Interleukin 10 (IL-10) inhibits human lymphocyte interferon gamma-production by suppressing natural killer cell stimulatory factor/IL-12 synthesis in accessory cells

Identification, functional characterization and immune response profiles of interleukin-10 in Nibea albiflora

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an immunosuppressive cytokine, which plays a vital role in regulating inflammation for inhibiting the generation and function of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vivo or in vitro. In the present study, the full length cDNA of IL-10 was characterized from Nibea albiflora (named as NaIL-10) of 1238 base pairs (bp), containing a 5'-UTR (untranslated region) of 350 bp, a 3'-UTR of 333 bp and an open reading frame (ORF) of 555 bp (Fig. 1A) to encode 184 amino acid residues with a signal peptide at the N-terminus. The sequence analysis showed that NaIL-10 possessed the typical IL-10 family symbolic motif and conversed cysteine residues, similar to its teleost orthologues. Real-time PCR indicated that NaIL-10 had wide distribution in different healthy tissues, with a relatively high expression in immune-related tissues (head kidney, spleen, kidney, liver and gill). Significantly, up-regulations of NaIL-10 after infection against Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus and Poly I:C were also observed. Subcellular localization manifested that NaIL-10 mainly distributed in the cytoplasm unevenly and aggregately, and there was also a small amount on the cell membrane, indicating that NaIL-10 was secreted to the extracellular space as the known IL-10 homologous molecules. It could co-locate with IL-10 Rα on the membrane of HEK293T cells for their potential interaction, and GST pull-down and Co-IP studies certified the specific and direct interaction between NaIL-10 and NaIL-10 Rα, confirming that an IL-10 ligand-receptor system existed in N.albiflora. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, were dramatically inhibited in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages pre-incubated with recombinant NaIL-10 protein, demonstrating its anti-inflammatory roles. Taken together, the results demonstrated the existence of IL-10 ligand-receptor system in N.albiflora for the first time, and indicated the suppressive function of NaIL-10 on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in inflammatory response, which would be conducive to better comprehending the role of IL-10 in the immunomodulatory mechanisms of teleost.

Effects of interleukin-10 treated macrophages on bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells via signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 pathway

BACKGROUND

Alveolar bone defects caused by inflammation are an urgent issue in oral implant surgery that must be solved. Regulating the various phenotypes of macrophages to enhance the inflammatory environment can significantly affect the progression of diseases and tissue engineering repair process.

AIM

To assess the influence of interleukin-10 (IL-10) on the osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) following their interaction with macrophages in an inflammatory environment.

METHODS

IL-10 modulates the differentiation of peritoneal macrophages in Wistar rats in an inflammatory environment. In this study, we investigated its impact on the proliferation, migration, and osteogenesis of BMSCs. The expression levels of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and its activated form, phosphorylated-STAT3, were examined in IL-10-stimulated macrophages. Subsequently, a specific STAT3 signaling inhibitor was used to impede STAT3 signal activation to further investigate the role of STAT3 signaling.

RESULTS

IL-10-stimulated macrophages underwent polarization to the M2 type through substitution, and these M2 macrophages actively facilitated the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. Mechanistically, STAT3 signaling plays a crucial role in the process by which IL-10 influences macrophages. Specifically, IL-10 stimulated the activation of the STAT3 signaling pathway and reduced the macrophage inflammatory response, as evidenced by its diminished impact on the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs.

CONCLUSION

Stimulating macrophages with IL-10 proved effective in improving the inflammatory environment and promoting the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. The IL-10/STAT3 signaling pathway has emerged as a key regulator in the macrophage-mediated control of BMSCs' osteogenic differentiation.

Galectin-9 in cancer therapy: from immune checkpoint ligand to promising therapeutic target

Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is a vital member of the galectin family, functioning as a multi-subtype galactose lectin with diverse biological roles. Recent research has revealed that Gal-9's interaction with tumors is an independent factor that influences tumor progression. Furthermore, Gal-9 in the immune microenvironment cross-talks with tumor-associated immune cells, informing the clarification of Gal-9's identity as an immune checkpoint. A thorough investigation into Gal-9's role in various cancer types and its interaction with the immune microenvironment could yield novel strategies for subsequent targeted immunotherapy. This review focuses on the latest advances in understanding the direct and indirect cross-talk between Gal-9 and hematologic malignancies, in addition to solid tumors. In addition, we discuss the prospects of Gal-9 in tumor immunotherapy, including its cross-talk with the ligand TIM-3 and its potential in immune-combination therapy.

The Role of Proline-Proline-Glutamic Acid (PPE) Proteins in Mycobacterium tuberculosis Virulence: Mechanistic Insights and Therapeutic Implications

For decades, tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), has remained a global health challenge. Central to this issue are the proline-proline-glutamic acid (PPE) proteins, which play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and persistence of MTB. This article explores the molecular mechanisms of PPE proteins and their roles in facilitating MTB's evasion of the host's immune system while enhancing virulence and transmission. Focusing on the structural and functional aspects of PPE proteins, this review provides a detailed analysis of antigenic variation, a crucial mechanism allowing MTB to elude immune detection. It also probes the genetic diversity of these PPE proteins and their complex interactions with host immunity, offering insights into the challenges they pose for therapeutic development. This review delves into the potential of targeting PPE proteins in novel therapeutic strategies, discussing the prospects of drug and vaccine development. The evidence reviewed in this article underscores the pressing need for innovative approaches to combat TB, especially in the face of increasing drug resistance. Ultimately, this review article highlights the untapped potential of PPE proteins in revolutionizing TB treatment, paving the way for breakthroughs in drug and vaccine development.

Genetic perspectives on the influence of circulating cytokines on acne: A Mendelian randomization study

Previous studies have reported that the occurrence and development of acne are closely associated with immune-inflammatory responses. Mendelian randomization was performed to further assess the causal correlation between 41 inflammatory cytokines and acne. Mendelian two-sample randomization utilized genetic variants for acne from a large open genome-wide association study (1299 cases and 211,139 controls of European ancestry) and inflammatory cytokines from a genome-wide association study abstract containing 8293 healthy participants. The causal relationship between exposure and outcome was explored primarily using an inverse variance weighting approach. In addition, multiple sensitivity analyses including MR-Egger, weighted median, simple model, weighted model, and MR-PRESSO were applied simultaneously to enhance the final results. The results suggest that il-10, MIP-1A, and SCGF-β are suggestive of the risk of acne in clinical practice (OR = 0.799, 95% CI = 0.641-0.995, P = .045; OR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.388-0.787, P = .001; OR = 1. 152, 95% CI = 1.001-1.325, P = .048). Our study conclusively identified a causal relationship between il-10 and circulating levels of acne risk and a suggestive link between MIP-1A and SCGF-β and acne. Our study may provide greater insight into the pathogenesis of acne and develop effective management strategies for the clinic. We believe that IL-10, MIP-1A, and SCGF-β could be potential therapeutic targets for acne development.

Serum cytokines and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio as predictive biomarkers of benefit from PD-1 inhibitors in gastric cancer

Background

Immunotherapy is significantly revolutionizing cancer treatment and demonstrating promising efficacy in gastric cancer (GC) patients. However, only a subset of patients could derive benefits from targeted monoclonal antibody therapy against programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1). This study aims to identify suitable serum cytokines and blood cell ratios as predictive biomarkers to aid in the selection of GC patients likely to benefit from PD-1 inhibitors.

Materials and methods

This retrospective study included 41 GC patients who received PD-1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy, 36 GC patients treated solely with chemotherapy, and 33 healthy controls. The study assessed the levels of seven cytokines: interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), and various inflammatory markers, including the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), total lymphocyte count (TLC), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR). Measurements were obtained using the inpatient system. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the predictive significance of these hematologic parameters for clinical outcomes.

