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De Luca F, Gola F, Azzalin A, Casali C, Gaiaschi L, Milanesi G, Vicini R, Rossi P, Bottone MG. A Lombard Variety of Sweet Pepper Regulating Senescence and Proliferation: The Voghera Pepper. Nutrients 2024; 16:1681. [PMID: 38892614 PMCID: PMC11174795 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging and its related disorders are important issues nowadays and the first cause of this physio-pathological condition is the overproduction of ROS. Ascorbic acid is an antioxidant mediator and its anti-aging proprieties are well known. Our previous data demonstrated that Voghera sweet pepper (VP), a distinctive type of pepper cultivated in Italy, is particularly rich in ascorbic acid. Based on these data, the anti-aging effect mediated by extracts of the edible part of VP was evaluated on an in vitro model of both young and old Normal Human Diploid Fibroblasts (NHDF). Using phase contrast microscopy, we observed that VP may help cells in the maintenance of physiological morphology during aging. Cytofluorimetric analyses revealed that VP extracts led to an increase in DNA synthesis and percentage of living cells, linked to a consequent increase in mitotic events. This hypothesis is supported by the enhancement of PCNA expression levels observed in old, treated fibroblasts, corroborating the idea that this extract could recover a young phenotype in adult fibroblasts, confirmed by the study of p16 and p53 expression levels and TEM analyses. Based on these results, we may suppose that VP can lead to the partial recovery of "young-like" phenotypes in old fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio De Luca
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.G.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (G.M.); (P.R.); (M.G.B.)
| | - Federica Gola
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.G.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (G.M.); (P.R.); (M.G.B.)
| | - Alberto Azzalin
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.G.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (G.M.); (P.R.); (M.G.B.)
| | - Claudio Casali
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.G.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (G.M.); (P.R.); (M.G.B.)
| | - Ludovica Gaiaschi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.G.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (G.M.); (P.R.); (M.G.B.)
| | - Gloria Milanesi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.G.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (G.M.); (P.R.); (M.G.B.)
| | | | - Paola Rossi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.G.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (G.M.); (P.R.); (M.G.B.)
| | - Maria Grazia Bottone
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (F.G.); (A.A.); (C.C.); (L.G.); (G.M.); (P.R.); (M.G.B.)
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Desai S, Grefte S, van de Westerlo E, Lauwen S, Paters A, Prehn JHM, Gan Z, Keijer J, Adjobo-Hermans MJW, Koopman WJH. Performance of TMRM and Mitotrackers in mitochondrial morphofunctional analysis of primary human skin fibroblasts. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2024; 1865:149027. [PMID: 38109971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2023.149027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψ) and morphology are considered key readouts of mitochondrial functional state. This morphofunction can be studied using fluorescent dyes ("probes") like tetramethylrhodamine methyl ester (TMRM) and Mitotrackers (MTs). Although these dyes are broadly used, information comparing their performance in mitochondrial morphology quantification and Δψ-sensitivity in the same cell model is still scarce. Here we applied epifluorescence microscopy of primary human skin fibroblasts to evaluate TMRM, Mitotracker Red CMXros (CMXros), Mitotracker Red CMH2Xros (CMH2Xros), Mitotracker Green FM (MG) and Mitotracker Deep Red FM (MDR). All probes were suited for automated quantification of mitochondrial morphology parameters when Δψ was normal, although they did not deliver quantitatively identical results. The mitochondrial localization of TMRM and MTs was differentially sensitive to carbonyl cyanide-4-phenylhydrazone (FCCP)-induced Δψ depolarization, decreasing in the order: TMRM ≫ CHM2Xros = CMXros = MDR > MG. To study the effect of reversible Δψ changes, the impact of photo-induced Δψ "flickering" was studied in cells co-stained with TMRM and MG. During a flickering event, individual mitochondria displayed subsequent TMRM release and uptake, whereas this phenomenon was not observed for MG. Spatiotemporal and computational analysis of the flickering event provided evidence that TMRM redistributes between adjacent mitochondria by a mechanism dependent on Δψ and TMRM concentration. In summary, this study demonstrates that: (1) TMRM and MTs are suited for automated mitochondrial morphology quantification, (2) numerical data obtained with different probes is not identical, and (3) all probes are sensitive to FCCP-induced Δψ depolarization, with TMRM and MG displaying the highest and lowest sensitivity, respectively. We conclude that TMRM is better suited for integrated analysis of Δψ and mitochondrial morphology than the tested MTs under conditions that Δψ is not substantially depolarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Desai
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Grefte
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics and SFI FutureNeuro Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Els van de Westerlo
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Susette Lauwen
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Angela Paters
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jochen H M Prehn
- Department of Physiology and Medical Physics and SFI FutureNeuro Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Zhuohui Gan
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jaap Keijer
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Merel J W Adjobo-Hermans
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Werner J H Koopman
- Human and Animal Physiology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children's Hospital, Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Tsuji T, Morita SY, Nakamura Y, Ikeda Y, Kambe T, Terada T. Alterations in cellular and organellar phospholipid compositions of HepG2 cells during cell growth. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2731. [PMID: 33526799 PMCID: PMC7851136 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81733-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The human hepatoblastoma cell line, HepG2, has been used for investigating a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes. However, less information is available about the phospholipid metabolism in HepG2 cells. In the present report, to clarify the relationship between cell growth and phospholipid metabolism in HepG2 cells, we examined the phospholipid class compositions of the cells and their intracellular organelles by using enzymatic fluorometric methods. In HepG2 cells, the ratios of all phospholipid classes, but not the ratio of cholesterol, markedly changed with cell growth. Of note, depending on cell growth, the phosphatidic acid (PA) ratio increased and phosphatidylcholine (PC) ratio decreased in the nuclear membranes, the sphingomyelin (SM) ratio increased in the microsomal membranes, and the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) ratio increased and the phosphatidylserine (PS) ratio decreased in the mitochondrial membranes. Moreover, the mRNA expression levels of enzymes related to PC, PE, PS, PA, SM and cardiolipin syntheses changed during cell growth. We suggest that the phospholipid class compositions of organellar membranes are tightly regulated by cell growth. These findings provide a basis for future investigations of cancer cell growth and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuji Tsuji
- grid.472014.4Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Shin-ya Morita
- grid.472014.4Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Nakamura
- grid.472014.4Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Yoshito Ikeda
- grid.472014.4Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan
| | - Taiho Kambe
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502 Japan
| | - Tomohiro Terada
- grid.472014.4Department of Pharmacy, Shiga University of Medical Science Hospital, Otsu, Shiga 520-2192 Japan
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4
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Pokorný J, Pokorný J, Kobilková J, Jandová A, Vrba J, Vrba J. Targeting mitochondria for cancer treatment - two types of mitochondrial dysfunction. Prague Med Rep 2015; 115:104-19. [PMID: 25626329 DOI: 10.14712/23362936.2014.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Two basic types of cancers were identified – those with the mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cells (the Warburg effect) or in fibroblasts supplying energy rich metabolites to a cancer cell with functional mitochondria (the reverse Warburg effect). Inner membrane potential of the functional and dysfunctional mitochondria measured by fluorescent dyes (e.g. by Rhodamine 123) displays low and high values (apparent potential), respectively, which is in contrast to the level of oxidative metabolism. Mitochondrial dysfunction (full function) results in reduced (high) oxidative metabolism, low (high) real membrane potential, a simple layer (two layers) of transported protons around mitochondria, and high (low) damping of microtubule electric polar vibrations. Crucial modifications are caused by ordered water layer (exclusion zone). For the high oxidative metabolism one proton layer is at the mitochondrial membrane and the other at the outer rim of the ordered water layer. High and low damping of electric polar vibrations results in decreased and increased electromagnetic activity in cancer cells with the normal and the reverse Warburg effect, respectively. Due to nonlinear properties the electromagnetic frequency spectra of cancer cells and transformed fibroblasts are shifted in directions corresponding to their power deviations resulting in disturbances of interactions and escape from tissue control. The cancer cells and fibroblasts of the reverse Warburg effect tumors display frequency shifts in mutually opposite directions resulting in early generalization. High oxidative metabolism conditions high aggressiveness. Mitochondrial dysfunction, a gate to malignancy along the cancer transformation pathway, forms a narrow neck which could be convenient for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Pokorný
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Pokorný
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Kobilková
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Jandová
- Institute of Photonics and Electronics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vrba
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vrba
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Kladno, Czech Republic
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5
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Thiosemicarbazone p-Substituted Acetophenone Derivatives Promote the Loss of Mitochondrial Δψ, GSH Depletion, and Death in K562 Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:394367. [PMID: 26075034 PMCID: PMC4436459 DOI: 10.1155/2015/394367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A series of thiosemicarbazone (TSC) p-substituted acetophenone derivatives were synthesized and chemically characterized. The p-substituents appended to the phenyl group of the TSC structures were hydrogen, fluor, chlorine, methyl, and nitro, producing compounds named TSC-H, TSC-F, TSC-Cl, TSC-Me, and TSC-NO2, respectively. The TSC compounds were evaluated for their capacity to induce mitochondrial permeability, to deplete mitochondrial thiol content, and to promote cell death in the K562 cell lineage using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. TSC-H, TSC-F, and TSC-Cl exhibited a bell-shaped dose-response curve for the induction of apoptosis in K562 cells due to the change from apoptosis to necrosis as the principal mechanism of cell death at the highest tested doses. TSC-Me and TSC-NO2 exhibited a typical dose-response profile, with a half maximal effective concentration of approximately 10 µM for cell death. Cell death was also evaluated using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, which revealed lower toxicity of these compounds for peripheral blood mononuclear cells than for K562 cells. The possible mechanisms leading to cell death are discussed based on the observed effects of the new TSC compounds on the cellular thiol content and on mitochondrial bioenergetics.
