerve defects. RESULTS Our results showed that the combined application of nerve microtissues and PRP could significantly promote the proliferation, secretion and migration of SCs and the regeneration of axons in the early stage. The Micro-T + PRP group and Autograft groups exhibited the best nerve repair 12 weeks postoperatively. In addition, the changes in target tissue stiffness and microvascular perfusion on multimodal ultrasound (shear wave elastography; contrast-enhanced ultrasonography; Angio PlaneWave UltrasenSitive, AngioPLUS) were significantly correlated with the histological results, such as collagen area percentage and VEGF expression, respectively. CONCLUSION Our novel tissue-engineered nerve graft shows excellent efficacy in repairing 12-mm defects of the tibial nerve in rabbits. Moreover, multimodal ultrasound may provide a clinical reference for prognosis by quantitatively evaluating the stiffness and microvescular flow of nerve grafts and targeted muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Zhu
- Departments of Ultrasound, The First Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Chronic Heart Failure Precision Medicine, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Peng
- Department of Geriatric Rehabilitation, The Second Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | - Zhuang Jin
- General hospital of Northern Theater Command, Liaoning, China
| | - Lianhua Zhu
- Departments of Ultrasound, The First Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Siming Chen
- Departments of Ultrasound, The First Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, JiangXi PingXiang People's Hospital, Jiangxi, China
| | - Tieyuan Zhang
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.,Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Song
- Departments of Ultrasound, The First Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Xie
- Departments of Ultrasound, The First Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yan
- Departments of Ultrasound, The First Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Departments of Ultrasound, The First Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Departments of Ultrasound, The First Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyang Li
- Departments of Ultrasound, The First Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Departments of Ultrasound, The First Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Peng
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. .,Key Lab of Musculoskeletal Trauma & War Injuries, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Yuexiang Wang
- Departments of Ultrasound, The First Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| | - Yukun Luo
- Departments of Ultrasound, The First Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Biological Approach in the Treatment of External Popliteal Sciatic Nerve (Epsn) Neurological Injury: Review. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11102804. [PMID: 35628928 PMCID: PMC9144828 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11102804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The external popliteal sciatic nerve (EPSN) is the nerve of the lower extremity most frequently affected by compressive etiology. Its superficial and sinuous anatomical course is closely related to other rigid anatomical structures and has an important dynamic neural component. Therefore, this circumstance means that this nerve is exposed to multiple causes of compressive etiology. Despite this fact, there are few publications with extensive case studies dealing with treatment. In this review, we propose to carry out a narrative review of the neuropathy of the EPSN, including an anatomical reminder, its clinical presentation and diagnosis, as well as its surgical and biological approach. The most novel aspect we propose is the review of the possible role of biological factors in the reversal of this situation.
Collapse
|
8
|
Jessen KR, Mirsky R. The Role of c-Jun and Autocrine Signaling Loops in the Control of Repair Schwann Cells and Regeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 15:820216. [PMID: 35221918 PMCID: PMC8863656 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.820216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
After nerve injury, both Schwann cells and neurons switch to pro-regenerative states. For Schwann cells, this involves reprogramming of myelin and Remak cells to repair Schwann cells that provide the signals and mechanisms needed for the survival of injured neurons, myelin clearance, axonal regeneration and target reinnervation. Because functional repair cells are essential for regeneration, it is unfortunate that their phenotype is not robust. Repair cell activation falters as animals get older and the repair phenotype fades during chronic denervation. These malfunctions are important reasons for the poor outcomes after nerve damage in humans. This review will discuss injury-induced Schwann cell reprogramming and the concept of the repair Schwann cell, and consider the molecular control of these cells with emphasis on c-Jun. This transcription factor is required for the generation of functional repair cells, and failure of c-Jun expression is implicated in repair cell failures in older animals and during chronic denervation. Elevating c-Jun expression in repair cells promotes regeneration, showing in principle that targeting repair cells is an effective way of improving nerve repair. In this context, we will outline the emerging evidence that repair cells are sustained by autocrine signaling loops, attractive targets for interventions aimed at promoting regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristjan R. Jessen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Notch Signal Mediates the Cross-Interaction between M2 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor and Neuregulin/ErbB Pathway: Effects on Schwann Cell Proliferation. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020239. [PMID: 35204740 PMCID: PMC8961597 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The cross-talk between axon and glial cells during development and in adulthood is mediated by several molecules. Among them are neurotransmitters and their receptors, which are involved in the control of myelinating and non-myelinating glial cell development and physiology. Our previous studies largely demonstrate the functional expression of cholinergic muscarinic receptors in Schwann cells. In particular, the M2 muscarinic receptor subtype, the most abundant cholinergic receptor expressed in Schwann cells, inhibits cell proliferation downregulating proteins expressed in the immature phenotype and triggers promyelinating differentiation genes. In this study, we analysed the in vitro modulation of the Neuregulin-1 (NRG1)/erbB pathway, mediated by the M2 receptor activation, through the selective agonist arecaidine propargyl ester (APE). M2 agonist treatment significantly downregulates NRG1 and erbB receptors expression, both at transcriptional and protein level, and causes the internalization and intracellular accumulation of the erbB2 receptor. Additionally, starting from our previous results concerning the negative modulation of Notch-active fragment NICD by M2 receptor activation, in this work, we clearly demonstrate that the M2 receptor subtype inhibits erbB2 receptors by Notch-1/NICD downregulation. Our data, together with our previous results, demonstrate the existence of a cross-interaction between the M2 receptor and NRG1/erbB pathway-Notch1 mediated, and that it is responsible for the modulation of Schwann cell proliferation/differentiation.
Collapse
|
10
|
Basu S, Choudhury IN, Nazareth L, Chacko A, Shelper T, Vial ML, Ekberg JAK, St John JA. In vitro modulation of Schwann cell behavior by VEGF and PDGF in an inflammatory environment. Sci Rep 2022; 12:662. [PMID: 35027585 PMCID: PMC8758747 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-04222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral glial cell transplantation with Schwann cells (SCs) is a promising approach for treating spinal cord injury (SCI). However, improvements are needed and one avenue to enhance regenerative functional outcomes is to combine growth factors with cell transplantation. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) are neuroprotective, and a combination of these factors has improved outcomes in rat SCI models. Thus, transplantation of SCs combined with VEGF and PDGF may further improve regenerative outcomes. First, however, we must understand how the two factors modulate SCs. In this in vitro study, we show that an inflammatory environment decreased the rate of SC-mediated phagocytosis of myelin debris but the addition of VEGF and PDGF (alone and combined) improved phagocytosis. Cytokine expression by SCs in the inflammatory environment revealed that addition of PDGF led to significantly lower level of pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNF-α, but IL-6 and anti-inflammatory cytokines (TGF-β and IL-10), remained unaltered. Further, PDGF was able to decrease the expression of myelination associated gene Oct6 in the presence of inflammatory environment. Overall, these results suggest that the use of VEGF and/or PDGF combined with SC transplantation may be beneficial in SCI therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Souptik Basu
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Indra N Choudhury
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Lynn Nazareth
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Anu Chacko
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Todd Shelper
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Marie-Laure Vial
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia
| | - Jenny A K Ekberg
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia.,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia
| | - James A St John
- Clem Jones Centre for Neurobiology and Stem Cell Research, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia. .,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, QLD, Australia. .,Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
The Mechanisms Mediated by α7 Acetylcholine Nicotinic Receptors May Contribute to Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26247668. [PMID: 34946750 PMCID: PMC8709212 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the microenvironment created by Schwann cell (SC) activity, peripheral nerve fibers are able to regenerate. Inflammation is the first response to nerve damage and the removal of cellular and myelin debris is essential in preventing the persistence of the local inflammation that may negatively affect nerve regeneration. Acetylcholine (ACh) is one of the neurotransmitters involved in the modulation of inflammation through the activity of its receptors, belonging to both the muscarinic and nicotinic classes. In this report, we evaluated the expression of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in rat sciatic nerve, particularly in SCs, after peripheral nerve injury. α7 nAChRs are absent in sciatic nerve immediately after dissection, but their expression is significantly enhanced in SCs after 24 h in cultured sciatic nerve segments or in the presence of the proinflammatory neuropeptide Bradykinin (BK). Moreover, we found that activation of α7 nAChRs with the selective partial agonist ICH3 causes a decreased expression of c-Jun and an upregulation of uPA, MMP2 and MMP9 activity. In addition, ICH3 treatment inhibits IL-6 transcript level expression as well as the cytokine release. These results suggest that ACh, probably released from regenerating axons or by SC themselves, may actively promote through α7 nAChRs activation an anti-inflammatory microenvironment that contributes to better improving the peripheral nerve regeneration.
