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Na J, Engwerda C. The role of CD4 + T cells in visceral leishmaniasis; new and emerging roles for NKG7 and TGFβ. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1414493. [PMID: 38881737 PMCID: PMC11176485 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1414493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially devastating neglected tropical disease caused by the protozoan parasites Leishmania donovani and L. infantum (chagasi). These parasites reside in tissue macrophages and survive by deploying a number of mechanisms aimed at subverting the host immune response. CD4+ T cells play an important role in controlling Leishmania parasites by providing help in the form of pro-inflammatory cytokines to activate microbiocidal pathways in infected macrophages. However, because these cytokines can also cause tissue damage if over-produced, regulatory immune responses develop, and the balance between pro-inflammatory and regulatory CD4+ T cells responses determines the outcomes of infection. Past studies have identified important roles for pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IFNγ and TNF, as well as regulatory co-inhibitory receptors and the potent anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. More recently, other immunoregulatory molecules have been identified that play important roles in CD4+ T cell responses during VL. In this review, we will discuss recent findings about two of these molecules; the NK cell granule protein Nkg7 and the anti-inflammatory cytokine TGFβ, and describe how they impact CD4+ T cell functions and immune responses during visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrui Na
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Li F, Ouyang J, Chen Z, Zhou Z, Milon Essola J, Ali B, Wu X, Zhu M, Guo W, Liang XJ. Nanomedicine for T-Cell Mediated Immunotherapy. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2301770. [PMID: 36964936 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
T-cell immunotherapy offers outstanding advantages in the treatment of various diseases, and with the selection of appropriate targets, efficient disease treatment can be achieved. T-cell immunotherapy has made great progress, but clinical results show that only a small proportion of patients can benefit from T-cell immunotherapy. The extensive mechanistic work outlines a blueprint for using T cells as a new option for immunotherapy, but also presents new challenges, including the balance between different fractions of T cells, the inherent T-cell suppression patterns in the disease microenvironment, the acquired loss of targets, and the decline of T-cell viability. The diversity, flexibility, and intelligence of nanomedicines give them great potential for enhancing T-cell immunotherapy. Here, how T-cell immunotherapy strategies can be adapted with different nanomaterials to enhance therapeutic efficacy is discussed. For two different pathological states, immunosuppression and immune activation, recent advances in nanomedicines for T-cell immunotherapy in diseases such as cancers, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ulcerative colitis, and diabetes are summarized. With a focus on T-cell immunotherapy, this review highlights the outstanding advantages of nanomedicines in disease treatment, and helps advance one's understanding of the use of nanotechnology to enhance T-cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Li
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Engineering & The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jiang Ouyang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Engineering & The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, P. R. China
| | - Zuqin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ziran Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Julien Milon Essola
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Barkat Ali
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Engineering & The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, P. R. China
- Food Sciences Research Institute, Pakistan Agricultural Research Council, 44000, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Xinyue Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Mengliang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Weisheng Guo
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Engineering & The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Jie Liang
- Department of Minimally Invasive Interventional Radiology, the State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Biomedical Engineering & The Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, No. 11, First North Road, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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Pinto-Tasende JA, Fernandez-Moreno M, Rego Perez I, Fernandez-Lopez JC, Oreiro-Villar N, De Toro Santos FJ, Blanco-García FJ. Higher Synovial Immunohistochemistry Reactivity of IL-17A, Dkk1, and TGF-β1 in Patients with Early Psoriatic Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis Could Predict the Use of Biologics. Biomedicines 2024; 12:815. [PMID: 38672170 PMCID: PMC11048598 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delay in diagnosis and therapy in patients with arthritis commonly leads to progressive articular damage. The study aimed to investigate the immunohistochemical reactivity of synovial cytokines associated with inflammation and the bone erosives/neoformatives processes among individuals diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis (PsA), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), osteoarthritis (OA), and radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (r-axSpA), with the intention of identifying potential biomarkers. METHODS Specimens were collected from the inflamed knee joints of patients referred for arthroscopic procedures, and the synovial tissue (ST) was prepared for quantifying protein expression through immunohistochemical analysis (% expressed in Ratio_Area-Intensity) for TGF-β1, IL-17A, Dkk1, BMP2, BMP4, and Wnt5b. The collected data underwent thorough analysis and examination of their predictive capabilities utilising receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. RESULTS Valid synovial tissue samples were acquired from 40 patients for IHC quantification analysis. Initially, these patients had not undergone treatment with biologics. However, after 5 years, 4 out of 13 patients diagnosed with PsA and two out of nine patients diagnosed with RA had commenced biologic treatments. Individuals with early PsA who received subsequent biologic treatment exhibited significantly elevated IHC reactivity in ST for TGF-β1 (p = 0.015). Additionally, patients with both PsA and RA who underwent biologic therapy displayed increased IHC reactivity for IL-17A (p = 0.016), TGF-β1 (p = 0.009), and Dkk1 (p = 0.042). ROC curve analysis of IHC reactivity for TGF-β1, Dkk1, and IL-17A in the synovial seems to predict future treatment with biologics in the next 5 years with the area under the curve (AUC) of a combined sum of the three values: AUC: 0.828 (95% CI: 0.689-0.968; p 0.005) S 75% E 84.4%. CONCLUSIONS Higher synovial immunohistochemistry reactivity of IL-17A, Dkk1, and TGF-β1 in patients with early psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis may serve as potential indicators for predicting the necessity of utilising biologic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Pinto-Tasende
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Universidade de A Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (J.C.F.-L.); (N.O.-V.); (F.J.D.T.S.); (F.J.B.-G.)
| | - Mercedes Fernandez-Moreno
- Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (M.F.-M.); (I.R.P.)
| | - Ignacio Rego Perez
- Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (M.F.-M.); (I.R.P.)
| | - J. Carlos Fernandez-Lopez
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Universidade de A Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (J.C.F.-L.); (N.O.-V.); (F.J.D.T.S.); (F.J.B.-G.)
| | - Natividad Oreiro-Villar
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Universidade de A Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (J.C.F.-L.); (N.O.-V.); (F.J.D.T.S.); (F.J.B.-G.)
| | - F. Javier De Toro Santos
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Universidade de A Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (J.C.F.-L.); (N.O.-V.); (F.J.D.T.S.); (F.J.B.-G.)
| | - Francisco J. Blanco-García
- Department of Rheumatology, Institute of Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña, Universidade de A Coruña, 15006 A Coruña, Spain; (J.C.F.-L.); (N.O.-V.); (F.J.D.T.S.); (F.J.B.-G.)
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Tindall RR, Bailey-Lundberg JM, Cao Y, Ko TC. The TGF-β superfamily as potential therapeutic targets in pancreatic cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1362247. [PMID: 38500662 PMCID: PMC10944957 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1362247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily has important physiologic roles and is dysregulated in many pathologic processes, including pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancer diagnoses, and current therapies are largely ineffective due to tumor resistance and late-stage diagnosis with poor prognosis. Recent efforts are focused on the potential of immunotherapies in improving therapeutic results for patients with pancreatic cancer, among which TGF-β has been identified as a promising target. This review focuses on the role of TGF-β in the diseased pancreas and pancreatic cancer. It also aims to summarize the current status of therapies targeting the TGF-β superfamily and postulate potential future directions in targeting the TGF-β signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R. Tindall
- McGovern Medical School, Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jennifer M. Bailey-Lundberg
- McGovern Medical School, Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yanna Cao
- McGovern Medical School, Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Tien C. Ko
- McGovern Medical School, Department of Surgery, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Gaba S, Jain U. Advanced biosensors for nanomaterial-based detection of transforming growth factor alpha and beta, a class of major polypeptide regulators. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 257:128622. [PMID: 38065462 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factors (TGFs) regulate several cellular processes including, differentiation, growth, migration, extracellular matrix production, and apoptosis. TGF alpha (TGF-α) is a heterogeneous molecule containing 160 amino acid residues. It is a potent angiogenesis promoter that is activated by JAK-STAT signaling. Whereas TGF beta (TGF-β) consists of 390-412 amino acids. Smad and non-Smad signaling both occur in TGF beta. It is linked to immune cell activation, differentiation, and proliferation. It also triggers pre-apoptotic responses and inhibits cell proliferation. Both growth factors have a promising role in the development and homeostasis of tissues. Defects such as autoimmune diseases and cancer develop mechanisms to modulate checkpoints of the immune system resulting in altered growth factors profile. An accurate amount of these growth factors is essential for normal functioning, but an exceed or fall behind the normal level is alarming as it is linked to several disorders. This demands techniques for TGF-α and TGF-β profiling to effectively diagnose diseases, monitor their progression, and assess the efficacy of immunotherapeutic drugs. Quantitative detection techniques including the emergence of biosensing technology seem to accomplish the purpose. Until the present time, few biosensors have been designed in the context of TGF-α and TGF-β for disease detection, analyzing receptor binding, and interaction with carriers. In this paper, we have reviewed the physiology of transforming growth factor alpha and beta, including the types, structure, function, latent/active forms, signaling, and defects caused. It involves the description of biosensors on TGF-α and TGF-β, advances in technology, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Gaba
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Utkarsh Jain
- School of Health Sciences and Technology, UPES, Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India.