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Yokomizo CH, Pessoto FS, Prieto T, Cunha RLOR, Nantes IL. Effects of Trichlorotelluro-dypnones on Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Their Relationship to the Reactivity with Protein Thiols. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1167-75. [DOI: 10.1021/tx5005166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- César H. Yokomizo
- Departamento
de Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, R. Botucatu, 740, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Felipe S. Pessoto
- Centro
de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos
Estados, 5001, Santo
André, SP Brazil
| | - Tatiana Prieto
- Centro
de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos
Estados, 5001, Santo
André, SP Brazil
| | - Rodrigo L. O. R. Cunha
- Centro
de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos
Estados, 5001, Santo
André, SP Brazil
| | - Iseli L. Nantes
- Centro
de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Av. dos
Estados, 5001, Santo
André, SP Brazil
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Derivation of a continuous myogenic cell culture from an embryo of common killifish, Fundulus heteroclitus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2014; 175:15-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Ye F, Hoppel CL. Measuring oxidative phosphorylation in human skin fibroblasts. Anal Biochem 2013; 437:52-8. [PMID: 23462540 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
An approach has been developed to quantitate oxidative phosphorylation in harvested human skin fibroblasts that have been permeabilized with digitonin. In protocol 1, state 3 rates are measured with complex I and II substrates, followed by uncoupled maximal oxidative capacity measured in the presence of these combined substrates as well as through complex IV. In protocol 2, state 3 rates are measured using palmitoylcarnitine to monitor fatty acid oxidation and duroquinol to assess the flux through complex III; uncoupled duroquinol oxidation measures maximal oxidative capacity through complex III. The activity of citrate synthase is determined in every experiment as a marker of the amount of mitochondria per chamber. Data are expressed on the basis of cell count (per million fibroblasts), of protein, or of citrate synthase activity. Cell growth conditions are optimized, and it is necessary to keep cultured cells from reaching confluency. Cultures in passages 3 to 10 show reproducible oxidative phosphorylation data. Based on the data from the 15 normal human skin fibroblast lines, we are evaluating the use of this approach to diagnose systemic mitochondrial disease and avoid issues associated with open skeletal muscle biopsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Ye
- Center for Mitochondrial Disease, Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Parakhonskiy BV, Foss C, Carletti E, Fedel M, Haase A, Motta A, Migliaresi C, Antolini R. Tailored intracellular delivery via a crystal phase transition in 400 nm vaterite particles. Biomater Sci 2013; 1:1273-1281. [DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60141b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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10
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Nedosekin DA, Galanzha EI, Ayyadevara S, Shmookler Reis RJ, Zharov VP. Photothermal confocal spectromicroscopy of multiple cellular chromophores and fluorophores. Biophys J 2012; 102:672-81. [PMID: 22325291 PMCID: PMC3274827 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2011.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Confocal fluorescence microscopy is a powerful biological tool providing high-resolution, three-dimensional (3D) imaging of fluorescent molecules. Many cellular components are weakly fluorescent, however, and thus their imaging requires additional labeling. As an alternative, label-free imaging can be performed by photothermal (PT) microscopy (PTM), based on nonradiative relaxation of absorbed energy into heat. Previously, little progress has been made in PT spectral identification of cellular chromophores at the 3D microscopic scale. Here, we introduce PTM integrating confocal thermal-lens scanning schematic, time-resolved detection, PT spectral identification, and nonlinear nanobubble-induced signal amplification with a tunable pulsed nanosecond laser. The capabilities of this confocal PTM were demonstrated for high-resolution 3D imaging and spectral identification of up to four chromophores and fluorophores in live cells and Caenorhabditis elegans. Examples include cytochrome c, green fluorescent protein, Mito-Tracker Red, Alexa-488, and natural drug-enhanced or genetically engineered melanin as a PT contrast agent. PTM was able to guide spectral burning of strong absorption background, which masked weakly absorbing chromophores (e.g., cytochromes in the melanin background). PTM provided label-free monitoring of stress-related changes to cytochrome c distribution, in C. elegans at the single-cell level. In nonlinear mode ultrasharp PT spectra from cyt c and the lateral resolution of 120 nm during calibration with 10-nm gold film were observed, suggesting a potential of PTM to break through the spectral and diffraction limits, respectively. Confocal PT spectromicroscopy could provide a valuable alternative or supplement to fluorescence microscopy for imaging of nonfluorescent chromophores and certain fluorophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Nedosekin
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA.
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11
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Nehlin JO, Just M, Rustan AC, Gaster M. Human myotubes from myoblast cultures undergoing senescence exhibit defects in glucose and lipid metabolism. Biogerontology 2011; 12:349-65. [PMID: 21512720 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-011-9336-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adult stem cells are known to have a finite replication potential. Muscle biopsy-derived human satellite cells (SCs) were grown at different passages and differentiated to human myotubes in culture to analyze the functional state of various carbohydrate and lipid metabolic pathways. As the proliferative potential of myoblasts decreased dramatically with passage number, a number of cellular functions were altered: the capacity of myoblasts to fuse and differentiate into myotubes was reduced, and metabolic processes in myotubes such as glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, glucose oxidation and fatty acid β-oxidation became gradually impaired. Upon insulin stimulation, glucose uptake and glycogen synthesis increased but as the cellular proliferative capacity became gradually exhausted, the response dropped concomitantly. Palmitic acid incorporation into lipids in myotubes decreased with passage number and could be explained by reduced incorporation into diacyl- and triacylglycerols. The levels of long-chain acyl-CoA esters decreased with increased passage number. Late-passage, non-proliferating, myoblast cultures showed strong senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity indicating that the observed metabolic defects accompany the induction of a senescent state. The main function of SCs is regeneration and skeletal muscle-build up. Thus, the metabolic defects observed during aging of SC-derived myotubes could have a role in sarcopenia, the gradual age-related loss of muscle mass and strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan O Nehlin
- Center for Stem Cell Treatment, Department of Clinical Immunology, Odense University Hospital & University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.
