1
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Liu H, Welburn JPI. A circle of life: platelet and megakaryocyte cytoskeleton dynamics in health and disease. Open Biol 2024; 14:240041. [PMID: 38835242 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.240041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Platelets are blood cells derived from megakaryocytes that play a central role in regulating haemostasis and vascular integrity. The microtubule cytoskeleton of megakaryocytes undergoes a critical dynamic reorganization during cycles of endomitosis and platelet biogenesis. Quiescent platelets have a discoid shape maintained by a marginal band composed of microtubule bundles, which undergoes remarkable remodelling during platelet activation, driving shape change and platelet function. Disrupting or enhancing this process can cause platelet dysfunction such as bleeding disorders or thrombosis. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying the reorganization of the cytoskeleton in the platelet lineage. Recent studies indicate that the emergence of a unique platelet tubulin code and specific pathogenic tubulin mutations cause platelet defects and bleeding disorders. Frequently, these mutations exhibit dominant negative effects, offering valuable insights into both platelet disease mechanisms and the functioning of tubulins. This review will highlight our current understanding of the role of the microtubule cytoskeleton in the life and death of platelets, along with its relevance to platelet disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Liu
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Julie P I Welburn
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
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2
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Ruiz-Reig N, Hakanen J, Tissir F. Connecting neurodevelopment to neurodegeneration: a spotlight on the role of kinesin superfamily protein 2A (KIF2A). Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:375-379. [PMID: 37488893 PMCID: PMC10503618 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.375298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules play a central role in cytoskeletal changes during neuronal development and maintenance. Microtubule dynamics is essential to polarity and shape transitions underlying neural cell division, differentiation, motility, and maturation. Kinesin superfamily protein 2A is a member of human kinesin 13 gene family of proteins that depolymerize and destabilize microtubules. In dividing cells, kinesin superfamily protein 2A is involved in mitotic progression, spindle assembly, and chromosome segregation. In postmitotic neurons, it is required for axon/dendrite specification and extension, neuronal migration, connectivity, and survival. Humans with kinesin superfamily protein 2A mutations suffer from a variety of malformations of cortical development, epilepsy, autism spectrum disorder, and neurodegeneration. In this review, we discuss how kinesin superfamily protein 2A regulates neuronal development and function, and how its deregulation causes neurodevelopmental and neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Ruiz-Reig
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of neuroscience, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Janne Hakanen
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of neuroscience, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of neuroscience, Brussels, Belgium
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Doha, Qatar
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3
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Pires LB, Peixoto-Rodrigues MC, Eloi JF, Cascabulho CM, Barbosa HS, Santiago MF, Adesse D. Infection of Mouse Neural Progenitor Cells by Toxoplasma gondii Reduces Proliferation, Migration, and Neuronal Differentiation in Vitro. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:977-994. [PMID: 37037285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
Congenital toxoplasmosis constitutes a major cause of pre- and postnatal complications. Fetal infection with Toxoplasma gondii influences development and can lead to microcephaly, encephalitis, and neurologic abnormalities. Systematic studies concerning the effects of neural progenitor cell infection with T. gondii are unavailable. Cortical intermediate progenitor cells cultivated as neurospheres obtained from E16.5 Swiss Webster mice were infected with T. gondii (ME49 strain) tachyzoites to mimic the developing mouse cerebral cortex in vitro. Infection was associated with decreased cell proliferation, detected by Ki-67 staining at 48 and 72 hours after infection in floating neurospheres, and reduced cellularity at 96 hours. Transient decreases in the expression of the neurogenesis-related transcription factors T-box brain protein 1, mouse atonal homolog protein 1, and hairy and enhancer of split protein 1 were found in infected cultures, while the level of transcription factor SOX-2 remained unaltered. Neurogenic potential, assessed in plated neurospheres, was impaired in infected cultures, as indicated by decreased late neuronal marker neurofilament heavy chain immunoreactivity. Infected cultures exhibited decreased overall migration rates at 48 and 120 hours. These findings indicate that T. gondii infection of neural progenitor cells may lead to reduced neurogenesis due to an imbalance in cell proliferation alongside an altered migratory profile. If translated to the in vivo situation, these data could explain, in part, cortical malformations in congenitally infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza B Pires
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria C Peixoto-Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jéssica F Eloi
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Cynthia M Cascabulho
- Laboratório de Inovações em Terapias, Ensino e Bioprodutos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Helene S Barbosa
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo F Santiago
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Daniel Adesse
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida.
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4
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Fu G, Yan S, Khoo CJ, Chao VC, Liu Z, Mukhi M, Hervas R, Li XD, Ti SC. Integrated regulation of tubulin tyrosination and microtubule stability by human α-tubulin isotypes. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112653. [PMID: 37379209 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tubulin isotypes are critical for the functions of cellular microtubules, which exhibit different stability and harbor various post-translational modifications. However, how tubulin isotypes determine the activities of regulators for microtubule stability and modifications remains unknown. Here, we show that human α4A-tubulin, a conserved genetically detyrosinated α-tubulin isotype, is a poor substrate for enzymatic tyrosination. To examine the stability of microtubules reconstituted with defined tubulin compositions, we develop a strategy to site-specifically label recombinant human tubulin for single-molecule TIRF microscopy-based in vitro assays. The incorporation of α4A-tubulin into the microtubule lattice stabilizes the polymers from passive and MCAK-stimulated depolymerization. Further characterization reveals that the compositions of α-tubulin isotypes and tyrosination/detyrosination states allow graded control for the microtubule binding and the depolymerization activities of MCAK. Together, our results uncover the tubulin isotype-dependent enzyme activity for an integrated regulation of α-tubulin tyrosination/detyrosination states and microtubule stability, two well-correlated features of cellular microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoling Fu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shan Yan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chen Jing Khoo
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Victor C Chao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mayur Mukhi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rubén Hervas
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiang David Li
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shih-Chieh Ti
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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5
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Diao L, Liu M, Liu Y, Zhang X, Bao L. Microtubules composed of α4A undergo curved growth mainly mediated by its core structure. J Mol Cell Biol 2023; 15:mjad004. [PMID: 36694953 PMCID: PMC10294638 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjad004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Mingyi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yanling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Hengqin, Zhuhai 519031, China
| | - Lan Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Guangdong Institute of Intelligence Science and Technology, Hengqin, Zhuhai 519031, China
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6
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Tantry MSA, Santhakumar K. Insights on the Role of α- and β-Tubulin Isotypes in Early Brain Development. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:3803-3823. [PMID: 36943622 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03302-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Tubulins are the highly conserved subunit of microtubules which involve in various fundamental functions including brain development. Microtubules help in neuronal proliferation, migration, differentiation, cargo transport along the axons, synapse formation, and many more. Tubulin gene family consisting of multiple isotypes, their differential expression and varied post translational modifications create a whole new level of complexity and diversity in accomplishing manifold neuronal functions. The studies on the relation between tubulin genes and brain development opened a new avenue to understand the role of each tubulin isotype in neurodevelopment. Mutations in tubulin genes are reported to cause brain development defects especially cortical malformations, referred as tubulinopathies. There is an increased need to understand the molecular correlation between various tubulin mutations and the associated brain pathology. Recently, mutations in tubulin isotypes (TUBA1A, TUBB, TUBB1, TUBB2A, TUBB2B, TUBB3, and TUBG1) have been linked to cause various neurodevelopmental defects like lissencephaly, microcephaly, cortical dysplasia, polymicrogyria, schizencephaly, subcortical band heterotopia, periventricular heterotopia, corpus callosum agenesis, and cerebellar hypoplasia. This review summarizes on the microtubule dynamics, their role in neurodevelopment, tubulin isotypes, post translational modifications, and the role of tubulin mutations in causing specific neurodevelopmental defects. A comprehensive list containing all the reported tubulin pathogenic variants associated with brain developmental defects has been prepared to give a bird's eye view on the broad range of tubulin functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Ananthakrishna Tantry
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India
| | - Kirankumar Santhakumar
- Department of Genetic Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, India.
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7
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Zocchi R, Compagnucci C, Bertini E, Sferra A. Deciphering the Tubulin Language: Molecular Determinants and Readout Mechanisms of the Tubulin Code in Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032781. [PMID: 36769099 PMCID: PMC9917122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic components of the cell cytoskeleton involved in several cellular functions, such as structural support, migration and intracellular trafficking. Despite their high similarity, MTs have functional heterogeneity that is generated by the incorporation into the MT lattice of different tubulin gene products and by their post-translational modifications (PTMs). Such regulations, besides modulating the tubulin composition of MTs, create on their surface a "biochemical code" that is translated, through the action of protein effectors, into specific MT-based functions. This code, known as "tubulin code", plays an important role in neuronal cells, whose highly specialized morphologies and activities depend on the correct functioning of the MT cytoskeleton and on its interplay with a myriad of MT-interacting proteins. In recent years, a growing number of mutations in genes encoding for tubulins, MT-interacting proteins and enzymes that post-translationally modify MTs, which are the main players of the tubulin code, have been linked to neurodegenerative processes or abnormalities in neural migration, differentiation and connectivity. Nevertheless, the exact molecular mechanisms through which the cell writes and, downstream, MT-interacting proteins decipher the tubulin code are still largely uncharted. The purpose of this review is to describe the molecular determinants and the readout mechanisms of the tubulin code, and briefly elucidate how they coordinate MT behavior during critical neuronal events, such as neuron migration, maturation and axonal transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Zocchi
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Compagnucci
- Molecular Genetics and Functional Genomics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Research Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +39-06-6859-2104 (E.B. & A.S.)
| | - Antonella Sferra
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00146 Rome, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.B.); or (A.S.); Tel.: +39-06-6859-2104 (E.B. & A.S.)