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Ahuja S, Zaheer S. Multifaceted TGF-β signaling, a master regulator: From bench-to-bedside, intricacies, and complexities. Cell Biol Int 2024; 48:87-127. [PMID: 37859532 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Physiological embryogenesis and adult tissue homeostasis are regulated by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), an evolutionarily conserved family of secreted polypeptide factors, acting in an autocrine and paracrine manner. The role of TGF-β in inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer is complex and sometimes even contradictory, exhibiting either inhibitory or promoting effects depending on the stage of the disease. Under pathological conditions, especially fibrosis and cancer, overexpressed TGF-β causes extracellular matrix deposition, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cancer-associated fibroblast formation, and/or angiogenesis. In this review article, we have tried to dive deep into the mechanism of action of TGF-β in inflammation, fibrosis, and carcinogenesis. As TGF-β and its downstream signaling mechanism are implicated in fibrosis and carcinogenesis blocking this signaling mechanism appears to be a promising avenue. However, targeting TGF-β carries substantial risk as this pathway is implicated in multiple homeostatic processes and is also known to have tumor-suppressor functions. There is a need for careful dosing of TGF-β drugs for therapeutic use and patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Ahuja
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Sufian Zaheer
- Department of Pathology, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Santosh Nirmala S, Kayani K, Gliwiński M, Hu Y, Iwaszkiewicz-Grześ D, Piotrowska-Mieczkowska M, Sakowska J, Tomaszewicz M, Marín Morales JM, Lakshmi K, Marek-Trzonkowska NM, Trzonkowski P, Oo YH, Fuchs A. Beyond FOXP3: a 20-year journey unravelling human regulatory T-cell heterogeneity. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1321228. [PMID: 38283365 PMCID: PMC10811018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1321228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The initial idea of a distinct group of T-cells responsible for suppressing immune responses was first postulated half a century ago. However, it is only in the last three decades that we have identified what we now term regulatory T-cells (Tregs), and subsequently elucidated and crystallized our understanding of them. Human Tregs have emerged as essential to immune tolerance and the prevention of autoimmune diseases and are typically contemporaneously characterized by their CD3+CD4+CD25high CD127lowFOXP3+ phenotype. It is important to note that FOXP3+ Tregs exhibit substantial diversity in their origin, phenotypic characteristics, and function. Identifying reliable markers is crucial to the accurate identification, quantification, and assessment of Tregs in health and disease, as well as the enrichment and expansion of viable cells for adoptive cell therapy. In our comprehensive review, we address the contributions of various markers identified in the last two decades since the master transcriptional factor FOXP3 was identified in establishing and enriching purity, lineage stability, tissue homing and suppressive proficiency in CD4+ Tregs. Additionally, our review delves into recent breakthroughs in innovative Treg-based therapies, underscoring the significance of distinct markers in their therapeutic utilization. Understanding Treg subsets holds the key to effectively harnessing human Tregs for immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kayani Kayani
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Academic Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Department of Renal Surgery, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Mateusz Gliwiński
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Yueyuan Hu
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - Justyna Sakowska
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Martyna Tomaszewicz
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | | | - Kavitha Lakshmi
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Piotr Trzonkowski
- Department of Medical Immunology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Ye Htun Oo
- Centre for Liver and Gastrointestinal Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Liver Transplant and Hepatobiliary Unit, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Birmingham Advanced Cellular Therapy Facility, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
- Centre for Rare Diseases, European Reference Network - Rare Liver Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Anke Fuchs
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden, Technical University Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Di X, Chen J, Li Y, Wang M, Wei J, Li T, Liao B, Luo D. Crosstalk between fibroblasts and immunocytes in fibrosis: From molecular mechanisms to clinical trials. Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1545. [PMID: 38264932 PMCID: PMC10807359 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of fibroblasts on the immune system provides insight into the function of fibroblasts. In various tissue microenvironments, multiple fibroblast subtypes interact with immunocytes by secreting growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines, leading to wound healing, fibrosis, and escape of cancer immune surveillance. However, the specific mechanisms involved in the fibroblast-immunocyte interaction network have not yet been fully elucidated. MAIN BODY AND CONCLUSION Therefore, we systematically reviewed the molecular mechanisms of fibroblast-immunocyte interactions in fibrosis, from the history of cellular evolution and cell subtype divisions to the regulatory networks between fibroblasts and immunocytes. We also discuss how these communications function in different tissue and organ statuses, as well as potential therapies targeting the reciprocal fibroblast-immunocyte interplay in fibrosis. A comprehensive understanding of these functional cells under pathophysiological conditions and the mechanisms by which they communicate may lead to the development of effective and specific therapies targeting fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingpeng Di
- Department of Urology and Institute of UrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduP.R. China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Urology and Institute of UrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduP.R. China
| | - Ya Li
- Department of Urology and Institute of UrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduP.R. China
| | - Menghua Wang
- Department of Urology and Institute of UrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduP.R. China
| | - Jingwen Wei
- Department of Urology and Institute of UrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduP.R. China
| | - Tianyue Li
- Department of Urology and Institute of UrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduP.R. China
| | - Banghua Liao
- Department of Urology and Institute of UrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduP.R. China
| | - Deyi Luo
- Department of Urology and Institute of UrologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduP.R. China
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Kuburich NA, Sabapathy T, Demestichas BR, Maddela JJ, den Hollander P, Mani SA. Proactive and reactive roles of TGF-β in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2023; 95:120-139. [PMID: 37572731 PMCID: PMC10530624 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells adapt to varying stress conditions to survive through plasticity. Stem cells exhibit a high degree of plasticity, allowing them to generate more stem cells or differentiate them into specialized cell types to contribute to tissue development, growth, and repair. Cancer cells can also exhibit plasticity and acquire properties that enhance their survival. TGF-β is an unrivaled growth factor exploited by cancer cells to gain plasticity. TGF-β-mediated signaling enables carcinoma cells to alter their epithelial and mesenchymal properties through epithelial-mesenchymal plasticity (EMP). However, TGF-β is a multifunctional cytokine; thus, the signaling by TGF-β can be detrimental or beneficial to cancer cells depending on the cellular context. Those cells that overcome the anti-tumor effect of TGF-β can induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) to gain EMP benefits. EMP allows cancer cells to alter their cell properties and the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), facilitating their survival. Due to the significant roles of TGF-β and EMP in carcinoma progression, it is essential to understand how TGF-β enables EMP and how cancer cells exploit this plasticity. This understanding will guide the development of effective TGF-β-targeting therapies that eliminate cancer cell plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick A Kuburich
- Legorreta Cancer Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Thiru Sabapathy
- Legorreta Cancer Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Breanna R Demestichas
- Legorreta Cancer Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Joanna Joyce Maddela
- Legorreta Cancer Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Petra den Hollander
- Legorreta Cancer Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Sendurai A Mani
- Legorreta Cancer Center, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Department of Pathology and Lab Medicine, The Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
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Shakya AK, Mallick B, Nandakumar KS. A Perspective on Oral Immunotherapeutic Tools and Strategies for Autoimmune Disorders. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1031. [PMID: 37376420 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11061031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral immune tolerance is a physiological process to achieve tolerance against autoimmunity by oral ingestion of self-antigen(s) or other therapeutics. At the cellular level, oral tolerance suppresses autoimmune diseases by activating FoxP-positive and -negative regulatory T cells (Tregs) and/or causing clonal anergy or deletion of autoreactive T cells, affecting B cell tolerance. However, oral delivery of antigens/biologics is challenging due to their instability in the harsh environment of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Several antigen/drug delivery tools and approaches, including micro/nanoparticles and transgenic plant-based delivery systems, have been explored to demonstrate oral immune tolerance for different autoimmune diseases successfully. However, despite the effectiveness, variation in results, dose optimization, and undesirable immune system activation are the limitations of the oral approach to further advancement. From this perspective, the current review discusses the oral tolerance phenomenon, cellular mechanisms, antigen delivery tools and strategies, and its challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Buddhadev Mallick
- Department of Zoology, Raniganj Girls College, Bardhaman 713358, West Bengal, India
| | - Kutty Selva Nandakumar
- Department of Environmental and Biosciences, School of Business, Innovation, and Sustainability, Halmstad University, 301 18 Halmstad, Sweden
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Shankar G, Gagan TA, Kumari TRS, Marathe GK. Sperm storage by females across the animal phyla: A survey on the occurrence and biomolecules involved in sperm storage. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY. PART B, MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2022; 340:283-297. [PMID: 36581603 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.23189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Long-term sperm storage by females in various regions of the oviduct is documented across many invertebrate and vertebrate species. Although, many reports emphasize on the histology, histochemistry and ultrastructural features of sperm storage, very little is known about the mechanisms underlying the sperm storage. The current review documents the occurrence of sperm storage by females in a wide array of invertebrate and vertebrate species. This review also provides an insight on the presence of various molecular factors of the sperm storage tubules presumably responsible for the prolonged sperm storage with an emphasis on a model reptile, the Indian garden lizard, Calotes versicolor which contains a unique approximately 55-kDa protein in its utero-vaginal lavage and found to inhibit washed epididymal sperm motility in a concentration and time-dependent manner in a reversible fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goutham Shankar
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Thumbala A Gagan
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India.,Department of Zoology, St. Philomena's College, Bannimantap, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Titus R S Kumari
- Department of Zoology, St. Philomena's College, Bannimantap, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - Gopal K Marathe
- Department of Studies in Biochemistry, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India.,Department of Studies in Molecular Biology, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India
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12
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Mechanism of Emodin in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9482570. [PMID: 36225183 PMCID: PMC9550445 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9482570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic, and autoimmune disease, and its main pathological changes are inflammatory cell infiltration accompanied by the secretion and accumulation of a variety of related cytokines, which induce the destruction of cartilage and bone tissue. Therefore, the modulation of inflammatory cells and cytokines is a key therapeutic target for controlling inflammation in RA. This review details the effects of emodin on the differentiation and maturation of T lymphocytes, dendritic cells, and regulatory T cells. In addition, the systematic introduction of emodin directly or indirectly affects proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1, IL-1β, IL-17, IL-19, and M-CSF) and anti-inflammatory cytokines (the secretion of IL-4, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-β) through the coregulation of a variety of inflammatory cytokines to inhibit inflammation in RA and promote recovery. Understanding the potential mechanism of emodin in the treatment of RA in detail provides a systematic theoretical basis for the clinical application of emodin in the future.
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13
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Wen Z, Yang C, Zou D, Liu J, Wang S, Liu X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y. Pan-cancer analysis of PSAP identifies its expression and clinical relevance in gastric cancer. Pathol Res Pract 2022; 238:154027. [PMID: 36084426 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2022.154027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Prosaposin (PSAP) plays a critical role in sphingolipid and cancer metabolism. Reports have shown that PSAP was involved in proliferation, tumorigenesis, and metastasis. However, the expression pattern of PSAP and its prognostic roles in gastric cancer remain elusive. PSAP expression pattern and its prognostic roles in gastric cancer (GC) were explored using data from the TCGA and Kaplan-Meier Plotter. Immunohistochemical staining of GC tissues was performed to validate the prognostic role of PSAP. TISIDB was used to analyze its correlation with immunomodulators. PSAP-associated genes, PDCD1, TGFB1, and CSF1R were used to build a risk model to evaluate immunotherapy outcomes of patients with stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD). Results showed that PSAP was highly expressed in GC. High PSAP expression in GC patients also significantly indicated a poor prognosis. The results of immunohistochemical staining showed that PSAP was an independent prognostic factor in GC patients. Based on three PSAP-associated genes, a risk model that could predict the prognosis and immunotherapy outcome of STAD was bulit. PSAP was an independent prognostic factor in GC. Our results have identified three prognosis-related genes which were useful to evaluate immunotherapy outcomes of STAD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenpeng Wen
- The First Laboratory of Cancer Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, PR China.
| | - Chunjiao Yang
- The First Laboratory of Cancer Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, PR China.
| | - Dan Zou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Insititute, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110042, PR China.
| | - Jiaqing Liu
- The First Laboratory of Cancer Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, PR China.
| | - Song Wang
- The First Laboratory of Cancer Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, PR China.
| | - Xuqin Liu
- The First Laboratory of Cancer Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, PR China.
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, PR China.
| | - Ye Zhang
- The First Laboratory of Cancer Institute, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province 110001, PR China.