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Unterluggauer H, Micutkova L, Lindner H, Sarg B, Hernebring M, Nystrom T, Jansen-Dürr P. Identification of Hsc70 as target for AGE modification in senescent human fibroblasts. Biogerontology 2008; 10:299-309. [DOI: 10.1007/s10522-008-9193-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Cossarizza A, Salvioli S. Flow cytometric analysis of mitochondrial membrane potential using JC-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; Chapter 9:Unit 9.14. [PMID: 18770751 DOI: 10.1002/0471142956.cy0914s13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Changes in membrane potential have long been known to represent early activation events. This unit presents very recent developments in both fluorescent probes and functional applications and demonstrates the use of the JC-1 probe for measuring mitochondrial membrane potential by flow cytometry. A valuable component of this measurement system is the possibility of making quantitative measurements of changes in membrane potential.
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14
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Vora MM, Lambrecht RM. Optimized synthesis of radioiodinated rhodamine-123. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580270708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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15
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Vora MM, Lambrecht RM. Optimized synthesis of radioiodinated rhodamine-123. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.2580280102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Stöckl P, Hütter E, Zwerschke W, Jansen-Dürr P. Sustained inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation impairs cell proliferation and induces premature senescence in human fibroblasts. Exp Gerontol 2006; 41:674-82. [PMID: 16713693 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2006.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 04/10/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2006] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial theory of aging predicts that functional alterations in mitochondria contribute to the aging process. Whereas this hypothesis implicates increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a driving force of the aging process, little is known about molecular mechanisms by which mitochondrial impairment might contribute to aging. Using cellular senescence as a model for human aging, we have recently reported partial uncoupling of the respiratory chain in senescent human fibroblasts. In the present communication, we address a potential cause-effect relationship between mitochondrial impairment and the appearance of a senescence-like phenotype in young cells. We found that treatment by antimycin A delays proliferation and induces premature senescence in a subset of the cells, associated with increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Quenching of ROS by antioxidants did however not restore proliferation capacity nor prevent premature senescence. Premature senescence is also induced upon chronic exposure to oligomycin, irrespective of ROS production, and oligomycin treatment induced the up-regulation of the cdk inhibitors p16, p21 and p27, which are also up-regulated in replicative senescence. Thus, besides the well-established influence of ROS on proliferation and senescence, a reduction in the level of oxidative phosphorylation is causally related to reduced cell proliferation and the induction of premature senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Stöckl
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Rennweg 10, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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Koopman WJH, Visch HJ, Verkaart S, van den Heuvel LWPJ, Smeitink JAM, Willems PHGM. Mitochondrial network complexity and pathological decrease in complex I activity are tightly correlated in isolated human complex I deficiency. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2005; 289:C881-90. [PMID: 15901599 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00104.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is the largest multisubunit assembly of the oxidative phosphorylation system, and its malfunction is associated with a wide variety of clinical syndromes ranging from highly progressive, often early lethal, encephalopathies to neurodegenerative disorders in adult life. The changes in mitochondrial structure and function that are at the basis of the clinical symptoms are poorly understood. Video-rate confocal microscopy of cells pulse-loaded with mitochondria-specific rhodamine 123 followed by automated analysis of form factor (combined measure of length and degree of branching), aspect ratio (measure of length), and number of revealed marked differences between primary cultures of skin fibroblasts from 13 patients with an isolated complex I deficiency. These differences were independent of the affected subunit, but plotting of the activity of complex I, normalized to that of complex IV, against the ratio of either form factor or aspect ratio to number revealed a linear relationship. Relatively small reductions in activity appeared to be associated with an increase in form factor and never with a decrease in number, whereas relatively large reductions occurred in association with a decrease in form factor and/or an increase in number. These results demonstrate that complex I activity and mitochondrial structure are tightly coupled in human isolated complex I deficiency. To further prove the relationship between aberrations in mitochondrial morphology and pathological condition, fibroblasts from two patients with a different mutation but a highly fragmented mitochondrial phenotype were fused. Full restoration of the mitochondrial network demonstrated that this change in mitochondrial morphology was indeed associated with human complex I deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner J H Koopman
- Microscopical Imaging Cente, Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, The Netherlands
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Hutter E, Renner K, Pfister G, Stöckl P, Jansen-Dürr P, Gnaiger E. Senescence-associated changes in respiration and oxidative phosphorylation in primary human fibroblasts. Biochem J 2004; 380:919-28. [PMID: 15018610 PMCID: PMC1224220 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2004] [Revised: 03/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Limitation of lifespan in replicative senescence is related to oxidative stress, which is probably both the cause and consequence of impaired mitochondrial respiratory function. The respiration of senescent human diploid fibroblasts was analysed by high-resolution respirometry. To rule out cell-cycle effects, proliferating and growth-arrested young fibroblasts were used as controls. Uncoupled respiration, as normalized to citrate synthase activity, remained unchanged, reflecting a constant capacity of the respiratory chain. Oligomycin-inhibited respiration, however, was significantly increased in mitochondria of senescent cells, indicating a lower coupling of electron transport with phosphorylation. In contrast, growth-arrested young fibroblasts exhibited a higher coupling state compared with proliferating controls. In intact cells, partial uncoupling may lead to either decreased oxidative ATP production or a compensatory increase in routine respiration. To distinguish between these alternatives, we subtracted oligomycin-inhibited respiration from routine respiration, which allowed us to determine the part of respiratory activity coupled with ATP production. Despite substantial differences in the respiratory control ratio, ranging from 4 to 11 in the different experimental groups, a fixed proportion of respiratory capacity was maintained for coupled oxidative phosphorylation in all the experimental groups. This finding indicates that the senescent cells fully compensate for increased proton leakage by enhanced electron-transport activity in the routine state. These results provide a new insight into age-associated defects in mitochondrial function and compensatory mechanisms in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Hutter
- Abteilung Molekular-und Zellbiologie, Institut für Biomedizinische Alternsforschung der Osterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Rennweg 10, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Fossel
- Department of Medicine, Michigan State University, PO Box 630, Ada, Michigan 49301, USA.
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20
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Ludovico P, Sansonetty F, Côrte-Real M. Assessment of mitochondrial membrane potential in yeast cell populations by flow cytometry. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2001; 147:3335-43. [PMID: 11739765 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-147-12-3335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In yeast the use of rhodamine 123 (Rh123) has been restricted to the evaluation of mitochondrial respiratory function including the discrimination between respiratory-competent and -deficient cells. This study describes the optimization and validation of a low-concentration Rh123 staining protocol for the flow-cytometric assessment of mitochondrial membrane potential (Delta Psi m) changes in whole yeast cells. The optimized protocol was validated by the use of compounds that specifically affect mitochondrial energetics. Epifluorescence microscopy was used to monitor Rh123 distribution within the cell. Incubation of yeast cell suspensions with Rh123 (50 nM, 10 min) gave minimal non-specific binding and cytotoxicity of the dye. The ratio (R) between the green fluorescence and forward scatter (both measured as log values) was used to measure Delta Psi m with only little dependence on cell 'volume' and mitochondrial concentration. Cells treated with mitochondrial membrane de- or hyper-polarizing agents displayed a decrease and an increase of R values respectively, indicating that changes of the Rh123 distribution in cells indicate variations in the Delta Psi m. Live and dead cells also displayed significantly different R values. The method described here allows assessment of Delta Psi m changes in whole yeast cells in response to a given drug. Moreover, the relationship between drug effects and disorders of mitochondrial energetics might be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ludovico
- Centro de Ciências do Ambiente, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4719-057 Braga Codex, Portugal
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21
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Severina II, Skulachev VP. Ethylrhodamine as a fluorescent penetrating cation and a membrane potential-sensitive probe in cyanobacterial cells. FEBS Lett 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(84)80016-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Kohen E, Gatt S, Schachtschabel A, Schachtschabel DO, Kohen C, Agmon V, Hirschberg JG, Monti M. Microspectrofluorometry and fluorescence imaging in the study of human cytopathology. Microsc Res Tech 2000; 51:469-80. [PMID: 11074618 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0029(20001201)51:5<469::aid-jemt10>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The study of energy pools and dynamics of specific pathways in living cells by microspectrofluorometry and fluorescence imaging produces spectral and topographic images characterizing structural and functional changes associated with cytopathology. Microspectro-fluorometry and fluorescence imaging have been applied, together with organelle morphometry to a number of cells mimicking certain cytopathologies, including melanoma cells, long-term malignant cells, and gene-defective cells. These investigations of cellular pathology indicate that there is a convergence of various physiopathological processes. Cellular states that have similarities include senescence, detoxification, and transformation. While the NAD(P)H metabolic transients have been studied before, our emphasis in this article is on very rapidly scanned fluorescence images related to organelle integration and photoinduced cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kohen
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida 33124, USA
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23
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Abstract
The infective tachyzoite form of the protozoan Toxoplasma gondii is able to penetrate into vertebrate host cells and to survive and multiply within a cytoplasmic vacuole known as the parasitophorous vacuole. Previous observations, confirmed in the present study, showed that extracellular, but not intravacuolar, tachyzoites are labeled with rhodamine 123, a dye that specifically binds to functional mitochondria, which present a high transmembrane potential. These observations led to the suggestion that intravacuolar tachyzoites do not possess functional mitochondria. However, our present observations using the new dye CMXRos and observation by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed that the mitochondria of both extracellular and intravacuolar tachyzoites were intensely labeled, indicating that they were functional. In addition, cytochrome c activity could be cytochemically detected in the inner mitochondrial membrane of intravacuolar tachyzoites. Three-dimensional reconstruction of serial optical sections of CMXRos-stained tachyzoites observed by CLSM and of serial thin sections examined by transmission electron microscopy revealed that the protozoan presented only one ramified mitochondrion, reinforcing previous observations by Seeber et al. (1998, Exp. Parasitol. 89, 137-139) Petitprez and Vivier (1972, Protistologica VIII, 199-221).