Collapse
|
12
|
WNT5A inhibition alters the malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor microenvironment and enhances tumor growth. Oncogene 2021; 40:4229-4241. [PMID: 34079083 PMCID: PMC8217297 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01773-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are aggressive soft-tissue sarcomas that cause significant mortality in adults with neurofibromatosis type 1. We compared gene expression of growth factors in normal human nerves to MPNST and normal human Schwann cells to MPNST cell lines. We identified WNT5A as the most significantly upregulated ligand-coding gene and verified its protein expression in MPNST cell lines and tumors. In many contexts WNT5A acts as an oncogene. However, inhibiting WNT5A expression using shRNA did not alter MPNST cell proliferation, invasion, migration, or survival in vitro. Rather, shWNT5A-treated MPNST cells upregulated mRNAs associated with the remodeling of extracellular matrix and with immune cell communication. In addition, these cells secreted increased amounts of the proinflammatory cytokines CXCL1, CCL2, IL6, CXCL8, and ICAM1. Versus controls, shWNT5A-expressing MPNST cells formed larger tumors in vivo. Grafted tumors contained elevated macrophage/stromal cells, larger and more numerous blood vessels, and increased levels of Mmp9, Cxcl13, Lipocalin-1, and Ccl12. In some MPNST settings, these effects were mimicked by targeting the WNT5A receptor ROR2. These data suggest that the non-canonical Wnt ligand WNT5A inhibits MPNST tumor formation by modulating the MPNST microenvironment, so that blocking WNT5A accelerates tumor growth in vivo.
Collapse
|
13
|
Kohrman DC, Borges BC, Cassinotti LR, Ji L, Corfas G. Axon-glia interactions in the ascending auditory system. Dev Neurobiol 2021; 81:546-567. [PMID: 33561889 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The auditory system detects and encodes sound information with high precision to provide a high-fidelity representation of the environment and communication. In mammals, detection occurs in the peripheral sensory organ (the cochlea) containing specialized mechanosensory cells (hair cells) that initiate the conversion of sound-generated vibrations into action potentials in the auditory nerve. Neural activity in the auditory nerve encodes information regarding the intensity and frequency of sound stimuli, which is transmitted to the auditory cortex through the ascending neural pathways. Glial cells are critical for precise control of neural conduction and synaptic transmission throughout the pathway, allowing for the precise detection of the timing, frequency, and intensity of sound signals, including the sub-millisecond temporal fidelity is necessary for tasks such as sound localization, and in humans, for processing complex sounds including speech and music. In this review, we focus on glia and glia-like cells that interact with hair cells and neurons in the ascending auditory pathway and contribute to the development, maintenance, and modulation of neural circuits and transmission in the auditory system. We also discuss the molecular mechanisms of these interactions, their impact on hearing and on auditory dysfunction associated with pathologies of each cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David C Kohrman
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Beatriz C Borges
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Luis R Cassinotti
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lingchao Ji
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gabriel Corfas
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Kresge Hearing Research Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Balakrishnan A, Belfiore L, Chu TH, Fleming T, Midha R, Biernaskie J, Schuurmans C. Insights Into the Role and Potential of Schwann Cells for Peripheral Nerve Repair From Studies of Development and Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 13:608442. [PMID: 33568974 PMCID: PMC7868393 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.608442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries arising from trauma or disease can lead to sensory and motor deficits and neuropathic pain. Despite the purported ability of the peripheral nerve to self-repair, lifelong disability is common. New molecular and cellular insights have begun to reveal why the peripheral nerve has limited repair capacity. The peripheral nerve is primarily comprised of axons and Schwann cells, the supporting glial cells that produce myelin to facilitate the rapid conduction of electrical impulses. Schwann cells are required for successful nerve regeneration; they partially “de-differentiate” in response to injury, re-initiating the expression of developmental genes that support nerve repair. However, Schwann cell dysfunction, which occurs in chronic nerve injury, disease, and aging, limits their capacity to support endogenous repair, worsening patient outcomes. Cell replacement-based therapeutic approaches using exogenous Schwann cells could be curative, but not all Schwann cells have a “repair” phenotype, defined as the ability to promote axonal growth, maintain a proliferative phenotype, and remyelinate axons. Two cell replacement strategies are being championed for peripheral nerve repair: prospective isolation of “repair” Schwann cells for autologous cell transplants, which is hampered by supply challenges, and directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells or lineage conversion of accessible somatic cells to induced Schwann cells, with the potential of “unlimited” supply. All approaches require a solid understanding of the molecular mechanisms guiding Schwann cell development and the repair phenotype, which we review herein. Together these studies provide essential context for current efforts to design glial cell-based therapies for peripheral nerve regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Balakrishnan
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lauren Belfiore
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tak-Ho Chu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Taylor Fleming
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rajiv Midha
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Jeff Biernaskie
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Carol Schuurmans
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute (SRI), Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hydroxytyrosol Promotes Proliferation of Human Schwann Cells: An In Vitro Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17124404. [PMID: 32575426 PMCID: PMC7344605 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17124404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in phytomedicine have explored some potential candidates for nerve regeneration, including hydroxytyrosol (HT). This study was undertaken to explore the potential effects of HT on human Schwann cells' proliferation. Methods: The primary human Schwann cell (hSC) was characterized, and the proliferation rate of hSC supplemented with various concentrations of HT was determined via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Cell cycle analysis and protein expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and p75 nerve growth factor receptor (p75 NGFR) were evaluated via the immunofluorescence technique. Results: In vitro culture of hSCs revealed spindle-like, bipolar morphology with the expression of specific markers of hSC. Hydroxytyrosol at 10 and 20 ng/mL significantly increased the proliferation of hSCs by 30.12 ± 5.9% and 47.8 ± 6.7% compared to control (p < 0.05). Cell cycle analysis showed that HT-treated hSCs have a higher proliferation index (16.2 ± 0.2%) than the control (12.4 ± 0.4%) (p < 0.01). In addition, HT significantly increased the protein expression of GFAP and p75NGFR (p < 0.05). Conclusion: HT stimulates the proliferation of hSCs in vitro, indicated by a significant increase in the hSC proliferation index and protein expression of hSCs' proliferation markers, namely p75 NGFR and GFAP.
Collapse
|
16
|
Muscarinic receptors modulate Nerve Growth Factor production in rat Schwann-like adipose-derived stem cells and in Schwann cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7159. [PMID: 32346125 PMCID: PMC7188814 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63645-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative capability of the peripheral nervous system after injury is enhanced by Schwann cells (SCs) producing several growth factors. The clinical use of SCs in nerve regeneration strategies is hindered by the necessity of removing a healthy nerve to obtain the therapeutic cells. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) can be chemically differentiated towards a SC-like phenotype (dASCs), and represent a promising alternative to SCs. Their physiology can be further modulated pharmacologically by targeting receptors for neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine (ACh). In this study, we compare the ability of rat dASCs and native SCs to produce NGF in vitro. We also evaluate the ability of muscarinic receptors, in particular the M2 subtype, to modulate NGF production and maturation from the precursor (proNGF) to the mature (mNGF) form. For the first time, we demonstrate that dASCs produce higher basal levels of proNGF and mature NGF compared to SCs. Moreover, muscarinic receptor activation, and in particular M2 subtype stimulation, modulates NGF production and maturation in both SCs and dASCs. Indeed, both cell types express both proNGF A and B isoforms, as well as mNGF. After M2 receptor stimulation, proNGF-B (25 kDa), which is involved in apoptotic processes, is strongly reduced at transcript and protein level. Thus, we demonstrate that dASCs possess a stronger neurotrophic potential compared to SCs. ACh, via M2 muscarinic receptors, contributes to the modulation and maturation of NGF, improving the regenerative properties of dASCs.