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14
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Silveira CRF, Corveloni AC, Caruso SR, Macêdo NA, Brussolo NM, Haddad F, Fernandes TR, de Andrade PV, Orellana MD, Guerino-Cunha RL. Cytokines as an important player in the context of CAR-T cell therapy for cancer: Their role in tumor immunomodulation, manufacture, and clinical implications. Front Immunol 2022; 13:947648. [PMID: 36172343 PMCID: PMC9512053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.947648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
CAR-T cell therapies have been recognized as one of the most advanced and efficient strategies to treat patients with hematologic malignancies. However, similar results have not been observed for the treatment of solid tumors. One of the explanations is the fact that tumors have extremely hostile microenvironments for the infiltration and effector activity of T-cells, mainly due to the presence of highly suppressive cytokines, hypoxia, and reactive oxygen species. Taking advantage of cytokines functionally, new fourth-generation CAR constructs have been developed to target tumor cells and additionally release cytokines that can contribute to the cytotoxicity of T-cells. The manufacturing process, including the use of cytokines in the expansion and differentiation of T cells, is also discussed. Finally, the clinical aspects and the influence of cytokines on the clinical condition of patients, such as cytokine release syndrome, who receive treatment with CAR-T cells are addressed. Therefore, this review aims to highlight how important cytokines are as one of the major players of cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sâmia Rigotto Caruso
- Cell Therapy Laboratory, Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathália Araújo Macêdo
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Haddad
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Pamela Viani de Andrade
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Renato Luiz Guerino-Cunha
- Advanced Cellular Therapy Laboratory, Fundação Hemocentro de Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medical Images, Hematology and Clinical Oncology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Renato Luiz Guerino-Cunha,
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15
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Choi SH, Huang AY, Letterio JJ, Kim BG. Smad4-deficient T cells promote colitis-associated colon cancer via an IFN-γ-dependent suppression of 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase. Front Immunol 2022; 13:932412. [PMID: 36045676 PMCID: PMC9420841 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.932412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cells and the cytokines they produce are important mediators of the transition from colitis to colon cancer, but the mechanisms mediating this disease progression are poorly understood. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is known to contribute to the pathogenesis of colitis through immune modulatory mechanisms, and through direct effects on endothelial and epithelial homeostasis. Here we explore whether IFN-γ influences tumor progression by expanding the effector memory T cells (TEM) population and restricting the expression of tumor suppressors in a preclinical model of spontaneous colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CAC). We show that IFN-γ expression is significantly increased both in the T cells and the colonic mucosal epithelia of mice with a T cell-restricted deletion of the TGF-β intermediate, SMAD4 (Smad4TKO). The increase of IFN-γ expression correlates with the onset of spontaneous CAC in Smad4TKO mice by 6 months of age. This phenotype is greatly ameliorated by the introduction of a germline deletion of IFN-γ in Smad4TKO mice (Smad4TKO/IFN-γKO, DKO). DKO mice had a significantly reduced incidence and progression of CAC, and a decrease in the number of mucosal CD4+ TEM cells, when compared to those of Smad4TKO mice. Similarly, the colon epithelia of DKO mice exhibited a non-oncogenic signature with a decrease in the expression of iNOS and p-STAT1, and a restoration of the tumor suppressor gene, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH). In vitro, treatment of human colon cancer cells with IFN-γ decreased the expression of 15-PGDH. Our data suggest that Smad4-deficient T cells promote CAC through mechanisms that include an IFN-γ-dependent suppression of the tumor suppressor 15-PGDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Hee Choi
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Alex Y. Huang
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- The Angie Fowler Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Institute, University Hospitals (UH) Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - John J. Letterio
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- The Angie Fowler Adolescent and Young Adult Cancer Institute, University Hospitals (UH) Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Byung-Gyu Kim
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Byung-Gyu Kim,
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16
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Hachana S, Larrivée B. TGF-β Superfamily Signaling in the Eye: Implications for Ocular Pathologies. Cells 2022; 11:2336. [PMID: 35954181 PMCID: PMC9367584 DOI: 10.3390/cells11152336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The TGF-β signaling pathway plays a crucial role in several key aspects of development and tissue homeostasis. TGF-β ligands and their mediators have been shown to be important regulators of ocular physiology and their dysregulation has been described in several eye pathologies. TGF-β signaling participates in regulating several key developmental processes in the eye, including angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Inadequate TGF-β signaling has been associated with defective angiogenesis, vascular barrier function, unfavorable inflammatory responses, and tissue fibrosis. In addition, experimental models of corneal neovascularization, diabetic retinopathy, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, glaucoma, or corneal injury suggest that aberrant TGF-β signaling may contribute to the pathological features of these conditions, showing the potential of modulating TGF-β signaling to treat eye diseases. This review highlights the key roles of TGF-β family members in ocular physiology and in eye diseases, and reviews approaches targeting the TGF-β signaling as potential treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumaya Hachana
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Bruno Larrivée
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Montreal, QC H1T 2M4, Canada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
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17
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Suwittayarak R, Klincumhom N, Ngaokrajang U, Namangkalakul W, Ferreira JN, Pavasant P, Osathanon T. Shear Stress Enhances the Paracrine-Mediated Immunoregulatory Function of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells via the ERK Signalling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137119. [PMID: 35806124 PMCID: PMC9266779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Relevant immunomodulatory effects have been proposed following allogeneic cell-based therapy with human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs). This study aimed to examine the influence of shear stress on the immunosuppressive capacity of hPDLSCs. Cells were subjected to shear stress at different magnitudes (0.5, 5 and 10 dyn/cm2). The expression of immunosuppressive markers was evaluated in shear stress-induced hPDLSCs using qRT-PCR, western blot, enzyme activity and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The effects of a shear stress-derived condition medium (SS-CM) on T cell proliferation were examined using a resazurin assay. Treg differentiation was investigated using qRT-PCR and flow cytometry analysis. Our results revealed that shear stress increased mRNA expression of IDO and COX2 but not TGF-β1 and IFN-γ. IDO activity, kynurenine and active TGF-β1 increased in SS-CM when compared to the non-shear stress-derived conditioned medium (CTL-CM). The amount of kynurenine in SS-CM was reduced in the presence of cycloheximide and ERK inhibitor. Subsequently, T cell proliferation decreased in SS-CM compared to CTL-CM. Treg differentiation was promoted in SS-CM, indicated by FOXP3, IL-10 expression and CD4+CD25hiCD127lo/− subpopulation. In conclusion, shear stress promotes kynurenine production through ERK signalling in hPDLSC, leading to the inhibition of T cell proliferation and the promotion of Treg cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravipha Suwittayarak
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.S.); (U.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Nuttha Klincumhom
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.S.); (U.N.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Utapin Ngaokrajang
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.S.); (U.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Worachat Namangkalakul
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (W.N.); (T.O.)
| | - João N. Ferreira
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Prasit Pavasant
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.S.); (U.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Thanaphum Osathanon
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (W.N.); (T.O.)
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18
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Rana M, Kansal R, Chaib M, Teng B, Morrrison M, Hayes DN, Stanfill AG, Shibata D, Carson JA, Makowski L, Glazer ES. The pancreatic cancer immune tumor microenvironment is negatively remodeled by gemcitabine while TGF-β receptor plus dual checkpoint inhibition maintains antitumor immune cells. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:549-557. [PMID: 35319799 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) tumors have a highly immunosuppressive desmoplastic tumor microenvironment (TME) where immune checkpoint inhibition (ICI) therapy has been exceptionally ineffective. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) receptor activation leads to cancer and immune cell proliferation and phenotype, and cytokine production leading to tumor progression and worse overall survival in PDA patients. We hypothesized that TGF-β receptor inhibition may alter PDA progression and antitumor immunity in the TME. Here, we used a syngeneic preclinical murine model of PDA to explore the impact of TGF-β pathway inhibitor galunisertib (GAL), dual checkpoint immunotherapy (anti-PD-L1 and CTLA-4), the chemotherapy gemcitabine (GEM), and their combinations on antitumor immune responses. Blockade of TGF-β and ICI in immune-competent mice bearing orthotopically injected murine PDA cells significantly inhibited tumor growth and was accompanied by antitumor M1 macrophage infiltration. In contrast, GEM treatment resulted in increased PDA tumor growth, decreased antitumor M1 macrophages, and decreased cytotoxic CD8+ T cell subpopulation compared to control mice. Together, these findings demonstrate the ability of TGF-β inhibition with GAL to prime antitumor immunity in the TME and the curative potential of combining GAL with dual ICI. These preclinical results indicate that targeted inhibition of TGF-β may enhance the efficacy of dual immunotherapy in PDA. Optimal manipulation of the immune TME with non-ICI therapy may enhance therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjul Rana
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rita Kansal
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Mehdi Chaib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bin Teng
- Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Michelle Morrrison
- Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - David Neil Hayes
- Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ansley G Stanfill
- Department of Nursing Science, College of Nursing, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - David Shibata
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - James A Carson
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Professions, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Liza Makowski
- Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Evan S Glazer
- Department of Surgery, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
- Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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19
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Hillege MMG, Shi A, Galli RA, Wu G, Bertolino P, Hoogaars WMH, Jaspers RT. Lack of Tgfbr1 and Acvr1b synergistically stimulates myofibre hypertrophy and accelerates muscle regeneration. eLife 2022; 11:77610. [PMID: 35323108 PMCID: PMC9005187 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In skeletal muscle, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family growth factors, TGF-β1 and myostatin, are involved in atrophy and muscle wasting disorders. Simultaneous interference with their signalling pathways may improve muscle function; however, little is known about their individual and combined receptor signalling. Here, we show that inhibition of TGF-β signalling by simultaneous muscle-specific knockout of TGF-β type I receptors Tgfbr1 and Acvr1b in mice, induces substantial hypertrophy, while such effect does not occur by single receptor knockout. Hypertrophy is induced by increased phosphorylation of Akt and p70S6K and reduced E3 ligases expression, while myonuclear number remains unaltered. Combined knockout of both TGF-β type I receptors increases the number of satellite cells, macrophages and improves regeneration post cardiotoxin-induced injury by stimulating myogenic differentiation. Extra cellular matrix gene expression is exclusively elevated in muscle with combined receptor knockout. Tgfbr1 and Acvr1b are synergistically involved in regulation of myofibre size, regeneration, and collagen deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle M G Hillege
- Department of Human Movement, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andi Shi
- Department of Human Movement, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ricardo A Galli
- Department of Human Movement, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Philippe Bertolino
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Université de Lyon, UMR INSERM U1052, CNRS 5286, Lyon, France
| | - Willem M H Hoogaars
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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20
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Immune Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: What Do We Know about It? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063033. [PMID: 35328471 PMCID: PMC8955336 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of complex multifactorial neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by a wide and variable set of neuropsychiatric symptoms, including deficits in social communication, narrow and restricted interests, and repetitive behavior. The immune hypothesis is considered to be a major factor contributing to autism pathogenesis, as well as a way to explain the differences of the clinical phenotypes and comorbidities influencing disease course and severity. Evidence highlights a link between immune dysfunction and behavioral traits in autism from several types of evidence found in both cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood and their utility to identify autistic subgroups with specific immunophenotypes; underlying behavioral symptoms are also shown. This review summarizes current insights into immune dysfunction in ASD, with particular reference to the impact of immunological factors related to the maternal influence of autism development; comorbidities influencing autism disease course and severity; and others factors with particular relevance, including obesity. Finally, we described main elements of similarities between immunopathology overlapping neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, taking as examples autism and Parkinson Disease, respectively.