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Melo
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Avenida Alberto Lamego, 2000, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, 28015-620, Brazil
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24
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Absence of a widely agreed upon central paradigm for mammalian aging. OBJECTIVE Detailed elaboration of a proposed mammalian aging paradigm. METHODS Elaboration of a new theoretical model. RESULTS Hormonal imbalance-growth factor exposure theory (HI-GFE theory) can account for two major aging phenomena: (1) decline in mammalian 'reserve capacity' and consequent rise of diseases of maintenance, and (2) rise then peaking of most age-associated proliferative diseases. Reserve capacity decline via gradual decline in mitochondrial maximal energy production (state 3) accounts for the gradual redirection of declined maximal energy production toward survival functions like ion pumping to the relative detriment of RNA and protein synthesis as seen in lesser synthetic rates and slower turnover with consequent gradual cellular impairment. Developmental program triggered, and over-ample nutritionally driven, growth factor exposure in youth to middle age encourages promotional events that lead to proliferative diseases that rise coincident to rapidly declining reserve capacity and cumulative increased mutational status of age. CONCLUSIONS Declining mitochondrial state 3 aging energy production status is easily and safely reversible with probable consequences of greatly postponing the decline in overall 'reserve capacity' which may also improve insulin: growth hormone balance and result in lower overall growth factor exposure and consequent longer healthy life of a potentially greater magnitude increase in life spans than that seen in calorie-restricted animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Parr
- USC Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, Calif., USA.
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25
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Matsumoto H, Shoji N, Umezu M, Sato E. Microtubule and microfilament dynamics in rat embryos during the two-cell block in vitro. THE JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 1998; 281:149-53. [PMID: 9597766 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19980601)281:2<149::aid-jez9>3.0.co;2-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Developmental block of rat embryo is induced by phosphate at the late two-cell stage. The present study uses immunocytochemistry and laser scanning confocal microscopy to examine microtubule and microfilament dynamics in blocked and nonblocked two-cell-stage rat embryos. Thin fibrous microtubules were distributed homogeneously in the cytoplasm in nonblocked embryos during the interphase of the two-cell stage and then translocated into mitotic spindles at the M-phase. In embryos blocked at the two-cell stage, much thicker fibrous microtubules were formed and distributed as rude meshwork structures in the cytoplasm. Microfilaments were distributed adjacent to nuclei and along the inside of the plasma membrane in nonblocked embryos during the two-cell stage, at M-phase, and at cleavage to the four-cell stage. In embryos blocked at the two-cell stage, however, microfilaments formed granules and dispersed in the cytoplasm. The distribution of microtubules and microfilaments changed relative to the occurrence of two-cell block. In summary, these results indicate that both microtubules and microfilaments are closely involved in the developmental block in two-cell rat embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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26
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Nguyen PV, Marin L, Atwood HL. Synaptic physiology and mitochondrial function in crayfish tonic and phasic motor neurons. J Neurophysiol 1997; 78:281-94. [PMID: 9242280 DOI: 10.1152/jn.1997.78.1.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Phasic and tonic motor neurons of crustaceans differ strikingly in their junctional synaptic physiology. Tonic neurons generally produce small excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) that facilitate strongly as stimulation frequency is increased, and normally show no synaptic depression. In contrast, phasic neurons produce relatively large EPSPs with weak frequency facilitation and pronounced depression. We addressed the hypothesis that mitochondrial function is an important determinant of the features of synaptic transmission in these neurons. Mitochondrial fluorescence was measured with confocal microscopy in phasic and tonic axons and terminals of abdominal and leg muscles after exposure to supravital mitochondrial fluorochromes, rhodamine-123 (Rh123) and 4-diethylaminostyryl-N-methylpyridinium iodide (4-Di-2-Asp). Mitochondria of tonic axons and neuromuscular junctions had significantly higher mean Rh123 and 4-Di-2-Asp fluorescence than in phasic neurons, indicating more accumulation of the fluorochromes. Mitochondrial membrane potential, which is responsible for Rh123 uptake and is related to mitochondrial oxidative activity (the production of ATP by oxidation of metabolic substrates), is likely higher in tonic axons. Electron microscopy showed that tonic axons contain approximately fivefold more mitochondria per microm2 cross-sectional area than phasic axons. Neuromuscular junctions of tonic axons also have a much higher mitochondrial content than those of phasic axons. We tested the hypothesis that synaptic fatigue resistance is dependent on mitochondrial function in crayfish motor axons. Impairment of mitochondrial function by uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation, dinitrophenol or carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone, or by the electron transport inhibitor sodium azide, led to marked synaptic depression of a tonic axon and accelerated depression of a phasic axon during maintained stimulation. Iodoacetate, an inhibitor of glycolysis, and chloramphenicol, a mitochondrial protein synthesis inhibitor, had no significant effects on either mitochondrial fluorescence or synaptic depression in tonic or phasic axons. Collectively, the results provide evidence that mitochondrial oxidative metabolism is important for sustaining synaptic transmission during maintained stimulation of tonic and phasic motor neurons. Tonic neurons have a higher mitochondrial content and greater oxidative activity; these features are correlated with their greater resistance to synaptic depression. Conversely, phasic neurons have a lower mitochondrial content, less oxidative activity, and greater synaptic fatigability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Li CJ, Fan BQ. Changes in the 3-dimensional distribution of mitochondria during meiotic divisions of mouse oocytes. Theriogenology 1997; 48:33-41. [PMID: 16728105 DOI: 10.1016/s0093-691x(97)00189-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/1996] [Accepted: 02/28/1997] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial reorganization during meiotic maturation and parthenogenetic activation was studied in mouse oocytes using a laser scanning confocal microscope and a transmission electron microscope. Mitochondria were mainly distributed perinuclearly in the germinal vesicle (GV) stage oocytes and were dispersed throughout ooplasm after germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), except for a slightly higher occurrence in one hemisphere of oocytes, from which the first polar body (PbI) would become extruded. Mitochondria reaggregated around the metaphae II (MII) spindle and pronuclear region after alcohol activatation at the MII stage. The mitochondrial distribution may correspond to the Ca(2+) changes during meiotic maturation and parthenogenetic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Li
- Biology Department of Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210097, China
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28
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Giachetti C, Chin DJ. Increased oligonucleotide permeability in keratinocytes of artificial skin correlates with differentiation and altered membrane function. J Invest Dermatol 1996; 107:256-62. [PMID: 8757773 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12329755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We tested the permeability of fluorescent oligonucleotides in cultured human epidermal keratinocyte monolayers and keratinocytes grown in a 3-dimensional skin model. Oligonucleotide permeability in living cells was determined by confocal microscopy after either simple addition to the culture medium or topical application via oligonucleotide-saturated filters placed atop the artificial skin. In cultured monolayers, few keratinocytes (9%) were found to acquire intracellular oligonucleotides that were primarily localized to the nucleus. In contrast, keratinocytes grown in an artificial, 3-dimensional skin matrix acquired extensive oligonucleotide permeability as differentiation progressed. About 95% of the granular cells showed nuclear accumulation of oligonucleotides. About 70% of the oligonucleotide-permeable granular cells were viable as verified by a mitochondria-specific, potential-sensitive dye, tetramethyl rhodamine ethyl ester. A marker used to study apoptotic cells with altered membrane potential, merocyanine 540, was found elevated in the cytoplasm of granular cells. In contrast, cultured keratinocyte monolayers or basal keratinocytes of skin showed a membrane staining pattern typical of undifferentiated cells. Few cells (<3%) of the basal layer had nuclear oligonucleotides, but none of the labeled cells were viable. These results suggest that the development of oligonucleotide and merocyanine 540 permeability in differentiated granular cells parallels the changes in membrane permeability found in other apoptotic systems.