Collapse
|
17
|
Sowa Y, Kishida T, Tomita K, Adachi T, Numajiri T, Mazda O. Involvement of PDGF-BB and IGF-1 in Activation of Human Schwann Cells by Platelet-Rich Plasma. Plast Reconstr Surg 2019; 144:1025e-1036e. [PMID: 31764650 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000006266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Platelet-rich plasma contains high concentrations of growth factors that stimulate proliferation and migration of various cell types. Earlier experiments demonstrated that local platelet-rich plasma administration activates Schwann cells to improve axonal regeneration at a transected peripheral nerve lesion. However, the optimal concentration of human platelet-rich plasma for activation of human Schwann cells has not been determined, and mechanisms by which platelet-rich plasma activates Schwann cells remain to be clarified. METHODS Human Schwann cells were cultured with various concentrations of platelet-rich plasma in 5% fetal bovine serum/Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium. Cell viability, microchemotaxis, flow cytometry, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were performed to assess proliferation, migration, cell cycle, and neurotrophic factor expression of the human Schwann cells, respectively. Human Schwann cells were co-cultured with neuronal cells to assess their capacity to induce neurite extension. Neutralizing antibodies for platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were added to the culture to estimate contribution of these cytokines to human Schwann cell stimulation by platelet-rich plasma. RESULTS An addition of platelet-rich plasma at 5% strongly elevated proliferation, migration, and neurotrophic factor production of human Schwann cells. Both PDGF-BB and IGF-1 may be involved in mitogenic effect of platelet-rich plasma on human Schwann cells, and PDGF-BB may also play an important role in the migration-inducing effect of platelet-rich plasma. Neutralization of both PDGF-BB and IGF-1 cancelled the promoting effect of platelet-rich plasma on neurite-inducing activity of human Schwann cells. CONCLUSION This study may suggest the optimal concentration of platelet-rich plasma for human Schwann cell stimulation and potential mechanisms underlying the activation of human Schwann cells by platelet-rich plasma, which may be quite useful for platelet-rich plasma therapy for peripheral nerve regeneration. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Therapeutic, V.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Sowa
- From the Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Immunology, and Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; and the Department of Plastic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Tsunao Kishida
- From the Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Immunology, and Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; and the Department of Plastic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Koichi Tomita
- From the Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Immunology, and Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; and the Department of Plastic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Tetsuya Adachi
- From the Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Immunology, and Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; and the Department of Plastic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Toshiaki Numajiri
- From the Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Immunology, and Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; and the Department of Plastic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| | - Osam Mazda
- From the Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Immunology, and Dental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine; and the Department of Plastic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Omar N, Lokanathan Y, Mohd Razi ZR, Bt Haji Idrus R. The effects of Centella asiatica (L.) Urban on neural differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Altern Ther Health Med 2019; 19:167. [PMID: 31286956 PMCID: PMC6615117 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2581-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, known as Indian Pennywort, is a tropical medicinal plant from Apiaceae family native to Southeast Asian countries. It has been widely used as a nerve tonic in Ayuverdic medicine since ancient times. However, whether it can substitute for neurotrophic factors to induce human mesenchymal stem cell (hMSCs) differentiation into the neural lineage remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of a raw extract of C. asiatica (L.) (RECA) on the neural differentiation of hMSCs in vitro. Methods The hMSCs derived from human Wharton’s jelly umbilical cord (hWJMSCs; n = 6) were treated with RECA at different concentrations; 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 and 2400 μg/ml. The cytotoxicity of RECA was evaluated via the MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) and cell proliferation assays. The hWJMSCs were then induced to neural lineage for 9 days either with RECA alone or RECA in combination with neurotrophic factors (NF). Cell morphological changes were observed under an inverted microscope, while the expression of the neural markers S100β, p75 NGFR, MBP, GFAP and MOG was analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry. The cell cycle profile of differentiated and undifferentiated hWJMSCs was investigated through cell cycle analysis. Results RECA exerted effects on both proliferation and neural differentiation of hWJMSCs in a dose-dependent manner. RECA reduced the proliferation of hWJMSCs and was cytotoxic to cells above 1600 μg/ml, with IC50 value, 1875 ± 55.67 μg/ml. In parallel with the reduction in cell viability, cell enlargement was also observed at the end of the induction. Cells treated with RECA alone had more obvious protein expression of the neural markers compared to the other groups. Meanwhile, gene expression of the aforementioned markers was detected at low levels across the experimental groups. The supplementation of hWJMSCs with RECA did not change the normal life cycle of the cells. Conclusions Although RECA reduced the proliferation of hWJMSCs, a low dose of RECA (400 μg/ml), alone or in combination of neurotrophic factors (NF + RECA 400 μg/ml), has the potential to differentiate hWJMSCs into Schwann cells and other neural lineage cells. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12906-019-2581-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
|
19
|
Hicks SD, Miller MW. Ethanol-induced DNA repair in neural stem cells is transforming growth factor β1-dependent. Exp Neurol 2019; 317:214-225. [PMID: 30853389 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Following neurotoxic damage, cells repair their DNA, and survive or undergo apoptosis. This study tests the hypothesis that ethanol induces a DNA damage response (DDR) in neural stem cells (NSCs) that promotes excision repair (ER) and this repair is influenced by the growth factor environment. Non-immortalized NSCs treated with fibroblast growth factor 2 or transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 were exposed to ethanol. Ethanol increased total DNA damage, reactive oxygen species, and oxidized DNA bases. TGFβ1 potentiated these toxic effects. Transcriptional analyses of cultured NSCs revealed ethanol-induced increases in transcripts related to the DDR (e.g., Hus1 and p53), base ER (e.g., Mutyh and Nthl1), and nucleotide ER (e.g., Xpc), particularly in the presence of TGFβ1. Expression and activity of ER proteins were affected by ethanol. Similar changes occurred in proliferating cells of ethanol-treated mouse fetuses. Ethanol-induced DNA repair in NSCs depends on the ambient growth factors. Gene products for DNA repair in stem cells are among the first biomarkers identifying fetal alcohol-induced damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Hicks
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton NY 13902, Cortland NY 13045, and Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Michael W Miller
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York - Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center, Binghamton NY 13902, Cortland NY 13045, and Syracuse, NY 13210, USA; Department of Anatomy, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, NY 10940, USA; Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Mathot F, Shin AY, Van Wijnen AJ. Targeted stimulation of MSCs in peripheral nerve repair. Gene 2019; 710:17-23. [PMID: 30849542 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2019.02.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have considerable translational potential in a wide variety of clinical disciplines and are the cellular foundation of individualized treatments of auto-immune, cardiac, neurologic and musculoskeletal diseases and disorders. While the cellular mechanisms by which MSCs exert their biological effects remain to be ascertained, it has been hypothesized that MSCs are supportive of local tissue repair through secretion of essential growth factors. Therapeutic applications of MSCs in peripheral nerve repair have recently been reported. This review focuses on how MSCs can promote nerve regeneration by conversion into Schwann-like cells, and discusses differentiation methods including delivery and dosing of naive or differentiated MSCs, as well as in vitro and in vivo outcomes. While MSC-based therapies for nerve repair are still in early stages of development, current progress in the field provides encouragement that MSCs may have utility in the treatment of patients with peripheral nerve injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Femke Mathot
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Plastic Surgery, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Y Shin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andre J Van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, MN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ramli K, Aminath Gasim I, Ahmad AA, Hassan S, Law ZK, Tan GC, Baharuddin A, Naicker AS, Htwe O, Mohammed Haflah NH, B H Idrus R, Abdullah S, Ng MH. Human bone marrow-derived MSCs spontaneously express specific Schwann cell markers. Cell Biol Int 2019; 43:233-252. [PMID: 30362196 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In peripheral nerve injuries, Schwann cells (SC) play pivotal roles in regenerating damaged nerve. However, the use of SC in clinical cell-based therapy is hampered due to its limited availability. In this study, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness of using an established induction protocol for human bone marrow derived-MSC (hBM-MSCs) transdifferentiation into a SC lineage. A relatively homogenous culture of hBM-MSCs was first established after serial passaging (P3), with profiles conforming to the minimal criteria set by International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT). The cultures (n = 3) were then subjected to a series of induction media containing β-mercaptoethanol, retinoic acid, and growth factors. Quantitative RT-PCR, flow cytometry, and immunocytochemistry analyses were performed to quantify the expression of specific SC markers, that is, S100, GFAP, MPZ and p75 NGFR, in both undifferentiated and transdifferentiated hBM-MSCs. Based on these analyses, all markers were expressed in undifferentiated hBM-MSCs and MPZ expression (mRNA transcripts) was consistently detected before and after transdifferentiation across all samples. There was upregulation at the transcript level of more than twofolds for NGF, MPB, GDNF, p75 NGFR post-transdifferentiation. This study highlights the existence of spontaneous expression of specific SC markers in cultured hBM-MSCs, inter-donor variability and that MSC transdifferentiation is a heterogenous process. These findings strongly oppose the use of a single marker to indicate SC fate. The heterogenous nature of MSC may influence the efficiency of SC transdifferentiation protocols. Therefore, there is an urgent need to re-define the MSC subpopulations and revise the minimal criteria for MSC identification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khairunnisa Ramli
- Tissue Engineering Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ifasha Aminath Gasim
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amir Adham Ahmad
- Department of Orthopaedics, School of Medicine, International Medical University, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
| | - Shariful Hassan
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Zhe Kang Law
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Geok Chin Tan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azmi Baharuddin
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amaramalar Selvi Naicker
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ohnmar Htwe
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nor Hazla Mohammed Haflah