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21
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Liu S, Guo J, Cheng X, Li W, Lyu S, Chen X, Li Q, Wang H. Molecular Evolution of Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) Gene Family and the Functional Characterization of Lamprey TGF-β2. Front Immunol 2022; 13:836226. [PMID: 35309318 PMCID: PMC8931421 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.836226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-βs (TGF-βs) are multifunctional cytokines capable of regulating a wide range of cellular behaviors and play a key role in maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system. The TGF-β subfamily, which is only present in deuterostomes, expands from a single gene in invertebrates to multiple members in jawed vertebrates. However, the evolutionary processes of the TGF-β subfamily in vertebrates still lack sufficient elucidation. In this study, the TGF-β homologs are identified at the genome-wide level in the reissner lamprey (Lethenteron reissneri), the sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), and the Japanese lamprey (Lampetra japonica), which are the extant representatives of jawless vertebrates with a history of more than 350 million years. The molecular evolutionary analyses reveal that the lamprey TGF-β subfamily contains two members representing ancestors of TGF-β2 and 3 in vertebrates, respectively, but TGF-β1 is absent. The transcriptional expression patterns show that the lamprey TGF-β2 may play a central regulatory role in the innate immune response of the lamprey since it exhibits a more rapid and significant upregulation of expression than TGF-β3 during lipopolysaccharide stimuli. The incorporation of BrdU assay reveals that the lamprey TGF-β2 recombinant protein exerts the bipolar regulation on the proliferation of the supraneural myeloid body cells (SMB cells) in the quiescent and LPS-activated state, while plays an inhibitory role in the proliferation of quiescent and activated leukocytes in lampreys. Furthermore, caspase-3/7 activity analysis indicates that the lamprey TGF-β2 protects SMB cells from apoptosis after serum deprivation, in contrast to promoting apoptosis of leukocytes. Our composite results offer valuable clues to the origin and evolution of the TGF-β subfamily and imply that TGF-βs are among the most ancestral immune regulators in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Junfu Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Xianda Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Wenna Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Shuangyu Lyu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Xuanyi Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
| | - Qingwei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Wang, ; Qingwei Li,
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, China
- *Correspondence: Hao Wang, ; Qingwei Li,
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22
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Crouch J, Shvedova M, Thanapaul RJRS, Botchkarev V, Roh D. Epigenetic Regulation of Cellular Senescence. Cells 2022; 11:672. [PMID: 35203320 PMCID: PMC8870565 DOI: 10.3390/cells11040672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Senescence is a complex cellular stress response that abolishes proliferative capacity and generates a unique secretory pattern that is implicated in organismal aging and age-related disease. How a cell transitions to a senescent state is multifactorial and often requires transcriptional regulation of multiple genes. Epigenetic alterations to DNA and chromatin are powerful regulators of genome architecture and gene expression, and they play a crucial role in mediating the induction and maintenance of senescence. This review will highlight the changes in chromatin, DNA methylation, and histone alterations that establish and maintain cellular senescence, alongside the specific epigenetic regulation of the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Crouch
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (J.C.); (M.S.); (R.J.R.S.T.)
| | - Maria Shvedova
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (J.C.); (M.S.); (R.J.R.S.T.)
| | - Rex Jeya Rajkumar Samdavid Thanapaul
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (J.C.); (M.S.); (R.J.R.S.T.)
| | - Vladimir Botchkarev
- Department of Dermatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Daniel Roh
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; (J.C.); (M.S.); (R.J.R.S.T.)
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23
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Bambakidis T, Dekker SE, Williams AM, Biesterveld BE, Bhatti UF, Liu B, Li Y, Pickell Z, Buller B, Alam HB. Early Treatment With a Single Dose of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Derived Extracellular Vesicles Modulates the Brain Transcriptome to Create Neuroprotective Changes in a Porcine Model of Traumatic Brain Injury and Hemorrhagic Shock. Shock 2022; 57:281-290. [PMID: 34798633 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000001889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-based therapies using mesenchymal stem cell derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) improve neurologic outcomes in animal models of traumatic brain injury (TBI), stroke, and hemorrhage. Using a porcine 7-day survival model of TBI and hemorrhagic shock (HS), we previously demonstrated that EV-treatment was associated with reduced brain lesion size, neurologic severity score, and cerebral inflammation. However, the underlying cellular and genomic mechanisms remain poorly defined. We hypothesize that EV treatment modulates the brain transcriptome to enhance neuroprotection and neurorestoration following TBI + HS. METHODS Swine were subjected to severe TBI (8-mm cortical impact) and HS (40% blood volume). After 1 h of shock, animals were randomized (n = 4/group) to treatment with either lactated Ringer's (LR) or LR + EV. Both groups received fluid resuscitation after 2 h of shock, and autologous packed red blood cells 5 h later.After 7-days, brains were harvested and RNA-sequencing was performed. The transcriptomic data were imported into the iPathway pipeline for bioinformatics analyses. RESULTS 5,273 genes were differentially expressed in the LR + EV group versus LR alone (total 9,588 measured genes). Genes with the greatest upregulation were involved in synaptic transmission and neuronal development and differentiation, while downregulated genes were involved in inflammation. GO-terms experiencing the greatest modulation were involved in inflammation, brain development, and cell adhesion. Pathway analysis revealed significant modulation in the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems. Network analysis revealed downregulation of inflammation, and upregulation of neurogenesis, and neuron survival and differentiation. CONCLUSIONS In a porcine model of TBI + HS, EV treatment was associated with an attenuation of cerebral inflammatory networks and a promotion of neurogenesis and neuroplasticity. These transcriptomic changes could explain the observed neuroprotective and neurorestorative properties associated with EV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Bambakidis
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Microbiology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Simone E Dekker
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Aaron M Williams
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Umar F Bhatti
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Baoling Liu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yongqing Li
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Zachary Pickell
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Benjamin Buller
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Hasan B Alam
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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24
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Musiol S, Alessandrini F, Jakwerth CA, Chaker AM, Schneider E, Guerth F, Schnautz B, Grosch J, Ghiordanescu I, Ullmann JT, Kau J, Plaschke M, Haak S, Buch T, Schmidt-Weber CB, Zissler UM. TGF-β1 Drives Inflammatory Th Cell But Not Treg Cell Compartment Upon Allergen Exposure. Front Immunol 2022; 12:763243. [PMID: 35069535 PMCID: PMC8777012 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.763243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
TGF-β1 is known to have a pro-inflammatory impact by inducing Th9 and Th17 cells, while it also induces anti-inflammatory Treg cells (Tregs). In the context of allergic airway inflammation (AAI) its dual role can be of critical importance in influencing the outcome of the disease. Here we demonstrate that TGF-β is a major player in AAI by driving effector T cells, while Tregs differentiate independently. Induction of experimental AAI and airway hyperreactivity in a mouse model with inducible genetic ablation of the gene encoding for TGFβ-receptor 2 (Tgfbr2) on CD4+T cells significantly reduced the disease phenotype. Further, it blocked the induction of pro-inflammatory T cell frequencies (Th2, Th9, Th17), but increased Treg cells. To translate these findings into a human clinically relevant context, Th2, Th9 and Treg cells were quantified both locally in induced sputum and systemically in blood of allergic rhinitis and asthma patients with or without allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT). Natural allergen exposure induced local and systemic Th2, Th9, and reduced Tregs cells, while therapeutic allergen exposure by AIT suppressed Th2 and Th9 cell frequencies along with TGF-β and IL-9 secretion. Altogether, these findings support that neutralization of TGF-β represents a viable therapeutic option in allergy and asthma, not posing the risk of immune dysregulation by impacting Tregs cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Musiol
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Members of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Francesca Alessandrini
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Members of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze A Jakwerth
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Members of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Adam M Chaker
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Members of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Evelyn Schneider
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Members of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Guerth
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Members of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schnautz
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Members of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Johanna Grosch
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Members of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Ileana Ghiordanescu
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Members of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Julia T Ullmann
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Members of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Josephine Kau
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Members of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Mirjam Plaschke
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Members of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Haak
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Buch
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carsten B Schmidt-Weber
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Members of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich M Zissler
- Center of Allergy & Environment (ZAUM), Technical University of Munich (TUM) and Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Members of the German Center of Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
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25
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Wang Z, Huang J, Xie D, He D, Lu A, Liang C. Toward Overcoming Treatment Failure in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:755844. [PMID: 35003068 PMCID: PMC8732378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.755844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by inflammation and bone erosion. The exact mechanism of RA is still unknown, but various immune cytokines, signaling pathways and effector cells are involved. Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are commonly used in RA treatment and classified into different categories. Nevertheless, RA treatment is based on a "trial-and-error" approach, and a substantial proportion of patients show failed therapy for each DMARD. Over the past decades, great efforts have been made to overcome treatment failure, including identification of biomarkers, exploration of the reasons for loss of efficacy, development of sequential or combinational DMARDs strategies and approval of new DMARDs. Here, we summarize these efforts, which would provide valuable insights for accurate RA clinical medication. While gratifying, researchers realize that these efforts are still far from enough to recommend specific DMARDs for individual patients. Precision medicine is an emerging medical model that proposes a highly individualized and tailored approach for disease management. In this review, we also discuss the potential of precision medicine for overcoming RA treatment failure, with the introduction of various cutting-edge technologies and big data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuqian Wang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Duoli Xie
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dongyi He
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Aiping Lu
- Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Joint Lab on Chinese Medicine and Immune Disease Research, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chao Liang
- Department of Biology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine and Translational Science (IBTS), School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Law Sau Fai Institute for Advancing Translational Medicine in Bone and Joint Diseases, School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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26
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Bergstresser S, Kulpa DA. TGF-β Signaling Supports HIV Latency in a Memory CD4+ T Cell Based In Vitro Model. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2407:69-79. [PMID: 34985658 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1871-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
During antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-1 persists as a latent reservoir in CD4+ T cell subsets in central (TCM), transitional (TTM) and effector memory (TEM) CD4+ T cells. Understanding the mechanisms that support HIV-1 latency in each of these subsets is essential to the identification of cure strategies to eliminate them. Due to the very low frequency of latently infected cells in vivo, model systems that can accurately reflect the heterogenous population of HIV-1 infected cells are a critical component in HIV cure discoveries. Here, we describe a novel primary cell-based model of HIV-1 latency that recapitulates the complex dynamics of the establishment and maintenance of the latent reservoir in different memory T cell subsets. The latency and reversion assay (LARA ) culture conditions uniquely retain phenotypically and transcriptionally distinct memory CD4+ T cell subsets that allow in a single assay to assess LRA activity in each memory subset and differential examination of the dynamics of HIV latency reversal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Bergstresser
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Deanna A Kulpa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) signalling controls multiple cell fate decisions during development and tissue homeostasis; hence, dysregulation of this pathway can drive several diseases, including cancer. Here we discuss the influence that TGFβ exerts on the composition and behaviour of different cell populations present in the tumour immune microenvironment, and the context-dependent functions of this cytokine in suppressing or promoting cancer. During homeostasis, TGFβ controls inflammatory responses triggered by exposure to the outside milieu in barrier tissues. Lack of TGFβ exacerbates inflammation, leading to tissue damage and cellular transformation. In contrast, as tumours progress, they leverage TGFβ to drive an unrestrained wound-healing programme in cancer-associated fibroblasts, as well as to suppress the adaptive immune system and the innate immune system. In consonance with this key role in reprogramming the tumour microenvironment, emerging data demonstrate that TGFβ-inhibitory therapies can restore cancer immunity. Indeed, this approach can synergize with other immunotherapies - including immune checkpoint blockade - to unleash robust antitumour immune responses in preclinical cancer models. Despite initial challenges in clinical translation, these findings have sparked the development of multiple therapeutic strategies that inhibit the TGFβ pathway, many of which are currently in clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele V F Tauriello
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Elena Sancho
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Batlle
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer (CIBERONC), Barcelona, Spain.