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29
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Giachetti C, Chin DJ. Increased oligonucleotide permeability in keratinocytes of artificial skin correlates with differentiation and altered membrane function. J Invest Dermatol 1996; 106:412-8. [PMID: 8648169 DOI: 10.1111/1523-1747.ep12343419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
We tested the permeability of fluorescent oligonucleotides in cultured human epidermal keratinocyte monolayers and keratinocytes grown in a 3-dimensional skin model. Oligonucleotide permeability in living cells was determined by confocal microscopy after either simple addition to the culture medium or topical application via oligonucleotide-saturated filters placed atop the artificial skin. In cultured monolayers, few keratinocytes (9%) were found to acquire intracellular oligonucleotides that were primarily localized to the nucleus. In contrast, keratinocytes grown in an artificial, 3-dimensional skin matrix acquired extensive oligonucleotide permeability as differentiation progressed. About 95% of the granular cells showed nuclear accumulation of oligonucleotides. About 70% of the oligonucleotide-permeable granular cells were viable as verified by a mitochondria-specific, potential-sensitive dye, tetramethyl rhodamine ethyl ester. A marker used to study apoptotic cells with altered membrane potential, merocyanine 540, was found elevated in the cytoplasm of granular cells. In contrast, cultured keratinocyte monolayers or basal keratinocytes of skin showed a membrane staining pattern typical of undifferentiated cells. Few cells (<3%) of the basal layer had nuclear oligonucleotides, but none of the labeled cells were viable. These results suggest that the development of oligonucleotide and merocyanine 540 permeability in differentiated granular cells parallels the changes in membrane permeability found in other apoptotic systems.
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30
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López-Mediavilla C, Orfao A, García MV, Medina JM. Changes in adult rat liver mitochondrial populations at different energy states analyzed by flow cytometry. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1995; 1232:27-32. [PMID: 7495835 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2728(95)00105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The present work studies the changes in green fluorescence intensity after Rh-123 staining of the low (LFP) and the high fluorescence populations (HFP) in isolated mitochondria from rat liver. The results show that the HFP represents a mitochondrial compartment less sensitive to changes in energy states. In addition, it is concluded that the use of Rh-123 to monitor changes in mitochondrial membrane potential should be undertaken with caution because, under certain circumstances, there is no correlation between the Rh-123 intensity of fluorescence due to its uptake by mitochondria and previously reported changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- C López-Mediavilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain
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31
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Mateos A, Orfao A, Almeida A, Martin MI, Lopez-Mediavilla C, Medina JM, Fermoso J. Effect of ethanol consumption on adult rat liver mitochondrial populations analyzed by flow cytometry. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1995; 19:1327-30. [PMID: 8561310 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1995.tb01620.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of administering ethanol to adult male rats on the distribution of the low fluorescence population (LFP) and high fluorescence population (HFP), and the rhodamine-123 fluorescence intensity of these groups of mitochondria are analyzed by flow cytometry. Our results show that ethanol administration to adult male rats induces a redistribution of the HFP and LFP mitochondrial populations leading to an increase of the less functional HFP mitochondria. In addition, ethanol induced an increase in the mean intensity of green fluorescence of the HFP that is probably related to an increased number of rhodamine-123 binding sites per mitochondria resulting from mitochondria enlargement.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mateos
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, Spain
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32
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Maftah A, Ratinaud MH, Dumas M, Bonté F, Meybeck A, Julien R. Human epidermal cells progressively lose their cardiolipins during ageing without change in mitochondrial transmembrane potential. Mech Ageing Dev 1994; 77:83-96. [PMID: 7745994 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(94)90017-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria dysfunction is considered to be a major cause of the modifications that occur during cell ageing. For this reason, cardiolipin, a suitable marker of the chondriome, as well as the mitochondrial transmembrane potential were examined in keratinocytes obtained from 9- to 75-year-old women. The study was carried out by flow cytometry using two fluorescent mitochondria probes: nonyl acridine orange, which binds specifically to cardiolipin, and rhodamine 123, which is incorporated mainly in response to transmembrane potential. Cardiolipin levels in cells from elderly donors (75 years old) would be 57% lower (r = 0.540; P = 0.0002) than those in children (9 years old), while the inner transmembrane potential remained unchanged (r = 0.0394; P = 0.8017). The stability of the membrane potential may be explained by either or both of the following hypotheses: (i) the same pool of organelles able to maintain membrane potential is conserved even when cardiolipin levels decrease (ii) mitochondria membrane potential does indeed decrease with age but is compensated by glycolysis energy production. Finally, it may be stated that the fluorescent probes nonyl acridine orange and rhodamine 123 might be of interest in testing the phenotype of senescent cells and would be useful in screening the role of certain specific genes in cell ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maftah
- Institut de Biotechnologie, UFR des Sciences, Limoges, France
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33
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Lizard G, Chignol MC, Chardonnet Y, Schmitt D. Active cell membrane mechanisms involved in the exclusion of Rh 123 allow distinction between normal and tumoral cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 1994; 10:399-406. [PMID: 7697503 DOI: 10.1007/bf00755789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Human cell lines derived from three epithelial carcinomas (CaSki, HeLa, SiHa), one B lymphoma (BL60), one promyelocytic (HL60), one monocytic (U937) leukemia, one chronic myelogenous leukemia (sensitive K562S; multichemoresistant K562R) and normal human skin fibroblasts were compared for their capacity of staining with rhodamine 123 (Rh 123) and their kinetics of dye exclusion. Cells were exposed for 30 min to 10 micrograms/ml of Rh 123 in culture medium; fluorescence intensity was measured by flow cytometry immediately or 1, 2, 3 and 4 h after staining. The highest fluorescence intensity was observed in carcinoma cell lines; there was no incorporation in multichemoresistant K562R cells. Exclusion of Rh 123 was evaluated from 0 to 4 h, both by flow cytometry and by fluorimetry. Fluorescence intensity measured by flow cytometry decreased slightly in carcinoma and leukemia cells and rapidly in fibroblasts. In all cell lines Rh 123 exclusion was inhibited by 40 mumol/L verapamil and 5 mmol/L probenecid. Thus, incorporation and exclusion of Rh 123 allows distinction between normal and tumoral cells; moreover, inhibition of exclusion by verapamil and probenecid favors the involvement of active cell membrane mechanisms in the exclusion process.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lizard
- Centre Commun de Cytométrie en Flux, INSERM U80, Hôpital E. Herriot, Lyon, France
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34
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Gambier RM, Mulcahy DL. Confocal laser scanning microscopy of mitochondria within microspore tetrads of plants using rhodamine 123 as a fluorescent vital stain. Biotech Histochem 1994; 69:311-6. [PMID: 7703302 DOI: 10.3109/10520299409106311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study demonstrates that rhodamine 123 penetrates the callose walls surrounding plant microspores before they are released from tetrads. The stain accumulates in active mitochondria due to the electrical potential across the mitochondrial membrane. Accumulation of dye does not occur in mitochondria of fixed cells and fades quickly when mitochondrial activity is inhibited by exposure to carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone. Rhodamine can be used as a viability test for microspores still within tetrads, thus making it possible to determine when during development genes leading to pollen sterility are expressed. Rhodamine 123 is excited by blue (550 nm) light and can thus be used with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Anthers of Nicotiana tabacum, Oenothera villaricae, Silene dioica and Lycopersicum esculentum were studied here.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M Gambier
- Biology Department, University of Massachusetts at Amherst 01003
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35
