1
|
Definition of a New HLA B*52-Restricted Rev CTL Epitope Targeted by an HIV-1-Infected Controller. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020567. [PMID: 36851781 PMCID: PMC9959870 DOI: 10.3390/v15020567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of T-cell responses in HIV-1-infected controllers may contribute to a better understanding of the protective components of the immune system. Here, we analyzed the HIV-1-specific T-cell response in a 59-year-old HIV-1-infected controller, infected for at least seven years, who presented with low viral loads ranging from <20 copies/mL to 200 copies/mL and normal CD4 counts of >800 cells/µL. In γ-IFN-ELISpot assays using freshly isolated PBMCs, he displayed a very strong polyclonal T-cell response to eight epitopes in Gag, Nef and Rev; with the dominant responses directed against the HLA-B*57-epitope AISPRTLNAW and against a so-far-unknown epitope within Rev. Further analyses using peptide-stimulated T-cell lines in γ-IFN-ELISpot assays delineated the peptide RQRQIRSI (Rev-RI8) as a newly defined HLA-B*52-restricted epitope located within a functionally important region of Rev. Peptide-stimulation assays in 15 HLA-B*52-positive HIV-1-infected subjects, including the controller, demonstrated recognition of the Rev-RI8 epitope in 6/15 subjects. CD4 counts before the start of antiviral therapy were significantly higher in subjects with recognition of the Rev-RI8 epitope. Targeting of the Rev-RI8 epitope in Rev by CTL could contribute to the positive association of HLA-B*52 with a more favorable course of HIV-1-infection.
Collapse
|
2
|
Sengupta S, Board NL, Wu F, Moskovljevic M, Douglass J, Zhang J, Reinhold BR, Duke-Cohan J, Yu J, Reed MC, Tabdili Y, Azurmendi A, Fray EJ, Zhang H, Hsiue EHC, Jenike K, Ho YC, Gabelli SB, Kinzler KW, Vogelstein B, Zhou S, Siliciano JD, Sadegh-Nasseri S, Reinherz EL, Siliciano RF. TCR-mimic bispecific antibodies to target the HIV-1 reservoir. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2123406119. [PMID: 35394875 PMCID: PMC9169739 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2123406119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection is incurable due to the persistence of the virus in a latent reservoir of resting memory CD4+ T cells. “Shock-and-kill” approaches that seek to induce HIV-1 gene expression, protein production, and subsequent targeting by the host immune system have been unsuccessful due to a lack of effective latency-reversing agents (LRAs) and kill strategies. In an effort to develop reagents that could be used to promote killing of infected cells, we constructed T cell receptor (TCR)-mimic antibodies to HIV-1 peptide-major histocompatibility complexes (pMHC). Using phage display, we panned for phages expressing antibody-like variable sequences that bound HIV-1 pMHC generated using the common HLA-A*02:01 allele. We targeted three epitopes in Gag and reverse transcriptase identified and quantified via Poisson detection mass spectrometry from cells infected in vitro with a pseudotyped HIV-1 reporter virus (NL4.3 dEnv). Sequences isolated from phages that bound these pMHC were cloned into a single-chain diabody backbone (scDb) sequence, such that one fragment is specific for an HIV-1 pMHC and the other fragment binds to CD3ε, an essential signal transduction subunit of the TCR. Thus, these antibodies utilize the sensitivity of T cell signaling as readouts for antigen processing and as agents to promote killing of infected cells. Notably, these scDbs are exquisitely sensitive and specific for the peptide portion of the pMHC. Most importantly, one scDb caused killing of infected cells presenting a naturally processed target pMHC. This work lays the foundation for a novel therapeutic killing strategy toward elimination of the HIV-1 reservoir.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srona Sengupta
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Nathan L. Board
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Fengting Wu
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Milica Moskovljevic
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Jacqueline Douglass
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Josephine Zhang
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Bruce R. Reinhold
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jonathan Duke-Cohan
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Jeanna Yu
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Madison C. Reed
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Yasmine Tabdili
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Aitana Azurmendi
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Emily J. Fray
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Emily Han-Chung Hsiue
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Katharine Jenike
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Ya-Chi Ho
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06519
| | - Sandra B. Gabelli
- Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Kenneth W. Kinzler
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21287
- HHMI, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Shibin Zhou
- Ludwig Center, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
- Lustgarten Pancreatic Cancer Research Laboratory, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Janet D. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | - Ellis L. Reinherz
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Robert F. Siliciano
- Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- HHMI, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Isnard S, Hatton EX, Iannetta M, Guillerme JB, Hosmalin A. Cell-Associated HIV Cross-Presentation by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Is Potentiated by Noncognate CD8 + T Cell Preactivation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 207:15-22. [PMID: 34183372 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
IFN-γ secretion by Ag-specific T cells is known to be tightly regulated by engagement of the TCR. Human plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) can cross-present Ags from apoptotic HIV-infected cells or tumor cells to CD8+ T cells. As pDC respond to HIV virions by maturing and secreting cytokines, we hypothesized that this might affect cross-presentation from HIV-infected cells. Purified blood DC were incubated with apoptotic HIV-infected H9 cells in the presence of saquinavir, after which the activation process of HIV-specific cloned CD8+ T cells was studied. IFN-γ secretion by HIV-specific T cells was stimulated by pDC and conventional DC (cDC1) more than by cDC2 and was strictly MHC class I restricted. Surprisingly, intracellular production of IFN-γ was only partly MHC class I restricted for pDC, indicating a noncognate CD8+ T cell activation. pDC, but not cDC, matured and secreted IFN-α in the presence of apoptotic H9HIV cells. A mixture of IFN-α, IFN-β, and TNF-α induced intracellular production of IFN-γ but not granzyme B, mimicking the noncognate mechanism. Neutralization of type I IFN signaling blocked noncognate intracellular production of IFN-γ. Moreover, cognate stimulation was required to induce IFN-γ secretion in addition to the cytokine mixture. Thus, IFN-γ secretion is tightly regulated by engagement of the TCR as expected, but in the context of virus-infected cells, pDC can trigger intracellular IFN-γ accumulation in CD8+ T cells, potentializing IFN-γ secretion once CD8+ T cells make cognate interactions. These findings may help manipulate type I IFN signaling to enhance specifically Ag-specific CD8+ T cell activation against chronic infections or tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Isnard
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Etienne X Hatton
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Marco Iannetta
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| | | | - Anne Hosmalin
- Université de Paris, Institut Cochin, CNRS, INSERM, Paris, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. We previously found that heat-shock protein 70 (HSP70) is expressed on hepatocellular carcinoma cells and developed an HSP70 mRNA-transfected dendritic cell therapy for treating unresectable or recurrent hepatocellular carcinoma. The phase I trial was completed successfully. The purpose of this study is to identify a promiscuous epitope peptide derived from HSP70 for the purpose of developing a novel cancer peptide vaccine. Using a computational algorithm to analyze the specificity of previously reported major histocompatibility complex class I–binding peptides, we selected candidates that bound to >2 of the 3 HLA types. Twenty-nine HSP70-derived peptides (9-mers) that bound to HLA-class I was selected. The peptides were prioritized based on the results of peptide binding experiments. Using dendritic cells stimulated with the candidate peptide described previously as stimulators and CD8+ T cells as effectors, an ELISPOT assay was performed. Cytotoxicity of CD8 lymphocytes stimulated with the candidate peptides toward HSP70-expressing cancer cells was analyzed using an xCELLigence System. Peptides were administered to HLA-A 24 transgenic mice as vaccines, and peptide-specific T-cell induction was measured in vivo. We identified a multi-HLA-class I–binding epitope peptide that bound to HLA-A*02:01, *02:06, and *24:02 in vitro using an interferon-γ ELISPOT immune response induction assay. Cytotoxicity was confirmed in vitro, and safety and immune response induction were confirmed in vivo using HLA-A 24 transgenic mice. Our study demonstrated that the promiscuous HSP70-derived peptide is applicable to cancer immunotherapy in patients with HLA-A*24:02-positive, *02:01-positive, and *02:06-positive HSP70-expressing cancers.