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8
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Hoff KJ, Neumann AJ, Moore JK. The molecular biology of tubulinopathies: Understanding the impact of variants on tubulin structure and microtubule regulation. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1023267. [PMID: 36406756 PMCID: PMC9666403 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1023267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous, missense mutations in both α- and β-tubulin genes have been linked to an array of neurodevelopment disorders, commonly referred to as "tubulinopathies." To date, tubulinopathy mutations have been identified in three β-tubulin isotypes and one α-tubulin isotype. These mutations occur throughout the different genetic domains and protein structures of these tubulin isotypes, and the field is working to address how this molecular-level diversity results in different cellular and tissue-level pathologies. Studies from many groups have focused on elucidating the consequences of individual mutations; however, the field lacks comprehensive models for the molecular etiology of different types of tubulinopathies, presenting a major gap in diagnosis and treatment. This review highlights recent advances in understanding tubulin structural dynamics, the roles microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) play in microtubule regulation, and how these are inextricably linked. We emphasize the value of investigating interactions between tubulin structures, microtubules, and MAPs to understand and predict the impact of tubulinopathy mutations at the cell and tissue levels. Microtubule regulation is multifaceted and provides a complex set of controls for generating a functional cytoskeleton at the right place and right time during neurodevelopment. Understanding how tubulinopathy mutations disrupt distinct subsets of those controls, and how that ultimately disrupts neurodevelopment, will be important for establishing mechanistic themes among tubulinopathies that may lead to insights in other neurodevelopment disorders and normal neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey K. Moore
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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9
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Weber M, Jaber D, Encha-Razavi F, Julien E, Grevoul-Fesquet J, Steffann J, Melki J, Martinovic J. Broadening the phenotypic spectrum of TUBA1A tubulinopathy to syndromic arthrogryposis multiplex congenita. Am J Med Genet A 2022; 188:2331-2338. [PMID: 35686685 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.62866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The recent finding that some patients with fetal akinesia deformation sequence (FADS) carry variants in the TUBB2B gene has prompted us to add to the existing literature a first description of two fetal FADS cases carrying TUBA1A variants. Hitherto, only isolated cortical malformations have been described with TUBA1A mutation, including microlissencephaly, lissencephaly, central pachygyria and polymicrogyria-like cortical dysplasia, generalized polymicrogyria cortical dysplasia, and/or the "simplified" gyral pattern. The neuropathology of our fetal cases shows several common features of tubulinopathies, in particular, the dysmorphism of the basal ganglia, as the most pathognomonic sign. The cortical ribbon anomalies were extremely severe and concordant with the complex cortical malformation. In conclusion, we broaden the phenotypic spectrum of TUBA1A variants, to include FADS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Weber
- Unit of Embryo-Fetal Pathology, AP-HP, Antoine Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, AP-HP, Antoine Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France
| | - Dana Jaber
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR-1195, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Julien
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CH du Mans, Le Mans, France
| | - Julie Grevoul-Fesquet
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CH Sud Francilien, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Julie Steffann
- Department of Molecular Genetics, AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Judith Melki
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR-1195, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Jelena Martinovic
- Unit of Embryo-Fetal Pathology, AP-HP, Antoine Béclère Hospital, Clamart, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm), UMR-1195, Université Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
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10
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Drongitis D, Caterino M, Verrillo L, Santonicola P, Costanzo M, Poeta L, Attianese B, Barra A, Terrone G, Lioi MB, Paladino S, Di Schiavi E, Costa V, Ruoppolo M, Miano MG. Deregulation of microtubule organization and RNA metabolism in Arx models for lissencephaly and developmental epileptic encephalopathy. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:1884-1908. [PMID: 35094084 PMCID: PMC9169459 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia (XLAG) and developmental epileptic encephalopathy-1 (DEE1) are caused by mutations in the Aristaless-related homeobox (ARX) gene, which encodes a transcription factor responsible for brain development. It has been unknown whether the phenotypically diverse XLAG and DEE1 phenotypes may converge on shared pathways. To address this question, a label-free quantitative proteomic approach was applied to the neonatal brain of Arx knockout (ArxKO/Y) and knock-in polyalanine (Arx(GCG)7/Y) mice that are respectively models for XLAG and DEE1. Gene ontology and protein-protein interaction analysis revealed that cytoskeleton, protein synthesis and splicing control are deregulated in an allelic-dependent manner. Decreased α-tubulin content was observed both in Arx mice and Arx/alr-1(KO) Caenorhabditis elegans ,and a disorganized neurite network in murine primary neurons was consistent with an allelic-dependent secondary tubulinopathy. As distinct features of Arx(GCG)7/Y mice, we detected eIF4A2 overexpression and translational suppression in cortex and primary neurons. Allelic-dependent differences were also established in alternative splicing (AS) regulated by PUF60 and SAM68. Abnormal AS repertoires in Neurexin-1, a gene encoding multiple pre-synaptic organizers implicated in synaptic remodelling, were detected in Arx/alr-1(KO) animals and in Arx(GCG)7/Y epileptogenic brain areas and depolarized cortical neurons. Consistent with a conserved role of ARX in modulating AS, we propose that the allelic-dependent secondary synaptopathy results from an aberrant Neurexin-1 repertoire. Overall, our data reveal alterations mirroring the overlapping and variant effects caused by null and polyalanine expanded mutations in ARX. The identification of these effects can aid in the design of pathway-guided therapy for ARX endophenotypes and NDDs with overlapping comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Drongitis
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ``Adriano Buzzati-Traverso'', National Research Council of Italy, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Caterino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a.r.l., 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Lucia Verrillo
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ``Adriano Buzzati-Traverso'', National Research Council of Italy, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Pamela Santonicola
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Costanzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a.r.l., 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Loredana Poeta
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ``Adriano Buzzati-Traverso'', National Research Council of Italy, 80131, Naples, Italy
- Department of Science, University of Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Benedetta Attianese
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ``Adriano Buzzati-Traverso'', National Research Council of Italy, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Adriano Barra
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ``Adriano Buzzati-Traverso'', National Research Council of Italy, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Terrone
- Department of Translational Medicine, Child Neurology Unit, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Simona Paladino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Elia Di Schiavi
- Institute of Biosciences and BioResources, National Research Council of Italy, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Valerio Costa
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ``Adriano Buzzati-Traverso'', National Research Council of Italy, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Margherita Ruoppolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Naples, Italy
- CEINGE - Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a.r.l., 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Giuseppina Miano
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics ``Adriano Buzzati-Traverso'', National Research Council of Italy, 80131, Naples, Italy
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11
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Hoff KJ, Aiken JE, Gutierrez MA, Franco SJ, Moore JK. Tubulinopathy mutations in TUBA1A that disrupt neuronal morphogenesis and migration override XMAP215/Stu2 regulation of microtubule dynamics. eLife 2022; 11:76189. [PMID: 35511030 PMCID: PMC9236607 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous, missense mutations in α- or β-tubulin genes are associated with a wide range of human brain malformations, known as tubulinopathies. We seek to understand whether a mutation’s impact at the molecular and cellular levels scale with the severity of brain malformation. Here, we focus on two mutations at the valine 409 residue of TUBA1A, V409I, and V409A, identified in patients with pachygyria or lissencephaly, respectively. We find that ectopic expression of TUBA1A-V409I/A mutants disrupt neuronal migration in mice and promote excessive neurite branching and a decrease in the number of neurite retraction events in primary rat neuronal cultures. These neuronal phenotypes are accompanied by increased microtubule acetylation and polymerization rates. To determine the molecular mechanisms, we modeled the V409I/A mutants in budding yeast and found that they promote intrinsically faster microtubule polymerization rates in cells and in reconstitution experiments with purified tubulin. In addition, V409I/A mutants decrease the recruitment of XMAP215/Stu2 to plus ends in budding yeast and ablate tubulin binding to TOG (tumor overexpressed gene) domains. In each assay tested, the TUBA1A-V409I mutant exhibits an intermediate phenotype between wild type and the more severe TUBA1A-V409A, reflecting the severity observed in brain malformations. Together, our data support a model in which the V409I/A mutations disrupt microtubule regulation typically conferred by XMAP215 proteins during neuronal morphogenesis and migration, and this impact on tubulin activity at the molecular level scales with the impact at the cellular and tissue levels. Proteins are molecules made up of long chains of building blocks called amino acids. When a mutation changes one of these amino acids, it can lead to the protein malfunctioning, which can have many effects at the cell and tissue level. Given that human proteins are made up of 20 different amino acids, each building block in a protein could mutate to any of the other 19 amino acids, and each mutations could have different effects. Tubulins are proteins that form microtubules, thin tubes that help give cells their shape and allow them to migrate. These proteins are added or removed to microtubules depending on the cell’s needs, meaning that microtubules can grow or shrink depending on the situation. Mutations in the tubulin proteins have been linked to malformations of varying severities involving the formation of ridges and folds on the surface of the brain, including lissencephaly, pachygyria or polymicrogyria. Hoff et al. wanted to establish links between tubulin mutations and the effects observed at both cell and tissue level in the brain. They focused on two mutations in the tubulin protein TUBA1A that affect the amino acid in position 409 in the protein, which is normally a valine. One of the mutations turns this valine into an amino acid called isoleucine. This mutation is associated with pachygyria, which leads to the brain developing few ridges that are broad and flat. The second mutation turns the valine into an alanine, and is linked to lissencephaly, a more severe condition in which the brain develops no ridges, appearing smooth. Hoff et al. found that both mutations interfere with the development of the brain by stopping neurons from migrating properly, which prevents them from forming the folds in the brain correctly. At the cellular level, the mutations lead to tubulins becoming harder to remove from microtubules, making microtubules more stable than usual. This results in longer microtubules that are harder for the cell to shorten or destroy as needed. Additionally, Hoff et al. showed that the mutant versions of TUBA1A have weaker interactions with a protein called XMAP215, which controls the addition of tubulin to microtubules. This causes the microtubules to grow uncontrollably. Hoff et al. also established that the magnitude of the effects of each mutation on microtubule growth scale with the severity of the disorder they cause. Specifically, cells in which TUBA1A is not mutated have microtubules that grow at a normal rate, and lead to typical brain development. Meanwhile, cells carrying the mutation that turns a valine into an alanine, which is linked to the more severe condition lissencephaly, have microtubules that grow very fast. Finally, cells in which the valine is mutated to an isoleucine – the mutation associated with the less severe malformation pachygyria – have microtubules that grow at an intermediate rate. These findings provide a link between mutations in tubulin proteins and larger effects on cell movement that lead to brain malformations. Additionally, they also link the severity of the malformation to the severity of the microtubule defect caused by each mutation. Further work could examine whether microtubule stabilization is also seen in other similar diseases, which, in the long term, could reveal ways to detect and treat these illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn J Hoff