Results

Levels of IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, NLR, and PLR were significantly elevated in GC patients compared to healthy controls, while TLC and LMR were higher in the control group. Among the 41 patients receiving PD-1 inhibitors and chemotherapy, baseline IL-2 was associated with OS and PFS. Additionally, IL-6 and IL-17A correlated with OS, while NLR was linked to PFS (all P<0.05). These factors were identified as independent prognostic indicators in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Furthermore, almost all cytokine levels increased following the initiation of PD-1 inhibitor treatment.

Conclusions

The introduction of PD-1 inhibitors alongside chemotherapy in GC impacts serum cytokine levels. IL-2, IL-6, IL-17A, and NLR exhibit potential as reliable circulating predictive biomarkers for identifying patients who may benefit from PD-1 inhibitors combined with chemotherapy.

Two Amnion-Derived Mesenchymal Stem-Cells Injections to Osteoarthritic Elbows in Dogs-Pilot Study

The aim of the study was to investigate the potential of cell-based regenerative therapy for elbow joints affected by osteoarthritis. Interest was focused on two intra-articular applications of amnion-derived mesenchymal stem cells (A-MSCs) to a group of different breeds of dogs with elbow osteoarthritis (13 joints). Two injections were performed 14 days apart. We evaluated synovial fluid biomarkers, such as IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-15, IL-10, MCP-1, TNF-α, and GM-CSF, by multiplex fluorescent micro-bead immunoassay in the treated group of elbows (n = 13) (day 0, day 14, and day 28) and in the control group of elbows (n = 9). Kinematic gait analysis determined the joint range of motion (ROM) before and after each A-MSCs application. Kinematic gait analysis was performed on day 0, day 14, and day 28. Kinematic gait analysis pointed out improvement in the average range of motion of elbow joints from day 0 (38.45 ± 5.74°), day 14 (41.7 ± 6.04°), and day 28 (44.78 ± 4.69°) with statistical significance (p < 0.05) in nine elbows. Correlation analyses proved statistical significance (p < 0.05) in associations between ROM (day 0, day 14, and day 28) and IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-15, MCP-1, TNF-α, and GM-CSF concentrations (day 0, day 14, and day 28). IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-15, MCP-1, GM-CSF, and TNF- α showed negative correlation with ROM at day 0, day 14, and day 28, while IL-10 demonstrated positive correlation with ROM. As a consequence of A-MSC application to the elbow joint, we detected a statistically significant (p < 0.05) decrease in concentration levels between day 0 and day 28 for IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNF-α and statistically significant increase for IL-10. Statistical significance (p < 0.05) was detected in TNF-α, IFN-γ, and GM-CSF concentrations between day 14 and the control group as well as at day 28 and the control group. IL-6 concentrations showed statistical significance (p < 0.05) between day 14 and the control group.

Molecular Characterization and Expression Analysis of IL-10 and IL-6 in Channel Catfish (Ictalurus punctatus)

IL-10 and IL-6 play important roles in protecting against inflammation and clearing pathogens from the body. In this study, homologous compounds of IL-10 and IL-6 were identified in channel catfish, and their immune responses were analyzed. The CDS sequences of IL-10 and IL-6 were 549 bp and 642 bp, respectively, and showed the highest homology with Ameiurus melas. In addition, the expression of the IL-10 and IL-6 genes was ubiquitous in 10 tissues examined. IL-10 is highly expressed in the liver and slightly expressed in the gill. The high expression of the IL-6 gene was observed in the spleen, heart, and gonad, with the lowest levels in the liver. LPS, Poly(I:C), PHA, and PMA showed a highly significant increase in IL-10 and IL-6 expression 48 h after CCK stimulation (p < 0.01). Otherwise, Yersinia ruckeri, Streptococcus iniae, channel catfish virus, and deltamethrin induced IL-10 and IL-6 expression, varying in intensity between different organs. Our results suggest that IL-10 and IL-6 are involved in the immune response of the host against the pathogen.

nELISA: A high-throughput, high-plex platform enables quantitative profiling of the secretome

We present the nELISA, a high-throughput, high-fidelity, and high-plex protein profiling platform. DNA oligonucleotides are used to pre-assemble antibody pairs on spectrally encoded microparticles and perform displacement-mediated detection. Spatial separation between non-cognate antibodies prevents the rise of reagent-driven cross-reactivity, while read-out is performed cost-efficiently and at high-throughput using flow cytometry. We assembled an inflammatory panel of 191 targets that were multiplexed without cross-reactivity or impact on performance vs 1-plex signals, with sensitivities as low as 0.1pg/mL and measurements spanning 7 orders of magnitude. We then performed a large-scale secretome perturbation screen of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), with cytokines as both perturbagens and read-outs, measuring 7,392 samples and generating ~1.5M protein datapoints in under a week, a significant advance in throughput compared to other highly multiplexed immunoassays. We uncovered 447 significant cytokine responses, including multiple putatively novel ones, that were conserved across donors and stimulation conditions. We also validated the nELISA's use in phenotypic screening, and propose its application to drug discovery.

Gamma-delta (γδ) T cell-derived cytokines (IL-4, IL-17, IFN-γ and IL-10) and their possible implications for atopic dermatitis development

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic disease related to skin disorders that affect individuals in their childhood and can persist or start in adulthood. Patients affected by this disease commonly show skin lesions on the body surface (mainly on the upper and lower limbs) and allergic rhinitis or asthma crises. Looking at the disease from a molecular perspective, the major cytokines involved in inflammatory skin diseases, not only AD, include IL-4, IL-17, IFN-γ and IL-10. Although they can produce these cytokines and infiltrate the affected epithelia in patients with AD, γδ T cells are still almost unexplored. In this update, we briefly discuss the involvement of IL-4, IL-17, IFN-γ and IL-10 in the pathophysiology of AD and the possible role of γδ T cells during the inflammatory process.

Immunological evaluation of a recombinant vaccine delivered with an analogous hyaluronic acid chitosan nanoparticle-hydrogel against Toxoplasma gondii in mice

BACKGROUND

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is not only a threat to the public health but it also poses adverse impacts on the livestock industry. This study aimed to develop a recombinant vaccine composed of T. gondii microneme protein 6 (TgMIC6) and T. gondii rhoptry protein 18 (TgROP18).The vaccine was delivered with a novel vector, named analogous hyaluronic acid chitosan nanoparticle-hydrogel (AHACNP-HG) and its immune protection was evaluated.

METHODS

The recombinant MIC6 and ROP18 proteins were obtained by affinity chromatography and loaded onto AHACNP-HG by magnetic stirring. The characterizations of AHACNP-HG were investigated, including its structure, rheological property, nanoparticle size and zeta potential, its ability to release protein in vitro and toxicology in vivo. The immunological and anti-infection effects of AHACNP-HG/rMIC6/rROP18 were examined in the mice model.

RESULTS

AHACNP-HG presented a characteristic of composite system and possessed biosecurity with excellent protein control-release property. AHACNP-HG/rMIC6/rROP18 vaccine enhanced a mixed Th1/Th2 cellular immune response accompanied by an increased level of the cytokines, IFN-γ and IL-10. It also provoked a stronger humoral immune response. Additionally, after challenge with T. gondii tachyzoite, AHACNP-HG/rMIC6/rROP18 inoculation prolonged the survival time of mice.

CONCLUSION

Our data indicated that mixed rMIC6 and rROP18 induced strong immune response and played a certain protective role in controlling T. gondii infection, and the novel adjuvant AHACNP-HG improved modestly some immunogenicity properties in mouse model, which indicated that it can be used as a novel delivery system in vaccine development.

Genetics and epigenetics of primary Sjögren syndrome: implications for future therapies

In primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS), chronic inflammation of exocrine glands results in tissue destruction and sicca symptoms, primarily of the mouth and eyes. Fatigue, arthralgia and myalgia are also common symptoms, whereas extraglandular manifestations that involve the respiratory, nervous and vascular systems occur in a subset of patients. The disease predominantly affects women, with an estimated female to male ratio of 14 to 1. The aetiology of pSS, however, remains incompletely understood, and effective treatment is lacking. Large-scale genetic and epigenetic investigations have revealed associations between pSS and genes in both innate and adaptive immune pathways. The genetic variants mediate context-dependent effects, and both sex and environmental factors can influence the outcome. As such, genetic and epigenetic studies can provide insight into the dysregulated molecular mechanisms, which in turn might reveal new therapeutic possibilities. This Review discusses the genetic and epigenetic features that have been robustly connected with pSS, putting them into the context of cellular function, carrier sex and environmental challenges. In all, the observations point to several novel opportunities for early detection, treatment development and the pathway towards personalized medicine.