Collapse
|
5
|
Nakajima M, Hazama S, Tamada K, Udaka K, Kouki Y, Uematsu T, Arima H, Saito A, Doi S, Matsui H, Shindo Y, Matsukuma S, Kanekiyo S, Tokumitsu Y, Tomochika S, Iida M, Yoshida S, Nakagami Y, Suzuki N, Takeda S, Yamamoto S, Yoshino S, Ueno T, Nagano H. A phase I study of multi-HLA-binding peptides derived from heat shock protein 70/glypican-3 and a novel combination adjuvant of hLAG-3Ig and Poly-ICLC for patients with metastatic gastrointestinal cancers: YNP01 trial. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:1651-1662. [PMID: 32219501 PMCID: PMC7347520 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background This phase I study aimed to evaluate the safety, peptide-specific immune responses, and anti-tumor effects of a novel vaccination therapy comprising multi-HLA-binding heat shock protein (HSP) 70/glypican-3 (GPC3) peptides and a novel adjuvant combination of hLAG-3Ig and Poly-ICLC against metastatic gastrointestinal cancers. Methods HSP70/GPC3 peptides with high binding affinities for three HLA types (A*24:02, A*02:01, and A*02:06) were identified with our peptide prediction system. The peptides were intradermally administered with combined adjuvants on a weekly basis. This study was a phase I dose escalation clinical trial, which was carried out in a three patients’ cohort; in total, 11 patients were enrolled for the recommended dose. Results Seventeen patients received this vaccination therapy without dose-limiting toxicity. All treatment-related adverse events were of grades 1 to 2. Peptide-specific CTL induction by HSP70 and GPC3 proteins was observed in 11 (64.7%) and 13 (76.5%) cases, respectively, regardless of the HLA type. Serum tumor marker levels were decreased in 10 cases (58.8%). Immunological analysis using PBMCs indicated that patients receiving dose level 3 presented with significantly reduced T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain containing-3 (TIM3)-expressing CD4 + T cells after one course of treatment. PD-1 or TIM3-expressing CD4 + T cells and T cell immunoreceptor with immunoglobulin and ITIM domains (TIGIT)-expressing CD8 + T cells in PBMCs before vaccination were negative predictive factors for survival. Conclusions This novel peptide vaccination therapy was safe for patients with metastatic gastrointestinal cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00262-020-02518-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masao Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shoichi Hazama
- Department of Translational Research and Developmental Therapeutics Against Cancer, Yamaguchi University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Koji Tamada
- Department of Immunology, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Keiko Udaka
- Department of Immunology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan
| | - Yasunobu Kouki
- Department of Pharmacy, Yamaguchi University Hospital, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Toshinari Uematsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yamaguchi University Hospital, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Hideki Arima
- Department of Pharmacy, Yamaguchi University Hospital, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Akira Saito
- Department of AI Applied Quantitative Clinical Science, Tokyo Medical University, 6-1-1 Shinjuku, Shinjuku, Tokyo, 160-8402, Japan
| | - Shun Doi
- CYTLIMIC Inc, Shinagawa, Tokyo, 141-0021, Japan
| | - Hiroto Matsui
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yoshitaro Shindo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Satoshi Matsukuma
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kanekiyo
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yukio Tokumitsu
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shinobu Tomochika
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Michihisa Iida
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shin Yoshida
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Yuki Nakagami
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeru Takeda
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigeru Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Shigefumi Yoshino
- Oncology Center, Yamaguchi University Hospital, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan
| | - Tomio Ueno
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Kawasaki University School of Medicine, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Nagano
- Department of Gastroenterological, Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Minami-Kogushi, Ube, Yamaguchi, 755-8505, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cole DK, Fuller A, Dolton G, Zervoudi E, Legut M, Miles K, Blanchfield L, Madura F, Holland CJ, Bulek AM, Bridgeman JS, Miles JJ, Schauenburg AJA, Beck K, Evavold BD, Rizkallah PJ, Sewell AK. Dual Molecular Mechanisms Govern Escape at Immunodominant HLA A2-Restricted HIV Epitope. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1503. [PMID: 29209312 PMCID: PMC5701626 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Serial accumulation of mutations to fixation in the SLYNTVATL (SL9) immunodominant, HIV p17 Gag-derived, HLA A2-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope produce the SLFNTIAVL triple mutant “ultimate” escape variant. These mutations in solvent-exposed residues are believed to interfere with TCR recognition, although confirmation has awaited structural verification. Here, we solved a TCR co-complex structure with SL9 and the triple escape mutant to determine the mechanism of immune escape in this eminent system. We show that, in contrast to prevailing hypotheses, the main TCR contact residue is 4N and the dominant mechanism of escape is not via lack of TCR engagement. Instead, mutation of solvent-exposed residues in the peptide destabilise the peptide–HLA and reduce peptide density at the cell surface. These results highlight the extraordinary lengths that HIV employs to evade detection by high-affinity TCRs with a broad peptide-binding footprint and necessitate re-evaluation of this exemplar model of HIV TCR escape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David K Cole
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Fuller
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Garry Dolton
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Efthalia Zervoudi
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mateusz Legut
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kim Miles
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Lori Blanchfield
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Florian Madura
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Holland
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anna M Bulek
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - John S Bridgeman
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - John J Miles
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrea J A Schauenburg
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Konrad Beck
- Cardiff University School of Dentistry, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Brian D Evavold
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pierre J Rizkallah
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Cardiff University School of Medicine, University Hospital, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Eccleston RC, Coveney PV, Dalchau N. Host genotype and time dependent antigen presentation of viral peptides: predictions from theory. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14367. [PMID: 29084996 PMCID: PMC5662608 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14415-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The rate of progression of HIV infected individuals to AIDS is known to vary with the genotype of the host, and is linked to their allele of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) proteins, which present protein degradation products at the cell surface to circulating T-cells. HLA alleles are associated with Gag-specific T-cell responses that are protective against progression of the disease. While Pol is the most conserved HIV sequence, its association with immune control is not as strong. To gain a more thorough quantitative understanding of the factors that contribute to immunodominance, we have constructed a model of the recognition of HIV infection by the MHC class I pathway. Our model predicts surface presentation of HIV peptides over time, demonstrates the importance of viral protein kinetics, and provides evidence of the importance of Gag peptides in the long-term control of HIV infection. Furthermore, short-term dynamics are also predicted, with simulation of virion-derived peptides suggesting that efficient processing of Gag can lead to a 50% probability of presentation within 3 hours post-infection, as observed experimentally. In conjunction with epitope prediction algorithms, this modelling approach could be used to refine experimental targets for potential T-cell vaccines, both for HIV and other viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Charlotte Eccleston
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.,CoMPLEX, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Peter V Coveney
- Centre for Computational Science, Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.,CoMPLEX, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tosi A, Dalla Santa S, Cappuzzello E, Marotta C, Walerych D, Del Sal G, Zanovello P, Sommaggio R, Rosato A. Identification of a HLA-A*0201-restricted immunogenic epitope from the universal tumor antigen DEPDC1. Oncoimmunology 2017; 6:e1313371. [PMID: 28919988 PMCID: PMC5593712 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1313371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of universal tumor-specific antigens shared between multiple patients and/or multiple tumors is of great importance to overcome the practical limitations of personalized cancer immunotherapy. Recent studies support the involvement of DEPDC1 in many aspects of cancer traits, such as cell proliferation, resistance to induction of apoptosis and cell invasion, suggesting that it may play key roles in the oncogenic process. In this study, we report that DEPDC1 expression is upregulated in most types of human tumors, and closely linked to a poorer prognosis; therefore, it might be regarded as a novel universal oncoantigen potentially suitable for targeting many different cancers. In this regard, we report the identification of a HLA-A*0201 allele-restricted immunogenic DEPDC1-derived epitope, which is able to induce cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) exerting a strong and specific functional response in vitro toward not only peptide-loaded cells but also triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells endogenously expressing the DEPDC1 protein. Such CTL are also therapeutically active against human TNBC xenografts in vivo upon adoptive transfer in immunodeficient mice. Overall, these data provide evidence that this DEPDC1-derived antigenic epitope can be exploited as a new tool for developing immunotherapeutic strategies for HLA-A*0201 patients with TNBC, and potentially many other cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tosi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Elisa Cappuzzello
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Giannino Del Sal
- National Laboratory CIB (LNCIB), Trieste, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paola Zanovello
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Sommaggio
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Rosato
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV-IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Babad J, Ali R, Schloss J, DiLorenzo TP. An HLA-Transgenic Mouse Model of Type 1 Diabetes That Incorporates the Reduced but Not Abolished Thymic Insulin Expression Seen in Patients. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:7959060. [PMID: 26824049 PMCID: PMC4707332 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7959060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease characterized by T cell-mediated destruction of the pancreatic islet beta cells. Multiple genetic loci contribute to disease susceptibility in humans, with the most responsible locus being the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Certain MHC alleles are predisposing, including the common HLA-A(∗)02:01. After the MHC, the locus conferring the strongest susceptibility to T1D is the regulatory region of the insulin gene, and alleles associated with reduced thymic insulin expression are predisposing. Mice express two insulin genes, Ins1 and Ins2. While both are expressed in beta cells, only Ins2 is expressed in the thymus. We have developed an HLA-A(∗)02:01-transgenic NOD-based T1D model that is heterozygous for a functional Ins2 gene. These mice exhibit reduced thymic insulin expression and accelerated disease in both genders. Immune cell populations are not grossly altered, and the mice exhibit typical signs of islet autoimmunity, including CD8 T cell responses to beta cell peptides also targeted in HLA-A(∗)02:01-positive type 1 diabetes patients. This model should find utility as a tool to uncover the mechanisms underlying the association between reduced thymic insulin expression and T1D in humans and aid in preclinical studies to evaluate insulin-targeted immunotherapies for the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Babad
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Riyasat Ali