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
| | - Jayne E Aiken
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
| | - Mark A Gutierrez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
| | - Santos J Franco
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Moore
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, United States
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12
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Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton is assembled from the α- and β-tubulin subunits of the canonical tubulin heterodimer, which polymerizes into microtubules, and a small number of other family members, such as γ-tubulin, with specialized functions. Overall, microtubule function involves the collective action of multiple α- and β-tubulin isotypes. However, despite 40 years of awareness that most eukaryotes harbor multiple tubulin isotypes, their role in the microtubule cytoskeleton has remained relatively unclear. Various model organisms offer specific advantages for gaining insight into the role of tubulin isotypes. Whereas simple unicellular organisms such as yeast provide experimental tractability that can facilitate deeper access to mechanistic details, more complex organisms, such as the fruit fly, nematode and mouse, can be used to discern potential specialized functions of tissue- and structure-specific isotypes. Here, we review the role of α- and β-tubulin isotypes in microtubule function and in associated tubulinopathies with an emphasis on the advances gained using model organisms. Overall, we argue that studying tubulin isotypes in a range of organisms can reveal the fundamental mechanisms by which they mediate microtubule function. It will also provide valuable perspectives on how these mechanisms underlie the functional and biological diversity of the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel T Nsamba
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Mohan L Gupta
- Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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13
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Deciphering heterogeneous populations of migrating cells based on the computational assessment of their dynamic properties. Stem Cell Reports 2022; 17:911-923. [PMID: 35303437 PMCID: PMC9023771 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal migration is a highly dynamic process, and multiple cell movement metrics can be extracted from time-lapse imaging datasets. However, these parameters alone are often insufficient to evaluate the heterogeneity of neuroblast populations. We developed an analytical pipeline based on reducing the dimensions of the dataset by principal component analysis (PCA) and determining sub-populations using k-means, supported by the elbow criterion method and validated by a decision tree algorithm. We showed that neuroblasts derived from the same adult neural stem cell (NSC) lineage as well as across different lineages are heterogeneous and can be sub-divided into different clusters based on their dynamic properties. Interestingly, we also observed overlapping clusters for neuroblasts derived from different NSC lineages. We further showed that genetic perturbations or environmental stimuli affect the migratory properties of neuroblasts in a sub-cluster-specific manner. Our data thus provide a framework for assessing the heterogeneity of migrating neuroblasts. Pipeline to study the heterogeneity of migrating cells based on their dynamic properties Neuroblasts derived from the same neural stem cell (NSC) lineage are heterogeneous Neuroblasts derived from different NSC lineages have overlapping and distinct clusters These clusters are differently affected by genetic factors or environmental stimuli
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14
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Lin JR, Cheng JF, Liu YT, Hsu TR, Lin KM, Chen C, Lin CL, Tsai MH, Tsai JW. Novel lissencephaly-associated DCX variants in the C-terminal DCX domain affect microtubule binding and dynamics. Epilepsia 2022; 63:1253-1265. [PMID: 35213059 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Pathogenic variants in DCX on the X chromosome lead to lissencephaly and subcortical band heterotopia (SBH), brain malformations caused by neuronal migration defects. Its product doublecortin (DCX) binds to microtubules to modulate microtubule polymerization. How pathogenic DCX variants affect these activities remains not fully investigated. METHODS DCX variants were identified using whole exome and Sanger sequencing from six families with lissencephaly/SBH. We examined how these variants affect DCX functions using microtubule binding, regrowth, and colocalization assays. RESULTS We found novel DCX variants p.Val177AlafsTer31 and p.Gly188Trp, as well as reported variants p.Arg196His, p.Lys202Met, and p.Thr203Ala. Incidentally, all of the missense variants were clustered on the C-terminal DCX domain. The microtubule binding ability was significantly decreased in p.Val177AlafsTer31, p.Gly188Trp, p.Lys202Met, and previously reported p.Asp262Gly variants. Furthermore, expression of p.Val177AlafsTer31, p.Gly188Trp, p.Arg196His, p.Lys202Met, and p.Asp262Gly variants hindered microtubule growth in cells. There were also decreases in the colocalization of p.Val177AlafsTer31, p.Thr203Ala, and p.Asp262Gly variants to microtubules. SIGNIFICANCE Our results indicate that these variants in the C-terminal DCX domain altered microtubule binding and dynamics, which may underlie neuronal migration defects during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ru Lin
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Fang Cheng
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Yo-Tsen Liu
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Epilepsy, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Rong Hsu
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kao-Min Lin
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Department of Functional Neurosurgery, Xiamen Humanity Hospital, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Chien Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Epilepsy, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Han Tsai
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Wu Tsai
- Institute of Brain Science, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Biological Science and Technology, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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15
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Kimmerlin Q, Strassel C, Eckly A, Lanza F. The tubulin code in platelet biogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2022; 137:63-73. [PMID: 35148939 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2022.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Blood platelets are small non-nucleated cellular fragments that prevent and stop hemorrhages. They are produced in the bone marrow by megakaryocytes through megakaryopoiesis. This intricate process involves profound microtubule rearrangements culminating in the formation of a unique circular sub-membranous microtubule array, the marginal band, which supports the typical disc-shaped morphology of platelets. Mechanistically, these processes are thought to be controlled by a specific tubulin code. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the key isotypes, notably β1-, α4A- and α8-tubulin, and putative post-translational modifications, involved in platelet and marginal band formation. Additionally, we provide a provisional list of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) involved in these processes and a survey of tubulin variants identified in patients presenting defective platelet production. A comprehensive characterization of the platelet tubulin code and the identification of essential MAPs may be expected in the near future to shed new light on a very specialized microtubule assembly process with applications in platelet diseases and transfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Kimmerlin
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Catherine Strassel
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.
| | - Anita Eckly
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.
| | - François Lanza
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, Strasbourg, France.
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16
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Buscaglia G, Northington KR, Aiken J, Hoff KJ, Bates EA. Bridging the Gap: The Importance of TUBA1A α-Tubulin in Forming Midline Commissures. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:789438. [PMID: 35127710 PMCID: PMC8807549 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.789438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing neurons undergo dramatic morphological changes to appropriately migrate and extend axons to make synaptic connections. The microtubule cytoskeleton, made of α/β-tubulin dimers, drives neurite outgrowth, promotes neuronal growth cone responses, and facilitates intracellular transport of critical cargoes during neurodevelopment. TUBA1A constitutes the majority of α-tubulin in the developing brain and mutations to TUBA1A in humans cause severe brain malformations accompanied by varying neurological defects, collectively termed tubulinopathies. Studies of TUBA1A function in mammalian cells have been limited by the presence of multiple genes encoding highly similar tubulin proteins, which leads to α-tubulin antibody promiscuity and makes genetic manipulation challenging. Here, we test mutant tubulin levels and assembly activity and analyze the impact of TUBA1A reduction on growth cone composition, neurite extension, and commissural axon architecture during brain development. We present a novel tagging method for studying and manipulating TUBA1A in cells without impairing tubulin function. Using this tool, we show that a TUBA1A loss-of-function mutation TUBA1A N102D (TUBA1A ND ), reduces TUBA1A protein levels and prevents incorporation of TUBA1A into microtubule polymers. Reduced Tuba1a α-tubulin in heterozygous Tuba1a ND/+ mice leads to grossly normal brain formation except a significant impact on axon extension and impaired formation of forebrain commissures. Neurons with reduced Tuba1a as a result of the Tuba1a ND mutation exhibit slower neuron outgrowth compared to controls. Neurons deficient in Tuba1a failed to localize microtubule associated protein-1b (Map1b) to the developing growth cone, likely impacting stabilization of microtubules. Overall, we show that reduced Tuba1a is sufficient to support neuronal migration and cortex development but not commissure formation, and provide mechanistic insight as to how TUBA1A tunes microtubule function to support neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Buscaglia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kyle R. Northington
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jayne Aiken
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Katelyn J. Hoff
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Emily A. Bates
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
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17
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Hakanen J, Parmentier N, Sommacal L, Garcia-Sanchez D, Aittaleb M, Vertommen D, Zhou L, Ruiz-Reig N, Tissir F. The Celsr3-Kif2a axis directs neuronal migration in the postnatal brain. Prog Neurobiol 2021; 208:102177. [PMID: 34582949 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2021.102177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The tangential migration of immature neurons in the postnatal brain involves consecutive migration cycles and depends on constant remodeling of the cell cytoskeleton, particularly in the leading process (LP). Despite the identification of several proteins with permissive and empowering functions, the mechanisms that specify the direction of migration remain largely unknown. Here, we report that planar cell polarity protein Celsr3 orients neuroblasts migration from the subventricular zone (SVZ) to olfactory bulb (OB). In Celsr3-forebrain conditional knockout mice, neuroblasts loose directionality and few can reach the OB. Celsr3-deficient neuroblasts exhibit aberrant branching of LP, de novo LP formation, and decreased growth rate of microtubules (MT). Mechanistically, we show that Celsr3 interacts physically with Kif2a, a MT depolymerizing protein and that conditional inactivation of Kif2a in the forebrain recapitulates the Celsr3 knockout phenotype. Our findings provide evidence that Celsr3 and Kif2a cooperatively specify the directionality of neuroblasts tangential migration in the postnatal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Hakanen
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Parmentier
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Leonie Sommacal
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Dario Garcia-Sanchez
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Aittaleb
- College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Didier Vertommen
- Université catholique de Louvain, de Duve Institute, Massprot Platform, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Libing Zhou
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Institute of CNS Regeneration, Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Nuria Ruiz-Reig
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Fadel Tissir
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Developmental Neurobiology, Brussels, Belgium; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, Qatar.