Correlation Between Serum Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) and Clinical Severity of Tuberculosis: A Hospital-Based Study

AIM

The main aim of this study was to assess the correlation between serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) levels the and clinical severity of tuberculosis.

METHODS

This was a hospital-based case-control prospective study and was conducted at the Sher-i-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences, a tertiary care hospital in the northern part of India, from May 2016 to May 2018. The subjects were recruited in the study considering inclusion and exclusion criteria. All patients with pulmonary tuberculosis as well as patients with extrapulmonary tuberculosis were included as subjects and a clinical severity score based on anemia, weight loss, presence of hypoxia, and radiological features was calculated and compared with TNF-α levels. Age- and sex-matched healthy individuals were recruited as controls.

RESULTS

A total of 75 subjects comprising 50 cases and 25 controls were taken for the study. There were 34 (68.0%) patients with elevated TNF-α levels while only 16 (32.0%) patients had normal TNF-α levels. And, TNF-α levels were normal in 21 (84%) control subjects as compared to tuberculosis (TB) patients. Such difference in serum TNF-α levels between cases and controls was statistically significant (p<0.05). The mean serum TNF-α level in TB cases was 1265.63 pg/mL, while the mean serum TNF-α level in controls was 312.06 pg/mL. The difference in serum TNF-α levels between the two groups was statistically significant (p<0.01). We observed a significant increase in serum TNF-α levels with the increase in clinical severity score.

CONCLUSION

Serum TNF-α levels were significantly associated with increased severity of TB.

Delay modulates the immune response to nerve repair

Effective regeneration after peripheral nerve injury requires macrophage recruitment. We investigated the activation of remodeling pathways within the macrophage population when repair is delayed and identified alteration of key upstream regulators of the inflammatory response. We then targeted one of these regulators, using exogenous IL10 to manipulate the response to injury at the repair site. We demonstrate that this approach alters macrophage polarization, promotes macrophage recruitment, axon extension, neuromuscular junction formation, and increases the number of regenerating motor units reaching their target. We also demonstrate that this approach can rescue the effects of delayed nerve graft.

Cytokine see-saw across pregnancy, its related complexities and consequences

During pregnancy, a woman's immune system adapts to the changing hormonal concentrations, causing immunologic transition. These immunologic changes are required for a full-term pregnancy, preserving the fetus' innate and adaptive immunity. Preterm labor, miscarriage, gestational diabetes mellitus, and pre-eclampsia are all caused by abnormal cytokine expression during pregnancy and childbirth. A disruption in the cytokine balance can lead to autoimmune diseases or microbiologic infections, or to autoimmune illness remission during pregnancy with postpartum recurrence. The cytokine treatments are essential and damaging to the developing fetus. The current review summarizes the known research on cytokine changes during pregnancy and their possible consequences for pregnant women. Studies suggest that customizing medication for each woman and her progesterone levels should be based on the cytokine profile of each pregnant woman. Immune cells and chemicals play an important function in development of the placenta and embryo. During pregnancy, T cells divide and move, and a careful balance between proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines is necessary. The present review focuses on the mother's endurance in generating fetal cells and the immunologic mechanism involved.

SHORT-TERM INFLAMMATORY BIOMARKER PROFILES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH DEFICIENT MITOCHONDRIAL BIOENERGETICS IN LYMPHOCYTES OF SEPTIC SHOCK PATIENTS-A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY

ABSTRACT

Introduction: A biomarker strategy based on the quantification of an immune profile could provide a clinical understanding of the inflammatory state in patients with sepsis and its potential implications for the bioenergetic state of lymphocytes, whose metabolism is associated with altered outcomes in sepsis. The objective of this study is to investigate the association between mitochondrial respiratory states and inflammatory biomarkers in patients with septic shock. Methods: This prospective cohort study included patients with septic shock. Routine, complex I, complex II respiration, and biochemical coupling efficiency were measured to evaluate mitochondrial activity. We measured IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-10, total lymphocyte count, and C-reactive protein levels on days 1 and 3 of septic shock management as well as mitochondrial variables. The variability of these measurements was evaluated using delta counts (days 3-1 counts). Results: Sixty-four patients were included in this analysis. There was a negative correlation between complex II respiration and IL-1ß (Spearman ρ, -0.275; P = 0.028). Biochemical coupling efficiency at day 1 was negative correlated with IL-6: Spearman ρ, -0.247; P = 0.05. Delta complex II respiration was negatively correlated with delta IL-6 (Spearman ρ, -0.261; P = 0.042). Delta complex I respiration was negatively correlated with delta IL-6 (Spearman ρ, -0.346; P = 0.006), and delta routine respiration was also negatively correlated with both delta IL-10 (Spearman ρ, -0.257; P = 0.046) and delta IL-6 (Spearman ρ, -0.32; P = 0.012). Conclusions: The metabolic change observed in mitochondrial complex I and complex II of lymphocytes is associated with a decrease in IL-6 levels, which can signal a decrease in global inflammatory activity.

IFNγ-IL-17+ CD8 T cells contribute to immunosuppression and tumor progression in human hepatocellular carcinoma

IL-17-producing CD8 (Tc17) T cells have been shown to play an important role in infection and chronic inflammation, however their implications in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remain elusive. In this study, we performed cytometry by time-of-flight (CyTOF) and revealed the distinctive immunological phenotypes of two IFNγ⁺ and IFNγ^- Tc17 subsets that were preferentially enriched in human HCC. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis further revealed regulatory circuits governing the different phenotypes of these Tc17 subsets. In particular, we discovered that IFNγ^- Tc17 subset demonstrated pro-tumoral characteristics and expressed higher levels of CCL20. This corresponded to increased tumor infiltration of T regulatory cells (Treg) validated by immunohistochemistry in another independent HCC cohort, demonstrating the immunosuppressive functions of IFNγ^- Tc17 subset. Most importantly, higher intra-tumoral proportions of IFNγ^- Tc17 were associated with poorer prognosis in patients with HCC and this was further validated in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) HCC cohort. Taken together, this compendium of transcriptomic and proteomic data of Tc17 subsets sheds light on the immunosuppressive phenotypes of IFNγ^- Tc17 and its implications in HCC progression.

Development of Adaptive Immunity and Its Role in Lung Remodeling

Asthma is characterized by airflow limitations resulting from bronchial closure, which can be either reversible or fixed due to changes in airway tissue composition and structure, also known as remodeling. Airway remodeling is defined as increased presence of mucins-producing epithelial cells, increased thickness of airway smooth muscle cells, angiogenesis, increased number and activation state of fibroblasts, and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Airway inflammation is believed to be the main cause of the development of airway remodeling in asthma. In this chapter, we will review the development of the adaptive immune response and the impact of its mediators and cells on the elements defining airway remodeling in asthma.

Myofibroblast stroma differentiation in infiltrative basal cell carcinoma is accompanied by regulatory T-cells

INTRODUCTION

The implications of infiltrative compared to non-infiltrative growth of cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC) on the tumor stroma and immune cell landscape are unknown. This is of clinical importance, because infiltrative BCCs, in contrast to other BCC subtypes, are more likely to relapse after surgery and radiotherapy.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This descriptive cross-sectional study analyzed 38 BCCs collected from 2018 to 2021. In the first cohort (n = 28), immune cells were characterized by immunohistochemistry and multiplex immunofluorescence staining for CD3, CD8, CD68, Foxp3, and α-SMA protein expression. In the second cohort (n = 10) with matched characteristics (age, sex, location, and BCC subtype), inflammatory parameters, including TGF-β1, TGF-β2, ACTA2, IL-10, IL-12A, and Foxp3, were quantified via RT-qPCR after isolating mRNA from BCC tissue samples and perilesional skin.