- Institucio Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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28
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Abstract
Cytokines belong to the most widely studied group of intracellular molecules involved in the function of the immune system. Their secretion is induced by various infectious stimuli. Cytokine release by host cells has been extensively used as a powerful tool for studying immune reactions in the early stages of viral and bacterial infections. Recently, research attention has shifted to the investigation of cytokine responses using mRNA expression, an essential mechanism related to pathogenic and nonpathogenic-immune stimulants in fish. This review represents the current knowledge of cytokine responses to infectious diseases in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Given the paucity of literature on cytokine responses to many infections in carp, only select viral diseases, such as koi herpesvirus disease (KHVD), spring viremia of carp (SVC), and carp edema virus disease (CEVD), are discussed. Aeromonas hydrophila is one of the most studied bacterial pathogens associated with cytokine responses in common carp. Therefore, the cytokine-based immunoreactivity raised by this specific bacterial pathogen is also highlighted in this review.
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29
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Hase K, Namba K, Wada H, Tsuji H, Maeda A, Murata T, Otsuka R, Iwata D, Kanda A, Noda K, Kitaichi N, Seino KI, Ishida S. Macrophage-like iPS-derived Suppressor Cells Reduce Th1-mediated Immune Response to a Retinal Antigen. Curr Eye Res 2021; 46:1908-1916. [PMID: 34260333 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2021.1952605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the immunotherapeutic effects of macrophage-like induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell-derived suppressor cells (SCs) in ocular immune response and experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). METHODS The genes of Oct3/4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc were transferred to B cells enriched from the spleen cells of C57BL/6 mice by using retrovirus vectors. Transferred B cells were cultured for 17 days to obtain colonies of iPS cells. Through additional steps, iPS-SCs were induced. An antigen-specific T cell proliferation assay was performed with CD4+ T cells collected from draining lymph nodes of the mice immunized with human interphotoreceptor retinoid-binding protein (hIRBP) peptide and co-cultured with iPS-SCs. Cytokine concentrations in the culture supernatant were examined. Mice were immunized with hIRBP peptide to induce EAU. The iPS-SCs were administered into the mice one day before the induction of EAU. RESULTS The iPS-SCs decreased hIRBP-specific T cell proliferation depending on the number of cells. Productions of tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ were significantly decreased; however, transforming growth factor-β1, nitric oxide, interleukin (IL)-13, IL-17A, and IL-17 F levels were elevated in the supernatant when the collected T cells were co-cultured with iPS-SCs. The iPS-SCs had immunosuppressant effects even without cell-to-cell contact, and their effects were non-specific to the antigen preloaded on iPS-SCs. EAU was significantly milder in the mice administered iPS-SCs prior to immunization. CONCLUSIONS Macrophage-like iPS-SCs reduced Th1 immune response to a retinal antigen and Th1-mediated EAU in mice. These results showed the possibility of the application of iPS technology to the treatment of noninfectious ocular inflammation, endogenous uveitis, in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Hase
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kenichi Namba
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Haruka Wada
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hyuma Tsuji
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Aoi Maeda
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tomoki Murata
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ryo Otsuka
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Daiju Iwata
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Kanda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kousuke Noda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Kitaichi
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Seino
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
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30
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Iyer SS, Lagrew MK, Tillit SM, Roohipourmoallai R, Korntner S. The Vitreous Ecosystem in Diabetic Retinopathy: Insight into the Patho-Mechanisms of Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22137142. [PMID: 34281192 PMCID: PMC8269048 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22137142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of blindness in the world with the incidence of disease ever-increasing worldwide. The vitreous humor represents an extensive and complex interactive arena for cytokines in the diabetic eye. In recent decades, there has been significant progress in understanding this environment and its implications in disease pathophysiology. In this review, we investigate the vitreous ecosystem in diabetic retinopathy at the molecular level. Areas of concentration include: the current level of knowledge of growth factors, cytokine and chemokine mediators, and lipid-derived metabolites in the vitreous. We discuss the molecular patho-mechanisms of diabetic retinopathy based upon current vitreous research.
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31
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Kuo MH, Chen PY, Yang YP, Zheng MY, Miao CC, Wen KC, Chang KM, Chou SJ, Wang ML, Chiou SH, Chou YT. Cytokine and epigenetic regulation of programmed death-ligand 1 in stem cell differentiation and cancer cell plasticity. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:1298-1309. [PMID: 34182610 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), an immune checkpoint ligand, is recognized as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy as well as for the induction of transplantation tolerance. However, how the crosstalk between stem cell programming and cytokine signaling regulates PD-L1 expression during stem cell differentiation and cancer cell plasticity remains unclear. Herein, we reported that PD-L1 expression was regulated by SOX2 during embryonic stem cell (ESC) differentiation and lung cancer cell plasticity. PD-L1 was induced during ESC differentiation to fibroblasts and was downregulated during SOX2-mediated reprogramming of fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Furthermore, SOX2 activation affected cancer cell plasticity and inhibited PD-L1 expression in lung cancer cells. We discovered that the H3K27ac signal at the PD-L1 locus was enhanced during ESC differentiation to fibroblasts as well as during cancer plasticity of SOX2-positive lung cancer cells to SOX2-negative counterparts. Romidepsin, an epigenetic modifier, induced PD-L1 expression in lung cancer cells, whereas TGF-β stimulation downregulated SOX2 but upregulated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer cells. Furthermore, in addition to PD-L1, the expressions of EGFR and its ligand HBEGF were downregulated by activation of endogenous SOX2 expression during lung cancer cell plasticity and iPSC reprogramming, and the activation of EGFR signaling by HBEGF upregulated PD-L1 expression in lung cancer cells. Together, our results reveal the crosstalk between SOX2 programming and cytokine stimulation influences PD-L1 expression, and these findings may provide insights into PD-L1-mediated therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Han Kuo
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Pei-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yi-Ping Yang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Yi Zheng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chia-Cheng Miao
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Chang Wen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Ming Chang
- Department of Pathology, Hsinchu MacKay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Jie Chou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Mong-Lien Wang
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shih-Hwa Chiou
- Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ting Chou
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, Republic of China
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32
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Atabati H, Esmaeili SA, Allahyari A, Shirdel A, Rahimi H, Rezaee SA, Momtazi-Borojeni AA, Rafatpanah H. Evaluating mRNA expression of tax, B chain of PDGF and PDGF-β receptors as well as HTLV-I proviral load in ATL patients and healthy carriers. J Med Virol 2021; 93:3865-3870. [PMID: 32918495 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.26510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a life-threatening malignant neoplasm of CD4+ T cells resulted from human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I). Tax1 protein of HTLV-I can induce malignant proliferation of T-cells by modulating the expression of growth factors such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Here, we aimed to investigate the proviral load (PVL) of HTLV-I in ATL and also to evaluate the mRNA expression of B chain of PDGF and PDGF-β receptors in ATL patients and HTLV-I-infected healthy carriers. To this end, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated by using Ficoll-Histophaque density centrifugation. The mean of HTLV-I PVL in ATL patients (42,759 ± 15,737 copies/104 cells [95% CI, 9557-75962]) was significantly (p = .01) higher than that in healthy carriers (650 ± 107 copies/104 cells [95% CI, 422-879], respectively. The HTLV-I PVL in ATL patients exhibited a significant correlation with PBMC count (R = .495, p = .001). The mRNA expression of Tax, B chain of PDGF, and PDGF-β receptor genes was significantly higher in healthy carriers than in patients with ATL. In conclusion, the expression of the canonical PDGFβ and its receptor, and their correlation with Tax expression cannot be a suitable indicator and/or prognostic factor for progression of ATL in HTLV-I carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Atabati
- Immunology Research Centre, Division of Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abolghasem Allahyari
- Department of Internal Medicine, Imam Reza Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Abbas Shirdel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Rahimi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghaem Hospital, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Abdolrahim Rezaee
- Immunology Research Centre, Division of Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir A Momtazi-Borojeni
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Houshang Rafatpanah
- Immunology Research Centre, Division of Inflammation and Inflammatory Diseases, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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A cytokine in turmoil: Transforming growth factor beta in cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 139:111657. [PMID: 34243626 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains one of the debilitating health threats to mankind in view of its incurable nature. Many factors are complicit in the initiation, progression and establishment of cancers. Early detection of cancer is the only window of hope that allows for appreciable management and possible limited survival. However, understanding of cancer biology and knowledge of the key factors that interplay at multi-level in the initiation and progression of cancer may hold possible avenues for cancer treatment and management. In particular, dysregulation of growth factor signaling such as that of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and its downstream mediators play key roles in various cancer subtypes. Expanded understanding of the context/cell type-dependent roles of TGF-β and its downstream signaling mediators in cancer may provide leads for cancer pharmacotherapy. Reliable information contained in original articles, reviews, mini-reviews and expert opinions on TGF-β, cancer and the specific roles of TGF-β signaling in various cancer subtypes were retrieved from major scientific data bases including PubMed, Scopus, Medline, Web of Science core collections just to mention but a sample by using the following search terms: TGF-β in cancer, TGF-β and colorectal cancer, TGF-β and brain cancer, TGF-β in cancer initiation, TGF-β and cell proliferation, TGF-β and cell invasion, and TGF-β-based cancer therapy. Retrieved information and reports were carefully examined, contextualized and synchronized into a coherent scientific content to highlight the multiple roles of TGF-β signaling in normal and cancerous cells. From a conceptual standpoint, development of pharmacologically active agents that exert non-specific inhibitory effects on TGF-β signaling on various cell types will undoubtedly lead to a plethora of serious side effects in view of the multi-functionality and pleiotropic nature of TGF-β. Such non-specific targeting of TGF-β could derail any beneficial therapeutic intention associated with TGF-β-based therapy. However, development of pharmacologically active agents designed specifically to target TGF-β signaling in cancer cells may improve cancer pharmacotherapy. Similarly, specific targeting of downstream mediators of TGF-β such as TGF-β type 1 and II receptors (TβRI and TβRII), receptor-mediated Smads, mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) and importing proteins in cancer cells may be crucial for cancer pharmacotherapy.