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18
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Ambrozkiewicz MC, Borisova E, Schwark M, Ripamonti S, Schaub T, Smorodchenko A, Weber AI, Rhee HJ, Altas B, Yilmaz R, Mueller S, Piepkorn L, Horan ST, Straussberg R, Zaqout S, Jahn O, Dere E, Rosário M, Boehm-Sturm P, Borck G, Willig KI, Rhee J, Tarabykin V, Kawabe H. The murine ortholog of Kaufman oculocerebrofacial syndrome protein Ube3b regulates synapse number by ubiquitinating Ppp3cc. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:1980-1995. [PMID: 32249816 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0714-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Kaufman oculocerebrofacial syndrome (KOS) is a severe autosomal recessive disorder characterized by intellectual disability, developmental delays, microcephaly, and characteristic dysmorphisms. Biallelic mutations of UBE3B, encoding for a ubiquitin ligase E3B are causative for KOS. In this report, we characterize neuronal functions of its murine ortholog Ube3b and show that Ube3b regulates dendritic branching in a cell-autonomous manner. Moreover, Ube3b knockout (KO) neurons exhibit increased density and aberrant morphology of dendritic spines, altered synaptic physiology, and changes in hippocampal circuit activity. Dorsal forebrain-specific Ube3b KO animals show impaired spatial learning, altered social interactions, and repetitive behaviors. We further demonstrate that Ube3b ubiquitinates the catalytic γ-subunit of calcineurin, Ppp3cc, the overexpression of which phenocopies Ube3b loss with regard to dendritic spine density. This work provides insights into the molecular pathologies underlying intellectual disability-like phenotypes in a genetically engineered mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz C Ambrozkiewicz
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany. .,International Max Planck Research School for Neurosciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Griesebachstr. 5, 37077, Göttingen, Germany. .,Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Ekaterina Borisova
- Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky University of Nizhny Novgorod, pr. Gagarina 24, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Manuela Schwark
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvia Ripamonti
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Theres Schaub
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alina Smorodchenko
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Ioana Weber
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hong Jun Rhee
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bekir Altas
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Neurosciences, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Griesebachstr. 5, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rüstem Yilmaz
- Center for Rare Diseases (ZSE Ulm), Ulm University Hospital, Eythstraße 24, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Susanne Mueller
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Piepkorn
- Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephen T Horan
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rachel Straussberg
- Institute of Child Neurology, Schneider's Children Medical Center, Petah Tikvah, Israel.,Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Sami Zaqout
- Basic Medical Science Department, College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Olaf Jahn
- Proteomics Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ekrem Dere
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marta Rosário
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Boehm-Sturm
- Department of Experimental Neurology and Center for Stroke Research, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,NeuroCure Cluster of Excellence and Charité Core Facility 7T Experimental MRIs, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Guntram Borck
- Center for Rare Diseases (ZSE Ulm), Ulm University Hospital, Eythstraße 24, 89075, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katrin I Willig
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075, Göttingen, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - JeongSeop Rhee
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Victor Tarabykin
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience, Lobachevsky University of Nizhny Novgorod, pr. Gagarina 24, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
| | - Hiroshi Kawabe
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075, Göttingen, Germany. .,Division of Pathogenetic Signaling, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-5-6 Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan. .,Department of Gerontology, Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe, 2-2 Minatojima-minamimachi Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0047, Japan.
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19
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Hasenpusch-Theil K, Theil T. The Multifaceted Roles of Primary Cilia in the Development of the Cerebral Cortex. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:630161. [PMID: 33604340 PMCID: PMC7884624 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.630161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium, a microtubule based organelle protruding from the cell surface and acting as an antenna in multiple signaling pathways, takes center stage in the formation of the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain that performs highly complex neural tasks and confers humans with their unique cognitive capabilities. These activities require dozens of different types of neurons that are interconnected in complex ways. Due to this complexity, corticogenesis has been regarded as one of the most complex developmental processes and cortical malformations underlie a number of neurodevelopmental disorders such as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, and epilepsy. Cortical development involves several steps controlled by cell–cell signaling. In fact, recent findings have implicated cilia in diverse processes such as neurogenesis, neuronal migration, axon pathfinding, and circuit formation in the developing cortex. Here, we will review recent advances on the multiple roles of cilia during cortex formation and will discuss the implications for a better understanding of the disease mechanisms underlying neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Hasenpusch-Theil
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Theil
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.,Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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20
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Lewis SA, Shetty S, Wilson BA, Huang AJ, Jin SC, Smithers-Sheedy H, Fahey MC, Kruer MC. Insights From Genetic Studies of Cerebral Palsy. Front Neurol 2021; 11:625428. [PMID: 33551980 PMCID: PMC7859255 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.625428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cohort-based whole exome and whole genome sequencing and copy number variant (CNV) studies have identified genetic etiologies for a sizable proportion of patients with cerebral palsy (CP). These findings indicate that genetic mutations collectively comprise an important cause of CP. We review findings in CP genomics and propose criteria for CP-associated genes at the level of gene discovery, research study, and clinical application. We review the published literature and report 18 genes and 5 CNVs from genomics studies with strong evidence of for the pathophysiology of CP. CP-associated genes often disrupt early brain developmental programming or predispose individuals to known environmental risk factors. We discuss the overlap of CP-associated genes with other neurodevelopmental disorders and related movement disorders. We revisit diagnostic criteria for CP and discuss how identification of genetic etiologies does not preclude CP as an appropriate diagnosis. The identification of genetic etiologies improves our understanding of the neurobiology of CP, providing opportunities to study CP pathogenesis and develop mechanism-based interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A Lewis
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Departments of Child Health, Neurology, and Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Program in Genetics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Sheetal Shetty
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Departments of Child Health, Neurology, and Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Program in Genetics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Bryce A Wilson
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Departments of Child Health, Neurology, and Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Program in Genetics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Aris J Huang
- Programs in Neuroscience and Molecular & Cellular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
| | - Sheng Chih Jin
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Hayley Smithers-Sheedy
- Cerebral Palsy Alliance, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael C Fahey
- Department of Paediatrics, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael C Kruer
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Departments of Child Health, Neurology, and Cellular & Molecular Medicine and Program in Genetics, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States.,Programs in Neuroscience and Molecular & Cellular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, United States
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21
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Prem S, Millonig JH, DiCicco-Bloom E. Dysregulation of Neurite Outgrowth and Cell Migration in Autism and Other Neurodevelopmental Disorders. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 25:109-153. [PMID: 32578146 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-45493-7_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of study, elucidation of the underlying etiology of complex developmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), schizophrenia (SCZ), intellectual disability (ID), and bipolar disorder (BPD) has been hampered by the inability to study human neurons, the heterogeneity of these disorders, and the relevance of animal model systems. Moreover, a majority of these developmental disorders have multifactorial or idiopathic (unknown) causes making them difficult to model using traditional methods of genetic alteration. Examination of the brains of individuals with ASD and other developmental disorders in both post-mortem and MRI studies shows defects that are suggestive of dysregulation of embryonic and early postnatal development. For ASD, more recent genetic studies have also suggested that risk genes largely converge upon the developing human cerebral cortex between weeks 8 and 24 in utero. Yet, an overwhelming majority of studies in autism rodent models have focused on postnatal development or adult synaptic transmission defects in autism related circuits. Thus, studies looking at early developmental processes such as proliferation, cell migration, and early differentiation, which are essential to build the brain, are largely lacking. Yet, interestingly, a few studies that did assess early neurodevelopment found that alterations in brain structure and function associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) begin as early as the initial formation and patterning of the neural tube. By the early to mid-2000s, the derivation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and later induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) allowed us to study living human neural cells in culture for the first time. Specifically, iPSCs gave us the unprecedented ability to study cells derived from individuals with idiopathic disorders. Studies indicate that iPSC-derived neural cells, whether precursors or "matured" neurons, largely resemble cortical cells of embryonic humans from weeks 8 to 24. Thus, these cells are an excellent model to study early human neurodevelopment, particularly in the context of genetically complex diseases. Indeed, since 2011, numerous studies have assessed developmental phenotypes in neurons derived from individuals with both genetic and idiopathic forms of ASD and other NDDs. However, while iPSC-derived neurons are fetal in nature, they are post-mitotic and thus cannot be used to study developmental processes that occur before terminal differentiation. Moreover, it is important to note that during the 8-24-week window of human neurodevelopment, neural precursor cells are actively undergoing proliferation, migration, and early differentiation to form the basic cytoarchitecture of the brain. Thus, by studying NPCs specifically, we could gain insight into how early neurodevelopmental processes contribute to the pathogenesis of NDDs. Indeed, a few studies have explored NPC phenotypes in NDDs and have uncovered dysregulations in cell proliferation. Yet, few studies have explored migration and early differentiation phenotypes of NPCs in NDDs. In this chapter, we will discuss cell migration and neurite outgrowth and the role of these processes in neurodevelopment and NDDs. We will begin by reviewing the processes that are important in early neurodevelopment and early cortical development. We will then delve into the roles of neurite outgrowth and cell migration in the formation of the brain and how errors in these processes affect brain development. We also provide review of a few key molecules that are involved in the regulation of neurite outgrowth and migration while discussing how dysregulations in these molecules can lead to abnormalities in brain structure and function thereby highlighting their contribution to pathogenesis of NDDs. Then we will discuss whether neurite outgrowth, migration, and the molecules that regulate these processes are associated with ASD. Lastly, we will review the utility of iPSCs in modeling NDDs and discuss future goals for the study of NDDs using this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smrithi Prem
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - James H Millonig
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Emanuel DiCicco-Bloom
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology/Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA.