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Bergeron M, Thiéry G, Lenoir F, Giocondi MC, Le Grimellec C. Organization of the endoplasmic reticulum in renal cell lines MDCK and LLC-PK1. Cell Tissue Res 1994; 277:297-307. [PMID: 8082121 DOI: 10.1007/bf00327777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The spatial organization of the endoplasmic reticulum has been studied in two renal cell lines, MDCK and LLC-PK1, which originate from the distal and proximal portions of the mammalian nephron, respectively, and which form a polarized epithelium when they reach confluence in tissue culture. The two renal cell lines, grown to confluence on either solid or permeable supports, were investigated by fluorescence microscopy, confocal microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Fluorescence labeling of the endoplasmic reticulum was achieved using the cationic fluorescent dye DIOC6 (3). In order to differentiate fluorescent labeling of the endoplasmic reticulum from that of the mitochondria, cells were also labeled with rhodamine 123. For electron microscopy, the spatial organization of the endoplasmic reticulum was examined in thick sections using the long-duration osmium impregnation technique or the ferrocyanide/osmium technique. In both cell lines, the endoplasmic reticulum formed an abundant tubular network of canaliculi that frequently abutted the basolateral domain of the plasma membrane and occasionally the apical membrane. Elements of the endoplasmic reticulum were also found in close proximity to mitochondria that, as in the nephron, formed branched structures. Canaliculi appeared circular or flattened and had an inner diameter of 10-70 nm for MDCK cells and 20-90 nm for LLC-PK1 cells. Such a three-dimensional organization might facilitate the translocation of defined lipid species between the endoplasmic reticulum and the plasma membrane, and between the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bergeron
- Département de Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
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36
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Papadimitriou JC, Phelps PC, Shin ML, Smith MW, Trump BF. Effects of Ca2+ deregulation on mitochondrial membrane potential and cell viability in nucleated cells following lytic complement attack. Cell Calcium 1994; 15:217-27. [PMID: 8194101 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4160(94)90061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown [Papadimitriou JC. Ramm LE. Drachenberg CB. Trump BF. Shin ML. (1991) J. Immunol., 147, 212-217] that formation of lytic C5b-9 channels on Ehrlich ascites tumor cells induced rapid depletion of adenine nucleotides associated with prelytic leakage preceding cell death. Extracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]e) reduction by chelation markedly delayed the onset of cell death, although the adenine nucleotide leakage was enhanced. In the present study, we examined the temporal relationships between ionized cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i), mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi m) and cell death in individual cells by digital imaging fluorescence microscopy (DIFM), during the earliest phase of C5b-9 attack. The results showed an immediate, > 20-fold rise in [Ca2+]i, rapidly followed by dissipation of delta psi m and subsequent acute cell death. These events were markedly delayed by chelation of Ca2+e, but not by nominally Ca2+ free medium. Differing from previous reports indicating propidium iodide labeling of viable cells bearing C5b-9 channels, with DIFM we observed nuclear fluorescence with that marker only in association with cell death. These findings indicate that Ca2+ influx through lytic C5b-9 channels is responsible for the massive increase in [Ca2+]i, as well as for the rapid loss of delta psi m, followed by acute cell death. When this [Ca2+]i increase is prevented, the cell death is probably related to metabolic depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Papadimitriou
- Department of Pathology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore
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37
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Windsor DP, White IG. Assessment of ram sperm mitochondrial function by quantitative determination of sperm rhodamine 123 accumulation. Mol Reprod Dev 1993; 36:354-60. [PMID: 8286118 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.1080360311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A simple procedure is described for determining the functional state of ram sperm mitochondria by quantitative measurement of sperm rhodamine 123 (R 123) accumulation. Sperm were incubated with 1 microgram/ml R 123, and the accumulated R 123 was measured fluorimetrically after release from washed sperm by detergent lysis. Ram sperm R 123 uptake was maximal after 30 min of incubation and responded to changes in both sperm (P < 0.01) and R 123 (P < 0.01) concentration. There was a linear relationship (r = 0.98) between R 123 uptake and the proportion of cold-shocked sperm present in a sperm sample. R 123 uptake was unaffected by 20 mM 2-deoxyglucose or by 10 mM malonate (the latter being sufficient to reduce O2 uptake; P < 0.01). R 123 accumulation in ram sperm was reduced by 6 mg/ml sodium pentobarbitone (P < 0.05), by 1 microM 2,4-dinitrophenol (P < 0.01), and by 0.05% Triton X-100 (P < 0.01). It is concluded that quantitative estimation of R 123 uptake complements oxygen uptake in detecting mitochondrial dysfunction in ram sperm. While it is largely unaffected by inhibition of glycolysis, and is less sensitive than oxygen uptake to trichloroacetic acid cycle inhibition, R 123 uptake is sensitive to factors directly reducing the mitochondrial membrane potential of ram sperm. It may therefore by useful in the evaluation of the effects of such membrane-mediated injuries as cold shock and freezing damage on ram sperm mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- D P Windsor
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, University of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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38
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Beinborn M, Giebel J, Linck M, Cetin Y, Schwenk M, Sewing KF. Isolation, identification and quantitative evaluation of specific cell types from the mammalian gastric mucosa. Cell Tissue Res 1993; 274:229-40. [PMID: 7505719 DOI: 10.1007/bf00318742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Functional in vitro studies with isolated gastric mucosal cells require cytological identification of different cell types in suspension or primary culture. Since suitable techniques have not been well established, different staining methods for the discrimination of dispersed pig and guinea pig gastric cells have been developed on the basis of modified previous protocols for enzymatic cell dispersion. Chief and parietal cells were visualized by combined periodic acid-Schiff stains. Surface mucous and mucous neck cells were identified by affinity-labelling, using lectins with selective staining properties in situ. Two of the lectins were found to be specific markers for gastric polymorphonuclear cells. The following vital tests were found to be useful: succinic dehydrogenase for parietal cells, Nile blue/brilliant cresyl blue stains for chief cells, and different phagocytosis assays for endothelial cells and gastric phagocytes. Endocrine cells were characterized by immunocytochemistry using specific antibodies against gastrin, somatostatin, histamine and serotonin. The same technique using a vimentin antibody was performed for the identification of fibroblasts. Proliferation of mucosal cells in primary culture was monitored by the incorporation of bromo-deoxyuridine, which was subsequently detected by a monoclonal antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Beinborn
- Department of General Pharmacology, Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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39
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Grimm D, Hofstädter F, Bauer J, Spruss T, Steinbach P, Bernhardt G, Menze R. Establishment and characterization of a human papillary thyroid carcinoma cell line with oxyphilic differentiation (ONCO-DG 1). VIRCHOWS ARCHIV. B, CELL PATHOLOGY INCLUDING MOLECULAR PATHOLOGY 1992; 62:97-104. [PMID: 1381131 DOI: 10.1007/bf02899670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present study the establishment and characterization of a new oxyphilic papillary thyroid carcinoma cell line--ONCO-DG1- is given. With immunohistological, histochemical and flow cytometric methods, ONCO-DG 1 cells revealed features of epithelial differentiation. Furthermore the cells formed von Kossa-positive deposits resembling psammoma bodies in monolayer and spheroid culture until late passages. The tumor cell line is now in the 40th subculture. Because of the ability to form multicellular tumor spheroids (MCTS), this cell line is a good model for examining the interaction between thyroid tumor cells and confluent human endothelial cells on extracellular matrix in vitro. It is also suitable for xenotransplantation studies, because it is tumorigenic in NMRI nude mice in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Grimm
- Department of Pathology, University of Regensburg, Federal Republic of Germany
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40