RESULTS

Infiltrative BCCs showed significantly increased levels of α-SMA expression in fibroblasts (p = 0.0001) and higher levels of Foxp3+ (p = 0.0023) and CD3+ (p = 0.0443) T-cells compared to non-infiltrative BCCs. CD3+ (p = 0.0171) and regulatory T-cells (p = 0.0026) were significantly increased in α-SMA-positive tumor stroma, whereas CD8+ T-cells (p = 0.1329) and CD68+ myeloid cells (p = 0.2337) were not affected. TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 correlated significantly with ACTA2/α-SMA mRNA expression (p = 0.020, p = 0.005).

CONCLUSION

Infiltrative growth of BCCs shows a myofibroblastic stroma differentiation and is accompanied by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment.

The Role of Immune Mechanisms, Inflammatory Pathways, and Macrophage Activation Syndrome in the Pathogenesis of Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

This review article describes the pathophysiology of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). The condition is characterized by excessive stimulation of inflammatory cytokines, lymphocytes, and macrophages, leading to hyperinflammatory disorder with immune dysfunction. The main clinical and diagnostic features include fever ≥38.5°C, splenomegaly, hyperferritinemia, cytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, hemophagocytosis on the bone marrow, low or absent of natural killer (NK) cell activity, and elevated soluble CD25. Various immunological and inflammatory mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of HLH. Moreover, the condition can result in multisystem organ failure, contributing to the high mortality rate in hospital settings. A thorough literature search was conducted by collecting data from multiple articles published on PubMed, Medline, and Google Scholar. The article discusses the cellular and molecular pathways that lead to HLH. Due to the high rate of morbidity and mortality, early diagnosis needs to be established. More research pertaining to molecular biology, immunology, and the genetics of HLH is needed to explore the effective management and treatment of this rare disorder.

IL-10: A bridge between immune cells and metabolism during pregnancy

Energy metabolism plays a crucial role in the immune system. In addition to providing vital energy for cell growth, reproduction and other cell activities, the metabolism of nutrients such as glucose and lipids also have significant effects on cell function through metabolites, metabolic enzymes, and changing metabolic status. Interleukin-10 (IL-10), as a pleiotropic regulator, can be secreted by a diverse set of cells and can also participate in regulating the functions of various cells, thereby playing an essential role in the formation and maintenance of immune tolerance in pregnancy. Studies on the regulatory effects and mechanisms of IL-10 on immune cells are extensive; however, research from a metabolic perspective is relatively negligible. Here, we have discussed old and new data on the relationship between IL-10 and metabolism. The data show that alterations in cellular metabolism and specific metabolites regulate IL-10 production of immune cells. Moreover, IL-10 regulates immune cell phenotypes and functions by modulating oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis. This review summarizes some earlier observations regarding IL-10 and its relationship with immune cells in pregnancy, and also presents recent research on the link between IL-10 and metabolism, highlighting the potential relationship between IL-10, immune cells, and energy metabolism during pregnancy.

In the presence of non-neutralising maternally derived antibodies, intradermal and intramuscular vaccination with a modified live vaccine against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 (PRRSV-1) induce similar levels of neutralising antibodies or interferon-gamma secreting cells

The purpose of this study was to compare the immune response generated by the intramuscular and the intradermal vaccination route against the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). Piglets from a seronegative and a seropositive farm were selected (n = 28 piglets per farm), and each group was divided into two groups and vaccinated after weaning with modified live vaccine Unistrain® PRRS (Laboratorios Hipra Amer, Spain) by the intramuscular (IM) or the intradermic (ID) route. For the following 6 weeks, animals were weekly bled to assess the humoral response by PRRSV-specific antibody ELISA and viral neutralisation test. At 0-, 3-, 4- and 6 weeks post-vaccination, peripheral mononuclear blood cells (PBMC) from eight animals per group were recovered to analyse cellular response by IFN-γ ELISPOT and lymphoproliferation. Serum IL-12 was also quantified by ELISA. Seroconversion was first detected 14 days post-vaccination (dpv) for both IM and ID routes, and peaked at 35 dpv (both IM groups and ID seropositive) or 42 dpv (ID seronegative). At 3 weeks after vaccination, 6/27 (22.22%) animals from negative origin had not seroconverted, and neutralising titres were significantly lower at 35 dpv compared to the seropositive origin (mean log2 titres of 1.36 and 4.25 respectively) Also, it was 10 times more probable for them to have high levels of IL-12 a week after vaccination than for animals of seropositive origin. Cellular immune response analysed by lymphoproliferation and IFN-γ ELISPOT was already present at 21 dpv and until 42 dpv, with no significant differences between groups except for a higher lymphoproliferation at 35 dpv in the IM seropositive group (Kruskal-Wallis, p < 0.05). These results indicate that the intradermal route induces an immune response equivalent to the classical intramuscular route even in presence of non-neutralising maternal immunity, which in this study has proven to facilitate seroconversion after vaccination with an heterologous strain.

Oncolytic viruses as a promising therapeutic strategy against the detrimental health impacts of air pollution: The case of glioblastoma multiforme

Human livelihood highly depends on applying different sources of energy whose utilization is associated with air pollution. On the other hand, air pollution may be associated with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) development. Unlike other environmental causes of cancer (e.g., irradiation), air pollution cannot efficiently be controlled by geographical borders, regulations, and policies. The unavoidable exposure to air pollution can modify cancer incidence and mortality. GBM treatment with chemotherapy or even its surgical removal has proven insufficient (100% recurrence rate; patient's survival mean of 15 months; 90% fatality within five years) due to glioma infiltrative and migratory capacities. Given the barrage of attention and research investments currently plowed into next-generation cancer therapy, oncolytic viruses are perhaps the most vigorously pursued. Provision of an insight into the current state of the research and future direction is essential for stimulating new ideas with the potentials of filling research gaps. This review manuscript aims to overview types of brain cancer, their burden, and different causative agents. It also describes why air pollution is becoming a concerning factor. The different opinions on the association of air pollution with brain cancer are reviewed. It tries to address the significant controversy in this field by hypothesizing the air-pollution-brain-cancer association via inflammation and atopic conditions. The last section of this review deals with the oncolytic viruses, which have been used in, or are still under clinical trials for GBM treatment. Engineered adenoviruses (i.e., DNX-2401, DNX-2440, CRAd8-S-pk7 loaded Neural stem cells), herpes simplex virus type 1 (i.e., HSV-1 C134, HSV-1 rQNestin34.5v.2, HSV-1 G207, HSV-1 M032), measles virus (i.e., MV-CEA), parvovirus (i.e., ParvOryx), poliovirus (i.e., Poliovirus PVSRIPO), reovirus (i.e., pelareorep), moloney murine leukemia virus (i.e., Toca 511 vector), and vaccinia virus (i.e., vaccinia virus TG6002) as possible life-changing alleviations for GBM have been discussed. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first review that comprehensively discusses both (i) the negative/positive association of air pollution with GBM; and (ii) the application of oncolytic viruses for GBM, including the most recent advances and clinical trials. It is also the first review that addresses the controversies over air pollution and brain cancer association. We believe that the article will significantly appeal to a broad readership of virologists, oncologists, neurologists, environmentalists, and those who work in the field of (bio)energy. Policymakers may also use it to establish better health policies and regulations about air pollution and (bio)fuels exploration, production, and consumption.