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Mojsilovic S, Mojsilovic SS, Bjelica S, Santibanez JF. Transforming growth factor-beta1 and myeloid-derived suppressor cells: A cancerous partnership. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:105-124. [PMID: 33797140 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) plays a crucial role in tumor progression. It can inhibit early cancer stages but promotes tumor growth and development at the late stages of tumorigenesis. TGF-β1 has a potent immunosuppressive function within the tumor microenvironment that largely contributes to tumor cells' immune escape and reduction in cancer immunotherapy responses. Likewise, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) have been postulated as leading tumor promoters and a hallmark of cancer immune evasion mechanisms. This review attempts to analyze the prominent roles of both TGF-β1 and MDSCs and their interplay in cancer immunity. Furthermore, therapies against either TGF-β1 or MDSCs, and their potential synergistic combination with immunotherapies are discussed. Simultaneous TGF-β1 and MDSCs inhibition suggest a potential improvement in immunotherapy or subverted tumor immune resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavko Mojsilovic
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sonja S Mojsilovic
- Laboratory for Immunochemistry, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Suncica Bjelica
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Hospital Centre Dragisa Misovic, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Juan F Santibanez
- Molecular oncology group, Institute for Medical Research, University of Belgrade, Republic of Serbia.,Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, Santiago, Chile
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Zhang Y, Guan XY, Jiang P. Cytokine and Chemokine Signals of T-Cell Exclusion in Tumors. Front Immunol 2020; 11:594609. [PMID: 33381115 PMCID: PMC7768018 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of cancer immunotherapy in solid tumors depends on a sufficient distribution of effector T cells into malignant lesions. However, immune-cold tumors utilize many T-cell exclusion mechanisms to resist immunotherapy. T cells have to go through three steps to fight against tumors: trafficking to the tumor core, surviving and expanding, and maintaining the memory phenotype for long-lasting responses. Cytokines and chemokines play critical roles in modulating the recruitment of T cells and the overall cellular compositions of the tumor microenvironment. Manipulating the cytokine or chemokine environment has brought success in preclinical models and early-stage clinical trials. However, depending on the immune context, the same cytokine or chemokine signals may exhibit either antitumor or protumor activities and induce unwanted side effects. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the cytokine and chemokine signals is the premise of overcoming T-cell exclusion for effective and innovative anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Cancer Data Science Lab, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xin-yuan Guan
- Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Peng Jiang
- Cancer Data Science Lab, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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De Rose AF, Mantica G, Bocca B, Szpytko A, Van der Merwe A, Terrone C. Supporting the role of penile trauma and micro-trauma in the etiology of Peyronie's disease. Prospective observational study using the electronic microscope to examine two types of plaques. Aging Male 2020; 23:740-745. [PMID: 30879382 DOI: 10.1080/13685538.2019.1586870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The etiopathogenesis of Peyronie's disease (PD) remains not clearly understood. The most accepted theory attributes the histological lesions of PD to the effects of trauma to the corpora cavernosum of the penis. The aim of our study is to verify whether similar histological features exist between these two tissues, providing new evidence in favor of the traumatic theory in the etiopathogenesis of Peyronie's disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS A prospective observational study was carried out at our institution from January 2013 to June 2018, involving patients having undergone surgery for PD and those with delayed surgery for penile trauma. Both excised PD and post-traumatic plaques were analyzed by blind pathologists with an 80kV potential acceleration electron microscope. RESULTS Five patients were identified with a post-traumatic plaque (Group 1) and therefore an equal number of PD patients were enrolled for Group 2. The ultrastructural characteristics of the two types of preparations were very similar. In all the samples we showed an inflammatory reaction of the structure of the tunica albuginea, a production of the disorganized extracellular matrix, a proliferation of inflammatory cells and fibroblasts. Furthermore, we have found an increase in the density and collagen deposits grouped in the extracellular space and within the fibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS These findings support the theory that attributes lesions and symptoms typical of PD to the effects of cavernous body trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldo Franco De Rose
- Department of Urology, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Mantica
- Department of Urology, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
- Department of Urology, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bruna Bocca
- Department of Pathology, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Alexander Szpytko
- Department of Urology, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - André Van der Merwe
- Department of Urology, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Carlo Terrone
- Department of Urology, Policlinico San Martino Hospital, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
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Cervantes-García D, Jiménez M, Rivas-Santiago CE, Gallegos-Alcalá P, Hernández-Mercado A, Santoyo-Payán LS, Loera-Arias MDJ, Saucedo-Cardenas O, Montes de Oca-Luna R, Salinas E. Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 Prevents Asthmatic Airway Inflammation and Remodelling in Rats through the Improvement of Intestinal Barrier Function and Systemic TGF-β Production. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2020; 182:277-291. [PMID: 33147596 DOI: 10.1159/000511146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The use of probiotics has been broadly popularized due to positive effects in the attenuation of aberrant immune responses such as asthma. Allergic asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by airway inflammation and remodelling. OBJECTIVE This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of oral administration of Lactococcus lactis NZ9000 on asthmatic airway inflammation and lung tissue remodelling in rats and its relation to the maintenance of an adequate intestinal barrier. METHODS Wistar rats were ovalbumin (OVA) sensitized and challenged and orally treated with L. lactis. Lung inflammatory infiltrates and cytokines were measured, and remodelling was evaluated. Serum OVA-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E levels were assessed. We also evaluated changes on intestinal environment and on systemic immune response. RESULTS L. lactis diminished the infiltration of proinflammatory leucocytes, mainly eosinophils, in the bronchoalveolar compartment, decreased lung IL-4 and IL-5 expression, and reduced the level of serum allergen-specific IgE. Furthermore, L. lactis prevented eosinophil influx, collagen deposition, and goblet cell hyperplasia in lung tissue. In the intestine, L. lactis-treated asthmatic rats increased Peyer's patch and goblet cell quantity and mRNA expression of IgA, MUC-2, and claudin. Additionally, intestinal morphological alterations were normalized by L. lactis administration. Splenocyte proliferative response to OVA was abolished, and serum levels of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β were increased by L. lactis treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that L. lactis is a potential candidate for asthma prevention, and the effect is mediated by the improvement of intestinal barrier function and systemic TGF-β production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Cervantes-García
- National Council of Science and Technology, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Sciences, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Mariela Jiménez
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Sciences, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - César E Rivas-Santiago
- National Council of Science and Technology, Mexico City, Mexico.,Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Autonomous University of Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Mexico
| | - Pamela Gallegos-Alcalá
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Sciences, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Alicia Hernández-Mercado
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Sciences, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Leslie S Santoyo-Payán
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Sciences, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | | | - Odila Saucedo-Cardenas
- Department of Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Nuevo Leon, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | | | - Eva Salinas
- Department of Microbiology, Center of Basic Sciences, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, Aguascalientes, Mexico,
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38
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Almohanna HM, Ahmed AA, Griggs JW, Tosti A. Platelet-Rich Plasma in the Treatment of Alopecia Areata: A Review. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc 2020; 20:S45-S49. [PMID: 33099384 DOI: 10.1016/j.jisp.2020.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous preparation of plasma with concentrated platelets containing various growth factors and cytokines that enhance the body's inherent capacity to repair and regenerate hair follicles. A few studies and case reports support the use of PRP for the treatment of alopecia areata (AA). Further large-scale studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of PRP as monotherapy or in association with other therapeutic modalities for AA. Although PRP is relatively safe and potentially effective, there is no standardized protocol or recommendations for the number of PRP sessions required to treat and maintain hair growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hind M Almohanna
- Department of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Azhar A Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology, King Fahad General Hospital, Medina, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jacob W Griggs
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Antonella Tosti
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami Hospital, Miami, Florida, USA
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39
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Niazi V, Parseh B, Ahani M, Karami F, Gilanchi S, Atarodi K, Soufi M, Soleimani M, Ghafouri-Fard S, Taheri M, Zali H. Communication between stromal and hematopoietic stem cell by exosomes in normal and malignant bone marrow niche. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110854. [PMID: 33059261 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have been regarded as important tools for cell-cell communication. They act as carriers for the transfer of various molecules such as genes, proteins and miRNA. EVs shift and transfer their ingredients to target cells in an active form. These particles have prominent roles in modulation of bone marrow (BM) niche; therefore they can regulate proliferation, differentiation, and other properties of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs). This review discusses the different roles of EVs on BM niche; HPCs fate regulation and downstream effects of them on HSCs. Moreover, cellular and molecular mechanisms of BM microenvironment cross-talking are explained in healthy and malignant settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Niazi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19857-17443, Iran
| | - Benyamin Parseh
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 14177-55469, Iran
| | - Milad Ahani
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19857-17443, Iran
| | - Farshid Karami
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19857-17443, Iran
| | - Samira Gilanchi
- Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19716-53313, Iran
| | - Kamran Atarodi
- Blood Transfusion Research Center, High Institute for Research and Education in Transfusion Medicine, Tehran, 14665-1157, Iran
| | - Mina Soufi
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14117-13116, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Faculty of Medical Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14117-13116, Iran
| | - Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taheri
- Urogenital Stem Cell Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hakimeh Zali
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19857-17443, Iran; Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, 19716-53313, Iran.
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Zhao Y, Hu W, Chen P, Cao M, Zhang Y, Zeng C, Hara H, Cooper DKC, Mou L, Luan S, Gao H. Immunosuppressive and metabolic agents that influence allo‐ and xenograft survival by in vivo expansion of T regulatory cells. Xenotransplantation 2020; 27:e12640. [PMID: 32892428 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhao
- Department of Nephrology Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District Guangdong Medical University Shenzhen China
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center Institute of Translational Medicine Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen Second People’s Hospital Shenzhen China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District Guangdong Medical University Shenzhen China
| | | | - Pengfei Chen
- Department of Nephrology Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District Guangdong Medical University Shenzhen China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District Guangdong Medical University Shenzhen China
| | - Mengtao Cao
- Department of Nephrology Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District Guangdong Medical University Shenzhen China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District Guangdong Medical University Shenzhen China
| | - Yingwei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District Guangdong Medical University Shenzhen China
| | - Changchun Zeng
- Department of Medical Laboratory Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District Guangdong Medical University Shenzhen China
| | - Hidetaka Hara
- Xenotransplantation Program Department of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
| | - David K. C. Cooper
- Xenotransplantation Program Department of Surgery University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham AL USA
| | - Lisha Mou
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center Institute of Translational Medicine Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen Second People’s Hospital Shenzhen China
| | - Shaodong Luan
- Department of Nephrology Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District Guangdong Medical University Shenzhen China
| | - Hanchao Gao
- Department of Nephrology Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District Guangdong Medical University Shenzhen China
- Shenzhen Xenotransplantation Medical Engineering Research and Development Center Institute of Translational Medicine Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen University School of Medicine First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen Second People’s Hospital Shenzhen China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Shenzhen Longhua District Central Hospital Affiliated Central Hospital of Shenzhen Longhua District Guangdong Medical University Shenzhen China
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Muhammad SA, Ashfaq H, Zafar S, Munir F, Jamshed MB, Chen J, Zhang Q. Polyvalent therapeutic vaccine for type 2 diabetes mellitus: Immunoinformatics approach to study co-stimulation of cytokines and GLUT1 receptors. BMC Mol Cell Biol 2020; 21:56. [PMID: 32703184 PMCID: PMC7376330 DOI: 10.1186/s12860-020-00279-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a worldwide disease that have an impact on individuals of all ages causing micro and macro vascular impairments due to hyperglycemic internal environment. For ultimate treatment to cure T2DM, association of diabetes with immune components provides a strong basis for immunotherapies and vaccines developments that could stimulate the immune cells to minimize the insulin resistance and initiate gluconeogenesis through an insulin independent route. Methodology Immunoinformatics based approach was used to design a polyvalent vaccine for T2DM that involved data accession, antigenicity analysis, T-cell epitopes prediction, conservation and proteasomal evaluation, functional annotation, interactomic and in silico binding affinity analysis. Results We found the binding affinity of antigenic peptides with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class-I molecules for immune activation to control T2DM. We found 13-epitopes of 9 amino acid residues for multiple alleles of MHC class-I bears significant binding affinity. The downstream signaling resulted by T-cell activation is directly regulated by the molecular weight, amino acid properties and affinity of these epitopes. Each epitope has important percentile rank with significant ANN IC50 values. These high score potential epitopes were linked using AAY, EAAAK linkers and HBHA adjuvant to generate T-cell polyvalent vaccine with a molecular weight of 35.6 kDa containing 322 amino acids residues. In silico analysis of polyvalent construct showed the significant binding affinity (− 15.34 Kcal/mol) with MHC Class-I. This interaction would help to understand our hypothesis, potential activation of T-cells and stimulatory factor of cytokines and GLUT1 receptors. Conclusion Our system-level immunoinformatics approach is suitable for designing potential polyvalent therapeutic vaccine candidates for T2DM by reducing hyperglycemia and enhancing metabolic activities through the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Aun Muhammad
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, Pakistan.
| | - Hiba Ashfaq
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Zafar
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Fahad Munir
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Babar Jamshed
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jake Chen
- Informatics Institute, School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Qiyu Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000, People's Republic of China.