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Atlante A, Passarella S, Moreno G, Salet C. Effects of rhodamine 123 in the dark and after irradiation on mitochondrial energy metabolism. Photochem Photobiol 1992; 56:471-8. [PMID: 1454877 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-1097.1992.tb02190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Isolated rat liver mitochondria have been used to study the mechanism of toxicity of Rhodamine 123 (Rho 123) in the dark and after irradiation with visible light. We report an inhibition of adenosine 5'-diphosphate phosphorylation which is increased after illumination. In the dark, the first steps of the phosphorylation process (i.e. the entry of substrates into the matrix, the electron transport to oxygen and the creation of the proton gradient) as well as ATPase activity are not significantly perturbed at Rho 123 concentration below 10 micrograms/mL. In contrast, the movements of the phosphate compounds are drastically impaired. Irradiation strengthens the detrimental effects in an oxygen dependent process. The nature of the noxious transient species is not clearly established, but it is suggested that singlet oxygen could be responsible for the observed damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Atlante
- Centro di Studio sui Mitocondri e Metabolismo Energetico C.N.R., Bari, Italy
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41
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Bittles AH. Evidence for and against the causal involvement of mitochondrial DNA mutation in mammalian ageing. Mutat Res 1992; 275:217-25. [PMID: 1383763 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8734(92)90025-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Current experimental evidence on the role of mitochondrial DNA mutation in ageing is assessed alongside reports implicating other genetic and non-genetic causes, including inter-relationships between the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes and their potential effect on mitochondrial structure and function. The role of a 5-kb mtDNA deletion, identified as age-dependent in a variety of human and other mammalian species, is specifically evaluated in the context of its functional effect in mitotic and non-mitotic adult tissue. Downstream effects of mitochondrial decline are considered in terms of the maintenance of ATP production. Associated sequelae then are discussed specifically with reference to restrictions in the supply of ribose moieties for DNA and RNA synthesis, and to disruption of NADPH production and hence cellular anti-oxidant defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Bittles
- Biomedical Sciences Division, King's College, University of London, Strand, UK
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42
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Doggett DL, Rotenberg MO, Pignolo RJ, Phillips PD, Cristofalo VJ. Differential gene expression between young and senescent, quiescent WI-38 cells. Mech Ageing Dev 1992; 65:239-55. [PMID: 1279330 DOI: 10.1016/0047-6374(92)90039-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
To investigate age-related changes in gene expression in WI-38 cells, we isolated RNA from young and senescent, quiescent cultures and made subtracted cDNA libraries. Density-arrested cells were incubated in serum-free MCDB-104 for 3 days. RNA was then isolated and subtracted cDNA libraries were made in the phagemid vector pCDM8. Both by picking clones at random from these subtracted libraries and by differential hybridization screening with subtracted cDNA probes from young and senescent cells, we have identified a total of 11 genes for which RNA is expressed differentially in these quiescent young and senescent WI-38 cultures. Two genes, EPC-1 and EPC-A2, with elevated RNA levels in young cells, have sequences which have not previously been identified. Two of the genes with elevated RNA expression in the senescent cells are the mitochondria-coded genes for NADH dehydrogenase subunit 4 and for cytochrome b. We also identified seven other genes with elevated RNA levels in senescent cells. Three of these, LPC-1, LPC-14 and LPC-24, have been partially sequenced and have not previously been identified. These studies show that density-arrested, serum-deprived, quiescent young and senescent cells express a number of genes differentially. These differences are not growth-dependent, but are age-dependent. Our studies also show that the methods employed here, which include careful regulation of the cell cultures and subtraction of the libraries, result in libraries from which differentially expressed genes can be identified, either by random selection or by differential hybridization screening with subtracted probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Doggett
- Center for Gerontological Research, Medical College of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19129
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43
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Abstract
Among well differentiated thyroid tumors, oncocytic neoplasms feature a distinctive set of clinical, morphologic and biologic characteristics, some of which have been a matter of controversy. The world literature on this subject has been reviewed to show that: 1) Morphology accurately predicts the behavior of Hürthle cell tumors assuming that the specimen has been adequately sampled; 2) Capsular and/or vascular invasion is the sine qua non condition for a diagnosis of malignancy; 3) "Indeterminate" or "possibly malignant" categories are useless because in the absence of invasion these neoplasms almost invariably behave in a benign fashion; 4) Among cases histologically classified as malignant, a clinically aggressive behavior is to be expected in a high percentage of cases; 5) Size alone cannot be used as a criterion of malignancy; 6) Less than total thyroidectomy provides an adequate treatment for histologically benign tumors; aggressive surgical procedures (i.e. total thyroidectomy) do not diminish the incidence of metastasis; 7) Analysis of DNA content may be helpful in defining subsets of patients with Hürthle cell carcinomas having a particularly poor prognosis; 8) Mitochondrial and/or nuclear DNA abnormalities probably play an important role in the cellular alterations which characterize the phenotype of oncocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Tallini
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
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44
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Vora MM, Dhalla M. In vivo studies of unlabeled and radioiodinated rhodamine-123. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RADIATION APPLICATIONS AND INSTRUMENTATION. PART B, NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1992; 19:405-10. [PMID: 1629029 DOI: 10.1016/0883-2897(92)90126-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Radioiodinated rhodamine-123 (Rh123), potential tumor imaging agent, was injected in mice bearing experimentally-induced tumors to investigate its tissue distribution. Some accumulation of radioactivity was found in tumors; most of it cleared rapidly from the blood after injection. Also, the radioiodinated Rh123 had metabolized to water-soluble species which was excreted in urine and feces. Unlabeled Rh123, on the other hand, accumulated only marginally in the tumors. However, it was found to accumulate significantly in the heart; as much as seventy times the level in blood at 4 h post-injection. Accumulation of unlabeled Rh123 increased steadily even at 24 h post-injection; whereas, it cleared rapidly from the blood via the kidney. This finding of selective accumulation of Rh123 in heart could be exploited in synthesizing 11C- and 18F-labeled Rh123 for use in PET studies of the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Vora
- Radionuclide and Cyclotron Operations Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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45
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Lewis JM, Woolkalis MJ, Gerton GL, Smith RM, Jarett L, Manning DR. Subcellular distribution of the alpha subunit(s) of Gi: visualization by immunofluorescent and immunogold labeling. CELL REGULATION 1991; 2:1097-113. [PMID: 1801926 PMCID: PMC361908 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.2.12.1097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The subcellular distribution of the alpha subunit(s) of Gi has an obvious bearing on the ability of this protein to interact with receptors and targets and on its potential to serve in still unexplored capacities. In this study, we have examined the distribution of Gi alpha by means of light and electron microscopy. The cells employed were mouse 3T3 fibroblasts, normal rat kidney fibroblasts, rat C6 glioma cells, human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and human 293 kidney fibroblasts. By indirect immunofluorescence, two patterns of Gi alpha were evident. The more prominent was that associated with phase-dense, cytoplasmic structures exhibiting a tubule-like morphology. A similar distribution was noted for mitochondria, indicating attachment to a subset of microtubules. The second pattern appeared as a diffuse, particulate fluorescence associated with the plasma membrane. By immunogold labeling and electron microscopy, two populations of Gi alpha were again evident. In this instance, labeling of the plasma membrane was the more prominent. Gold particles were most often evenly distributed along the plasma membrane and were concentrated along microspikes. The second, less abundant population of Gi alpha represented the subunit (or fragments) within lysosomes. Specificity in immunolabeling was confirmed in all instances by immunotransfer blotting, the use of antibodies differing in specificities for epitopes within Gi alpha, the absence of labeling with preimmune sera, and the decrease in labeling after preincubation of antisera with appropriate peptides. These results support the proposal that several populations of Gi alpha exist: those evident within the cytoplasm by immunofluorescence, those present at the plasma membrane, and those evident within lysosomes by immunogold labeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Lewis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104