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22
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Fourel G, Boscheron C. Tubulin mutations in neurodevelopmental disorders as a tool to decipher microtubule function. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:3409-3438. [PMID: 33064843 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Malformations of cortical development (MCDs) are a group of severe brain malformations associated with intellectual disability and refractory childhood epilepsy. Human missense heterozygous mutations in the 9 α-tubulin and 10 β-tubulin isoforms forming the heterodimers that assemble into microtubules (MTs) were found to cause MCDs. However, how a single mutated residue in a given tubulin isoform can perturb the entire microtubule population in a neuronal cell remains a crucial question. Here, we examined 85 MCD-associated tubulin mutations occurring in TUBA1A, TUBB2, and TUBB3 and their location in a three-dimensional (3D) microtubule cylinder. Mutations hitting residues exposed on the outer microtubule surface are likely to alter microtubule association with partners, while alteration of intradimer contacts may impair dimer stability and straightness. Other types of mutations are predicted to alter interdimer and lateral contacts, which are responsible for microtubule cohesion, rigidity, and dynamics. MCD-associated tubulin mutations surprisingly fall into all categories, thus providing unexpected insights into how a single mutation may impair microtubule function and elicit dominant effects in neurons.
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23
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Francis F, Cappello S. Neuronal migration and disorders - an update. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 66:57-68. [PMID: 33096394 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights genes, proteins and subcellular mechanisms, recently shown to influence cortical neuronal migration. A current view on mechanisms which become disrupted in a diverse array of migration disorders is presented. The microtubule (MT) cytoskeleton is a major player in migrating neurons. Recently, variable impacts on MTs have been revealed in different cell compartments. Thus there are a multiplicity of effects involving centrosomal, microtubule-associated, as well as motor proteins. However, other causative factors also emerge, illuminating cortical neuronal migration research. These include disruptions of the actin cytoskeleton, the extracellular matrix, different adhesion molecules and signaling pathways, especially revealed in disorders such as periventricular heterotopia. These recent advances often involve the use of human in vitro models as well as model organisms. Focusing on cell-type specific knockouts and knockins, as well as generating omics and functional data, all seem critical for an integrated view on neuronal migration dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Francis
- INSERM U 1270, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, UMR-S 1270, F-75005 Paris, France; Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, France.
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24
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Zhu Y, Zhang Y, He Z, Duan Y, Li Y, Wang J, Zhou M. Detrimental Effects of Multiple Mutations in Position 240 of Fusarium graminearum β 2-Tubulin. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2020; 110:1522-1529. [PMID: 32352861 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-11-19-0409-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum causes Fusarium head blight (FHB), a destructive disease of cereal crops worldwide. Carbendazim (methylbenzimidazol-2-ylcarbamate [MBC]) is widely used for controlling FHB. A previous study showed that the F240L mutation in the β2-tubulin of F. graminearum (Fgβ2-tubulin) confers hypersensitivity to MBC. Whether the substitution of phenylalanine by other amino acids in position 240 of the Fgβ2-tubulin gene also confers hypersensitivity to MBC is unknown. Moreover, the biological fitness of these mutants is poorly understood. In this study, we substituted position 240 of Fgβ2-tubulin with other amino acids. We found that the F240A, F240E, F240I, and F240Y mutations in Fgβ2-tubulin could also confer F. graminearum hypersensitivity to MBC, although the effective concentration resulting in 50% inhibition (EC50) differed among the mutations. The F240G mutation, in contrast, decreased the sensitivity to MBC. In addition, a molecular docking assay indicated that the binding affinity between Fgβ2-tubulin and MBC were increased by the F240A, F240E, F240I, and F240Y mutations but decreased by the F240G mutation. All mutants had normal conidial morphology, but the growth rates and pathogenicity of the F240A, F240E, F240G, F240I, and F240Y mutants were significantly decreased. Moreover, the F240A and F240G mutants produced twisted hyphae. In addition, microtubules were sparse and rarely observed in β2F240A-EGFP, β2F240E-EGFP, and β2F240G-EGFP. These results indicate that position 240 (phenylalanine) is not only vital to the function of Fgβ2-tubulin but also plays an important role in regulating the sensitivity of F. graminearum to MBC. Any mutation in this site would be detrimental to survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanye Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yuanshuai Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zongzhe He
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yabing Duan
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yanjun Li
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianxin Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mingguo Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; and State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Nanjing, 210095, China
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25
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Stoufflet J, Chaulet M, Doulazmi M, Fouquet C, Dubacq C, Métin C, Schneider-Maunoury S, Trembleau A, Vincent P, Caillé I. Primary cilium-dependent cAMP/PKA signaling at the centrosome regulates neuronal migration. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/36/eaba3992. [PMID: 32917588 PMCID: PMC7467704 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aba3992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium (PC) is a small centrosome-assembled organelle, protruding from the surface of most eukaryotic cells. It plays a key role in cell migration, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we show that the PC regulates neuronal migration via cyclic adenosine 3'-5' monosphosphate (cAMP) production activating centrosomal protein kinase A (PKA). Biosensor live imaging revealed a periodic cAMP hotspot at the centrosome of embryonic, postnatal, and adult migrating neurons. Genetic ablation of the PC, or knockdown of ciliary adenylate cyclase 3, caused hotspot disappearance and migratory defects, with defective centrosome dynamics and altered nucleokinesis. Delocalization of PKA from the centrosome phenocopied the migratory defects. Our results show that the PC and centrosome form a single cAMP signaling unit dynamically regulating migration, further highlighting the centrosome as a signaling hub.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Stoufflet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), F-75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR8256, Institut Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Maxime Chaulet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Mohamed Doulazmi
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR8256, Institut Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Coralie Fouquet
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Caroline Dubacq
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Christine Métin
- Inserm UMR-S839, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Schneider-Maunoury
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR7622, Inserm ERL U1156, Institut Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Developmental Biology Laboratory (LBD), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Alain Trembleau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Pierre Vincent
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR8256, Institut Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Biological Adaptation and Ageing (B2A), F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Isabelle Caillé
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR8246, Inserm U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), F-75005 Paris, France.
- Université de Paris, Paris, France
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26
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Borys F, Joachimiak E, Krawczyk H, Fabczak H. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors Affecting Microtubule Dynamics in Normal and Cancer Cells. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25163705. [PMID: 32823874 PMCID: PMC7464520 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25163705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs), highly dynamic structures composed of α- and β-tubulin heterodimers, are involved in cell movement and intracellular traffic and are essential for cell division. Within the cell, MTs are not uniform as they can be composed of different tubulin isotypes that are post-translationally modified and interact with different microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). These diverse intrinsic factors influence the dynamics of MTs. Extrinsic factors such as microtubule-targeting agents (MTAs) can also affect MT dynamics. MTAs can be divided into two main categories: microtubule-stabilizing agents (MSAs) and microtubule-destabilizing agents (MDAs). Thus, the MT skeleton is an important target for anticancer therapy. This review discusses factors that determine the microtubule dynamics in normal and cancer cells and describes microtubule–MTA interactions, highlighting the importance of tubulin isoform diversity and post-translational modifications in MTA responses and the consequences of such a phenomenon, including drug resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Borys
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 3 Noakowskiego Street, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: (E.J.); (H.F.)
| | - Hanna Krawczyk
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, 3 Noakowskiego Street, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Hanna Fabczak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, 3 Pasteur Street, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: (E.J.); (H.F.)