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Peprah S, Ogwang MD, Kerchan P, Reynolds SJ, Tenge CN, Were PA, Kuremu RT, Wekesa WN, Masalu N, Kawira E, Kinyera T, Otim I, Legason ID, Nabalende H, Dhudha H, Mumia M, Ayers LW, Biggar RJ, Bhatia K, Goedert JJ, Mbulaiteye SM. Mean platelet counts are relatively decreased with malaria but relatively increased with endemic Burkitt Lymphoma in Uganda, Tanzania, and Kenya. Br J Haematol 2020; 190:772-782. [PMID: 32395868 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.16700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Platelet counts are decreased in Plasmodium falciparum malaria, which is aetiologically linked with endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL). However, the pattern of platelet counts in eBL cases is unknown. We studied platelet counts in 582 eBL cases and 2 248 controls enrolled in a case-control study in Uganda, Tanzania and Kenya (2010-2016). Mean platelet counts in controls or eBL cases with or without malaria-infection in controls versus eBLcases were compared using Student's t-test. Odds ratios (ORs) and two-sided 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated using multiple logistic regression, controlling for age, sex, haemoglobin and white blood cell counts. Platelets were decreased with malaria infection in the controls [263 vs. 339 × 109 platelets/l, P < 0·0001; adjusted OR (aOR) = 3·42, 95% CI: 2·79-4·18] and eBL cases (314 vs. 367 × 109 platelets/l, P-value = 0·002; aOR = 2·36, 95% CI: 1·49-3·73). Unexpectedly, platelets were elevated in eBL cases versus controls in overall analyses (mean: 353 vs. 307 × 109 platelets/l, P < 0·0001; aOR = 1·41; 95% CI: 1·12-1·77), and when restricted to malaria-positive (mean 314 vs. 263 × 109 platelets/l, P < 0·0001; OR = 2·26; 95% CI: 1·56-3·27) or malaria-negative (mean 367 vs. 339 × 109 platelets/l, P < 0·001; OR = 1·46; 95% CI: 1·17-1·83) subjects. Platelets were decreased with malaria infection in controls and eBL cases but elevated with eBL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Peprah
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Martin D Ogwang
- EpideMiology of Burkitt Lymphoma in East African Children and Minors Study, St. Mary's Hospital, Lacor, Gulu & African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick Kerchan
- EpideMiology of Burkitt Lymphoma in East African Children and Minors Study, Kuluva Hospital, Arua & African Field Epidemiology Network, Kuluva, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Steven J Reynolds
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Constance N Tenge
- EpideMiology of Burkitt Lymphoma in East African Children and Minors Study, Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Pamela A Were
- EpideMiology of Burkitt Lymphoma in East African Children and Minors Study, Academic Model Providing Access To Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Robert T Kuremu
- EpideMiology of Burkitt Lymphoma in East African Children and Minors Study, Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Walter N Wekesa
- EpideMiology of Burkitt Lymphoma in East African Children and Minors Study, Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Nestory Masalu
- EpideMiology of Burkitt Lymphoma in East African Children and Minors Study, Bugando Medical Center, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Esther Kawira
- EpideMiology of Burkitt Lymphoma in East African Children and Minors Study, Shirati Health, Education, and Development Foundation, and Shirati Hospital, Shirati, Tanzania
| | - Tobias Kinyera
- EpideMiology of Burkitt Lymphoma in East African Children and Minors Study, St. Mary's Hospital, Lacor, Gulu & African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Isaac Otim
- EpideMiology of Burkitt Lymphoma in East African Children and Minors Study, St. Mary's Hospital, Lacor, Gulu & African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Ismail D Legason
- EpideMiology of Burkitt Lymphoma in East African Children and Minors Study, Kuluva Hospital, Arua & African Field Epidemiology Network, Kuluva, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Hadijah Nabalende
- EpideMiology of Burkitt Lymphoma in East African Children and Minors Study, St. Mary's Hospital, Lacor, Gulu & African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Herry Dhudha
- EpideMiology of Burkitt Lymphoma in East African Children and Minors Study, Shirati Health, Education, and Development Foundation, and Shirati Hospital, Shirati, Tanzania
| | - Mediatrix Mumia
- EpideMiology of Burkitt Lymphoma in East African Children and Minors Study, Academic Model Providing Access To Healthcare, Eldoret, Kenya
| | - Leona W Ayers
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Robert J Biggar
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kishor Bhatia
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James J Goedert
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sam M Mbulaiteye
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Zhu XJ, Lu MP, Chen RX, Bu DY, Zhu LP, Wang ML, Yin M, Zhang ZD, Cheng L. Polymorphism -509C/T in TGFB1 Promoter Is Associated With Increased Risk and Severity of Persistent Allergic Rhinitis in a Chinese Population. Am J Rhinol Allergy 2020; 34:597-603. [PMID: 32216462 DOI: 10.1177/1945892420913441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphism -509C/T in the promoter of transforming growth factor beta1 (TGFB1) gene is implicated in the pathogenesis of asthma. This polymorphism might also act to regulate the development of allergic rhinitis (AR). OBJECTIVES To investigate whether -509C/T is associated with AR susceptibility and severity in a Han Chinese population. METHODS The study enrolled 263 patients with persistent AR and 249 healthy controls. AR patients were classified as mild or moderate/severe AR groups according to the Allergic Rhinitis and its Impact on Asthma classification. TGFB1 gene polymorphism -509C/T was genotyped with polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). Serum total Immunoglobulin E (IgE) and specific IgE levels were determined using an ImmunoCAP. RESULTS Significant difference was found in the allele frequency of TGFB1 -509C/T between AR patients and healthy controls (P = .027) but not in the genotype frequency (P =.051). However, the genotype frequency of TGFB1 -509C/T showed significant difference between the mild AR group, the moderate/severe AR group, and the control group (P = .012); between the moderate/severe AR group and the control group (P =.036); between the mild AR group and the moderate/severe AR group (P = .038); but not between the mild AR group and the control group (P =.075). CONCLUSION TGFB1 promoter polymorphism -509C/T may be associated with the susceptibility and the severity of persistent AR of Han Chinese, but the functional relationship still needs clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jie Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei-Ping Lu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruo-Xi Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong-Yun Bu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lu-Ping Zhu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei-Lin Wang
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Yin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,International Centre for Allergy Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zheng-Dong Zhang
- Department of Genetic Toxicology, The Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Cheng
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,International Centre for Allergy Research, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Kuranobu T, Mokuda S, Oi K, Tokunaga T, Yukawa K, Kohno H, Yoshida Y, Hirata S, Sugiyama E. Activin A Expressed in Rheumatoid Synovial Cells Downregulates TNFα-Induced CXCL10 Expression and Osteoclastogenesis. Pathobiology 2020; 87:198-207. [PMID: 32126552 DOI: 10.1159/000506260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activin A is known to be highly expressed in rheumatoid synovium. In the present study, we investigated the effect of inflammatory cytokines on activin A production and its role in rheumatoid inflammation using freshly prepared rheumatoid synovial cells (fresh-RSC). METHODS Fresh-RSC from patients with rheumatoid arthritis were obtained and stimulated with multiple cytokines for activin A production. Gene expression levels of activin A and inflammatory cytokines were determined by quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to measure activin A and CXCL10 in culture supernatants. The osteoclasts generated from human peripheral monocytes by RANKL stimulation were identified by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and bone resorption assay using Osteo plate. The expression levels of NFATc1 and cathepsin K, critical intracellular proteins for osteoclastogenesis, were determined by Western blotting. RESULTS Activin A production in fresh-RSC was markedly enhanced by the synergistic effect of TGF-β1 with inflammatory cytokines, including TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6. Activin A inhibited TNFα-induced CXCL10, an important chemoattractant for pathogen-activated T cells and monocytes of osteoclast precursors, but it did not affect the expression of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. In addition, activin A directly inhibited the expression of NFATc1 and cathepsin K, as well as osteoclast formation in human samples. CONCLUSION Our data indicated that TGF-β1 is involved in the expression of activin A at inflamed joints. Activin A mainly exerts an anti-inflammatory action, which prevents joint damage via the regulation of CXCL10 and osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuomi Kuranobu
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Sho Mokuda
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Oi
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Tokunaga
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazutoshi Yukawa
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kohno
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Yoshida
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shintaro Hirata
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Eiji Sugiyama
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan,
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Cheng X, Haeberle S, Shytaj IL, Gama-Brambila RA, Theobald J, Ghafoory S, Wölker J, Basu U, Schmidt C, Timm A, Taškova K, Bauer AS, Hoheisel J, Tsopoulidis N, Fackler OT, Savarino A, Andrade-Navarro MA, Ott I, Lusic M, Hadaschik EN, Wölfl S. NHC-gold compounds mediate immune suppression through induction of AHR-TGFβ1 signalling in vitro and in scurfy mice. Commun Biol 2020; 3:10. [PMID: 31909202 PMCID: PMC6941985 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0716-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold compounds have a long history of use as immunosuppressants, but their precise mechanism of action is not completely understood. Using our recently developed liver-on-a-chip platform we now show that gold compounds containing planar N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands are potent ligands for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Further studies showed that the lead compound (MC3) activates TGFβ1 signaling and suppresses CD4+ T-cell activation in vitro, in human and mouse T cells. Conversely, genetic knockdown or chemical inhibition of AHR activity or of TGFβ1-SMAD-mediated signaling offsets the MC3-mediated immunosuppression. In scurfy mice, a mouse model of human immunodysregulation polyendocrinopathy enteropathy X-linked syndrome, MC3 treatment reduced autoimmune phenotypes and extended lifespan from 24 to 58 days. Our findings suggest that the immunosuppressive activity of gold compounds can be improved by introducing planar NHC ligands to activate the AHR-associated immunosuppressive pathway, thus expanding their potential clinical application for autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlai Cheng
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 15, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Stefanie Haeberle
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Iart Luca Shytaj
- Department of Infectious Diseases Integrative Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rodrigo. A. Gama-Brambila
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jannick Theobald
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shahrouz Ghafoory
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jessica Wölker
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- PVZ — Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Uttara Basu
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- PVZ — Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Claudia Schmidt
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- PVZ — Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Annika Timm
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- PVZ — Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Katerina Taškova
- Biozentrum I, Hans-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Mainz, Germany
- School of Computer Science, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Jörg Hoheisel
- Functional Genome Analysis, DKFZ, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Tsopoulidis
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Oliver T. Fackler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrea Savarino
- Present Address: Department of Infectious and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Italian Institute of Health, Rome, Italy
| | - Miguel A. Andrade-Navarro
- Biozentrum I, Hans-Dieter-Hüsch-Weg 15, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Beethovenstrasse 55, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