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46
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Bienen EJ, Webster P, Fish WR. Trypanosoma (Nannomonas) congolense: changes in respiratory metabolism during the life cycle. Exp Parasitol 1991; 73:403-12. [PMID: 1720394 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(91)90064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
All four life cycle stages (bloodstream, procyclic, epimastigote, and metacyclic) of Trypanosoma congolense IL 3000 were assayed with an oxygen electrode (polarograph) for the presence of terminal oxidases and carbon-source preference. In addition, these stages were used for histochemical analysis of mitochondrial activity using rhodamine 123, nitroblue tetrazolium, and diaminobenzidine. Morphometry was used to compare mitochondrial volumes and surface area among the different life cycle stages. It was found that in contrast to epimastigote forms, which were metabolically almost identical to procyclic forms, metacyclic forms showed characteristics of, and seemed preadapted to, differentiation into the bloodstream stage. While mitochondrial NAD+ diaphorase activity and an electrochemical potential were detected in all life cycle stages, metacyclic metabolism was glucose-based and terminal oxidase activity was primarily dependent upon the trypanosome alternative oxidase with the contribution of cyanide-sensitive respiration accounting for only 20-30% of the total respiratory capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Bienen
- International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD), Nairobi, Kenya
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47
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Crawford JM, Braunwald NS. Toxicity in vital fluorescence microscopy: effect of dimethylsulfoxide, rhodamine-123, and DiI-low density lipoprotein on fibroblast growth in vitro. IN VITRO CELLULAR & DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY : JOURNAL OF THE TISSUE CULTURE ASSOCIATION 1991; 27A:633-8. [PMID: 1917780 DOI: 10.1007/bf02631106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy performed on living cells is a valuable technique for elucidating patterns of cell growth in vitro over artificial biomaterials such as vascular grafts, and for in vivo studies such as identification and treatment of atherosclerotic plaques. Two fluorescent dyes of particular value for vital fluorescence studies are Rhodamine-123 and 3,3'-dioctadecylindocarbocyanine-labeled low density lipoprotein (DiI-LDL). We examined the toxicity of these two dyes and of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), a solvent used in Rhodamine-123 studies, on the growth of MRC5 human fetal fibroblasts in monolayer culture. Two parameters of cell growth were quantitated: Cell number (a measure of proliferation), and cell area (a measure of cell spreading), based on microscopic images obtained at the start and end of a 48-h growth period after brief exposure (0.5 h) to test solutions. We found that the recommended solvent for solubilization of Rhodamine-123, DMSO, caused cessation of cell proliferation and actual reduction in the area covered by adherent fibroblasts at concentrations of as low as 0.1% (vol:vol). Rhodamine-123 made up from an aqueous stock solution modestly retarded proliferation and spreading, and there was no significant effect of DiI-LDL on these parameters over prolonged periods of exposure (up to 24 h) in culture. These results demonstrate that the most toxic substance for growing fibroblasts was the solvent DMSO. We conclude that both the solvent vehicle and fluorescent dye should be carefully examined for potential toxicity before such dyes are used for vital fluorescence studies of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Crawford
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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48
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Myc A, DeAngelis P, Kimmel M, Melamed MR, Darzynkiewicz Z. Retention of the mitochondrial probe rhodamine 123 in normal lymphocytes and leukemic cells in relation to the cell cycle. Exp Cell Res 1991; 192:198-202. [PMID: 1984411 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4827(91)90176-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The cationic fluorochrome rhodamine 123 (R123) is specifically taken up by mitochondria of live cells where it is retained due to the mitochondrial transmembrane potential. After pulse exposure of human normal quiescent or proliferating lymphocytes, human lymphocytic leukemic MOLT cells, and mice leukemic L1210 cells to 10 micrograms/ml of R123, the dye release was studied using flow cytometry. Two distinct phases of R123 release, each following first-order kinetics, were apparent; the half-time of retention for the rapidly and slowly released fractions of R123 was 0.8-1.1 and 2.8-4.2 h, respectively. Simultaneous supravital cell staining with R123 and Hoechst 33342 made it possible to correlate retention of R123 with cell position in the cell cycle. No significant differences were observed in the rate of R123 release from cells in G1 vs S or vs G2 + M phases of the cycle. The data rule out a possibility that the release of R123 is due to periodic depolarization of the mitochondria in the cell as may be postulated by cell cycle models that assume a transient passage of cells through resting phase following division. The observed similar rates of R123 release regardless of cell type or cell cycle phase suggest that the factors affecting the exchange are similar in normal lymphocytes vs leukemic cells and unrelated to cell proliferation rate or phase of the cell cycle. Two distinct rates of R123 release indicate the presence of two kinds of binding sites differing in affinity to the dye.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Myc
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York 10021
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49
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Kohen E, Kohen C, Prince J, Schachtschabel DO, Hirschberg JG, Morliere P, Santus R, Dubertret L, Shapiro BL. Bioregulatory mechanisms at the level of cell organelle interactions: microspectrofluorometric in situ studies. J Biotechnol 1990; 13:1-27. [PMID: 1366580 DOI: 10.1016/0168-1656(90)90128-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal analysis of bioregulatory mechanisms at the level of intracellular multienzyme complexes and organelle interactions is made possible by the availability of endogenous and exogenous fluorescence probes, the development of microspectrofluorometers allowing one- and two-dimensional scans of intracellular fluorescence reactions, and the use of micromanipulatory techniques enabling the rapid alteration of metabolic states. Absorbed photons are not only a tool for quantitative evaluation of metabolic processes, they can also trigger alterations of cell membranes and functions as mediated by photosensitizer drugs. In the hierarchy of intracellular organization different levels of complexity are accessible to study, such as the regulation of multienzyme complexes and the interaction of organelle complexes. Typical applications of these methods are the investigation of drug effects (e.g., on melanoma cells), metabolic and structural alterations (e.g., in cystic fibrosis and Gaucher fibroblasts), organelle interactions in cells treated with toxic agents. The implications are relevant to biotechnology for better control of metabolite production and processing, design and testing of new drugs, understanding of drug resistance and better targeting of drugs or probes to selected intracellular sites. In addition, such in vitro methods can contribute to the provision of an alternative to "whole animal experiments" as already achieved in human and mouse fibroblasts, hepatocytes, hepatoma, Swiss 3T3 cells and other cells in culture, especially with regards to an analysis of the action of xenobiotics and drugs in cell physiology and pathology, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, study of cytoskeleton dynamics and multiparameter probing of organelle activity during in vitro wound repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Kohen
- Department of Biology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124
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50
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Crawford JM, Milford E, Case K, Braunwald NS. Vital fluorescent staining of human endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and monocytes: assessment of surface morphology. Ann Thorac Surg 1989; 48:S100-1. [PMID: 2476087 DOI: 10.1016/0003-4975(89)90659-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Vital fluorescent staining of human endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and monocytes seeded on a variety of surfaces has been carried out to develop a method for studying cell growth and interactions on viable cells. Using special fluorochrome markers and monoclonal antibodies, it was possible to differentiate different cell types as they grew on polymer surfaces similar to ones that are presently used on artificial heart valves and vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Crawford
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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