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jennifer Schloss
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Teresa P. DiLorenzo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
- *Teresa P. DiLorenzo:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Cross-Reactivity Between Influenza Matrix- and HIV-1 P17-Specific CTL-A Large Cohort Study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2015; 69:528-35. [PMID: 25900164 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T cells (CTL) recognizing the HLA-A2-restricted p17 epitope SLYNTVATL (SL9) can cross-react with the HLA-A2-restricted influenza matrix epitope GILGFVFTL (GL9). So far, the prevalence of GL9-cross-reacting HIV-1-specific CTL in larger cohorts of HIV-1-infected patients is unknown, and there are no data yet on whether SL9/GL9-cross-reactive CTL may influence the course of HIV-1 infection. METHODS We analyzed the presence of SL9/GL9-cross-reacting CTL in a cohort of 175 HLA-A2-positive HIV-1-infected patients. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stimulated in vitro with SL9 and GL9 peptides, and outgrowing cell lines regarding cross-reactivity and recognition of viral variants in γ-interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assays were analyzed. RESULTS SL9- and GL9-specific CTL could be generated in 52.6% and 53.7% of 175 patients, respectively. Both SL9- and GL9-specific CTL were more frequently observed in patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART). Of the 92 SL9-specific CTL and the 94 GL9-specific CTL, 65.2% and 66%, respectively, showed at least partial SL9/GL9 cross-reactivity. SL9/GL9-cross-reactive CTL could be detected in 42.9% of the 175 patients. Recognition of SL9 was associated with lower viral loads and higher CD4 cell counts in patients on ART. Patients with GL9/SL9 cross-reactivity displayed similar CD4 cell counts than patients without GL9/SL9-cross-reactive cells. GL9/SL9-cross-reactive cells were associated with higher viral loads in patients on ART. CONCLUSIONS Partially SL9/GL9-cross-reactive CTL are frequently observed in HIV-1-infected patients. So far, we could not detect a significant influence of the presence of SL9/GL9-cross-reacting CTL on the course of HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
|
11
|
Schellens IMM, Hoof I, Meiring HD, Spijkers SNM, Poelen MCM, van Gaans-van den Brink JAM, van der Poel K, Costa AI, van Els CACM, van Baarle D, Kesmir C. Comprehensive Analysis of the Naturally Processed Peptide Repertoire: Differences between HLA-A and B in the Immunopeptidome. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136417. [PMID: 26375851 PMCID: PMC4574158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response is determined by the peptide repertoire presented by the HLA class I molecules of an individual. We performed an in-depth analysis of the peptide repertoire presented by a broad panel of common HLA class I molecules on four B lymphoblastoid cell-lines (BLCL). Peptide elution and mass spectrometry analysis were utilised to investigate the number and abundance of self-peptides. Altogether, 7897 unique self-peptides, derived of 4344 proteins, were eluted. After viral infection, the number of unique self-peptides eluted significantly decreased compared to uninfected cells, paralleled by a decrease in the number of source proteins. In the overall dataset, the total number of unique self-peptides eluted from HLA-B molecules was larger than from HLA-A molecules, and they were derived from a larger number of source proteins. These results in B cells suggest that HLA-B molecules possibly present a more diverse repertoire compared to their HLA-A counterparts, which may contribute to their immunodominance. This study provides a unique data set giving new insights into the complex system of antigen presentation for a broad panel of HLA molecules, many of which were never studied this extensively before.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid M. M. Schellens
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ilka Hoof
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo D. Meiring
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Translational Vaccinology (Intravacc), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne N. M. Spijkers
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Martien C. M. Poelen
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Kees van der Poel
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ana I. Costa
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cecile A. C. M. van Els
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Debbie van Baarle
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Can Kesmir
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Norton TD, Miller EA, Bhardwaj N, Landau NR. Vpx-containing dendritic cell vaccine induces CTLs and reactivates latent HIV-1 in vitro. Gene Ther 2015; 22:227-36. [PMID: 25567537 PMCID: PMC4698816 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2014.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Eradication of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) from an infected individual requires a means of inducing production of virus from latently infected cells and stimulating an immune response against the infected cells. We report the development of lentiviral vectors that transduce dendritic cells (DCs) to both induce production of virus from latently infected cells and stimulate antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The vectors package Vpx, a lentiviral accessory protein that counteracts the SAMHD1-mediated block to DC transduction, allowing for long-term expression of vector-encoded proteins. The vectors encode influenza or HIV-1-derived epitopes fused via a self-cleaving peptide to CD40L that releases the peptide into the endoplasmic reticulum for entry into the antigen presentation pathway. Expression of CD40L caused transduced DCs to mature and produce Th1-skewing cytokines. The DCs presented antigen to CD8 T cells, enhancing antigen-specific CTLs. Coculture of the transduced DCs with latently infected cells induced high-level virus production, an effect that was mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha. The ability of a DC vaccine to reactivate latent HIV-1 and stimulate an adaptive immune response provide a means to reduce the size of the latent reservoir in patients. This strategy can also be applied to develop DC vaccines for other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D. Norton
- Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine; New York, NY
- Department of Microbiology, NYU School of Medicine; New York, NY
| | - Elizabeth A. Miller
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai; New York, NY
| | - Nina Bhardwaj
- Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Herman N. Eisen: Mentor to many. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:1650-1. [DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1500050112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
14
|
Schistosoma mansoni soluble egg antigens enhance T cell responses to a newly identified HIV-1 Gag H-2b epitope. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2014; 22:193-9. [PMID: 25520148 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00514-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Schistosome infection induces significant T helper type 2 (Th2) and anti-inflammatory immune responses and has been shown to negatively impact vaccine efficacy. Our goal was to determine if the administration of schistosome soluble egg antigens (SEA) would negatively influence the induction of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) and Th1-type T cell responses to an HIV candidate vaccine in the Th1-biased C57BL/6 mouse strain. Initial experiments failed, as we were unable to detect any response to the defined class I epitope for HIV-1 IIIB Gag. Therefore, we initiated an epitope mapping study to identify C57BL/6 (H-2(b)) T cell epitopes in HIV-1 IIIB Gag in order to perform the experiments. This analysis defined two previously unreported minimal class I H-2(b) and class II I-A(b) epitopes for HIV-1 IIIB Gag. The newly defined HIV-1 IIIB Gag epitopes were used to evaluate the influence of SEA on the generation of CTL and Th1-type HIV-1 IIIB Gag responses. Surprisingly, in contrast to our hypothesis, we observed that the coadministration of SEA with a Listeria monocytogenes vector expressing HIV-1 IIIB Gag (Lm-Gag) led to a significantly increased frequency of gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-producing CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells in C57BL/6 mice compared to mice immunized with Lm-Gag only. These observations suggest that SEA contains, in addition to Th2-type and immune-suppressive molecules, substances that can act with the Lm-Gag vaccine to increase CTL and Th1-type vaccine-specific immune responses.
Collapse
|
15
|
Kløverpris HN, McGregor R, McLaren JE, Ladell K, Stryhn A, Koofhethile C, Brener J, Chen F, Riddell L, Graziano L, Klenerman P, Leslie A, Buus S, Price DA, Goulder P. Programmed death-1 expression on HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells is shaped by epitope specificity, T-cell receptor clonotype usage and antigen load. AIDS 2014; 28:2007-21. [PMID: 24906112 PMCID: PMC4166042 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although CD8+ T cells play a critical role in the control of HIV-1 infection,their antiviral efficacy can be limited by antigenic variation and immune exhaustion.The latter phenomenon is characterized by the upregulation of multiple inhibitory receptors, such as programmed death-1 (PD-1), CD244 and lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3), which modulate the functional capabilities of CD8+ T cells. DESIGN AND METHODS Here, we used an array of different human leukocyte antigen(HLA)-B*15:03 and HLA-B*42:01 tetramers to characterize inhibitory receptor expression as a function of differentiation on HIV-1-specific CD8+ T-cell populations(n = 128) spanning 11 different epitope targets. RESULTS Expression levels of PD-1, but not CD244 or LAG-3, varied substantially across epitope specificities both within and between individuals. Differential expression of PD-1 on T-cell receptor (TCR) clonotypes within individual HIV-1-specific CD8+ T-cell populations was also apparent, independent of clonal dominance hierarchies. Positive correlations were detected between PD-1 expression and plasma viral load, which were reinforced by stratification for epitope sequence stability and dictated by effector memory CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSION Collectively, these data suggest that PD-1 expression on HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells tracks antigen load at the level of epitope specificity and TCR clonotype usage. These findings are important because they provide evidence that PD-1 expression levels are influenced by peptide/HLA class I antigen exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henrik N. Kløverpris
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, Oxford
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, K-RITH, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Reuben McGregor
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, Oxford
| | - James E. McLaren
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Anette Stryhn
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | | | - Jacqui Brener
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, Oxford
| | - Fabian Chen
- Department of Sexual Health, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading
| | - Lynn Riddell
- Department of Genitourinary Medicine, Northamptonshire Healthcare National Health Service Trust, Northampton General Hospital, Cliftonville, Northampton
| | - Luzzi Graziano
- Department of Sexual Health, Wycombe Hospital, High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire
| | - Paul Klenerman
- The Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Institute for Tuberculosis and HIV, K-RITH, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Søren Buus
- Department of International Health, Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - David A. Price
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- David A. Price and Philip Goulder contributed equally to this study
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building, Oxford
- David A. Price and Philip Goulder contributed equally to this study
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Mechanisms of HIV protein degradation into epitopes: implications for vaccine design. Viruses 2014; 6:3271-92. [PMID: 25196483 PMCID: PMC4147695 DOI: 10.3390/v6083271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The degradation of HIV-derived proteins into epitopes displayed by MHC-I or MHC-II are the first events leading to the priming of HIV-specific immune responses and to the recognition of infected cells. Despite a wealth of information about peptidases involved in protein degradation, our knowledge of epitope presentation during HIV infection remains limited. Here we review current data on HIV protein degradation linking epitope production and immunodominance, viral evolution and impaired epitope presentation. We propose that an in-depth understanding of HIV antigen processing and presentation in relevant primary cells could be exploited to identify signatures leading to efficient or inefficient epitope presentation in HIV proteomes, and to improve the design of immunogens eliciting immune responses efficiently recognizing all infected cells.