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ruszymah B H Idrus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shalimar Abdullah
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Min Hwei Ng
- Tissue Engineering Centre, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
|
23
|
Sultan N, Amin LE, Zaher AR, Scheven BA, Grawish ME. Dental pulp stem cells: Novel cell-based and cell-free therapy for peripheral nerve repair. World J Stomatol 2019; 7:1-19. [DOI: 10.5321/wjs.v7.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The regeneration of peripheral nerves comprises complicated steps involving a set of cellular and molecular events in distal nerve stumps with axonal sprouting and remyelination. Stem cell isolation and expansion for peripheral nerve repair (PNR) can be achieved using a wide diversity of prenatal and adult tissues, such as bone marrow or brain tissues. The ability to obtain stem cells for cell-based therapy (CBT) is limited due to donor site morbidity and the invasive nature of the harvesting process. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) can be relatively and simply isolated from the dental pulps of permanent teeth, extracted for surgical or orthodontic reasons. DPSCs are of neural crest origin with an outstanding ability to differentiate into multiple cell lineages. They have better potential to differentiate into neural and glial cells than other stem cell sources through the expression and secretion of certain markers and a range of neurotropic factors; thus, they should be considered a good choice for PNR using CBT. In addition, these cells have paracrine effects through the secretion of neurotrophic growth factors and extracellular vesicles, which can enhance axonal growth and remyelination by decreasing the number of dying cells and activating local inhabitant stem cell populations, thereby revitalizing dormant or blocked cells, modulating the immune system and regulating inflammatory responses. The use of DPSC-derived secretomes holds great promise for controllable and manageable therapy for peripheral nerve injury. In this review, up-to-date information about the neurotrophic and neurogenic properties of DPSCs and their secretomes is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nessma Sultan
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Laila E Amin
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ahmed R Zaher
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Ben A Scheven
- School of Dentistry, Oral Biology, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B5 7EG, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed E Grawish
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Tanshinone IIA attenuates nerve structural and functional damage induced by nerve crush injury in rats. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202532. [PMID: 30138344 PMCID: PMC6107165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
After peripheral nerve crush injury, the fibers of distal nerve segments gradually disintegrate, and axons regrow from the proximal nerve segment, eventually reaching the target organ. However, the axon regeneration is generally not sufficient for the recovery of neurological function, so drug therapy is necessary. In the current study, we explored the effect of Tanshinone IIA in nerve regeneration in a sciatic nerve crush injury model using Sprague Dawley rats. The rats were administered 45 mg/kg of Tanshinone IIA once daily. Motor behavior and tibialis anterior muscle mass were assessed, and histological analysis of the sciatic nerve and lumbar spinal cord were conducted. The results showed that the administration of Tanshinone IIA improved nerve growth and motor function, and resulted in a marked decrease of neuronal death. The findings of this exploratory study suggest that Tanshinone IIA alleviates injury and boosts regeneration after nerve crush injury in a rat model of sciatic nerve injury.
Collapse
|
25
|
Li R, Li Y, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Chen H, Yuan Y, Xu K, Zhang H, Lu Y, Wang J, Li X, Jia X, Xiao J. Heparin-Poloxamer Thermosensitive Hydrogel Loaded with bFGF and NGF Enhances Peripheral Nerve Regeneration in Diabetic Rats. Biomaterials 2018; 168:24-37. [PMID: 29609091 PMCID: PMC5935004 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) is a major burden to society with limited therapeutic options, and novel biomaterials have great potential for shifting the current paradigm of treatment. With a rising prevalence of chronic illnesses such as diabetes mellitus (DM), treatment of PNI is further complicated, and only few studies have proposed therapies suitable for peripheral nerve regeneration in DM. To provide a supportive environment to restore structure and/or function of nerves in DM, we developed a novel thermo-sensitive heparin-poloxamer (HP) hydrogel co-delivered with basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and nerve growth factor (NGF) in diabetic rats with sciatic nerve crush injury. The delivery vehicle not only had a good affinity for large amounts of growth factors (GFs), but also controlled their release in a steady fashion, preventing degradation in vitro. In vivo, compared with HP hydrogel alone or direct GFs administration, GFs-HP hydrogel treatment is more effective at facilitating Schwann cell (SC) proliferation, leading to an increased expression of nerve associated structural proteins, enhanced axonal regeneration and remyelination, and improved recovery of motor function (all p < 0.05). Our mechanistic investigation also revealed that these neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects of the GFs-HP hydrogel may be associated with activations of phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase and protein kinase B (PI3K/Akt), janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (JAK/STAT3), and mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) signaling pathways. Our work provides a promising therapy option for peripheral nerve regeneration in patients with DM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yiyang Li
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yingzheng Zhao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Ke Xu
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hongyu Zhang
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China
| | - Yingfeng Lu
- Department of Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Peripheral Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325000, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- The Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Orthopaedics, Anatomy Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, China.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Elliott KH, Brugmann SA. Sending mixed signals: Cilia-dependent signaling during development and disease. Dev Biol 2018; 447:28-41. [PMID: 29548942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular signals are the guiding force of development, imparting direction upon cells to divide, migrate, differentiate, etc. The mechanisms by which a cell can receive and transduce these signals into measurable actions remains a 'black box' in developmental biology. Primary cilia are ubiquitous, microtubule-based organelles that dynamically extend from a cell to receive and process molecular and mechanical signaling cues. In the last decade, this organelle has become increasingly intriguing to the research community due to its ability to act as a cellular antenna, receive and transduce molecular stimuli, and initiate a cellular response. In this review, we discuss the structure of primary cilia, emphasizing how the ciliary components contribute to the transduction of signaling pathways. Furthermore, we address how the cilium integrates these signals and conveys them into cellular processes such as proliferation, migration and tissue patterning. Gaining a deeper understanding of the mechanisms used by primary cilia to receive and integrate molecular signals is essential, as it opens the door for the identification of therapeutic targets within the cilium that could alleviate pathological conditions brought on by aberrant molecular signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey H Elliott
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Samantha A Brugmann
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA; Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hirosawa N, Uchida K, Kuniyoshi K, Murakami K, Inoue G, Miyagi M, Matsuura Y, Orita S, Inage K, Suzuki T, Takaso M, Ohtori S. Vein wrapping facilitates basic fibroblast growth factor-induced heme oxygenase-1 expression following chronic nerve constriction injury. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:898-905. [PMID: 28776762 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The clinical efficacy of autologous vein wrapping for recurrent compressive neuropathy has been demonstrated; however, the underlying mechanisms of this technique remain unclear. Rats were divided into chronic constriction injury (CCI) and CCI + vein wrapping (CCI + VW) groups. Mechanical allodynia was evaluated using von Frey filaments. To identify the neuroprotective factors released from veins, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mRNA expression in veins was compared to that in the sciatic nerve. The response of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression to vein wrapping was evaluated by RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The effects of exogenous bFGF on HO-1 expression were evaluated using a sciatic nerve cell culture. Vein wrapping significantly increased the withdraw threshold levels compared to the untreated CCI group. bFGF mRNA expression in veins was higher than that in untreated sciatic nerves. HO-1 mRNA expression was induced at higher levels in sciatic nerve cells in the presence of exogenous bFGF compared to untreated control cells. HO-1 mRNA and protein expression in the sciatic nerve were also higher in the CCI + VW group compared with the CCI group. Our results suggest that vein-derived bFGF contributes to the therapeutic benefit of vein wrapping through the induction of HO-1 in the sciatic nerve. Vein wrapping is a useful technique for reducing neuropathic pain. Further understanding of the neurotrophic factors released from veins may help to optimize current procedures for treating recurrent compressive neuropathy and traumatic peripheral nerve injury, and lead to the development of new therapeutic methods using recombinant neurotrophic factors. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:898-905, 2018.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoya Hirosawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Kentaro Uchida
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kuniyoshi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Kenichi Murakami
- Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, 3426-3 Anesaki, Chiba, 299-0111, Japan
| | - Gen Inoue
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masayuki Miyagi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Yusuke Matsuura
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Sumihisa Orita
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Inage
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Takane Suzuki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| | - Masashi Takaso
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, 1-15-1 Minami-ku Kitasato, Sagamihara City, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Seiji Ohtori
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, 1-8-1 Inohana, Chuo-ku, Chiba, 260-8677, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Weiss T, Taschner-Mandl S, Ambros PF, Ambros IM. Detailed Protocols for the Isolation, Culture, Enrichment and Immunostaining of Primary Human Schwann Cells. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1739:67-86. [PMID: 29546701 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7649-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This chapter emphasizes detailed protocols for the effective establishment of highly enriched human Schwann cell cultures and their characterization via immunostaining. The Schwann cells are isolated from immediately dissociated fascicle tissue and expanded prior to purification. Two purification methods are described that use either fluorescence-activated cell sorting for the Schwann cell marker TNR16 (p75NTR) or a less-manipulative two-step enrichment exploiting the differential adhesion properties of Schwann cells and fibroblasts, which is especially useful for low Schwann cell numbers. In addition, a method to determine Schwann cell purity via stained cytospin slides is introduced. Together with an immunofluorescence staining procedure for the combined analysis of extra- and intracellular markers, this chapter provides a solid basis to study human primary Schwann cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Weiss
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria.