Responses of Humoral and Cellular Immune Mediators in BALB/c Mice to LipX (PE11) as Seed Tuberculosis Vaccine Candidates

A member of the pe/ppe gene family, lipX (pe11), is capable of directing persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis and avoiding host immune responses. Some studies have indicated that LipX (PE11) can detect humoral antibodies in tuberculosis patients. Hence, information on immune mediators’ responses to this protein is essential to understand its protective efficacy against M. tuberculosis infections. This study aimed to examine the response of immune mediators to pCDNA3.1-lipX expression in vivo. In the experiment, pCDNA3.1-lipX was injected into BALB/c strain male mice aged between 6 and 8 weeks, and they were compared to groups injected with pCDNA3.1 and without injection. The injection was carried out three times intramuscularly every two weeks. Blood was taken retro-orbitally and used for humoral response analysis by Western blotting against LipX-His protein. Simultaneously, the splenocytes were cultured and induced with LipX-His protein for cellular immunity analyses. Our study showed that the recombinant DNA of pCDNA3.1-lipX induced a humoral and cellular immune response, especially in IL-4, IL-12, and IFN-γ, which are the primary cellular responses to M. tuberculosis infections. However, additional studies, such as a challenge study, are needed to strengthen the argument that this plasmid construction is feasible as a tuberculosis seed vaccine candidate.

Psychological stress creates an immune suppressive environment in the lung that increases susceptibility of aged mice to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection

Age is a major risk factor for chronic infections, including tuberculosis (TB). Elderly TB patients also suffer from elevated levels of psychological stress. It is not clear how psychological stress impacts immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). In this study, we used social disruption stress (SDR) to investigate effects of psychological stress in young and old mice. Unexpectedly, we found that SDR suppresses lung inflammation in old mice as evidenced by lower pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in bronchial lavage fluid and decreased cytokine mRNA expression by alveolar macrophages. To investigate effects of stress on M.tb infection, mice were subjected to SDR and then infected with M.tb. As previously reported, old mice were better at controlling infection at 30 days than young mice. This control was transient as CFUs at 60 days were higher in old control mice compared to young mice. Consistently, SDR significantly increased M.tb growth at 60 days in old mice compared to young mice. In addition, SDR in old mice resulted in accumulation of IL-10 mRNA and decreased IFN-γ mRNA at 60 days. Also, confocal microscopy of lung sections from old SDR mice showed increased number of CD4 T cells which express LAG3 and CD49b, markers of IL-10 secreting regulatory T cells. Further, we also demonstrated that CD4 T cells from old SDR mice express IL-10. Thus, we conclude that psychological stress in old mice prior to infection, increases differentiation of IL-10 secreting T cells, which over time results in loss of control of the infection.

Dexmedetomidine attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation through macrophageal IL-10 expression following α7 nAchR activation

Dexmedetomidine, a highly selective α₂-adrenoceptor agonist, has been recently reported to alleviate systemic inflammatory response induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), in addition to its sedative, analgesic, bradycardic and hypotensive properties. This study aimed to illustrate the molecular mechanisms underlying dexmedetomidine-induced anti-inflammation. In the LPS-pretreated mice, subcutaneous injection of dexmedetomidine reduced the spleen weight as well as serum and spleen expression of proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-1β, and increased serum and spleen expression of IL-10, a known anti-inflammatory cytokine. In addition, dexmedetomidine-attenuated proinflammatory cytokine reduction was entirely inhibited by selective α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) antagonist methyllycaconitine but not α₂-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine. Dexmedetomidine also increased macrophageal IL-10 expression in the presence and absence of LPS, which was also attenuated by methyllycaconitine but not yohimbine. Furthermore, the stimulatory effect of dexmedetomidine on the expression of IL-10 was also reduced by the α7 nAChR gene silencer siRNA/α7 nAChR. Lastly, pretreatment with the IL-10 neutralizing antibody reversed dexmedetomidine-supressed expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Our findings illustrate that dexmedetomidine-induced anti-inflammation is through macrophageal expression of IL-10 following activation of α7 nAchRs but not α₂-adrenoceptors.

Jak Inhibitors for Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases: Lessons from Systemic Sclerosis and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus represent two distinct autoimmune diseases belonging to the group of connective tissue disorders. Despite the great progress in the basic science, this progress has not been translated to the development of novel therapeutic approaches that can radically change the face of these diseases. The discovery of JAK kinases, which are tyrosine kinases coupled with cytokine receptors, may open a new chapter in the treatment of so far untreatable diseases. Small synthetic compounds that can block Janus kinases and interact directly with cytokine signalling may provide therapeutic potential in these diseases. In this review, we discuss the therapeutic potential of Jak kinases in light of the cytokine network that JAK kinases are able to interact with. We also provide the theoretical background for the rationale of blocking cytokines with specific JAK inhibitors.

Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of CD200-CD200R in Cancer Treatment

CD200 is a cell membrane protein that binds to its receptor, CD200 receptor (CD200R). The CD200 positive tumor cells inhibit the cellular functions of M1 and M2 macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) through the CD200-CD200R complex, resulting in downregulation of Interleukin-10 and Interleukin-12 productions and affecting the activation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In this work, we provide two ordinary differential equation models, one complete model and one simplified model, to investigate how the binding affinities of CD200R and the populations of M1 and M2 macrophages affect the functions of the CD200-CD200R complex in tumor growth. Our simulations demonstrate that (i) the impact of the CD200-CD200R complex on tumor promotion or inhibition highly depends on the binding affinity of the CD200R on M2 macrophages and DCs to the CD200 on tumor cells, and (ii) a stronger binding affinity of the CD200R on M1 macrophages or DCs to the CD200 on tumor cells induces a higher tumor cell density in the CD200 positive tumor. Thus, the CD200 blockade would be an efficient treatment method in this case. Moreover, the simplified model shows that the binding affinity of CD200R on macrophages is the major factor to determine the treatment efficacy of CD200 blockade when the binding affinities of CD200R on M1 and M2 macrophages are significantly different to each other. On the other hand, both the binding affinity of CD200R and the population of macrophages are the major factors to determine the treatment efficacy of CD200 blockade when the binding affinities of CD200R on M1 and M2 macrophages are close to each other. We also analyze the simplified model to investigate the dynamics of the positive and trivial equilibria of the CD200 positive tumor case and the CD200 deficient tumor case. The bifurcation diagrams show that when M1 macrophages dominate the population, the tumor cell density of the CD200 positive tumor is higher than the one of CD200 deficient tumor. Moreover, the dynamics of tumor cell density change from tumor elimination to tumor persistence to oscillation, as the maximal proliferation rate of tumor cells increases.

The immune system's role in PCOS

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common disorder of the endocrine system. Its main manifestations include oligo-ovulation, hyperandrogenism, and polycystic ovary morphology (PCOM), affecting women of childbearing age. Although the exact pathogenesis of this disease is still unknown, many factors, including genetic, endocrine, and metabolism disorders, play critical roles in its development. The immunopathogenesis of PCOS has not yet been studied in-depth, but it is hypothesized that immune system abnormalities may play a key role in it. Recent research has shown inflammation's effect on ovulation and ovarian follicular dynamics. Thus, it is suggested that there is a close association between PCOS and low-grade chronic systemic inflammation. As a result, chronic low-grade inflammation is identified as a significant factor in the pathogenesis and development of PCOS, which in turn leads to infertility. As a result, this article reviews PCOS immunopathology, evaluates long-standing hypotheses about the immune system's role in PCOS, and assesses the association between inflammatory factors and PCOS.