Collapse
|
17
|
Foley MH, Forcier T, McAndrew E, Gonzalez M, Chen H, Juelg B, Walker BD, Irvine DJ. High avidity CD8+ T cells efficiently eliminate motile HIV-infected targets and execute a locally focused program of anti-viral function. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87873. [PMID: 24551068 PMCID: PMC3923750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The dissemination of HIV from an initial site of infection is facilitated by motile HIV-infected CD4+ T-cells. However, the impact of infected target cell migration on antigen recognition by HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells is unclear. Using a 3D in vitro model of tissue, we visualized dynamic interactions between HIV-infected or peptide-pulsed CD4+ T-cells and HIV-specific CD8+ T-cells. CTLs engaged motile HIV-infected targets, but ∼50% of targets broke contact and escaped. In contrast, immobilized target cells were readily killed, indicating target motility directly inhibits CD8+ T-cell function. Strong calcium signals occurred in CTLs killing a motile target but calcium signaling was weak or absent in CTLs which permitted target escape. Neutralization of adhesion receptors LFA-1 and CD58 inhibited CD8+ T-cell function within the 3D matrix, demonstrating that efficient motile target lysis as dependent on adhesive engagement of targets. Antigen sensitivity (a convolution of antigen density, TCR avidity and CD8 coreceptor binding) is also critical for target recognition. We modulated this parameter (known as functional avidity but referred to here as “avidity” for the sake of simplicity) by exploiting common HIV escape mutations and measured their impact on CTL function at the single-cell level. Targets pulsed with low avidity mutant antigens frequently escaped while CTLs killed targets bearing high avidity antigen with near-perfect efficiency. CTLs engaged, arrested, and killed an initial target bearing high avidity antigen within minutes, but serial killing was surprisingly rare. CD8 cells remained committed to their initial dead target for hours, accumulating TCR signals that sustained secretion of soluble antiviral factors. These data indicate that high-avidity CD8+ T-cells execute an antiviral program in the precise location where antigen has been sensed: CTL effector functions are spatiotemporally coordinated with an early lytic phase followed by a sustained stationary secretory phase to control local viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hottelet Foley
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America ; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America ; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Talitha Forcier
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America ; Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth McAndrew
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael Gonzalez
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Huabiao Chen
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Boris Juelg
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Darrell J Irvine
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America ; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America ; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America ; Department of Material Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America ; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yoshimura S, Tsunoda T, Osawa R, Harada M, Watanabe T, Hikichi T, Katsuda M, Miyazawa M, Tani M, Iwahashi M, Takeda K, Katagiri T, Nakamura Y, Yamaue H. Identification of an HLA-A2-restricted epitope peptide derived from hypoxia-inducible protein 2 (HIG2). PLoS One 2014; 9:e85267. [PMID: 24416375 PMCID: PMC3885709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We herein report the identification of an HLA-A2 supertype-restricted epitope peptide derived from hypoxia-inducible protein 2 (HIG2), which is known to be a diagnostic marker and a potential therapeutic target for renal cell carcinoma. Among several candidate peptides predicted by the HLA-binding prediction algorithm, HIG2-9-4 peptide (VLNLYLLGV) was able to effectively induce peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). The established HIG2-9-4 peptide-specific CTL clone produced interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in response to HIG2-9-4 peptide-pulsed HLA-A*02:01-positive cells, as well as to cells in which HLA-A*02:01 and HIG2 were exogenously introduced. Moreover, the HIG2-9-4 peptide-specific CTL clone exerted cytotoxic activity against HIG2-expressing HLA-A*02:01-positive renal cancer cells, thus suggesting that the HIG2-9-4 peptide is naturally presented on HLA-A*02:01 of HIG-2-expressing cancer cells and is recognized by CTLs. Furthermore, we found that the HIG2-9-4 peptide could also induce CTLs under HLA-A*02:06 restriction. Taken together, these findings indicate that the HIG2-9-4 peptide is a novel HLA-A2 supertype-restricted epitope peptide that could be useful for peptide-based immunotherapy against cancer cells with HIG2 expression.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Antigens, Neoplasm/chemistry
- Antigens, Neoplasm/genetics
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Renal Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Gene Expression/immunology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/chemistry
- HLA-A2 Antigen/genetics
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Kidney Neoplasms/genetics
- Kidney Neoplasms/immunology
- Kidney Neoplasms/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Proteins/chemistry
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Protein Binding
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Yoshimura
- Second Department of Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
- OncoTherapy Science Inc, Research and Development Division, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsunoda
- Second Department of Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
- OncoTherapy Science Inc, Research and Development Division, Kanagawa, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryuji Osawa
- Second Department of Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
- OncoTherapy Science Inc, Research and Development Division, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Makiko Harada
- OncoTherapy Science Inc, Research and Development Division, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Watanabe
- OncoTherapy Science Inc, Research and Development Division, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Hikichi
- OncoTherapy Science Inc, Research and Development Division, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Katsuda
- Second Department of Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Motoki Miyazawa
- Second Department of Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masaji Tani
- Second Department of Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Makoto Iwahashi
- Second Department of Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Takeda
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toyomasa Katagiri
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Genome Medicine, Institute for Genome Research, The University of Tokushima, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hiroki Yamaue
- Second Department of Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
HIV-1-infected individuals in antiretroviral therapy react specifically with polyfunctional T-cell responses to Gag p24. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2013; 63:418-27. [PMID: 23507659 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e31828fa22b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Still no effective HIV-1 prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines are available. However, as the proportion of HIV-1-infected individuals on antiretroviral treatment is increasing, knowledge about the residual immune response is important for the possible development of an HIV-1 vaccine. METHODS In this study, the magnitude, breadth, and quality of the HIV-1-specific T-cell response in HIV-1-infected viremic individuals (n = 19) and individuals on highly active antiretroviral treatment (HAART) (n = 14) using multicolor flow cytometry were determined. RESULTS We found that magnitude and breadth of the CD8 T-cell response were significantly higher in viremic individuals than individuals on HAART (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.0001, respectively) and that the functionality of the overall HIV-1-specific response was significantly different in individuals on HAART and viremic individuals (P = 0.0020). In individuals on HAART, the remaining responses were primarily detected upon stimulation with overlapping peptides from Gag p24, integrase, and Nef. The Gag p24 response was more polyfunctional than corresponding responses observed in viremic individuals. CONCLUSIONS Identification of highly immunogenic regions also recognized by individuals on HAART may be important for HIV-1 vaccine development. Irrespective of HLA haplotype, specific regions within the HIV-1 genome that is targeted more frequently in individuals on HAART have been identified. However, further studies are required to establish if these particular regions could be interesting for a future vaccine that might limit the time and opportunity for escape mutations.
Collapse
|
20
|
Cafri G, Margalit A, Tzehoval E, Eisenbach L, Gross G. Development of novel genetic cancer vaccines based on membrane-attached β2microglobulin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1283:87-90. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Esther Tzehoval
- Department of Immunology; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot; Israel
| | - Lea Eisenbach
- Department of Immunology; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot; Israel
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Luciani F, Sanders MT, Oveissi S, Pang KC, Chen W. Increasing viral dose causes a reversal in CD8+ T cell immunodominance during primary influenza infection due to differences in antigen presentation, T cell avidity, and precursor numbers. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 190:36-47. [PMID: 23233728 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
T cell responses are characterized by the phenomenon of immunodominance (ID), whereby peptide-specific T cells are elicited in a reproducible hierarchy of dominant and subdominant responses. However, the mechanisms that give rise to ID are not well understood. We investigated the effect of viral dose on primary CD8(+) T cell (T(CD8+)) ID by injecting mice i.p. with various doses of influenza A virus and assessing the primary T(CD8+) response to five dominant and subdominant peptides. Increasing viral dose enhanced the overall strength of the T(CD8+) response, and it altered the ID hierarchy: specifically, NP(366-374) T(CD8+) were dominant at low viral doses but were supplanted by PA(224-233) T(CD8+) at high doses. To understand the basis for this reversal, we mathematically modeled these T(CD8+) responses and used Bayesian statistics to obtain estimates for Ag presentation, T(CD8+) precursor numbers, and avidity. Interestingly, at low viral doses, Ag presentation most critically shaped ID hierarchy, enabling T(CD8+) specific to the more abundantly presented NP(366-374) to dominate. By comparison, at high viral doses, T(CD8+) avidity and precursor numbers appeared to be the major influences on ID hierarchy, resulting in PA(224-233) T(CD8+) usurping NP(366-374) cells as the result of higher avidity and precursor numbers. These results demonstrate that the nature of primary T(CD8+) responses to influenza A virus is highly influenced by Ag dose, which, in turn, determines the relative importance of Ag presentation, T(CD8+) avidity, and precursor numbers in shaping the ID hierarchy. These findings provide valuable insights for future T(CD8+)-based vaccination strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Luciani
- Infection and Inflammation Research Centre, School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Anikeeva N, Sykulev Y. Mechanisms controlling granule-mediated cytolytic activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Immunol Res 2012; 51:183-94. [PMID: 22058021 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-011-8252-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) play a critical role in immunity against viruses and cancer. The antigen receptor or T-cell receptor (TCR) on CTL determines the specificity toward target cells. The CD8 co-receptor functions in concert with the TCR to enhance TCR-mediated signaling, accounting for the remarkable sensitivity and swift signaling kinetics of the CTL response. The latter ensures efficient delivery and release of lytic granules, resulting in sensitive and rapid destruction of target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Anikeeva
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center and Jefferson Vaccine Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Yang OO, Daar ES, Ng HL, Shih R, Jamieson BD. Increasing CTL targeting of conserved sequences during early HIV-1 infection is correlated to decreasing viremia. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2011; 27:391-8. [PMID: 21087140 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early HIV-1 infection is marked by rapid evolution of both CD8(+) T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope targeting and viral sequences, while chronic infection demonstrates relative stability of these parameters. To examine the interactions of changing CTL targeting and viremia in early infection, we assessed CTL targeting and viremia levels in persons during early HIV-1 infection (estimated 15-271 days post-infection) who were placed on effective antiretroviral therapy. Pre-therapy, CTL targeting of viral proteins varied between persons depending on time after infection. Across individuals, increasing time after infection was associated with increasing Gag and Pol targeting, suggesting increasing targeting of conserved sequences. The intensity of Gag targeting correlated to lower viremia levels, while Env targeting correlated to higher viremia levels during early infection. This suggested that shifted targeting towards more conserved sequences is involved with the drop of viremia during early infection, consistent with prior observations of correlation between Gag targeting and lower viremia during chronic infection. After suppressive antiretroviral therapy, CTL targeting was generally static, indicating that HIV-1 replication and evolution drives the evolution of CTL targeting in early infection. Overall, these data suggest that early CTL targeting is directed towards more variable epitopes, causing escape and re-targeting until more conserved epitopes are recognized stably in chronic infection. Circumventing this natural history by pre-targeting CTL against more conserved epitopes with a vaccine could minimize the initial period of viral escape and immune damage during acute infection, improving long-term containment of HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Otto O. Yang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eric S. Daar
- Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Hwee L. Ng
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Roger Shih
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Beth D. Jamieson
- UCLA AIDS Institute, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Functional divergence among CD103+ dendritic cell subpopulations following pulmonary poxvirus infection. J Virol 2010; 84:10191-9. [PMID: 20660207 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00892-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A large number of dendritic cell (DC) subsets have now been identified based on the expression of a distinct array of surface markers as well as differences in functional capabilities. More recently, the concept of unique subsets has been extended to the lung, although the functional capabilities of these subsets are only beginning to be explored. Of particular interest are respiratory DCs that express CD103. These cells line the airway and act as sentinels for pathogens that enter the lung, migrating to the draining lymph node, where they add to the already complex array of DC subsets present at this site. Here we assessed the contributions of these individual populations to the generation of a CD8(+) T-cell response following respiratory infection with poxvirus. We found that CD103(+) DCs were the most effective antigen-presenting cells (APC) for naive CD8(+) T-cell activation. Surprisingly, we found no evidence that lymph node-resident or parenchymal DCs could prime virus-specific cells. The increased efficacy of CD103(+) DCs was associated with the increased presence of viral antigen as well as high levels of maturation markers. Within the CD103(+) DCs, we observed a population that expressed CD8alpha. Interestingly, cells bearing CD8alpha were less competent for T-cell activation than their CD8alpha(-) counterparts. These data show that lung-migrating CD103(+) DCs are the major contributors to CD8(+) T-cell activation following poxvirus infection. However, the functional capabilities of cells within this population differ with the expression of CD8, suggesting that CD103(+) cells may be divided further into distinct subsets.