| | | | | | - Inge M Ambros
- Children's Cancer Research Institute, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bendella H, Rink S, Grosheva M, Sarikcioglu L, Gordon T, Angelov DN. Putative roles of soluble trophic factors in facial nerve regeneration, target reinnervation, and recovery of vibrissal whisking. Exp Neurol 2017; 300:100-110. [PMID: 29104116 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
It is well-known that, after nerve transection and surgical repair, misdirected regrowth of regenerating motor axons may occur in three ways. The first way is that the axons enter into endoneurial tubes that they did not previously occupy, regenerate through incorrect fascicles and reinnervate muscles that they did not formerly supply. Consequently the activation of these muscles results in inappropriate movements. The second way is that, in contrast with the precise target-directed pathfinding by elongating motor nerves during embryonic development, several axons rather than a single axon grow out from each transected nerve fiber. The third way of misdirection occurs by the intramuscular terminal branching (sprouting) of each regenerating axon to culminate in some polyinnervation of neuromuscular junctions, i.e. reinnervation of junctions by more than a single axon. Presently, "fascicular" or "topographic specificity" cannot be achieved and hence target-directed nerve regeneration is, as yet, unattainable. Nonetheless, motor and sensory reinnervation of appropriate endoneurial tubes does occur and can be promoted by brief nerve electrical stimulation. This review considers the expression of neurotrophic factors in the neuromuscular system and how this expression can promote functional recovery, with emphasis on the whisking of vibrissae on the rat face in relationship to the expression of the factors. Evidence is reviewed for a role of neurotrophic factors as short-range diffusible sprouting stimuli in promoting complete functional recovery of vibrissal whisking in blind Sprague Dawley (SD)/RCS rats but not in SD rats with normal vision, after facial nerve transection and surgical repair. Briefly, a complicated time course of growth factor expression in the nerves and denervated muscles include (1) an early increase in FGF2 and IGF2, (2) reduced NGF between 2 and 14days after nerve transection and surgical repair, (3) a late rise in BDNF and (4) reduced IGF1 protein in the denervated muscles at 28days. These findings suggest that recovery of motor function after peripheral nerve injury is due, at least in part, to a complex regulation of nerve injury-associated neurotrophic factors and cytokines at the neuromuscular junctions of denervated muscles. In particular, the increase of FGF2 and concomittant decrease of NGF during the first week after facial nerve-nerve anastomosis in SD/RCS blind rats may prevent intramuscular axon sprouting and, in turn, reduce poly-innervation of the neuromuscular junction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habib Bendella
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Witten/Herdecke, Cologne Merheim Medical Center (CMMC), Cologne, Germany
| | - Svenja Rink
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, School of Dental and Oral Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Maria Grosheva
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, University of Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Tessa Gordon
- Department of Surgery, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ikumi A, Hara Y, Yoshioka T, Kanamori A, Yamazaki M. Effect of local administration of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on peripheral nerve regeneration: An experimental study in the rabbit model. Microsurgery 2017; 38:300-309. [DOI: 10.1002/micr.30263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ikumi
- Department of orthopaedic surgery, Faculty of medicine; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki Japan
| | - Yuki Hara
- Department of orthopaedic surgery, Faculty of medicine; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yoshioka
- Department of orthopaedic surgery, Faculty of medicine; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki Japan
| | - Akihiro Kanamori
- Department of orthopaedic surgery, Faculty of medicine; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki Japan
| | - Masashi Yamazaki
- Department of orthopaedic surgery, Faculty of medicine; University of Tsukuba; Ibaraki Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Li M, Wang J, Ding L, Meng H, Wang F, Luo Z. Tanshinone IIA attenuates nerve transection injury associated with nerve regeneration promotion in rats. Neurosci Lett 2017; 659:18-25. [PMID: 28859867 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2017] [Revised: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tanshinone IIA (Tan IIA) is the major pharmacological constituent of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge (Danshen) for the therapeutic purpose of preventing ischemic injury and treating cerebrovascular disease. The aim of the present study was to explore the potential neuroprotective effects of Tan IIA in sciatic nerve transection injury. We investigated the possible beneficial effects of Tan IIA in promoting nerve regeneration after nerve transection injury in rats. Nerve transection injury was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats by left sciatic nerve transection. After neuroanastomosis, the rats were intraperitoneally (IP) injected with 6mg/kg, 15mg/kg, or 40mg/kg Tan IIA once daily for 12 weeks; the vehicle and positive control groups were injected with normal saline and mecobalamin (MeCbl, 100μg/kg), respectively. Axonal regeneration and functional recovery were evaluated by a range of morphological and functional measures 12 weeks after neuroanastomosis. The administration of 15mg/kg and 40mg/kg Tan IIA and MeCbl achieved better axonal regeneration with significant restoration of motor function as well as a marked decrease in Fluoro-Gold (FG)-labeled neurons and increased nerve regeneration. At 12 weeks post-surgery, 40mg/kg Tan IIA showed a better neuroprotective effect than 15mg/kg Tan IIA and MeCbl. There were no statistical differences between the 15mg/kg Tan IIA and MeCbl groups or the control and 6mg/kg Tan IIA groups. Our findings demonstrate that Tan IIA can alleviate nerve injury and promote nerve regeneration in a sciatic nerve transection model in rats, providing supportive evidence for Tan IIA as an effective potential therapeutic remedy for peripheral nerve injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mo Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Lixiang Ding
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Hao Meng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Military General Hospital of Beijing PLA, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zhuojing Luo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Salehi M, Naseri-Nosar M, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Nourani M, Khojasteh A, Farzamfar S, Mansouri K, Ai J. Polyurethane/Gelatin Nanofibrils Neural Guidance Conduit Containing Platelet-Rich Plasma and Melatonin for Transplantation of Schwann Cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:703-713. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0535-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
33
|
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) have been proposed as a promising cellular source for the treatment of diseases in nervous systems. NSCs can self-renew and generate major cell types of the mammalian central nervous system throughout adulthood. NSCs exist not only in the embryo, but also in the adult brain neurogenic region: the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricle. Embryonic stem (ES) cells acquire NSC identity with a default mechanism. Under the regulations of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and fibroblast growth factors, the NSCs then become neural progenitors. Neurotrophic and differentiation factors that regulate gene expression for controlling neural cell fate and function determine the differentiation of neural progenitors in the developing mammalian brain. For clinical application of NSCs in neurodegenerative disorders and damaged neurons, there are several critical problems that remain to be resolved: 1) how to obtain enough NSCs from reliable sources for autologous transplantation; 2) how to regulate neural plasticity of different adult stem cells; 3) how to control differentiation of NSCs in the adult nervous system. In order to understand the mechanisms that control NSC differentiation and behavior, we review the ontogeny of NSCs and other stem cell plasticity of neuronal differentiation. The role of NSCs and their regulation by neurotrophic factors in CNS development are also reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Hsu
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Jhunan, Taiwan
| | - Don-Ching Lee
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Jhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Ming Chiu
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Jhunan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Institute of Medical Technology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Xie S, Lu F, Han J, Tao K, Wang H, Simental A, Hu D, Yang H. Efficient generation of functional Schwann cells from adipose-derived stem cells in defined conditions. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:841-851. [PMID: 28296571 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1304328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells (SCs) are hitherto regarded as the most promising candidates for viable cell-based therapy to peripheral nervous system (PNS) injuries or degenerative diseases. However, the extreme drawbacks of transplanting autologous SCs for clinical applications still represent a significant bottleneck in neural regenerative medicine, mainly owing to the need of sacrificing a functional nerve to generate autologous SCs and the nature of slow expansion of the SCs. Thus, it is of great importance to establish an alternative cell system for the generation of sufficient SCs. Here, we demonstrated that adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) of rat robustly give rise to morphological, phenotypic and functional SCs using an optimized protocol. After undergoing a 3-week in vitro differentiation, almost all of treated ADSCs exhibited spindle shaped morphology similar to genuine SCs and expressed SC markers GFAP and S100. Most importantly, apart from acquisition of SC antigenic and biochemical features, the ADSC-derived SCs were functionally identical to native SCs as they possess a potential ability to form myelin, and secret nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glia-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). The current study may provide an ideal strategy for harvesting sufficient SCs for cell-based treatment of various peripheral nerve injuries or disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Songtao Xie
- a Department of Burn Surgery , Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an PR China State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province , China
| | - Fan Lu
- b Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , China State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province , China
| | - Juntao Han
- a Department of Burn Surgery , Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an PR China State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province , China
| | - Ke Tao
- a Department of Burn Surgery , Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an PR China State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province , China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- a Department of Burn Surgery , Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an PR China State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province , China
| | - Alfred Simental
- c Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery , Loma Linda University Medical Center , Loma Linda , CA , USA
| | - Dahai Hu
- a Department of Burn Surgery , Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an PR China State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Xijing Hospital Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , Shaanxi Province , China
| | - Hao Yang
- d Translational Medicine Center , Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , Shaanxi , China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Okuda A, Horii-Hayashi N, Sasagawa T, Shimizu T, Shigematsu H, Iwata E, Morimoto Y, Masuda K, Koizumi M, Akahane M, Nishi M, Tanaka Y. Bone marrow stromal cell sheets may promote axonal regeneration and functional recovery with suppression of glial scar formation after spinal cord transection injury in rats. J Neurosurg Spine 2017; 26:388-395. [DOI: 10.3171/2016.8.spine16250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE
Transplantation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) is a theoretical potential as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of spinal cord injury (SCI). Although a scaffold is sometimes used for retaining transplanted cells in damaged tissue, it is also known to induce redundant immunoreactions during the degradation processes. In this study, the authors prepared cell sheets made of BMSCs, which are transplantable without a scaffold, and investigated their effects on axonal regeneration, glial scar formation, and functional recovery in a completely transected SCI model in rats.