Tendon Healing Response Is Dependent on Epithelial-Mesenchymal-Tendon Transition State of Amniotic Epithelial Stem Cells

Tendinopathies are at the frontier of advanced responses to health challenges and sectoral policy targets. Cell-based therapy holds great promise for tendon disorder resolution. To verify the role of stepwise trans-differentiation of amniotic epithelial stem cells (AECs) in tendon regeneration, in the present research three different AEC subsets displaying an epithelial (eAECs), mesenchymal (mAECs), and tendon-like (tdAECs) phenotype were allotransplanted in a validated experimental sheep Achilles tendon injury model. Tissue healing was analyzed adopting a comparative approach at two early healing endpoints (14 and 28 days). All three subsets of transplanted cells were able to accelerate regeneration: mAECs with a lesser extent than eAECs and tdAECs as indicated in the summary of the total histological scores (TSH), where at day 28 eAECs and tdAECs had better significant scores with respect to mAEC-treated tendons (p < 0.0001). In addition, the immunomodulatory response at day 14 showed in eAEC-transplanted tendons an upregulation of pro-regenerative M2 macrophages with respect to mAECs and tdAECs (p < 0.0001). In addition, in all allotransplanted tendons there was a favorable IL10/IL12 compared to CTR (p < 0.001). The eAECs and tdAECs displayed two different underlying regenerative mechanisms in the tendon. The eAECs positively influenced regeneration mainly through their greater ability to convey in the host tissue the shift from pro-inflammatory to pro-regenerative responses, leading to an ordered extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and blood vessel remodeling. On the other hand, the transplantation of tdAECs acted mainly on the proliferative phase by impacting the density of ECM and by supporting a prompt recovery, inducing a low cellularity and angle alignment of the host cell compartment. These results support the idea that AECs lay the groundwork for production of different cell phenotypes that can orient tendon regeneration through a crosstalk with the host tissue. In particular, the obtained evidence suggests that eAECs are a practicable and efficient strategy for the treatment of acute tendinopathies, thus reinforcing the grounds to move their use towards clinical practice.

2', 4'-Dihydroxy-2,3-dimethoxychalcone: A pharmacological inverse agonist of RORγt ameliorating Th17-driven inflammatory diseases by regulating Th17/Treg

Multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease and organ transplant rejection are related to Th17 cell development and inflammatory respond. RORγt, a specific transcription factor regulating Th17 cell differentiation, is a pivotal target for the treatment of diseases. However, the clinical application of RORγt inverse agonists reported so far has been hindered due to limited efficacy and toxic side effects. Plant-derived natural products with drug-like properties and safety are wide and valuable resources for candidate drug discovery. Herein, structure-based virtual screening was used to find out 2',4'-Dihydroxy-2,3-dimethoxychalcone (DDC), a chalcone derivative rich in plants and food, located in the binding pocket of RORγt and targeted to inhibit RORγt activity. DDC repressed murine Th17 differentiation and promoted Treg differentiation remarkably in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, DDC treatment improved experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis recovery, ameliorated experimental colitis severity, and prevented graft rejection significantly. Mechanically, DDC indirectly stabilized Foxp3 expression by inhibiting RORγt activity and the expression of its target gene profile in vitro and in vivo, which realized its regulation of Th17/Treg balance. In conclusion, our study provides a scientific basis that DDC, as an inverse agonist of RORγt with simple structure, rich sources, low cost, high efficiency, and low toxicity, has great potential for the development of a novel effective immunomodulator for the treatment of Th17-mediated inflammatory diseases.

RNASE2 Mediates Age-Associated B Cell Expansion Through Monocyte Derived IL-10 in Patients With Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterized by the production of pathogenic autoantibodies. Ribonuclease A family member 2 (RNase2) is known to have antiviral activity and immunomodulatory function. Although RNASE2 level has been reported to be elevated in SLE patients based on mRNA microarray detection, its pathologic mechanism remains unclear. Here, we confirmed that RNASE2 was highly expressed in PBMCs from SLE patients and associated with the proportion of CD11c⁺T-bet⁺ B cells, a class of autoreactive B cells also known as age-associated B cells (ABCs). We showed that reduction of RNASE2 expression by small interfering RNA led to the decrease of ABCs in vitro, accompanied by total IgG and IL-10 reduction. In addition, we demonstrated that both RNASE2 and IL-10 in peripheral blood of lupus patients were mainly derived from monocytes. RNASE2 silencing in monocytes down-regulated IL-10 production and consequently reduced ABCs numbers in monocyte-B cell co-cultures, which could be restored by the addition of recombinant IL-10. Based on above findings, we concluded that RNASE2 might induce the production of ABCs via IL-10 secreted from monocytes, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of SLE.

Mechanistic insights into the antimycobacterial action of unani formulation, Qurs Sartan Kafoori

Background and aim

Experimental procedures

Results

Conclusion

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Unani medicine, Qurs Sartan Kafoori (QSK) potentiates activity of known anti-TB drugs against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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QSK impairs cell surface integrity and biofilm formation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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QSK alters the lipidome profile of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

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QSK reduces infectivity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and immunomodulate cytokines in THP-1 cell lines.

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QSK reduces apoptosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected THP-1 cell lines and enhances ROS production.

Tumor-Associated Macrophages/Microglia in Glioblastoma Oncolytic Virotherapy: A Double-Edged Sword

Oncolytic virotherapy is a rapidly progressing field that uses oncolytic viruses (OVs) to selectively infect malignant cells and cause an antitumor response through direct oncolysis and stimulation of the immune system. Despite demonstrated pre-clinical efficacy of OVs in many cancer types and some favorable clinical results in glioblastoma (GBM) trials, durable increases in overall survival have remained elusive. Recent evidence has emerged that tumor-associated macrophage/microglia (TAM) involvement is likely an important factor contributing to OV treatment failure. It is prudent to note that the relationship between TAMs and OV therapy failures is complex. Canonically activated TAMs (i.e., M1) drive an antitumor response while also inhibiting OV replication and spread. Meanwhile, M2 activated TAMs facilitate an immunosuppressive microenvironment thereby indirectly promoting tumor growth. In this focused review, we discuss the complicated interplay between TAMs and OV therapies in GBM. We review past studies that aimed to maximize effectiveness through immune system modulation-both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressant-and suggest future directions to maximize OV efficacy.

Tendon Immune Regeneration: Insights on the Synergetic Role of Stem and Immune Cells during Tendon Regeneration

Tendon disorders represent a very common pathology in today’s population, and tendinopathies that account 30% of tendon-related injuries, affect yearly millions of people which in turn cause huge socioeconomic and health repercussions worldwide. Inflammation plays a prominent role in the development of tendon pathologies, and advances in understanding the underlying mechanisms during the inflammatory state have provided additional insights into its potential role in tendon disorders. Different cell compartments, in combination with secreted immune modulators, have shown to control and modulate the inflammatory response during tendinopathies. Stromal compartment represented by tenocytes has shown to display an important role in orchestrating the inflammatory response during tendon injuries due to the interplay they exhibit with the immune-sensing and infiltrating compartments, which belong to resident and recruited immune cells. The use of stem cells or their derived secretomes within the regenerative medicine field might represent synergic new therapeutical approaches that can be used to tune the reaction of immune cells within the damaged tissues. To this end, promising opportunities are headed to the stimulation of macrophages polarization towards anti-inflammatory phenotype together with the recruitment of stem cells, that possess immunomodulatory properties, able to infiltrate within the damaged tissues and improve tendinopathies resolution. Indeed, the comprehension of the interactions between tenocytes or stem cells with the immune cells might considerably modulate the immune reaction solving hence the inflammatory response and preventing fibrotic tissue formation. The purpose of this review is to compare the roles of distinct cell compartments during tendon homeostasis and injury. Furthermore, the role of immune cells in this field, as well as their interactions with stem cells and tenocytes during tendon regeneration, will be discussed to gain insights into new ways for dealing with tendinopathies.

An Analysis of IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17RA, IL-23A and IL-23R Expression and Their Correlation with Clinical Course in Patients with Psoriasis

Being one of the most common dermatological inflammatory disorders, psoriasis is a frequent subject of research. It is considered to be a T cell-dependent immune disease whose pathogenesis is influenced by cytokines, such as IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17RA, IL-23A and IL-23R. The present study examines whether the expression of selected genes is correlated with the clinical course of psoriasis, assessed by the PASI, BSA and DLQI scales. Skin biopsies and blood from 60 patients with psoriasis and 24 healthy controls were obtained for RNA isolation. These were subjected to RT-PCR for IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17RA, IL-23A and IL-23R genes. The results were presented as an RQ value. IL-17A and IL-23R expression levels were higher in psoriatic skin compared to controls, while IL-10 expression was lower. A positive correlation was also found between RQ for IL-23A and PASI index. Psoriatic skin is characterised by elevated expression of IL-17A and IL-23R and decreased expression of IL-10. This indicates that the selected cytokines may be one of the factors involved in the pathogenesis and pathomechanism of psoriasis, but more studies need to be made before we can elucidate the exact reason for the unbalance in cytokine expression levels.