Collapse
|
25
|
Wu Y, Liu C, Sun M, Shen H, Guo D, Gao B. A specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte epitope presentation system for antitumor immunity. Int J Cancer 2010; 126:2373-86. [PMID: 19810094 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.24932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The magnitude of CTL-mediated immunity response is highly dependent on the density of antigenic peptide-MHC I complexes at the cell surface. In this study, we adopt a novel strategy to promote the surface level of specific peptide-MHC I complexes. The strategy combines the inhibition of transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) with the delivery of specific peptide into endoplasmic reticulum directly without the help of TAP. First, RNA interference (RNAi) technology was used to inhibit TAP expression for blocking endogenous epitope-assembled MHC class I on cell surface. Second, a peptide epitope of interest was covalently linked onto human beta-2-microglobulin (beta2m). Both TAP-specific siRNA and the peptide-linked beta2m were delivered into antigen-presentation cells sequentially or simultaneously using a retrovirus delivery system. The combined strategy produces a significant amount of MHC I loaded with specific epitopes on the surface while reducing endogenously peptide-assembled MHC class I both in vitro and in vivo. The efficacy of induction of specific immune response with the strategy against tumor cells is demonstrated in both tumor cell lines and a syngenic graft tumor model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Bansal A, Carlson J, Yan J, Akinsiku OT, Schaefer M, Sabbaj S, Bet A, Levy DN, Heath S, Tang J, Kaslow RA, Walker BD, Ndung'u T, Goulder PJ, Heckerman D, Hunter E, Goepfert PA. CD8 T cell response and evolutionary pressure to HIV-1 cryptic epitopes derived from antisense transcription. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:51-9. [PMID: 20065064 PMCID: PMC2812545 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20092060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Retroviruses pack multiple genes into relatively small genomes by encoding several genes in the same genomic region with overlapping reading frames. Both sense and antisense HIV-1 transcripts contain open reading frames for known functional proteins as well as numerous alternative reading frames (ARFs). At least some ARFs have the potential to encode proteins of unknown function, and their antigenic properties can be considered as cryptic epitopes (CEs). To examine the extent of active immune response to virally encoded CEs, we analyzed human leukocyte antigen class I–associated polymorphisms in HIV-1 gag, pol, and nef genes from a large cohort of South Africans with chronic infection. In all, 391 CEs and 168 conventional epitopes were predicted, with the majority (307; 79%) of CEs derived from antisense transcripts. In further evaluation of CD8 T cell responses to a subset of the predicted CEs in patients with primary or chronic infection, both sense- and antisense-encoded CEs were immunogenic at both stages of infection. In addition, CEs often mutated during the first year of infection, which was consistent with immune selection for escape variants. These findings indicate that the HIV-1 genome might encode and deploy a large potential repertoire of unconventional epitopes to enhance vaccine-induced antiviral immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anju Bansal
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nunoya JI, Nakashima T, Kawana-Tachikawa A, Kiyotani K, Ito Y, Sugimura K, Iwamoto A. Short communication: generation of recombinant monoclonal antibodies against an immunodominant HLA-A*2402-restricted HIV type 1 CTL epitope. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2009; 25:897-904. [PMID: 19689201 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular interaction between the peptide/MHC class I complexes (pMHCs) and T cell receptor (TCR) is fundamental to the effector function of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Monoclonal antibody against pMHC with TCR-like specificity is a possible research tool for the antigen presentation. However, it is notoriously difficult to isolate monoclonal antibodies against pMHCs by the conventional hybridoma technique. To isolate monoclonal antibodies against an immunodominant HIV-1-derived CTL epitope in the nef gene, we panned phage clones from a human scFv phage display library. Eight Nef138-10/HLA-A*24(A24)-specific scFv clones were isolated and two of them (scFv#3 and scFv#27) were selected for further analysis. The clones stained A24-positive cells pulsed with Nef138-10 peptides specifically. We reconstituted humanized immunoglobulin Gs (IgGs) using a baculovirus expression system. Reconstituted IgGs kept the original specificities of the parental scFvs. The dissociation constants were 23 microM and 20 microM by Biacore, respectively. This is the first report of a successful generation of monoclonal antibodies against an HIV-1 CTL epitope loaded on an MHC class I molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Ichi Nunoya
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Nakashima
- Division 2, First Research Department, Kikuchi Research Center, The Chemo-Sero-Therapeutic Research Institute, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Ai Kawana-Tachikawa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Kiyotani
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuji Ito
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Sugimura
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Aikichi Iwamoto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Advanced Clinical Research Center, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Research Center for Asian Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Applied Immunology, Research Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Payne RP, Matthews PC, Prado JG, Goulder PJR. HLA-mediated control of HIV and HIV adaptation to HLA. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2009; 68:1-20. [PMID: 19289188 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(08)00601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic provides a rare opportunity to examine in detail the initial stages of a host-pathogen co-evolutionary struggle in humans. The genes encoding the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules have a critical influence in the success or failure of the immune response against HIV. The particular HLA class I molecules expressed by each individual defines the type of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response that is made against the virus. This chapter describes the role of HLA class I and the CTL response in controlling HIV replication, and discusses the extent to which HIV has already adapted to those HLA class I molecules and CTL responses that are most effective in viral suppression. It is evident that viral mutations that enable HIV to evade the CTL response are indeed already accumulating in populations where the selecting HLA molecules are highly prevalent, indicating the dynamic and shifting nature of the evolutionary interplay between HIV and human populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca P Payne
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pien GC, Basner-Tschakarjan E, Hui DJ, Mentlik AN, Finn JD, Hasbrouck NC, Zhou S, Murphy SL, Maus MV, Mingozzi F, Orange JS, High KA. Capsid antigen presentation flags human hepatocytes for destruction after transduction by adeno-associated viral vectors. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1688-95. [PMID: 19436115 PMCID: PMC2689109 DOI: 10.1172/jci36891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 03/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors are effective gene delivery vehicles mediating long-lasting transgene expression. Data from a clinical trial of AAV2-mediated hepatic transfer of the Factor IX gene (F9) into hemophilia B subjects suggests that CTL responses against AAV capsid can eliminate transduced hepatocytes and prevent long-term F9 expression. However, the capacity of hepatocytes to present AAV capsid-derived antigens has not been formally demonstrated, nor whether transduction by AAV sensitizes hepatocytes for CTL-mediated destruction. To investigate the fate of capsids after transduction, we engineered a soluble TCR for the detection of capsid-derived peptide:MHC I (pMHC) complexes. TCR multimers exhibited antigen and HLA specificity and possessed high binding affinity for cognate pMHC complexes. With this reagent, capsid pMHC complexes were detectable by confocal microscopy following AAV-mediated transduction of human hepatocytes. Although antigen presentation was modest, it was sufficient to flag transduced cells for CTL-mediated lysis in an in vitro killing assay. Destruction of hepatocytes was inhibited by soluble TCR, demonstrating a possible application for this reagent in blocking undesirable CTL responses. Together, these studies provide a mechanism for the loss of transgene expression and transient elevations in aminotransferases following AAV-mediated hepatic gene transfer in humans and a potential therapeutic intervention to abrogate these limitations imposed by the host T cell response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary C. Pien
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Etiena Basner-Tschakarjan
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel J. Hui
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ashley N. Mentlik
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jonathan D. Finn
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Nicole C. Hasbrouck
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shangzhen Zhou
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samuel L. Murphy
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Marcela V. Maus
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Federico Mingozzi
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Katherine A. High
- Division of Allergy and Immunology,
Division of Hematology, and
Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Mander A, Chowdhury F, Low L, Ottensmeier CH. Fit for purpose? A case study: validation of immunological endpoint assays for the detection of cellular and humoral responses to anti-tumour DNA fusion vaccines. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2009; 58:789-800. [PMID: 19066888 PMCID: PMC11030632 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0633-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials are governed by an increasingly stringent regulatory framework, which applies to all levels of trial conduct. Study critical immunological endpoints, which define success or failure in early phase clinical immunological trials, require formal pre-trial validation. In this case study, we describe the assay validation process, during which the sensitivity, and precision of immunological endpoint assays were defined. The purpose was the evaluation of two multicentre phase I/II clinical trials from our unit in Southampton, UK, which assess the effects of DNA fusion vaccines on immune responses in HLA-A2+ patients with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)-expressing malignancies and prostate cancer. Validated immunomonitoring is being performed using ELISA and IFNgamma ELISPOTs to assess humoral and cellular responses to the vaccines over time. The validated primary endpoint assay, a peptide-specific CD8+ IFNgamma ELISPOT, was tested in a pre-trial study and found to be suitable for the detection of low frequency naturally occurring CEA- and prostate-derived tumour-antigen-specific T cells in patients with CEA-expressing malignancies and prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann Mander
- Cancer Sciences Division, School of Medicine, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Joshi A, Tang J, Kuzma M, Wagner J, Mookerjee B, Filicko J, Carabasi M, Flomenberg N, Flomenberg P. Adenovirus DNA polymerase is recognized by human CD8+ T cells. J Gen Virol 2009; 90:84-94. [PMID: 19088277 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.002493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor lymphocytes have potential as a treatment for adenovirus (Ad) disease in haematopoietic stem cell transplant (SCT) recipients, but better understanding of Ad-specific T-cell responses is required. Most healthy adults exhibit memory T-cell responses to hexon, a capsid protein synthesized late after infection. However, since the Ad E3-19k downregulates major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules, cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) targeted to early viral proteins may be more effective in eliminating Ad-infected cells in vivo. Here we show that Ad-specific CTLs recognize the early region 2 proteins DNA polymerase (Pol) and DNA-binding protein (DBP). Firstly, memory Ad-specific CD8(+) T cells were amplified from healthy donors by in vitro stimulation with Ad-infected dendritic cells and found to exhibit MHC-restricted cytotoxicity to targets expressing Pol and DBP. Secondly, gamma interferon responses to HLA A2-binding motif peptides from Pol and DBP were directly detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a recently infected normal donor. Peptide-specific CTLs generated to Pol and DBP epitopes were confirmed to exhibit HLA A2-restricted killing of targets expressing Pol or DBP. Lastly, Pol-epitope-specific T cells were detected at similar or higher frequencies than hexon and DBP in three of three SCT recipients recovering from invasive Ad disease. Pol epitopes were well conserved among different Ad serotypes. Therefore, Pol is a promising target for immunotherapy of Ad disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amita Joshi