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27
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Ramos SI, Makeyev EV, Salierno M, Kodama T, Kawakami Y, Sahara S. Tuba8 Drives Differentiation of Cortical Radial Glia into Apical Intermediate Progenitors by Tuning Modifications of Tubulin C Termini. Dev Cell 2020; 52:477-491.e8. [PMID: 32097653 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most adult neurons and glia originate from radial glial progenitors (RGs), a type of stem cell typically extending from the apical to the basal side of the developing cortex. Precise regulation of the choice between RG self-renewal and differentiation is critical for normal development, but the mechanisms underlying this transition remain elusive. We show that the non-canonical tubulin Tuba8, transiently expressed in cortical progenitors, drives differentiation of RGs into apical intermediate progenitors, a more restricted progenitor type lacking attachment to the basal lamina. This effect depends on the unique C-terminal sequence of Tuba8 that antagonizes tubulin tyrosination and Δ2 cleavage, two post-translational modifications (PTMs) essential for RG fiber maintenance and the switch between direct and indirect neurogenesis and ultimately distinct neuronal lineage outcomes. Our work uncovers an instructive role of a developmentally regulated tubulin isotype in progenitor differentiation and provides new insights into biological functions of the cellular tubulin PTM "code."
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana I Ramos
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Eugene V Makeyev
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Marcelo Salierno
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Takashi Kodama
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yasuhiko Kawakami
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Stem Cell Institute, Developmental Biology Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Setsuko Sahara
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK; MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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28
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Nakajima C, Sawada M, Sawamoto K. Postnatal neuronal migration in health and disease. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 66:1-9. [PMID: 32717548 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Postnatal neuronal migration modulates neuronal circuit formation and function throughout life and is conserved among species. Pathological conditions activate the generation of neuroblasts in the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ) and promote their migration towards a lesion. However, the neuroblasts generally terminate their migration before reaching the lesion site unless their intrinsic capacity is modified or the environment is improved. It is important to understand which factors impede neuronal migration for functional recovery of the brain. We highlight similarities and differences in the mechanisms of neuroblast migration under physiological and pathological conditions to provide novel insights into endogenous neuronal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chikako Nakajima
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Masato Sawada
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Neurobiology, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.
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29
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Corrêa T, Poswar F, Feltes BC, Riegel M. Candidate Genes Associated With Neurological Findings in a Patient With Trisomy 4p16.3 and Monosomy 5p15.2. Front Genet 2020; 11:561. [PMID: 32625234 PMCID: PMC7311770 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, we present a patient with brain alterations and dysmorphic features associated with chromosome duplication seen in 4p16.3 region and chromosomal deletion in a critical region responsible for Cri-du-chat syndrome (CdCS). Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) revealed a 41.1 Mb duplication encompassing the band region 4p16.3-p13, and a 14.7 Mb deletion located between the bands 5p15.33 and p15.1. The patient's clinical findings overlap with previously reported cases of chromosome 4p duplication syndrome and CdCS. The patient's symptoms are notably similar to those of CdCS patients as she presented with a weak, high-pitched voice and showed a similar pathogenicity observed in the brain MRI. These contiguous gene syndromes present with distinct clinical manifestations. However, the phenotypic and cytogenetic variability in affected individuals, such as the low frequency and the large genomic regions that can be altered, make it challenging to identify candidate genes that contribute to the pathogenesis of these syndromes. Therefore, systems biology and CMA techniques were used to investigate the extent of chromosome rearrangement on critical regions in our patient's phenotype. We identified the candidate genes PPARGC1A, CTBP1, TRIO, TERT, and CCT5 that are associated with the neuropsychomotor delay, microcephaly, and neurological alterations found in our patient. Through investigating pathways that associate with essential nodes in the protein interaction network, we discovered proteins involved in cellular differentiation and proliferation, as well as proteins involved in the formation and disposition of the cytoskeleton. The combination of our cytogenomic and bioinformatic analysis provided these possible explanations for the unique clinical phenotype, which has not yet been described in scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Corrêa
- Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Poswar
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno César Feltes
- Department of Theoritical Informatics, Institute of Informatics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mariluce Riegel
- Post-Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Genetics Department, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Medical Genetics Service, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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30
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Iacomino M, Baldassari S, Tochigi Y, Kośla K, Buffelli F, Torella A, Severino M, Paladini D, Mandarà L, Riva A, Scala M, Balagura G, Accogli A, Nigro V, Minetti C, Fulcheri E, Zara F, Bednarek AK, Striano P, Suzuki H, Salpietro V. Loss of Wwox Perturbs Neuronal Migration and Impairs Early Cortical Development. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:644. [PMID: 32581702 PMCID: PMC7300205 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the WWOX gene cause a broad range of ultra-rare neurodevelopmental and brain degenerative disorders, associated with a high likelihood of premature death in animal models as well as in humans. The encoded Wwox protein is a WW domain-containing oxidoreductase that participates in crucial biological processes including tumor suppression, cell growth/differentiation and regulation of steroid metabolism, while its role in neural development is less understood. We analyzed the exomes of a family affected with multiple pre- and postnatal anomalies, including cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, severe neurodevelopmental impairment and refractory epilepsy, and identified a segregating homozygous WWOX mutation leading to a premature stop codon. Abnormal cerebral cortex development due to a defective architecture of granular and molecular cell layers was found in the developing brain of a WWOX-deficient human fetus from this family. A similar disorganization of cortical layers was identified in lde/lde rats (carrying a homozygous truncating mutation which disrupts the active Wwox C-terminal domain) investigated at perinatal stages. Transcriptomic analyses of Wwox-depleted human neural progenitor cells showed an impaired expression of a number of neuronal migration-related genes encoding for tubulins, kinesins and associated proteins. These findings indicate that loss of Wwox may affect different cytoskeleton components and alter prenatal cortical development, highlighting a regulatory role of the WWOX gene in migrating neurons across different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Iacomino
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Baldassari
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Genoa, Italy
| | - Yuki Tochigi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashinoi, Japan
| | - Katarzyna Kośla
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Francesca Buffelli
- Fetal and Perinatal Pathology Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Genoa, Italy
| | - Annalaura Torella
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | | | - Dario Paladini
- Fetal Medicine and Surgery Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Genoa, Italy
| | - Luana Mandarà
- Medical Genetics Unit, Maria Paternò Arezzo Hospital, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Antonella Riva
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Genoa, Italy
| | - Marcello Scala
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ganna Balagura
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrea Accogli
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Naples, Italy.,Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Minetti
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Ezio Fulcheri
- Fetal and Perinatal Pathology Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Genoa, Italy.,Department of Surgical Sciences and Integrated Diagnostics (DISC), Pathology Division of Anatomic Pathology, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Unit of Medical Genetics, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Andrzej K Bednarek
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Pasquale Striano
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Hiroetsu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University, Musashinoi, Japan
| | - Vincenzo Salpietro
- Pediatric Neurology and Muscular Diseases Unit, IRCCS Istituto "Giannina Gaslini", Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health (DiNOGMI), University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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31
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Hausrat TJ, Radwitz J, Lombino FL, Breiden P, Kneussel M. Alpha- and beta-tubulin isotypes are differentially expressed during brain development. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 81:333-350. [PMID: 32293117 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alpha- and beta-tubulin dimers polymerize into protofilaments that associate laterally to constitute a hollow tube, the microtubule. A dynamic network of interlinking filaments forms the microtubule cytoskeleton, which maintains the structure of cells and is key to various cellular processes including cell division, cell migration, and intracellular transport. Individual microtubules have an identity that depends on the differential integration of specific alpha- and beta-tubulin isotypes and is further specified by a variety of posttranslational modifications (PTMs). It is barely understood to which extent neighboring microtubules differ in their tubulin composition or whether specific tubulin isotypes cluster along the polymer. Furthermore, our knowledge about the spatio-temporal expression patterns of tubulin isotypes is limited, not at least due to the lack of antibodies or antibody cross-reactivities. Here, we asked which alpha- and beta-tubulin mRNAs and proteins are expressed in developing hippocampal neuron cultures and ex vivo brain tissue lysates. Using heterologous expression of GFP-tubulin fusion proteins, we systematically tested antibody-specificities against various tubulin isotypes. Our data provide quantitative information about tubulin expression levels in the mouse brain and classify tubulin isotypes during pre- and postnatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben J Hausrat
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jennifer Radwitz
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Franco L Lombino
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Breiden
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- Department of Molecular Neurogenetics, ZMNH, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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32
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Sterlini B, Fruscione F, Baldassari S, Benfenati F, Zara F, Corradi A. Progress of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Technologies to Understand Genetic Epilepsy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020482. [PMID: 31940887 PMCID: PMC7013950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of the pathomechanisms by which gene mutations lead to neurological diseases has benefit from several cellular and animal models. Recently, induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC) technologies have made possible the access to human neurons to study nervous system disease-related mechanisms, and are at the forefront of the research into neurological diseases. In this review, we will focalize upon genetic epilepsy, and summarize the most recent studies in which iPSC-based technologies were used to gain insight on the molecular bases of epilepsies. Moreover, we discuss the latest advancements in epilepsy cell modeling. At the two dimensional (2D) level, single-cell models of iPSC-derived neurons lead to a mature neuronal phenotype, and now allow a reliable investigation of synaptic transmission and plasticity. In addition, functional characterization of cerebral organoids enlightens neuronal network dynamics in a three-dimensional (3D) structure. Finally, we discuss the use of iPSCs as the cutting-edge technology for cell therapy in epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Sterlini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Floriana Fruscione
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Largo P. Daneo 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Simona Baldassari
- Unità Operativa Complessa Genetica Medica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Giannina Gaslini, Genova Italy, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - Federico Zara
- Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Largo P. Daneo 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Unità Operativa Complessa Genetica Medica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Giannina Gaslini, Genova Italy, Via G. Gaslini 5, 16147 Genoa, Italy;
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (A.C.)
| | - Anna Corradi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Largo Rosanna Benzi 10, 16132 Genoa, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.Z.); (A.C.)