Evaluation of cytokine profile in the different phases of the autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in patients with multiple myeloma

BACKGROUND

The autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (ASCT) is of fundamental importance in the treatment of patients with multiple myeloma (MM). Nevertheless, due to its toxicity, it decreases the number of bone marrow cells available, altering the cell interactions and causing an imbalance between pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines.

METHODS

Thus, we determined the serum levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in samples of patients with MM obtained from the different phases of ASCT.

RESULTS

In summary, the cytokines levels varied considering the different phases of ASCT. The levels of IL-1ra tend to increase in the post-apheresis period suggesting an anti-inflammatory role induced by the apheresis process. A response characterized by the increase in the concentrations of IL-5 and IL-8 was observed in the post-conditioning bone marrow aplasia phase. The rise in IL-5 levels was not correlated with any clinical or laboratory event in this framework; IL-8 was associated with positive blood cultures and seems to have an effect against microbial agents. The increase in the levels of IL-10 and IL-12 suggests a possible regulatory effect of the inflammatory response in the period of bone marrow recovery and IL-12 seems to be inversely associated with the presence of minimal residual disease.

CONCLUSIONS

Apheresis process seems to induce an anti-inflammatory response, followed by a pro-inflammatory response and a stimulus for granulocytes differentiation.

Lymphatic filariasis and visceral leishmaniasis coinfection: A review on their epidemiology, therapeutic, and immune responses

Coinfection is less commonly observed in individuals around the world, yet it is more common than the single infection. Around 800 million people worldwide are infected with helminths as a result of various diseases. Lymphatic filariasis (LF) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are chronic, deadly, crippling, and debilitating neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) that are endemic in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Due to poor hygienic conditions, poverty, and genetic predisposition, those living in endemic areas are more likely to develop both leishmaniasis and filariasis. One of the key challenges in the management of LF/VL coinfection is the development of an effective therapeutic strategy that not only treats the first episode of VL but also prevents LF. However, there is a scarcity of knowledge and data on the relationship between LF and VL coinfection. While reviewing it was apparent that only a few studies relevant to LF/VL coinfections have been reported from southeastern Spain, Sudan, and the Indian subcontinents, highlighting the need for greater research in the most affected areas. We also looked at LF and VL as a single disease and also as a coinfection. Some features of the immune response evolved in mammalian hosts against LF and VL alone or against coinfection are also discussed, including epidemiology, therapeutic regimens, and vaccines. In addition to being potentially useful in clinical research, our findings imply the need for improved diagnostic methodology and therapeutics, which could accelerate the deployment of more specific and effective diagnosis for treatments to lessen the impact of VL/LF coinfections in the population.

The journey of SARS-CoV-2 in human hosts: a review of immune responses, immunosuppression, and their consequences

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a highly infectious viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Laboratory findings from a significant number of patients with COVID-19 indicate the occurrence of leukocytopenia, specifically lymphocytopenia. Moreover, infected patients can experience contrasting outcomes depending on lymphocytopenia status. Patients with resolved lymphocytopenia are more likely to recover, whereas critically ill patients with signs of unresolved lymphocytopenia develop severe complications, sometimes culminating in death. Why immunodepression manifests in patients with COVID-19 remains unclear. Therefore, the evaluation of clinical symptoms and laboratory findings from infected patients is critical for understanding the disease course and its consequences. In this review, we take a logical approach to unravel the reasons for immunodepression in patients with COVID-19. Following the footprints of the virus within host tissues, from entry to exit, we extrapolate the mechanisms underlying the phenomenon of immunodepression.

IFNγ Signaling in Natural and Therapy-Induced Antitumor Responses

IFNγ is a cytokine produced by a restricted number of immune cells that acts on every nucleated cell type. Consistent with this remarkably wide spectrum of targets, the effects of IFNγ are highly pleiotropic. On cells of the immune system, IFNγ signaling has generally a pro-inflammatory effect, coordinating the innate and adaptive responses. On nonimmune cells, IFNγ tends to exert the opposite effect; it inhibits cell proliferation, induces cell death, and, in addition, promotes their recognition by the immune system. These effects on the immune and nonimmune compartments play a crucial role during the immunoediting of tumors and, as shown by recent reports, also determine the efficacy of certain immunotherapies. Different therapeutic interventions to target IFNγ signaling are currently under way, and the emerging picture indicates that rewiring IFNγ signaling, disrupted in some cancer cells, may be an efficacious antitumor therapeutic strategy.

The subunits of IL-12, originating from two distinct cells, can functionally synergize to protect against pathogen dissemination in vivo

Cytokines are typically single gene products, except for the heterodimeric interleukin (IL)-12 family. The two subunits (IL-12p40 and IL-12p35) of the prototype IL-12 are known to be simultaneously co-expressed in activated myeloid cells, which secrete the fully active heterodimer to promote interferon (IFN)γ production in innate and adaptive cells. We find that chimeric mice containing mixtures of cells that can only express either IL-12p40 or IL-12p35, but not both together, generate functional IL-12. This alternate two-cell pathway requires IL-12p40 from hematopoietic cells to extracellularly associate with IL-12p35 from radiation-resistant cells. The two-cell mechanism is sufficient to propel local T cell differentiation in sites distal to the initial infection and helps control systemic dissemination of a pathogen, although not parasite burden, at the site of infection. Broadly, this suggests that early secretion of IL-12p40 monomers by sentinel cells at the infection site may help prepare distal host tissues for potential pathogen arrival.

Impact of interleukin IL-6 rs-1474347 and IL-10 rs-1800896 genetic polymorphisms on the susceptibility of HCV-infected Egyptian patients to hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is considered leading cause of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aimed to examine the association of IL-6 and IL-10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms with the progression of chronic HCV (CHC) infection to cirrhosis and HCC. For comparative purposes, four groups were enrolled; chronic HCV group (CHC, n = 22), HCV-related liver cirrhosis group (HCV-LC, n = 22), HCV-related HCC group (HCV-HCC, n = 54), and an apparently healthy control group (controls, n = 48). HCC diagnosis and staging were in concordance to Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) staging system. IL-6 rs-1474347 and IL-10 rs-1800896 genotyping was performed by allelic (VIC- and FAM-labeled) discrimination method using assay-on-demand TaqMan real-time PCR assays. For IL-6 rs1474347, the AA genotype was more frequent in CHC, HCV-LC, and HCV-HCC compared to controls. Also, the IL-6 rs1474347 AC genotype was favorable for the progression of HCV chronic infection to cirrhosis and HCC. On the other hand, the IL-10 rs1800896 TT genotype was found to be prominent in the HCC group. Additionally, the IL-10 rs180096 TT genotype was favorable for the progression of chronic HCV infection to cirrhosis and HCC. Furthermore, higher levels of AFP were observed in HCC patients with IL-6 rs1474347 AA genotype and HCC patients with IL-10 rs1800896 CC and TT genotypes. Screening for IL-6 rs 1474347 AC genotype and IL-10 rs180096 TT genotype as well as the determination of AFP level showed to be good markers for examining the susceptibility of HCV Egyptian patients to develop cirrhosis and HCC.

The Multifaceted Role of Macrophages in Oncolytic Virotherapy

One of the cancer hallmarks is immune evasion mediated by the tumour microenvironment (TME). Oncolytic virotherapy is a form of immunotherapy based on the application of oncolytic viruses (OVs) that selectively replicate in and induce the death of tumour cells. Virotherapy confers reciprocal interaction with the host’s immune system. The aim of this review is to explore the role of macrophage-mediated responses in oncolytic virotherapy efficacy. The approach was to study current scientific literature in this field in order to give a comprehensive overview of the interactions of OVs and macrophages and their effects on the TME. The innate immune system has a central influence on the TME; tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) generally have immunosuppressive, tumour-supportive properties. In the context of oncolytic virotherapy, macrophages were initially thought to predominantly contribute to anti-viral responses, impeding viral spread. However, macrophages have now also been found to mediate transport of OV particles and, after TME infiltration, to be subjected to a phenotypic shift that renders them pro-inflammatory and tumour-suppressive. These TAMs can present tumour antigens leading to a systemic, durable, adaptive anti-tumour immune response. After phagocytosis, they can recirculate carrying tissue-derived proteins, which potentially enables the monitoring of OV replication in the TME. Their role in therapeutic efficacy is therefore multifaceted, but based on research applying relevant, immunocompetent tumour models, macrophages are considered to have a central function in anti-cancer activity. These novel insights hold important clinical implications. When optimised, oncolytic virotherapy, mediating multifactorial inhibition of cancer immune evasion, could contribute to improved patient survival.