- Department of Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Varghese JC, Kane KP. TCR complex-activated CD8 adhesion function by human T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 181:6002-9. [PMID: 18941189 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.9.6002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The CD8 receptor plays a central role in the recognition and elimination of virally infected and malignant cells by cytolytic CD8(+) T cells. In conjunction with the TCR, the CD8 coreceptor binds Ag-specific class I MHC (MHC-I) molecules expressed by target cells, initiating signaling events that result in T cell activation. Whether CD8 can further function as an adhesion molecule for non-Ag MHC-I is currently unclear in humans. In this study, we show that in human CD8(+) T cells, TCR complex signaling activates CD8 adhesion molecule function, resulting in a CD8 interaction with MHC-I that is sufficient to maintain firm T cell adhesion under shear conditions. Secondly, we found that while CD8 adhesive function was triggered by TCR complex activation in differentiated cells, including in vitro generated CTL and ex vivo effector/memory phenotype CD8(+) T cells, naive CD8(+) T cells were incapable of activated CD8 adhesion. Lastly, we examine the kinetics of, and signaling for, activated CD8 adhesion in humans and identify notable differences from the equivalent CD8 function in mouse. Activated CD8 adhesion induced by TCR signaling may contribute to the more rapid and robust elimination of pathogen-infected cells by differentiated CD8(+) T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay C Varghese
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Goulder PJR, Watkins DI. Impact of MHC class I diversity on immune control of immunodeficiency virus replication. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:619-30. [PMID: 18617886 PMCID: PMC2963026 DOI: 10.1038/nri2357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The recent failure of the T-cell-based HIV vaccine trial led by Merck & Co., Inc. prompts the urgent need to refocus on the question of which T-cell responses are required to control HIV replication. The well-described association between the expression of particular MHC class I molecules and successful containment of HIV or, in the macaque model, SIV replication provide a valuable starting point from which to evaluate more precisely what might constitute effective CD8(+) T-cell responses. Here, we review recent studies of T-cell-mediated control of HIV and SIV infection, and offer insight for the design of a successful T-cell-based HIV vaccine in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip J R Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3SY, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Calarota SA, Foli A, Maserati R, Baldanti F, Paolucci S, Young MA, Tsoukas CM, Lisziewicz J, Lori F. HIV-1-specific T cell precursors with high proliferative capacity correlate with low viremia and high CD4 counts in untreated individuals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 180:5907-15. [PMID: 18424710 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.180.9.5907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Evidences have recently suggested that the preservation of vaccine-induced memory rather than effector T cells is essential for better outcome and survival following pathogenic SIV challenge in macaques. However, an equivalent demonstration in humans is missing, and the immune correlates of HIV-1 control have been only partially characterized. We focused on the quantification of Ag-specific T cell precursors with high proliferative capacity (PHPC) using a peptide-based cultured IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay (PHPC assay), which has been shown to identify expandable memory T cells. To determine which responses correlate with viral suppression and positive immunologic outcome, PBMC from 32 chronically untreated HIV-1-infected individuals were evaluated in response to peptide pools, representing the complete HIV-1 Gag, Nef, and Rev proteins, by PHPC and IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay, which instead identifies effector T cells with low proliferative capacity. High magnitude of Gag-specific PHPC, but not ELISPOT, responses significantly correlated with low plasma viremia, due to responses directed toward p17 and p15 subunits. Only Gag p17-specific PHPC response significantly correlated with high CD4 counts. Analysis of 20 additional PBMC samples from an independent cohort of chronically untreated HIV-1-infected individuals confirmed the correlation between Gag p17-specific PHPC response and either plasma viremia (inverse correlation) or CD4 counts (direct correlation). Our results indicate that the PHPC assay is quantitatively and qualitatively different from the ELISPOT assay, supporting that different T cell populations are being evaluated. The PHPC assay might be an attractive option for individual patient management and for the design and testing of therapeutic and prophylactic vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra A Calarota
- Research Institute for Genetic and Human Therapy, Fondazione Istituto de Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Policlinoco San Matteo, Piazzale Golgi 2, Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Leligdowicz A, Yindom LM, Onyango C, Sarge-Njie R, Alabi A, Cotten M, Vincent T, da Costa C, Aaby P, Jaye A, Dong T, McMichael A, Whittle H, Rowland-Jones S. Robust Gag-specific T cell responses characterize viremia control in HIV-2 infection. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:3067-74. [PMID: 17823657 PMCID: PMC1964515 DOI: 10.1172/jci32380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Accepted: 06/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-2 infection in the majority of infected subjects follows an attenuated disease course that distinguishes it from infection with HIV-1. Antigen-specific T cells are pivotal in the management of chronic viral infections but are not sufficient to control viral replication in HIV-1-positive subjects, and their function in HIV-2 infection is not fully established. In a community-based cohort of HIV-2 long-term nonprogressors in rural Guinea-Bissau, we performed what we believe is the first comprehensive analysis of HIV-2-specific immune responses. We demonstrate that Gag is the most immunogenic protein. The magnitude of the IFN-gamma immune response to the HIV-2 proteome was inversely correlated with HIV-2 viremia, and this relationship was specifically due to the targeting of Gag. Furthermore, patients with undetectable viremia had greater Gag-specific responses compared with patients with high viral replication. The most frequently recognized peptides clustered within a defined region of Gag, and responses to a single peptide in this region were associated with low viral burden. The consistent relationship between Gag-specific immune responses and viremia control suggests that T cell responses are vital in determining the superior outcome of HIV-2 infection. A better understanding of how HIV-2 infection is controlled may identify correlates of effective protective immunity essential for the design of HIV vaccines.
Collapse
|
36
|
Ovsyannikova IG, Johnson KL, Bergen HR, Poland GA. Mass spectrometry and peptide-based vaccine development. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 82:644-52. [PMID: 17971823 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The development of new vaccines against pathogens is an important part of infectious disease control. In the last decade, a variety of proteins giving rise to naturally processed pathogen-derived antigenic peptides, representing B-cell and T-cell epitopes, have been characterized. Numerous candidate vaccines consisting of synthetic peptides are being designed and evaluated, with encouraging results. In this context, the application of mass spectrometry based on the isolation and identification of pathogen-derived peptides from the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules is a major focus of peptide-based vaccine development. Dramatic improvements have been made in mass spectrometer performance for peptide sequencing in terms of increased sensitivity, the ability to rapidly obtain data-directed tandem mass spectra, and the accuracy of mass measurement. This review focuses on the efforts to identify T-cell epitopes for viral and microbial pathogens for directed vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I G Ovsyannikova
- Mayo Vaccine Research Group, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bodmer J. World distribution of HLA alleles and implications for disease. CIBA FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2007; 197:233-53; discussion 253-8. [PMID: 8827377 DOI: 10.1002/9780470514887.ch13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The high level of polymorphism of the HLA system makes it useful for the study of diversity in different populations. However, its relationships with disease susceptibility, resistance and progression impose selective pressure on population frequencies that must be taken into consideration. These relationships allow useful studies on the genetic susceptibility to disease, which can be studied further and may provide us with another tool with which to examine the history of populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Bodmer
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Almeida JR, Price DA, Papagno L, Arkoub ZA, Sauce D, Bornstein E, Asher TE, Samri A, Schnuriger A, Theodorou I, Costagliola D, Rouzioux C, Agut H, Marcelin AG, Douek D, Autran B, Appay V. Superior control of HIV-1 replication by CD8+ T cells is reflected by their avidity, polyfunctionality, and clonal turnover. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:2473-85. [PMID: 17893201 PMCID: PMC2118466 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20070784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 560] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The key attributes of CD8+ T cell protective immunity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection remain unclear. We report that CD8+ T cell responses specific for Gag and, in particular, the immunodominant p24 epitope KK10 correlate with control of HIV-1 replication in human histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)–B27 patients. To understand further the nature of CD8+ T cell–mediated antiviral efficacy, we performed a comprehensive study of CD8+ T cells specific for the HLA-B27–restricted epitope KK10 in chronic HIV-1 infection based on the use of multiparametric flow cytometry together with molecular clonotypic analysis and viral sequencing. We show that B27-KK10–specific CD8+ T cells are characterized by polyfunctional capabilities, increased clonal turnover, and superior functional avidity. Such attributes are interlinked and constitute the basis for effective control of HIV-1 replication. These data on the features of effective CD8+ T cells in HIV infection may aid in the development of successful T cell vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge R Almeida
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, U543, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Avenir Group, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Schaubert KL, Price DA, Frahm N, Li J, Ng HL, Joseph A, Paul E, Majumder B, Ayyavoo V, Gostick E, Adams S, Marincola FM, Sewell AK, Altfeld M, Brenchley JM, Douek DC, Yang OO, Brander C, Goldstein H, Kan-Mitchell J. Availability of a diversely avid CD8+ T cell repertoire specific for the subdominant HLA-A2-restricted HIV-1 Gag p2419-27 epitope. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:7756-66. [PMID: 17548613 PMCID: PMC2365726 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.12.7756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
HLA-A2-restricted CTL responses to immunodominant HIV-1 epitopes do not appear to be very effective in the control of viral replication in vivo. In this study, we studied human CD8+ T cell responses to the subdominant HLA-A2-restricted epitope TV9 (Gag p24(19-27), TLNAWVKVV) to explore the possibility of increasing its immune recognition. We confirmed in a cohort of 313 patients, infected by clade B or clade C viruses, that TV9 is rarely recognized. Of interest, the functional sensitivity of the TV9 response can be relatively high. The potential T cell repertoires for TV9 and the characteristics of constituent clonotypes were assessed by ex vivo priming of circulating CD8+ T cells from healthy seronegative donors. TV9-specific CTLs capable of suppressing viral replication in vitro were readily generated, suggesting that the cognate T cell repertoire is not limiting. However, these cultures contained multiple discrete populations with a range of binding avidities for the TV9 tetramer and correspondingly distinct functional dependencies on the CD8 coreceptor. The lack of dominant clonotypes was not affected by the stage of maturation of the priming dendritic cells. Cultures primed by dendritic cells transduced to present endogenous TV9 were also incapable of clonal maturation. Thus, a diffuse TCR repertoire appeared to be an intrinsic characteristic of TV9-specific responses. These data indicate that subdominance is not a function of poor immunogenicity, cognate TCR repertoire availability, or the potential avidity properties thereof, but rather suggest that useful responses to this epitope are suppressed by competing CD8+ T cell populations during HIV-1 infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keri L. Schaubert