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33
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Aiken J, Buscaglia G, Aiken AS, Moore JK, Bates EA. Tubulin mutations in brain development disorders: Why haploinsufficiency does not explain TUBA1A tubulinopathies. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 77:40-54. [PMID: 31574570 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal cytoskeleton performs incredible feats during nervous system development. Extension of neuronal processes, migration, and synapse formation rely on the proper regulation of microtubules. Mutations that disrupt the primary α-tubulin expressed during brain development, TUBA1A, are associated with a spectrum of human brain malformations. One model posits that TUBA1A mutations lead to a reduction in tubulin subunits available for microtubule polymerization, which represents a haploinsufficiency mechanism. We propose an alternative model for the majority of tubulinopathy mutations, in which the mutant tubulin polymerizes into the microtubule lattice to dominantly "poison" microtubule function. Nine distinct α-tubulin and ten β-tubulin genes have been identified in the human genome. These genes encode similar tubulin proteins, called isotypes. Multiple tubulin isotypes may partially compensate for heterozygous deletion of a tubulin gene, but may not overcome the disruption caused by missense mutations that dominantly alter microtubule function. Here, we describe disorders attributed to haploinsufficiency versus dominant negative mechanisms to demonstrate the hallmark features of each disorder. We summarize literature on mouse models that represent both knockout and point mutants in tubulin genes, with an emphasis on how these mutations might provide insight into the nature of tubulinopathy patient mutations. Finally, we present data from a panel of TUBA1A tubulinopathy mutations generated in yeast α-tubulin that demonstrate that α-tubulin mutants can incorporate into the microtubule network and support viability of yeast growth. This perspective on tubulinopathy mutations draws on previous studies and additional data to provide a fresh perspective on how TUBA1A mutations disrupt neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Aiken
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Georgia Buscaglia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - A Sophie Aiken
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jeffrey K Moore
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Emily A Bates
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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34
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De Mori R, Severino M, Mancardi MM, Anello D, Tardivo S, Biagini T, Capra V, Casella A, Cereda C, Copeland BR, Gagliardi S, Gamucci A, Ginevrino M, Illi B, Lorefice E, Musaev D, Stanley V, Micalizzi A, Gleeson JG, Mazza T, Rossi A, Valente EM. Agenesis of the putamen and globus pallidus caused by recessive mutations in the homeobox gene GSX2. Brain 2019; 142:2965-2978. [PMID: 31412107 PMCID: PMC6776115 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awz247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Basal ganglia are subcortical grey nuclei that play essential roles in controlling voluntary movements, cognition and emotion. While basal ganglia dysfunction is observed in many neurodegenerative or metabolic disorders, congenital malformations are rare. In particular, dysplastic basal ganglia are part of the malformative spectrum of tubulinopathies and X-linked lissencephaly with abnormal genitalia, but neurodevelopmental syndromes characterized by basal ganglia agenesis are not known to date. We ascertained two unrelated children (both female) presenting with spastic tetraparesis, severe generalized dystonia and intellectual impairment, sharing a unique brain malformation characterized by agenesis of putamina and globi pallidi, dysgenesis of the caudate nuclei, olfactory bulbs hypoplasia, and anomaly of the diencephalic-mesencephalic junction with abnormal corticospinal tract course. Whole-exome sequencing identified two novel homozygous variants, c.26C>A; p.(S9*) and c.752A>G; p.(Q251R) in the GSX2 gene, a member of the family of homeobox transcription factors, which are key regulators of embryonic development. GSX2 is highly expressed in neural progenitors of the lateral and median ganglionic eminences, two protrusions of the ventral telencephalon from which the basal ganglia and olfactory tubercles originate, where it promotes neurogenesis while negatively regulating oligodendrogenesis. The truncating variant resulted in complete loss of protein expression, while the missense variant affected a highly conserved residue of the homeobox domain, was consistently predicted as pathogenic by bioinformatic tools, resulted in reduced protein expression and caused impaired structural stability of the homeobox domain and weaker interaction with DNA according to molecular dynamic simulations. Moreover, the nuclear localization of the mutant protein in transfected cells was significantly reduced compared to the wild-type protein. Expression studies on both patients' fibroblasts demonstrated reduced expression of GSX2 itself, likely due to altered transcriptional self-regulation, as well as significant expression changes of related genes such as ASCL1 and PAX6. Whole transcriptome analysis revealed a global deregulation in genes implicated in apoptosis and immunity, two broad pathways known to be involved in brain development. This is the first report of the clinical phenotype and molecular basis associated to basal ganglia agenesis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta De Mori
- Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Danila Anello
- Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Tardivo
- Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Tommaso Biagini
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Valeria Capra
- Neurosurgery Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Cristina Cereda
- Genomic and Postgenomic Lab, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Brett R Copeland
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Diseases, Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla (CA), USA
| | - Stella Gagliardi
- Genomic and Postgenomic Lab, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gamucci
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Monia Ginevrino
- Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Barbara Illi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Elisa Lorefice
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Damir Musaev
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Diseases, Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla (CA), USA
| | - Valentina Stanley
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Diseases, Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla (CA), USA
| | - Alessia Micalizzi
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Joseph G Gleeson
- Laboratory for Pediatric Brain Diseases, Rady Children’s Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California San Diego, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, La Jolla (CA), USA
| | - Tommaso Mazza
- IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Laboratory of Bioinformatics, San Giovanni Rotondo (FG), Italy
| | - Andrea Rossi
- Neuroradiology Unit, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Neurogenetics Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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35
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Aiken J, Moore JK, Bates EA. TUBA1A mutations identified in lissencephaly patients dominantly disrupt neuronal migration and impair dynein activity. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:1227-1243. [PMID: 30517687 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The microtubule cytoskeleton supports diverse cellular morphogenesis and migration processes during brain development. Mutations in tubulin genes are associated with severe human brain malformations known as 'tubulinopathies'; however, it is not understood how molecular-level changes in microtubule subunits lead to brain malformations. In this study, we demonstrate that missense mutations affecting arginine at position 402 (R402) of TUBA1A α-tubulin selectively impair dynein motor activity and severely and dominantly disrupt cortical neuronal migration. TUBA1A is the most commonly affected tubulin gene in tubulinopathy patients, and mutations altering R402 account for 30% of all reported TUBA1A mutations. We show for the first time that ectopic expression of TUBA1A-R402C and TUBA1A-R402H patient alleles is sufficient to dominantly disrupt cortical neuronal migration in the developing mouse brain, strongly supporting a causal role in the pathology of brain malformation. To isolate the precise molecular impact of R402 mutations, we generated analogous R402C and R402H mutations in budding yeast α-tubulin, which exhibit a simplified microtubule cytoskeleton. We find that R402 mutant tubulins assemble into microtubules that support normal kinesin motor activity but fail to support the activity of dynein motors. Importantly, the level of dynein impairment scales with the expression level of the mutant in the cell, suggesting a 'poisoning' mechanism in which R402 mutant α-tubulin acts dominantly by populating microtubules with defective binding sites for dynein. Based on our results, we propose a new model for the molecular pathology of tubulinopathies that may also extend to other tubulin-related neuropathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Aiken
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology
| | | | - Emily A Bates
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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36
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Purification of tubulin with controlled post-translational modifications by polymerization–depolymerization cycles. Nat Protoc 2019; 14:1634-1660. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-019-0153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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37
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Grimes KM, Prasad V, McNamara JW. Supporting the heart: Functions of the cardiomyocyte's non-sarcomeric cytoskeleton. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2019; 131:187-196. [PMID: 30978342 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2019.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The non-contractile cytoskeleton in cardiomyocytes is comprised of cytoplasmic actin, microtubules, and intermediate filaments. In addition to providing mechanical support to these cells, these structures are important effectors of tension-sensing and signal transduction and also provide networks for the transport of proteins and organelles. The majority of our knowledge on the function and structure of these cytoskeletal networks comes from research on proliferative cell types. However, in recent years, researchers have begun to show that there are important cardiomyocyte-specific functions of the cytoskeleton. Here we will discuss the current state of cytoskeletal biology in cardiomyocytes, as well as research from other cell types, that together suggest there is a wealth of knowledge on cardiac health and disease waiting to be uncovered through exploration of the complex signaling networks of cardiomyocyte non-sarcomeric cytoskeletal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Grimes
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Vikram Prasad
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - James W McNamara
- Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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38
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Magiera MM, Bodakuntla S, Žiak J, Lacomme S, Marques Sousa P, Leboucher S, Hausrat TJ, Bosc C, Andrieux A, Kneussel M, Landry M, Calas A, Balastik M, Janke C. Excessive tubulin polyglutamylation causes neurodegeneration and perturbs neuronal transport. EMBO J 2018; 37:e100440. [PMID: 30420556 PMCID: PMC6276888 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2018100440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Posttranslational modifications of tubulin are emerging regulators of microtubule functions. We have shown earlier that upregulated polyglutamylation is linked to rapid degeneration of Purkinje cells in mice with a mutation in the deglutamylating enzyme CCP1. How polyglutamylation leads to degeneration, whether it affects multiple neuron types, or which physiological processes it regulates in healthy neurons has remained unknown. Here, we demonstrate that excessive polyglutamylation induces neurodegeneration in a cell-autonomous manner and can occur in many parts of the central nervous system. Degeneration of selected neurons in CCP1-deficient mice can be fully rescued by simultaneous knockout of the counteracting polyglutamylase TTLL1. Excessive polyglutamylation reduces the efficiency of neuronal transport in cultured hippocampal neurons, suggesting that impaired cargo transport plays an important role in the observed degenerative phenotypes. We thus establish polyglutamylation as a cell-autonomous mechanism for neurodegeneration that might be therapeutically accessible through manipulation of the enzymes that control this posttranslational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria M Magiera
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3348, PSL Research University, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Satish Bodakuntla