METHODS
BMSC sheets were prepared from the bone marrow of female Fischer 344 rats using ascorbic acid and were cryopreserved until the day of transplantation. A gelatin sponge (GS), as a control, or BMSC sheet was transplanted into a 2-mm-sized defect of the spinal cord at the T-8 level. Axonal regeneration and glial scar formation were assessed 2 and 8 weeks after transplantation by immunohistochemical analyses using anti-Tuj1 and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibodies, respectively. Locomotor function was evaluated using the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan scale.
RESULTS
The BMSC sheets promoted axonal regeneration at 2 weeks after transplantation, but there was no significant difference in the number of Tuj1-positive axons between the sheet- and GS-transplanted groups. At 8 weeks after transplantation, Tuj1-positive axons elongated across the sheet, and their numbers were significantly greater in the sheet group than in the GS group. The areas of GFAP-positive glial scars in the sheet group were significantly reduced compared with those of the GS group at both time points. Finally, hindlimb locomotor function was ameliorated in the sheet group at 4 and 8 weeks after transplantation.
CONCLUSIONS
The results of the present study indicate that an ascorbic acid–induced BMSC sheet is effective in the treatment of SCI and enables autologous transplantation without requiring a scaffold.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akinori Okuda
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara
- 2Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara
| | - Noriko Horii-Hayashi
- 2Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara
| | - Takayo Sasagawa
- 2Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara
| | - Takamasa Shimizu
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara
| | - Hideki Shigematsu
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara
| | - Eiichiro Iwata
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara
| | - Yasuhiko Morimoto
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara
| | - Keisuke Masuda
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara
| | - Munehisa Koizumi
- 3Spine and Spinal Cord Surgery Center, Nara Prefecture General Medical Center; and
| | - Manabu Akahane
- 4Department of Public Health, Health Management, and Policy, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Nara, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishi
- 2Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Kashihara
| | - Yasuhito Tanaka
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Mortimer AE, Faroni A, Kilic MA, Reid AJ. Maintenance of a Schwann-Like Phenotype in Differentiated Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Requires the Synergistic Action of Multiple Growth Factors. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:1479137. [PMID: 28798775 PMCID: PMC5534321 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1479137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiating human adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) towards Schwann cells produces an unstable phenotype when stimulating factors are withdrawn. Here, we set out to examine the role of glial growth factor 2 (GGF-2) in the maintenance of Schwann-like cells. Following ASC differentiation to Schwann-like cells, stimulating factors were withdrawn such that cells either remained in media supplemented with all stimulating factors, GGF-2 alone, or underwent complete withdrawal of all factors. Furthermore, each stimulating factor was also removed from the growth medium individually. At 72 hours, gene (qRT-PCR) and protein (ELISA) expression of key Schwann cell factors were quantified and cell morphology was analysed. Cells treated with GGF-2 alone reverted to a stem cell morphology and did not stimulate the production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), regardless of the concentration of GGF-2 in the growth medium. However, GGF-2 alone increased the expression of Krox20, the main transcription factor involved in myelination, relative to those cells treated with all stimulating factors. Cells lacking fibroblast growth factor were unable to maintain a Schwann-like morphology, and those lacking forskolin exhibited a downregulation in BDNF production. Therefore, it is likely that the synergistic action of multiple growth factors is required to maintain Schwann-like phenotype in differentiated ASCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice E. Mortimer
- 1Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alessandro Faroni
- 1Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Mahmut A. Kilic
- 1Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- 2Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Adam J. Reid
- 1Blond McIndoe Laboratories, Division of Cell Matrix Biology and Regenerative Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- 3Department of Plastic Surgery & Burns, University Hospitals of South Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
- *Adam J. Reid:
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Pan B, Liu Y, Yan JY, Wang Y, Yao X, Zhou HX, Lu L, Kong XH, Feng SQ. Gene expression analysis at multiple time-points identifies key genes for nerve regeneration. Muscle Nerve 2016; 55:373-383. [PMID: 27313142 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to provide a comprehensive understanding of gene expression during Wallerian degeneration and axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury. METHODS A microarray was used to detect gene expression in the distal nerve 0, 3, 7, and 14 days after sciatic nerve crush. Bioinformatic analysis was used to predict function of the differentially expressed mRNAs. Microarray results and the key pathways were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS Differentially expressed mRNAs at different time-points (3, 7, and 14 days) after injury were identified and compared with a control group (0 day). Nine general trends of changes in gene expression were identified. Key signal pathways and 9 biological processes closely associated with nerve regeneration were identified and verified. CONCLUSIONS Differentially expressed genes and biological processes and pathways associated with axonal regeneration may elucidate the molecular-biological mechanisms underlying peripheral nerve regeneration. Muscle Nerve 55: 373-383, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Pan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Jia-Yin Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Yao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Xue Yao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Heng-Xing Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Lu Lu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| | - Xiao-Hong Kong
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Nankai District, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Shi-Qing Feng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, No. 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
O'Neill P, Lindsay SL, Pantiru A, Guimond SE, Fagoe N, Verhaagen J, Turnbull JE, Riddell JS, Barnett SC. Sulfatase-mediated manipulation of the astrocyte-Schwann cell interface. Glia 2016; 65:19-33. [PMID: 27535874 PMCID: PMC5244676 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cell (SC) transplantation following spinal cord injury (SCI) may have therapeutic potential. Functional recovery is limited however, due to poor SC interactions with host astrocytes and the induction of astrogliosis. Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are closely related to SCs, but intermix more readily with astrocytes in culture and induce less astrogliosis. We previously demonstrated that OECs express higher levels of sulfatases, enzymes that remove 6-O-sulfate groups from heparan sulphate proteoglycans, than SCs and that RNAi knockdown of sulfatase prevented OEC-astrocyte mixing in vitro. As human OECs are difficult to culture in large numbers we have genetically engineered SCs using lentiviral vectors to express sulfatase 1 and 2 (SC-S1S2) and assessed their ability to interact with astrocytes. We demonstrate that SC-S1S2s have increased integrin-dependent motility in the presence of astrocytes via modulation of NRG and FGF receptor-linked PI3K/AKT intracellular signaling and do not form boundaries with astrocytes in culture. SC-astrocyte mixing is dependent on local NRG concentration and we propose that sulfatase enzymes influence the bioavailability of NRG ligand and thus influence SC behavior. We further demonstrate that injection of sulfatase expressing SCs into spinal cord white matter results in less glial reactivity than control SC injections comparable to that of OEC injections. Our data indicate that sulfatase-mediated modification of the extracellular matrix can influence glial interactions with astrocytes, and that SCs engineered to express sulfatase may be more OEC-like in character. This approach may be beneficial for cell transplant-mediated spinal cord repair. GLIA 2016 GLIA 2017;65:19-33.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul O'Neill
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Susan L Lindsay
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Andreea Pantiru
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| | - Scott E Guimond
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Glycobiology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - Nitish Fagoe
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, BA, 1105, the Netherlands
| | - Joost Verhaagen
- Laboratory for Neuroregeneration, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Meibergdreef 47, Amsterdam, BA, 1105, the Netherlands
| | - Jeremy E Turnbull
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Glycobiology, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, United Kingdom
| | - John S Riddell
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, West Medical Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - Susan C Barnett