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968
| | - David A. Price
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charles-town, MA 02192
| | - Jinzhu Li
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Hwee L. Ng
- Department of Medicine and AIDS Institute, Center for Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Aviva Joseph
- Department of Micro-biology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Elyse Paul
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
| | - Biswanath Majumder
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Micro-biology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Velpandi Ayyavoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Micro-biology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Emma Gostick
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon Adams
- Section of Immunogenetics, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Francesco M. Marincola
- Section of Immunogenetics, Department of Transfusion Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Andrew K. Sewell
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Immunology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charles-town, MA 02192
| | - Jason M. Brenchley
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daniel C. Douek
- Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Otto O. Yang
- Department of Medicine and AIDS Institute, Center for Health Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Christian Brander
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charles-town, MA 02192
| | - Harris Goldstein
- Department of Micro-biology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - June Kan-Mitchell
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas, El Paso, TX 79968
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. June Kan-Mitchell, Biological Sciences Building, University of Texas, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968. E-mail address:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sacha JB, Chung C, Rakasz EG, Spencer SP, Jonas AK, Bean AT, Lee W, Burwitz BJ, Stephany JJ, Loffredo JT, Allison DB, Adnan S, Hoji A, Wilson NA, Friedrich TC, Lifson JD, Yang OO, Watkins DI. Gag-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes recognize infected cells before AIDS-virus integration and viral protein expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:2746-54. [PMID: 17312117 PMCID: PMC4520734 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.5.2746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells are a key focus of vaccine development efforts for HIV. However, there is no clear consensus as to which of the nine HIV proteins should be used for vaccination. The early proteins Tat, Rev, and Nef may be better CD8(+) T cell targets than the late-expressed structural proteins Gag, Pol, and Env. In this study, we show that Gag-specific CD8(+) T cells recognize infected CD4(+) T lymphocytes as early as 2 h postinfection, before proviral DNA integration, viral protein synthesis, and Nef-mediated MHC class I down-regulation. Additionally, the number of Gag epitopes recognized by CD8(+) T cells was significantly associated with lower viremia (p = 0.0017) in SIV-infected rhesus macaques. These results suggest that HIV vaccines should focus CD8(+) T cell responses on Gag.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonah B. Sacha
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Chungwon Chung
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Sean P. Spencer
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Anna K. Jonas
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Alexander T. Bean
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Wonhee Lee
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Benjamin J. Burwitz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Jason J. Stephany
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - John T. Loffredo
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - David B. Allison
- Section on Statistical Genetics, Department of Biostatistics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Sama Adnan
- AIDS Institute and Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Akihiko Hoji
- AIDS Institute and Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Nancy A. Wilson
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Thomas C. Friedrich
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS Vaccine Program, Science Applications International Corp. National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702
| | - Otto O. Yang
- AIDS Institute and Department of Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - David I. Watkins
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. David I. Watkins, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 555 Science Drive, Madison, WI 53711.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Bennett MS, Ng HL, Dagarag M, Ali A, Yang OO. Epitope-dependent avidity thresholds for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte clearance of virus-infected cells. J Virol 2007; 81:4973-80. [PMID: 17329324 PMCID: PMC1900201 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02362-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) are crucial for immune control of viral infections. "Functional avidity," defined by the sensitizing dose of exogenously added epitope yielding half-maximal CTL triggering against uninfected target cells (SD(50)), has been utilized extensively as a measure of antiviral efficiency. However, CTLs recognize infected cells via endogenously produced epitopes, and the relationship of SD(50) to antiviral activity has never been directly revealed. We elucidate this relationship by comparing CTL killing of cells infected with panels of epitope-variant viruses to the corresponding SD(50) for the variant epitopes. This reveals a steeply sigmoid relationship between avidity and infected cell killing, with avidity thresholds (defined as the SD(50) required for CTL to achieve 50% efficiency of infected cell killing [KE(50)]), below which infected cell killing rapidly drops to none and above which killing efficiency rapidly plateaus. Three CTL clones recognizing the same viral epitope show the same KE(50) despite differential recognition of individual epitope variants, while CTLs recognizing another epitope show a 10-fold-higher KE(50), demonstrating epitope dependence of KE(50). Finally, the ability of CTLs to suppress viral replication depends on the same threshold KE(50). Thus, defining KE(50) values is required to interpret the significance of functional avidity measurements and predict CTL efficacy against virus-infected cells in pathogenesis and vaccine studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Bennett
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Engelhard VH. The contributions of mass spectrometry to understanding of immune recognition by T lymphocytes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY 2007; 259:32-39. [PMID: 18167512 PMCID: PMC1920184 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijms.2006.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Over the last 15 years, the ability of mass spectrometry to analyze complex peptide mixtures and identify individual species has provided unprecedented insights into the repertoire of peptide antigens displayed by MHC molecules and recognized by T lymphocytes. These include: understanding the peptide binding specificity of MHC molecules; understanding of roles of different intracellular components of the antigen processing pathways in determining the peptide display; and identification of a large number of individual peptide antigens associated with infectious diseases, cancer, and transplant rejection that have provided the basis for new immunologically based therapies. This review will summarize the impact that the application of mass spectrometry has had on these advances, with particular attention to the contributions of Professor Donald Hunt and members of his laboratory, and point out the opportunities for future work.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor H Engelhard
- Carter Immunology Center and Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, PO Box 801386, Charlottesville, VA USA 22908
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Anikeeva N, Lebedeva T, Clapp AR, Goldman ER, Dustin ML, Mattoussi H, Sykulev Y. Quantum dot/peptide-MHC biosensors reveal strong CD8-dependent cooperation between self and viral antigens that augment the T cell response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:16846-51. [PMID: 17077145 PMCID: PMC1636542 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0607771103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) can respond to a few viral peptide-MHC-I (pMHC-I) complexes among a myriad of virus-unrelated endogenous self pMHC-I complexes displayed on virus-infected cells. To elucidate the molecular recognition events on live CTL, we have utilized a self-assembled biosensor composed of semiconductor nanocrystals, quantum dots, carrying a controlled number of virus-derived (cognate) and other (noncognate) pMHC-I complexes and examined their recognition by antigen-specific T cell receptor (TCR) on anti-virus CD8(+) T cells. The unique architecture of nanoscale quantum dot/pMHC-I conjugates revealed that unexpectedly strong multivalent CD8-MHC-I interactions underlie the cooperative contribution of noncognate pMHC-I to the recognition of cognate pMHC-I by TCR to augment T cell responses. The cooperative, CD8-dependent spread of signal from a few productively engaged TCR to many other TCR can explain the remarkable ability of CTL to respond to virus-infected cells that present few cognate pMHC-I complexes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Anikeeva
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Tatiana Lebedeva
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Aaron R. Clapp
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Optical Sciences Division, and Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Washington, DC 20375; and
| | - Ellen R. Goldman
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Optical Sciences Division, and Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Washington, DC 20375; and
| | - Michael L. Dustin
- Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | - Hedi Mattoussi
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Optical Sciences Division, and Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Washington, DC 20375; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Yuri Sykulev
- *Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Kimmel Cancer Institute, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Rapin N, Kesmir C, Frankild S, Nielsen M, Lundegaard C, Brunak S, Lund O. Modelling the human immune system by combining bioinformatics and systems biology approaches. J Biol Phys 2006; 32:335-53. [PMID: 19669470 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-006-9019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2006] [Revised: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade a number of bioinformatics tools have been developed that use genomic sequences as input to predict to which parts of a microbe the immune system will react, the so-called epitopes. Many predicted epitopes have later been verified experimentally, demonstrating the usefulness of such predictions. At the same time, simulation models have been developed that describe the dynamics of different immune cell populations and their interactions with microbes. These models have been used to explain experimental findings where timing is of importance, such as the time between administration of a vaccine and infection with the microbe that the vaccine is intended to protect against. In this paper, we outline a framework for integration of these two approaches. As an example, we develop a model in which HIV dynamics are correlated with genomics data. For the first time, the fitness of wild type and mutated virus are assessed by means of a sequence-dependent scoring matrix, derived from a BLOSUM matrix, that links protein sequences to growth rates of the virus in the mathematical model. A combined bioinformatics and systems biology approach can lead to a better understanding of immune system-related diseases where both timing and genomic information are of importance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Rapin