Influence of Galectin-9 Treatment on the Phenotype and Function of NK-92MI Cells in the Presence of Different Serum Supplements

Galectins are one of the critical players in the tumor microenvironment-tumor crosstalk and the regulation of local immunity. Galectin-9 has been in the limelight in tumor immunology. Galectin-9 possesses its multiplex biological functions both extracellularly and intracellularly, plays a pivotal role in the modulation of adaptive and innate immunity, and induces immune tolerance. NK-92MI cell lines against different malignancies were extensively studied, and recently published trials used genetically chimeric antigen receptor-transfected NK-92MI cells in tumor immunotherapy. Besides the intensive research in tumor immunotherapy, limited information is available on their immune-checkpoint expression and the impact of checkpoint ligands on their effector functions. To uncover the therapeutic potential of modulating Galectin-9-related immunological pathways in NK-cell-based therapy, we investigated the dose-dependent effect of soluble Galectin-9 on the TIM-3 checkpoint receptor and NKG2D, CD69, FasL, and perforin expression of NK-92MI cells. We also examined how their cytotoxicity and cytokine production was altered after Gal-9 treatment and in the presence of different serum supplements using flow cytometric analysis. Our study provides evidence that the Galectin-9/TIM-3 pathway plays an important role in the regulation of NK cell function, and about the modulatory role of Galectin-9 on the cytotoxicity and cytokine production of NK-92MI cells in the presence of different serum supplements. We hope that our results will aid the development of novel NK-cell-based strategies that target Galectin-9/TIM-3 checkpoint in tumors resistant to T-cell-based immunotherapy.

Reparative and Maladaptive Inflammation in Tendon Healing

Tendon injuries are common and debilitating, with non-regenerative healing often resulting in chronic disease. While there has been considerable progress in identifying the cellular and molecular regulators of tendon healing, the role of inflammation in tendon healing is less well understood. While inflammation underlies chronic tendinopathy, it also aids debris clearance and signals tissue repair. Here, we highlight recent findings in this area, focusing on the cells and cytokines involved in reparative inflammation. We also discuss findings from other model systems when research in tendon is minimal, and explore recent studies in the treatment of human tendinopathy to glean further insights into the immunobiology of tendon healing.

Resolvin E1 and Cytokines Environment in Skeletally Immature and Adult ACL Tears

The intra-articular synovial fluid environment in skeletally immature patients following an ACL tear is complex and remains undefined. Levels of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines change significantly in response to trauma and collectively define the inflammatory environment. Of these factors the resolvins, with their inherent anti-inflammatory, reparative, and analgesic properties, have become prominent. This study examined the levels of resolvins and other cytokines after ACL tears in skeletally immature and adult patients in order to determine if skeletal maturity affects the inflammatory pattern. Skeletally immature and adult patients with an anterior cruciate ligament injury and meniscal tears were prospectively enrolled over a 5-month period. Synovial fluid samples were obtained before surgery quantifying Resolvin E1, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 by ELISA. Comparisons between skeletally immature patients and adults, the influence of meniscal tear, growth plate maturity and time from trauma were analyzed. Skeletally immature patients had significantly greater levels of Resolvin E1 and IL-10 compared with adults with an isolated anterior cruciate ligament lesion. Among the injured skeletally immature patients Resolvin E1 levels were greater in the open growth plate group compared with those with closing growth plates. Moreover, levels of Resolvin E1 and IL-10 appeared to decrease with time. Our results suggest that skeletally immature patients have a stronger activation of the Resolvin pattern compared to adult patients and that synovial fluid Resolvins could play an antinflammatory role in the knee after anterior cruciate ligament lesion and that its activity may be synergistic with that of IL-10.

siRNA-based identification of IBD-related targets in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is thought to be caused by an aberrant host response to the commensal enteric flora in genetically susceptible individuals. Dendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in the regulation of this response as they sample gut commensals. In healthy individuals DCs actively contribute to tolerance upon recognition of these resident bacteria, whereas in individuals with IBD, DCs will initiate an inflammatory response. To mimic the disease response in vitro, human monocyte-derived DCs were matured with E. coli causing the cells to produce high levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-12/IL-23p40 (p40) and low levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. A siRNA-based screening assay was developed and screened to identify potential therapeutic targets that shift this balance towards an immunosuppressive state with lower levels of p40 and higher levels of IL-10. The screening assay was optimized and quality controlled using non-targeting controls and positive control siRNAs targeting IL12B and TLR4 transcripts. In the primary screen, smartpool siRNAs were screened for reduction in p40 expression, induction of IL-10 levels, or increase in IL-10:p40 ratios without affecting cell viability. All potential targets were taken forward into a confirmation screen in a different DC donor in which four individual siRNAs per target were screened. At least two siRNAs per target should have an effect to be considered a valid target. This screen resulted in a concise list of ten genes, of which their role in DC maturation is currently being investigated.

Development of Donor Recipient Chimeric Cells of bone marrow origin as a novel approach for tolerance induction in transplantation

Background

Cell therapies and chimerism-based strategies are currently the most successful approach for tolerance induction in transplantation. This study aimed to establish and characterize novel Donor Recipient Chimeric Ccell (DRCC) therapy of bone marrow (BM) origin presenting donor-recipient phenotype to support tolerance induction.

Methods

Ex vivo fusions of fully MHC-mismatched BM cells from ACI (RT1^a) and Lewis (RT1^l) rats were performed using polyethylene-glycol (PEG). The creation of rat DRCC was tested by flow cytometry (FC), confocal microscopy and PCR. FC characterized DRCC's phenotype (CD3, CD4, CD8, CD45, CD90, CD11b/c, CD45RA, OX-82, or CD4/CD25) and apoptosis, while mixed lymphocyte reaction assessed DRCC's immunogenicity and colony forming unit assay tested DRCC's differentiation and proliferation. DRCC's polyploidy was evaluated using Hoechst33342 staining and COMET assay tested genotoxicity of fusion procedure. ELISA analyzed the secretion of IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, TGFß1, IFNγ and TNFα by DRCC at day 1, 5 and 14 post-fusion. The DRCC's phenotype after long-term culturing was assessed by reverse-transcription PCR.

Results

The chimeric state of DRCC was confirmed. Fusion did not change the expression of hematopoietic markers compared to BM controls. Although an increased number of early and late apoptotic (Annexin V⁺/Sytox blue^- and Annexin V⁺/Sytox blue⁺, respectively) DRCC was detected at 24h post-fusion, the number significantly decreased at day 5 (38.4%±3.1% and 22.6%±2.5%, vs. 28.3%±2.5% and 13.9%±2.6%, respectively, P<0.05). DRCC presented decreased immunogenicity, increased expression of IL-10 and TGFβ1 and proliferative potential comparable to BM controls. The average percentage of tetraploid DRCC was 3.1%±0.2% compared to 0.96%±0.1% in BM controls. The lack of damage to the DRCC's DNA content supported the DRCC's safety. In culture, DRCC maintained proliferation for up to 28 days while preserving hematopoietic profile.

Conclusions

This study confirmed feasibility of DRCC creation via ex vivo PEG mediated fusion. The created DRCC revealed pro-tolerogenic properties indicating potential immunomodulatory effect of DRCC therapy when applied in vivo to support tolerance induction in solid organ and vascularized composite allograft transplantation.