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation and Immunity, 120 University Place, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hizay A, Seitz M, Grosheva M, Sinis N, Kaya Y, Bendella H, Sarikcioglu L, Dunlop SA, Angelov DN. FGF-2 is required to prevent astrogliosis in the facial nucleus after facial nerve injury and mechanical stimulation of denervated vibrissal muscles. J Biomed Res 2016; 30:142-148. [PMID: 28276669 PMCID: PMC4820891 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20140042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have shown that manual stimulation of paralyzed vibrissal muscles after facial-facial anastomosis reduced the poly-innervation of neuromuscular junctions and restored vibrissal whisking. Using gene knock outs, we found a differential dependence of manual stimulation effects on growth factors. Thus, insulin-like growth factor-1 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor are required to underpin manual stimulation-mediated improvements, whereas FGF-2 is not. The lack of dependence on FGF-2 in mediating these peripheral effects prompted us to look centrally, i.e. within the facial nucleus where increased astrogliosis after facial-facial anastomosis follows "synaptic stripping". We measured the intensity of Cy3-fluorescence after immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) as an indirect indicator of synaptic coverage of axotomized neurons in the facial nucleus of mice lacking FGF-2 (FGF-2-/- mice). There was no difference in GFAP-Cy3-fluorescence (pixel number, gray value range 17–103) between intact wildtype mice (2.12± 0.37×107) and their intact FGF-2-/- counterparts (2.12± 0.27×107) nor after facial-facial anastomosis +handling (wildtype: 4.06± 0.32×107; FGF-2-/-: 4.39±0.17×107). However, after facial-facial anastomosis, GFAP-Cy3-fluorescence remained elevated in FGF-2-/--animals (4.54±0.12×107), whereas manual stimulation reduced the intensity of GFAP-immunofluorescence in wild type mice to values that were not significantly different from intact mice (2.63± 0.39×10 ). We conclude that FGF-2 is not required to underpin the beneficial effects of manual stimulation at the neuro-muscular junction, but it is required to minimize astrogliosis in the brainstem and, by implication, restore synaptic coverage of recovering facial motoneurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arzu Hizay
- Department of Anatomy, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupinar Bulvari 07058 Kampus, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Mark Seitz
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9, D-50924 Cologne, FR Germany
| | - Maria Grosheva
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, University Hospital Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9, D-50924 Cologne, FR Germany
| | - Nektarios Sinis
- Depeartment of Plastic-, Hand- and Reconstructive Microsurgery, Berlin, FR 12249, Germany
| | - Yasemin Kaya
- Department of Anatomy, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupinar Bulvari 07058 Kampus, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Habib Bendella
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Merheim, University of Witten-Herdecke, Ostmerheimer Straße 200, 51109 Cologne, Germany
| | - Levent Sarikcioglu
- Department of Anatomy, Akdeniz University, Faculty of Medicine, Dumlupinar Bulvari 07058 Kampus, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Sarah A Dunlop
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Animal Biology, University of Western Australia (M092) 35 Stirling Highway, CRAWLEY WA 6009, Australia
| | - Doychin N Angelov
- Department of Anatomy I, University of Cologne, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strasse 9, D-50924 Cologne, FR Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Förthmann B, Grothe C, Claus P. A nuclear odyssey: fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) as a regulator of nuclear homeostasis in the nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:1651-62. [PMID: 25552245 PMCID: PMC11113852 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1818-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear localization of classical growth factors is a well-known phenomenon but still remains a molecular and cellular conundrum. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) is an excellent example of a protein which functions as an extracellular molecule involved in canonical receptor tyrosine kinase signaling as well as displaying intracellular functions. Paracrine and nuclear functions are two important sides of the same protein. FGF-2 is expressed in isoforms with different molecular weights from one mRNA species. In rodents, all of these isoforms become imported to the nucleus. In this review, we discuss structural and functional aspects of FGF-2 isoforms in the nervous system. The nuclear odyssey of FGF-2 is reflected by nuclear dynamics, localization to nuclear bodies such as nucleoli, binding to chromatin and engagement in various protein interactions. Recently discovered molecular partnerships of the isoforms shed light on their nuclear functions, thereby greatly extending our knowledge of the multifaceted functions of FGF-2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Förthmann
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, OE 4140, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Grothe
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, OE 4140, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Peter Claus
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Hannover Medical School, OE 4140, Carl-Neuberg-Str.1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Wakao S, Matsuse D, Dezawa M. Mesenchymal stem cells as a source of Schwann cells: their anticipated use in peripheral nerve regeneration. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 200:31-41. [PMID: 25765009 DOI: 10.1159/000368188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schwann cells form myelin, sustain axons and provide the microenvironment for nerve fibers, thereby playing a key role in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Schwann cells also provide support for the damaged PNS by producing factors that strongly promote axonal regrowth and contribute to remyelination, which is crucial for the recovery of neural function. These advantages are not confined to the PNS and also apply to the central nervous system. Many diseases, including peripheral nerve injury, neuropathy, multiple sclerosis and spinal cord injury, are targets for Schwann cell therapy. The collection of Schwann cells, however, causes new damage to other peripheral nerve segments. Furthermore, the doubling time of Schwann cells is not very fast, and thus adequate amounts of Schwann cells for clinical use cannot be collected within a reasonable amount of time. Mesenchymal stem cells, which are highly proliferative, are easily accessible from various types of mesenchymal tissues, such as the bone marrow, umbilical cord and fat tissue. Because these cells have the ability to cross oligolineage boundaries between mesodermal to ectodermal lineages, they are capable of differentiating into Schwann cells with step-by-step cytokine stimulation. In this review, we summarize the properties of mesenchymal stem cell-derived Schwann cells, which are comparable to authentic Schwann cells, and discuss future perspectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Wakao
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Histology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abbasipour-Dalivand S, Mohammadi R, Mohammadi V. Effects of Local Administration of Platelet Rich Plasma on Functional Recovery after Bridging Sciatic Nerve Defect Using Silicone Rubber Chamber; An Experimental Study. Bull Emerg Trauma 2015; 3:1-7. [PMID: 27162893 PMCID: PMC4771280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of local administration of platelet rich plasma (PRP) on peripheral nerve regeneration in rat sciatic nerve transection model. METHODS Forty-five male white Wistar rats were randomized into three experimental groups (n=15): Normal control group (NC), silicon group (SIL), PRP treated group (SIL/PRP). In NC group left sciatic nerve was exposed through a gluteal muscle incision and after homeostasis muscle was sutured. In SIL group left sciatic nerve was exposed the same way and transected proximal to tibio-peroneal bifurcation leaving a 10-mm gap. Proximal and distal stumps were each inserted into a silicone conduit and filled with 10 µL phosphate buffered solution. In SIL/PRP group silicon conduit was filled with 20 µL PRP. Each group was subdivided into three subgroups of five animals each and were studied 4, 8, 12 weeks after surgery. RESULTS The animals were comparable regarding the baseline characteristics. Behavioral testing, sciatic nerve functional study and gastrocnemius muscle mass showed earlier regeneration of axons in SIL/PRP than in SIL group. CONCLUSION Local administration of PRP combined with silicon grafting could accelerate functional recovery of peripheral nerve. Easily available growth factors and bioactive proteins present in PRP may have clinical implications for the surgical management of patients after nerve transection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rahim Mohammadi
- Department of Surgery and Diagnostic Imaging, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Vahid Mohammadi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pathology, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Cyclic AMP signaling: a molecular determinant of peripheral nerve regeneration. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:651625. [PMID: 25177696 PMCID: PMC4142170 DOI: 10.1155/2014/651625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of axonal integrity during injury to the peripheral nerve system (PNS) sets into motion a cascade of responses that includes inflammation, Schwann cell mobilization, and the degeneration of the nerve fibers distal to the injury site. Yet, the injured PNS differentiates itself from the injured central nervous system (CNS) in its remarkable capacity for self-recovery, which, depending upon the length and type of nerve injury, involves a series of molecular events in both the injured neuron and associated Schwann cells that leads to axon regeneration, remyelination repair, and functional restitution. Herein we discuss the essential function of the second messenger, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP), in the PNS repair process, highlighting the important role the conditioning lesion paradigm has played in understanding the mechanism(s) by which cyclic AMP exerts its proregenerative action. Furthermore, we review the studies that have therapeutically targeted cyclic AMP to enhance endogenous nerve repair.