- Center for Biological Sequence Analysis, BioCentrum-DTU, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Sommerfeldt N, Beckhove P, Ge Y, Schütz F, Choi C, Bucur M, Domschke C, Sohn C, Schneeweis A, Rom J, Pollmann D, Leucht D, Vlodavsky I, Schirrmacher V. Heparanase: a new metastasis-associated antigen recognized in breast cancer patients by spontaneously induced memory T lymphocytes. Cancer Res 2006; 66:7716-23. [PMID: 16885374 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Increased expression and secretion of heparanase (Hpa) by tumor cells promotes tumor invasion through extracellular matrices, tissue destruction, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Here, we show the existence in breast cancer patients of Hpa-specific T lymphocytes by fluorescence-activated cell sorting flow cytometry using Hpa peptide-MHC class I tetramers. We furthermore show memory T-cell responses in a high proportion of breast cancer patients to Hpa-derived HLA-A2-restricted peptides, leading to production of IFN-gamma and to generation of antitumor CTLs lysing breast cancer cells. Such CTLs recognized endogenously processed respective Hpa peptides on Hpa-transfected and Hpa-expressing untransfected breast carcinoma cells. According to these results and to the fact that such cells were not found in healthy people, Hpa seems to be an attractive new tumor-associated antigen and its HLA-A2-restricted peptides ought to be good candidates for peptide vaccination to reactivate memory immune responses to invasive and metastatic cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nora Sommerfeldt
- Department of Cellular Immunology, The German Cancer Research Center, D010 Im Neuenheimer Feld, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Day CL, Kaufmann DE, Kiepiela P, Brown JA, Moodley ES, Reddy S, Mackey EW, Miller JD, Leslie AJ, DePierres C, Mncube Z, Duraiswamy J, Zhu B, Eichbaum Q, Altfeld M, Wherry EJ, Coovadia HM, Goulder PJR, Klenerman P, Ahmed R, Freeman GJ, Walker BD. PD-1 expression on HIV-specific T cells is associated with T-cell exhaustion and disease progression. Nature 2006; 443:350-4. [PMID: 16921384 DOI: 10.1038/nature05115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2079] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/28/2006] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Functional impairment of T cells is characteristic of many chronic mouse and human viral infections. The inhibitory receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1; also known as PDCD1), a negative regulator of activated T cells, is markedly upregulated on the surface of exhausted virus-specific CD8 T cells in mice. Blockade of this pathway using antibodies against the PD ligand 1 (PD-L1, also known as CD274) restores CD8 T-cell function and reduces viral load. To investigate the role of PD-1 in a chronic human viral infection, we examined PD-1 expression on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-specific CD8 T cells in 71 clade-C-infected people who were naive to anti-HIV treatments, using ten major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I tetramers specific for frequently targeted epitopes. Here we report that PD-1 is significantly upregulated on these cells, and expression correlates with impaired HIV-specific CD8 T-cell function as well as predictors of disease progression: positively with plasma viral load and inversely with CD4 T-cell count. PD-1 expression on CD4 T cells likewise showed a positive correlation with viral load and an inverse correlation with CD4 T-cell count, and blockade of the pathway augmented HIV-specific CD4 and CD8 T-cell function. These data indicate that the immunoregulatory PD-1/PD-L1 pathway is operative during a persistent viral infection in humans, and define a reversible defect in HIV-specific T-cell function. Moreover, this pathway of reversible T-cell impairment provides a potential target for enhancing the function of exhausted T cells in chronic HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl L Day
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban 4013, South Africa
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Adnan S, Balamurugan A, Trocha A, Bennett MS, Ng HL, Ali A, Brander C, Yang OO. Nef interference with HIV-1-specific CTL antiviral activity is epitope specific. Blood 2006; 108:3414-9. [PMID: 16882705 PMCID: PMC1895430 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-06-030668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 Nef and HIV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) have important and opposing roles in the immunopathogenesis of HIV-1 infection. Nef-mediated down-modulation of HLA class I on infected cells can confer resistance to CTL clearance, but the factors determining the efficiency of this process are unknown. This study examines the impact of Nef on the antiviral activity of several CTL clones recognizing epitopes from early and late HIV-1 proteins, restricted by HLA-A, -B, and -C molecules. CTL-targeting epitopes in early proteins remained susceptible to the effects of Nef, although possibly to a lesser degree than CTL-targeting late protein epitopes, indicating that significant Nef-mediated HLA down-regulation can precede even the presentation of early protein-derived epitopes. However, HLA-C-restricted CTLs were unaffected by Nef, consistent with down-regulation of cell-surface HLA-A and -B but not HLA-C molecules. Thus, CTLs vary dramatically in their susceptibility to Nef interference, suggesting differences in the relative importance of HLA-A- and HLA-B- versus HLA-C-restricted CTLs in vivo. The data thus indicate that HLA-C-restricted CTLs may have an under-appreciated antiviral role in the setting of Nef in vivo and suggest a benefit of promoting HLA-C-restricted CTLs for immunotherapy or vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sama Adnan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, 37-121 CHS, UCLA Medical Center, 10833 LeConte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Schmitt-Haendle M, Bachmann O, Harrer E, Schmidt B, Bäuerle M, Harrer T. Recognition patterns of HLA-A2-restricted human immunodeficiency virus-1-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in a cohort of HIV-1-infected individuals. Viral Immunol 2006; 18:627-36. [PMID: 16359229 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2005.18.627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTL) response to three histocompatibility leukocyte antigen (HLA)-A2-restricted CTL epitopes was investigated in a cohort of 51 HLA-A2-positive human immunodeficiency-1 (HIV-1)-infected subjects. CTL activity was evaluated by testing peptide stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in chromium release assays. The most prevalent CTL response was directed to the RT-peptide ILKEPVHGV (IV9) recognized by 37.3%. The p17-peptide SLYNTVATL (SL9), reported to be the immunodominant epitope in chronically infected untreated patients, was recognized only by 13.7%. Only 9.8% recognized both IV9 and SL9, and none recognized the RT-peptide VIYQYMDDL (VL9). CTL activity correlated significantly with absolute CD8 T-cell counts but not with CD4 counts, viral load, or antiviral therapy. Analysis of the recognition patterns of amino acid substitutions in the IV9 epitope revealed the presence of at least four functionally different T-cell receptors (TCR) in this cohort. All analyzed mutations within the TCR recognition site of this epitope could abrogate CTL recognition by individual CTL clones, but all were fully immunogenic for other CTL clones with peptide-sensitizing capacities similar to that of IV9. Further studies should be performed to evaluate whether a convergent epitope vaccination strategy using immunogenic variants of CTL epitopes is a feasible approach to broaden the TCR repertoire and to inhibit CTL escape.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schmitt-Haendle
- Immunodeficiency Center, Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kan-Mitchell J, Bajcz M, Schaubert KL, Price DA, Brenchley JM, Asher TE, Douek DC, Ng HL, Yang OO, Rinaldo CR, Benito JM, Bisikirska B, Hegde R, Marincola FM, Boggiano C, Wilson D, Abrams J, Blondelle SE, Wilson DB. Degeneracy and repertoire of the human HIV-1 Gag p17(77-85) CTL response. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2006; 176:6690-701. [PMID: 16709828 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.11.6690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ CTL responses are important for the control of HIV-1 infection. The immunodominant HLA-A2-restricted Gag epitope, SLYNTVATL (SL9), is considered to be a poor immunogen because reactivity to it is rare in acute infection despite its paradoxical dominance in patients with chronic infection. We have previously reported SL9 to be a help-independent epitope in that it primes highly activated CTLs ex vivo from CD8+ T cells of seronegative healthy donors. These CTLs produce sufficient cytokines for extended autocrine proliferation but are sensitive to activation-induced cell death, which may cause them to be eliminated by a proinflammatory cytokine storm. Here we identified an agonist variant of the SL9 peptide, p41 (SLYNTVAAL), by screening a large synthetic combinatorial nonapeptide library with ex vivo-primed SL9-specific T cells. p41 invariably immunized SL9-cross-reactive CTLs from other donors ex vivo and H-2Db beta2m double knockout mice expressing a chimeric HLA-A*0201/H2-Db MHC class I molecule. Parallel human T cell cultures showed p41-specific CTLs to be less fastidious than SL9-CTLs in the level of costimulation required from APCs and the need for exogenous IL-2 to proliferate (help dependent). TCR sequencing revealed that the same clonotype can develop into either help-independent or help-dependent CTLs depending on the peptide used to activate the precursor CD8+ T cells. Although Ag-experienced SL9-T cells from two patients were also sensitive to IL-2-mediated cell death upon restimulation in vitro, the loss of SL9 T cells was minimized with p41. This study suggests that agonist sequences can replace aberrantly immunogenic native epitopes for the rational design of vaccines targeting HIV-1.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Cell Death/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Cross-Priming
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Gene Products, gag/metabolism
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- HIV Antigens/immunology
- HIV Antigens/metabolism
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/agonists
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Peptide Library
- Predictive Value of Tests
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/virology
- Viral Proteins/immunology
- Viral Proteins/metabolism
- gag Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- June Kan-Mitchell
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Li G, Hundemer M, Wolfrum S, Ho AD, Goldschmidt H, Witzens-Harig M. Identification and characterization of HLA-class-I-restricted T-cell epitopes in the putative tumor-associated antigens P21-activated serin kinase 2 (PAK2) and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A). Ann Hematol 2006; 85:583-90. [PMID: 16718496 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-006-0137-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is one of the most common hematological malignancies. Despite a variety of therapeutical approaches including high-dose cytostatic treatment with subsequent autologous or allogeneic stem cell transplantation, as well as vaccination, cures remain rare exceptions. An important issue for future immunological treatments is the identification and characterization of appropriate tumor-associated antigens. However, the number of tumor-associated antigens in MM is limited. PBK/TOPK and activated serin kinase 2 (PAK2) are novel serin kinases that have recently been identified. PBK/TOPK is overexpressed in Burkitt lymphoma, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and MM; PAK2 is expressed in malignant lymphatic cells. The cyclin kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A) is overexpressed in MM compared to normal plasma cells. We hereby identified and characterized for the first time HLA-class-I-restricted immunogenic peptides in the amino acid sequences of PAK2 and CDKN1A. Using two independent prediction algorithms, we identified two peptides in PAK2 and three peptides in CDK1NA with high binding to HLA-A2. Using an IFN-gamma ELISPOT assay, we could demonstrate the presence and functional activity of CD8-peptide-specific T cells with all tested peptides. To show HLA-A2-restricted antigen recognition, the specific inhibition of T cell recognition was demonstrated with an anti-HLA-A2-blocking antibody. By analysis of peripheral blood of 34 healthy donors for the presence and functional activity of CD8 T cells specific for these peptides, we could demonstrate that peptide T-cell precursors specifically recognizing at least one of the tested peptides are present in 50-60% of the tested donors and that these T-cell precursors can be expanded in vitro. We conclude that PAK2- and CDKN1A-derived peptides can elicit a strong and consistent CD8 T-cell response in an in vitro model. Further investigations will examine the presence and functionality of such T cells in the tumor-bearing host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guzi Li
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, University Hospital Heidelberg, INF 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|