- PVZ — Center of Pharmaceutical Engineering, Franz-Liszt-Straße 35A, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marina Lusic
- Department of Infectious Diseases Integrative Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eva N. Hadaschik
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 440, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan. Wölfl
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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van den Bulk J, Verdegaal EME, Ruano D, Ijsselsteijn ME, Visser M, van der Breggen R, Duhen T, van der Ploeg M, de Vries NL, Oosting J, Peeters KCMJ, Weinberg AD, Farina-Sarasqueta A, van der Burg SH, de Miranda NFCC. Neoantigen-specific immunity in low mutation burden colorectal cancers of the consensus molecular subtype 4. Genome Med 2019; 11:87. [PMID: 31888734 PMCID: PMC6938004 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-019-0697-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The efficacy of checkpoint blockade immunotherapies in colorectal cancer is currently restricted to a minority of patients diagnosed with mismatch repair-deficient tumors having high mutation burden. However, this observation does not exclude the existence of neoantigen-specific T cells in colorectal cancers with low mutation burden and the exploitation of their anti-cancer potential for immunotherapy. Therefore, we investigated whether autologous neoantigen-specific T cell responses could also be observed in patients diagnosed with mismatch repair-proficient colorectal cancers. Methods Whole-exome and transcriptome sequencing were performed on cancer and normal tissues from seven colorectal cancer patients diagnosed with mismatch repair-proficient tumors to detect putative neoantigens. Corresponding neo-epitopes were synthesized and tested for recognition by in vitro expanded T cells that were isolated from tumor tissues (tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes) and from peripheral mononuclear blood cells stimulated with tumor material. Results Neoantigen-specific T cell reactivity was detected to several neo-epitopes in the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes of three patients while their respective cancers expressed 15, 21, and 30 non-synonymous variants. Cell sorting of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes based on the co-expression of CD39 and CD103 pinpointed the presence of neoantigen-specific T cells in the CD39+CD103+ T cell subset. Strikingly, the tumors containing neoantigen-reactive TIL were classified as consensus molecular subtype 4 (CMS4), which is associated with TGF-β pathway activation and worse clinical outcome. Conclusions We have detected neoantigen-targeted reactivity by autologous T cells in mismatch repair-proficient colorectal cancers of the CMS4 subtype. These findings warrant the development of specific immunotherapeutic strategies that selectively boost the activity of neoantigen-specific T cells and target the TGF-β pathway to reinforce T cell reactivity in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dina Ruano
- Pathology, LUMC, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marten Visser
- Medical Oncology, Oncode Institute, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Jan Oosting
- Pathology, LUMC, Postbus 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Elkoshi Z. The Binary Classification Of Chronic Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2019; 12:319-333. [PMID: 31908517 PMCID: PMC6927256 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s227279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute diseases start with an insult and end when insult disappears. If the trauma induces an immune reaction (which happens in most cases), this reaction must be terminated with some type of resolution mechanism, when the cause of the trauma ceases. Chronicity develops if insult is permanent or if the resolution mechanism is defective. Another way to reach disease chronicity is a positive feedback loop, whereby the immune reaction activates an internal, insult-like reaction. A distinction between chronic states characterized by a persistent, low suppressive effect and those characterized by a persistent, high suppressive effect of regulatory T cells (Treg), is proposed. This two-class division represents two ways to reach chronicity: (a) by maintaining inflammatory reaction long after insult disappears (“low Treg”), or (b) by suppressing inflammatory reaction prior to the disappearance of insult (“high Treg”). This two-class division may explain the strong association between certain pathogens and cancer, on one hand, and between several other pathogens and autoimmunity, on the other hand. The weak association between autoimmune diseases and HIV infection and the relatively weak association between autoimmune diseases and cancer may be elucidated as well. In addition, the model rationalizes why immune-modulating drugs, which are effective in cancer, are also effective in “high Treg” viral infections, while corticosteroids, which are generally effective in autoimmune diseases, are also effective in other “low Treg” diseases (such as asthma, atopic dermatitis, and “low Treg” infections) but are not effective in solid malignancies and “high Treg” infections. Moreover, the model expounds why certain bacteria inhibit tumor growth and why these very bacteria induce autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeev Elkoshi
- Taro Pharmaceutical Industries, Haifa Bay, Israel
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Differentiation into an Effector Memory Phenotype Potentiates HIV-1 Latency Reversal in CD4 + T Cells. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00969-19. [PMID: 31578289 PMCID: PMC6880164 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00969-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
By performing phenotypic analysis of latency reversal in CD4+ T cells from virally suppressed individuals, we identify the TEM subset as the largest contributor to the inducible HIV reservoir. Differential responses of memory CD4+ T cell subsets to latency-reversing agents (LRAs) demonstrate that HIV gene expression is associated with heightened expression of transcriptional pathways associated with differentiation, acquisition of effector function, and cell cycle entry. In vitro modeling of the latent HIV reservoir in memory CD4+ T cell subsets identify LRAs that reverse latency with ranges of efficiency and specificity. We found that therapeutic induction of latency reversal is associated with upregulation of identical sets of TEM-associated genes and cell surface markers shown to be associated with latency reversal in our ex vivo and in vitro models. Together, these data support the idea that the effector memory phenotype supports HIV latency reversal in CD4+ T cells. During antiretroviral therapy (ART), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) persists as a latent reservoir in CD4+ T cell subsets in central memory (TCM), transitional memory (TTM), and effector memory (TEM) CD4+ T cells. We have identified differences in mechanisms underlying latency and responses to latency-reversing agents (LRAs) in ex vivo CD4+ memory T cells from virally suppressed HIV-infected individuals and in an in vitro primary cell model of HIV-1 latency. Our ex vivo and in vitro results demonstrate the association of transcriptional pathways of T cell differentiation, acquisition of effector function, and cell cycle entry in response to LRAs. Analyses of memory cell subsets showed that effector memory pathways and cell surface markers of activation and proliferation in the TEM subset are predictive of higher frequencies of cells carrying an inducible reservoir. Transcriptional profiling also demonstrated that the epigenetic machinery (known to control latency and reactivation) in the TEM subset is associated with frequencies of cells with HIV-integrated DNA and inducible HIV multispliced RNA. TCM cells were triggered to differentiate into TEM cells when they were exposed to LRAs, and this increase of TEM subset frequencies upon LRA stimulation was positively associated with higher numbers of p24+ cells. Together, these data highlight differences in underlying biological latency control in different memory CD4+ T cell subsets which harbor latent HIV in vivo and support a role for differentiation into a TEM phenotype in facilitating latency reversal. IMPORTANCE By performing phenotypic analysis of latency reversal in CD4+ T cells from virally suppressed individuals, we identify the TEM subset as the largest contributor to the inducible HIV reservoir. Differential responses of memory CD4+ T cell subsets to latency-reversing agents (LRAs) demonstrate that HIV gene expression is associated with heightened expression of transcriptional pathways associated with differentiation, acquisition of effector function, and cell cycle entry. In vitro modeling of the latent HIV reservoir in memory CD4+ T cell subsets identify LRAs that reverse latency with ranges of efficiency and specificity. We found that therapeutic induction of latency reversal is associated with upregulation of identical sets of TEM-associated genes and cell surface markers shown to be associated with latency reversal in our ex vivo and in vitro models. Together, these data support the idea that the effector memory phenotype supports HIV latency reversal in CD4+ T cells.
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Lazarova M, Steinle A. Impairment of NKG2D-Mediated Tumor Immunity by TGF-β. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2689. [PMID: 31803194 PMCID: PMC6873348 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) suppresses innate and adaptive immune responses via multiple mechanisms. TGF-β also importantly contributes to the formation of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment thereby promoting tumor growth. Amongst others, TGF-β impairs tumor recognition by cytotoxic lymphocytes via NKG2D. NKG2D is a homodimeric C-type lectin-like receptor expressed on virtually all human NK cells and cytotoxic T cells, and stimulates their effector functions upon engagement by NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL). While NKG2DL are mostly absent from healthy cells, their expression is induced by cellular stress and malignant transformation, and, accordingly, frequently detected on various tumor cells. Hence, the NKG2D axis is thought to play a decisive role in cancer immunosurveillance and, obviously, often is compromised in clinically apparent tumors. There is mounting evidence that TGF-β, produced by tumor cells and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment, plays a key role in blunting the NKG2D-mediated tumor surveillance. Here, we review the current knowledge on the impairment of NKG2D-mediated cancer immunity through TGF-β and discuss therapeutic approaches aiming at counteracting this major immune escape pathway. By reducing tumor-associated expression of NKG2DL and blinding cytotoxic lymphocytes through down-regulation of NKG2D, TGF-β is acting upon both sides of the NKG2D axis severely compromising NKG2D-mediated tumor rejection. Consequently, novel therapies targeting the TGF-β pathway are expected to reinvigorate NKG2D-mediated tumor elimination and thereby to improve the survival of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Lazarova
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Alexander Steinle
- Institute for Molecular Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Insights into the HIV Latency and the Role of Cytokines. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8030137. [PMID: 31487807 PMCID: PMC6789648 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8030137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) has the ability to infect latently at the level of individual CD4+ cells. Latent HIV-1 proviruses are transcriptionally silent and immunologically inert, but are still capable of reactivating productive lytic infection following cellular activation. These latent viruses are the main obstacle in the eradication of HIV-1, because current HIV-1 treatment regimens are ineffective against them. Normal immunological response against an antigen activates CD4+ naïve T cells. The activated CD4+ naïve T cells undergo cell cycle, resulting in further transformation and profound proliferation to form effector CD4+ T-cells. Notably, in HIV-1 infected individuals, some of the effector CD4+ T cells get infected with HIV-1. Upon fulfillment of their effector functions, almost all activated CD4+ T cells are committed to apoptosis or programmed cell death, but a miniscule fraction revert to quiescence and become resting memory CD4+ T cells to mediate a rapid immunological response against the same antigen in the future. However, due to the quiescent nature of the resting memory T cells, the integrated HIV-1 becomes transcriptionally silent and acquires a latent phenotype. Following re-exposure to the same antigen, memory cells and integrated HIV-1 are stimulated. The reactivated latent HIV provirus subsequently proceeds through its life cycle and eventually leads to the production of new viral progeny. Recently, many strategies against HIV-1 latency have been developed and some of them have even matured to the clinical level, but none can yet effectively eliminate the latent HIV reservoir, which remains a barrier to HIV-1 cure. Therefore, alternative strategies to eradicate latent HIV need to be considered. This review provides vital knowledge on HIV latency and on strategies to supplement highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) with cytokine-mediated therapeutics for dislodging the latent HIV reservoirs in order to open up new avenues for curing HIV.
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