Collapse
|
44
|
Nanoparticle mediated controlled delivery of dual growth factors. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:256-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-014-4606-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
45
|
Uggenti C, De Stefano ME, Costantino M, Loreti S, Pisano A, Avallone B, Talora C, Magnaghi V, Tata AM. M2 muscarinic receptor activation regulates Schwann cell differentiation and myelin organization. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 74:676-91. [PMID: 24403178 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells express acetylcholine receptors. In particular, rat Schwann cells express different muscarinic receptor subtypes, the most abundant of which is the M2 subtype. M2 receptor activation causes a reversible arrest of the cell cycle. This negative effect on Schwann cell proliferation suggests that these cells may possibly progress into a differentiating program. In this study we analyzed the in vitro modulation, by the M2 agonist arecaidine, of transcription factors and specific signaling pathways involved in Schwann cell differentiation. The arecaidine-induced M2 receptor activation significantly upregulates transcription factors involved in the promyelinating phase (e.g., Sox10 and Krox20) and downregulates proteins involved in the maintenance of the undifferentiated state (e.g., c-jun, Notch-1, and Jagged-1). Furthermore, arecaidine stimulation significantly increases the expression of myelin proteins, which is accompanied by evident changes in cell morphology, as indicated by electron microscopy analysis, and by substantial cellular re-distribution of actin and cell adhesion molecules. Moreover, ultrastructural and morphometric analyses on sciatic nerves of M2/M4 knockout mice show numerous degenerating axons and clear alterations in myelin organization compared with wild-type mice. Therefore, our data demonstrate that acetylcholine mediates axon-glia cross talk, favoring Schwann cell progression into a differentiated myelinating phenotype and contributing to compact myelin organization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Uggenti
- Dipartmento di Biologia e Biotecnologie "Charles Darwin,", "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Roma, Italy; Centro di ricerca in Neurobiologia "Daniel Bovet,", "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
The protein kinase A regulatory subunit R1A (Prkar1a) plays critical roles in peripheral nerve development. J Neurosci 2014; 33:17967-75. [PMID: 24227708 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0766-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling through cAMP has been implicated in Schwann cell (SC) proliferation and myelination, but the signaling pathway components downstream of cAMP required for SC function remain unknown. Protein kinase A (PKA) is a potential downstream effector of cAMP. Here, we induced loss of Prkar1a, the gene encoding the type 1A regulatory subunit of PKA, in SC to study its role in nerve development; loss of Prkar1a is predicted to elevate PKA activity. Conditional Prkar1a knock-out in mouse SC (Prkar1a-SCKO) resulted in a dramatic and persistent axonal sorting defect, and unexpectedly decreased SC proliferation in Prkar1a-SCKO nerves in vivo. Effects were cell autonomous as they were recapitulated in vitro in Prkar1a-SCKO SC, which showed elevated PKA activity. In the few SCs sorted into 1:1 relationships with axons in vivo, SC myelination was premature in Prkar1a-SCKO nerves, correlating with global increase in the cAMP-regulated transcription factor Oct-6 and expression of myelin basic protein. These data reveal a previously unknown role of PKA in axon sorting, an unexpected inhibitory role of PKA on SC cell proliferation in vivo and define the importance of Prkar1a in peripheral nerve development.
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhu H, Yang A, Du J, Li D, Liu M, Ding F, Gu X, Liu Y. Basic fibroblast growth factor is a key factor that induces bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells towards cells with Schwann cell phenotype. Neurosci Lett 2013; 559:82-7. [PMID: 24309293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be differentiate towards a Schwann cells (SCs) lineage when exposed to pre-inducing reagents β-mercaptoethanol (BME) and retinoic acid (RA), followed by inducing factors: forskolin (FSK), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), and heregulin (HRG). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we investigated the individual effects of these inducing factors on the differentiation of MSCs towards SC phenotype in rats. We show that the omission of either HRG or PDGF from the induction medium is not sufficient to change the SC-like phenotype or the expression level of the SC marker, S100β. However, the omission of bFGF from the induction medium effectively blocked neural induction of the MSCs. Moreover, only bFGF was found to inhibit MSC proliferation during differentiation. To clarify the mechanism responsible for the effect of bFGF, we also investigated the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in the induced cells. Our results suggest that morphological changes in MSCs induced by bFGF depend on the activation of ERK, and bFGF may be an indispensable factor that induces MSCs to differentiate into cells with SCs phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China; Surgical Comprehensive Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China
| | - Aizhen Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China
| | - Jinfeng Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China
| | - Donghui Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China
| | - Mei Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China
| | - Fei Ding
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China
| | - Yan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province 226001, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injuries are common conditions, with broad-ranging groups of symptoms depending on the severity and nerves involved. Although much knowledge exists on the mechanisms of injury and regeneration, reliable treatments that ensure full functional recovery are scarce. This review aims to summarize various ways these injuries are classified in light of decades of research on peripheral nerve injury and regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ron M G Menorca
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 665, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Liu Y, Zhang Z, Qin Y, Wu H, Lv Q, Chen X, Deng W. A new method for Schwann-like cell differentiation of adipose derived stem cells. Neurosci Lett 2013; 551:79-83. [PMID: 23880021 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve repair can be enhanced by Schwann cell transplantation, but the clinical application of this procedure is limited by donor site morbidity and the inability to quickly generate a sufficient number of cells. Thus, alternative cell systems for the generation of Schwann cells are desired. Schwann-like cell induced from adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) may be one of the ideal alternative cell systems for Schwann cell generation. Although co-culture with Schwann cells or chemicals combined with a mixture of glial growth factors are often utilized for Schwann cell-like differentiation of ADSCs, these methods are usually complicated or expensive. In this experiment, the rat sciatic nerve was cut, and then soaked in culture medium for two days. The treated culture medium was used as an induction agent after filtering. The obtained ADSCs were incubated with the above induction culture medium for five days. Then, expression of the typical Schwann cell markers, S-100 and GFAP proteins was determined by immunocytochemical staining and Western blotting. The results showed that almost all of the treated ADSCs displayed a spindle shape like morphology after being incubated with induction culture medium for 24h and expressed S-100 and GFAP proteins after five days. All of these characteristics of differentiated rat ADSCs were similar to genuine Schwann cells. Thus, this new method, which utilized trophic factors secreted from sciatic nerve leachate, was capable of inducing ADSC differentiation into Schwann-like cell.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Jiang H, Qu W, Li Y, Zhong W, Zhang W. Platelet-derived growth factors-BB and fibroblast growth factors-base induced proliferation of Schwann cells in a 3D environment. Neurochem Res 2012. [PMID: 23179587 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0925-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of neonatal Schwann cells (SCs) in response to mitogenic agents has been well analyzed in vitro (mono-layer-culture method, 2D environment), but not in vivo (3D environment). To assess the mitogenic effect of platelet-derived growth factors-BB (PDGF-BB), Fibroblast Growth Factors-base (bFGF), and their combinations for SCs in collagen gel (three-dimensional, 3D environment), we have developed an integrated microfluidic device on which can reproducibly measure the proliferation from small number of cells (1-100). The rat SCs were cultured for 4 week at the different concentrations of growth factors generated by concentration gradient generator. In the collagen gel culture, almost all of the cells in colonies presented a round cell morphology and maintained their round morphology by the 4th week. The results showed that PDGF-BB and bFGF are all capable of moderately stimulating SCs growth and every group reached the peak in the growth curve at 3 weeks. Moreover, the proliferation test using the conventional method was performed simultaneously and revealed similar results. The biggest difference between 2D and 3D was that cells decrease more remarkable in 3D than that in 2D at 4 weeks. And at 2 and 3 weeks, the growth rate in the collagen gel with 7.14/2.86 and 8.57/1.43 ng/mL groups was higher than that in the mono-layer culture. Our results showed that PDGF-BB and bFGF are capable of moderately stimulating neonatal SCs growth, respectively and synergistically, and the microfluidic technique is highly controllable, contamination free, fully automatic, and inexpensive.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huajun Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Zhongshan Road No. 222, Dalian 116011, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|