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3348, PSL Research University, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Jakub Žiak
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Sabrina Lacomme
- Bordeaux Imaging Center, BIC, UMS 3420, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patricia Marques Sousa
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3348, PSL Research University, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Sophie Leboucher
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3348, PSL Research University, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Torben J Hausrat
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christophe Bosc
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Inserm U1216, Grenoble, France
| | - Annie Andrieux
- Grenoble Institut des Neurosciences, GIN, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
- Inserm U1216, Grenoble, France
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- Center for Molecular Neurobiology (ZMNH), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Landry
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS UMR5297, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - André Calas
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS UMR5297, Université Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Martin Balastik
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 4, Czech Republic
| | - Carsten Janke
- Institut Curie, CNRS UMR3348, PSL Research University, Orsay, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS UMR3348, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
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39
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Zalucki O, Harris L, Harvey TJ, Harkins D, Widagdo J, Oishi S, Matuzelski E, Yong XLH, Schmidt H, Anggono V, Burne THJ, Gronostajski RM, Piper M. NFIX-Mediated Inhibition of Neuroblast Branching Regulates Migration Within the Adult Mouse Ventricular–Subventricular Zone. Cereb Cortex 2018; 29:3590-3604. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2018] [Revised: 08/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Understanding the migration of newborn neurons within the brain presents a major challenge in contemporary biology. Neuronal migration is widespread within the developing brain but is also important within the adult brain. For instance, stem cells within the ventricular–subventricular zone (V-SVZ) and the subgranular zone of dentate gyrus of the adult rodent brain produce neuroblasts that migrate to the olfactory bulb and granule cell layer of the dentate gyrus, respectively, where they regulate key brain functions including innate olfactory responses, learning, and memory. Critically, our understanding of the factors mediating neuroblast migration remains limited. The transcription factor nuclear factor I X (NFIX) has previously been implicated in embryonic cortical development. Here, we employed conditional ablation of Nfix from the adult mouse brain and demonstrated that the removal of this gene from either neural stem and progenitor cells, or neuroblasts, within the V-SVZ culminated in neuroblast migration defects. Mechanistically, we identified aberrant neuroblast branching, due in part to increased expression of the guanylyl cyclase natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (Npr2), as a factor contributing to abnormal migration in Nfix-deficient adult mice. Collectively, these data provide new insights into how neuroblast migration is regulated at a transcriptional level within the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oressia Zalucki
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lachlan Harris
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tracey J Harvey
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Danyon Harkins
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jocelyn Widagdo
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sabrina Oishi
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Elise Matuzelski
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Xuan Ling Hilary Yong
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Hannes Schmidt
- Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Victor Anggono
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas H J Burne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - Richard M Gronostajski
- Department of Biochemistry, Program in Genetics, Genomics and Bioinformatics, Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Michael Piper
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Minegishi T, Uesugi Y, Kaneko N, Yoshida W, Sawamoto K, Inagaki N. Shootin1b Mediates a Mechanical Clutch to Produce Force for Neuronal Migration. Cell Rep 2018; 25:624-639.e6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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Wei B, Sun M, Shang Y, Zhang C, Jiao X. Neurokinin 1 receptor promotes rat airway smooth muscle cell migration in asthmatic airway remodelling by enhancing tubulin expression. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:4849-4857. [PMID: 30233858 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.07.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Airway remodelling is a major contributor to hyper-responsiveness leading to chronic asthma; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of a neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) antagonist (WIN62577) on the migration of airway smooth muscle cells (ASMCs) and the expression of NK1R and alpha-tubulin in airway remodelling using young rats with asthma. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group and airway remodelling group. Rats in the model group were stimulated with ovalbumin for 8 weeks. Primary ASMCs were cultured and purified from all rats, and then treated with different doses of WIN62577. The expression of NK1R and α-tubulin in ASMCs was assessed using immunofluorescence, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and western blotting. Changes in ASMC migration were detected by a transwell chamber assay. Results The transwell assay showed that the number of migrating ASMCs in the asthmatic airway remodelling group was significantly greater than that in the control group (P<0.01), which was inhibited by WIN62577 in a dose-dependent manner, with peak inhibition detected at 10-8 mol/L. The mRNA and protein expression levels of NK1R and α-tubulin were significantly higher in the asthmatic airway remodelling group than in the control group (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively), and were significantly decreased after treatment with WIN62577 (P<0.01 and P<0.05, respectively). Conclusions NK1R antagonists may suppress ASMC migration in a rat model of airway remodelling by inhibiting tubulin expression, indicating a new potential target for the treatment and control of chronic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Wei
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Mingwei Sun
- Department of First Clinical Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yunxiao Shang
- Department of Pediatrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xuyong Jiao
- Department of Pediatrics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command, Shenyang 110016, China
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42
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Alpha-syntrophin dependent expression of tubulin alpha 8 protein in hepatocytes. J Physiol Biochem 2018; 74:511-521. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-018-0645-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Francis
- a INSERM UMR S-839 , Paris , France.,b Sorbonne Université, UMR S-839 , F-75005 Paris , France.,c Institut du Fer à Moulin , Paris , France
| | - Richard Belvindrah
- a INSERM UMR S-839 , Paris , France.,b Sorbonne Université, UMR S-839 , F-75005 Paris , France.,c Institut du Fer à Moulin , Paris , France
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Sawada M, Ohno N, Kawaguchi M, Huang SH, Hikita T, Sakurai Y, Bang Nguyen H, Quynh Thai T, Ishido Y, Yoshida Y, Nakagawa H, Uemura A, Sawamoto K. PlexinD1 signaling controls morphological changes and migration termination in newborn neurons. EMBO J 2018; 37:embj.201797404. [PMID: 29348324 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201797404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 10/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborn neurons maintain a very simple, bipolar shape, while they migrate from their birthplace toward their destinations in the brain, where they differentiate into mature neurons with complex dendritic morphologies. Here, we report a mechanism by which the termination of neuronal migration is maintained in the postnatal olfactory bulb (OB). During neuronal deceleration in the OB, newborn neurons transiently extend a protrusion from the proximal part of their leading process in the resting phase, which we refer to as a filopodium-like lateral protrusion (FLP). The FLP formation is induced by PlexinD1 downregulation and local Rac1 activation, which coincide with microtubule reorganization and the pausing of somal translocation. The somal translocation of resting neurons is suppressed by microtubule polymerization within the FLP The timing of neuronal migration termination, controlled by Sema3E-PlexinD1-Rac1 signaling, influences the final positioning, dendritic patterns, and functions of the neurons in the OB These results suggest that PlexinD1 signaling controls FLP formation and the termination of neuronal migration through a precise control of microtubule dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Sawada
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Ohno
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,Department of Anatomy, Division of Histology and Cell Biology, Jichi Medical University, School of Medicine, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Mitsuyasu Kawaguchi
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shih-Hui Huang
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takao Hikita
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Youmei Sakurai
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Huy Bang Nguyen
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Truc Quynh Thai
- Division of Neurobiology and Bioinformatics, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Yuri Ishido
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yoshida
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Hidehiko Nakagawa
- Department of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Uemura
- Department of Retinal Vascular Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazunobu Sawamoto
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan .,Division of Neural Development and Regeneration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
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Aiken J, Buscaglia G, Bates EA, Moore JK. The α-Tubulin gene TUBA1A in Brain Development: A Key Ingredient in the Neuronal Isotype Blend. J Dev Biol 2017; 5. [PMID: 29057214 PMCID: PMC5648057 DOI: 10.3390/jdb5030008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules are dynamic cytoskeletal polymers that mediate numerous, essential functions such as axon and dendrite growth and neuron migration throughout brain development. In recent years, sequencing has revealed dominant mutations that disrupt the tubulin protein building blocks of microtubules. These tubulin mutations lead to a spectrum of devastating brain malformations, complex neurological and physical phenotypes, and even fatality. The most common tubulin gene mutated is the α-tubulin gene TUBA1A, which is the most prevalent α-tubulin gene expressed in post-mitotic neurons. The normal role of TUBA1A during neuronal maturation, and how mutations alter its function to produce the phenotypes observed in patients, remains unclear. This review synthesizes current knowledge of TUBA1A function and expression during brain development, and the brain malformations caused by mutations in TUBA1A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne Aiken
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, MS8108, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| | - Georgia Buscaglia
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (G.B.); (E.A.B.)
| | - Emily A. Bates
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; (G.B.); (E.A.B.)
| | - Jeffrey K. Moore
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, MS8108, 12801 E 17th Ave, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-303-724-6198; Fax: +1-303-724-3420
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Kawauchi T. Tubulin isotype specificity in neuronal migration: Tuba8 can't fill in for Tuba1a. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2247-2249. [PMID: 28687668 PMCID: PMC5551719 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201705172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Kawauchi previews work from the Francis group studying tubulin isotype-specific changes in microtubule organization and neuronal migration in vivo. Several tubulin isotypes, including Tuba1a, are associated with brain malformations. In this issue, Belvindrah et al. (2017. J. Cell Biol.https://doi.org/10.1083/jcb.201607074) show that Tuba1a and Tuba8 differentially regulate microtubule organization in neurons, and they provide insights into the mechanisms by which Tuba1a mutations disrupt adult mouse brain morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation, Kobe, Japan .,Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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