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Tubman VN, Maysonet D, Estrada N, Halder T, Ramos L, Bhamidipati S, Carisey AF, Minard CG, Allen CE. Unswitched memory B cell deficiency in children with sickle cell disease and response to pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine. Am J Hematol 2024; 99:1084-1094. [PMID: 38708915 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.27319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
Early mortality in sickle cell disease (SCD) is attributed to increased infections due to loss of splenic function. Marginal zone B cells are important for initial opsonization of pathogens and can be absent in spleen histopathology in SCD. The frequency of unswitched memory B cells (UMBC), the circulating correlate of marginal zone B cells, reflects the immunologic function of the spleen. We hypothesized that asplenia in SCD is associated with alterations in the peripheral blood lymphocyte population and explored whether UMBC deficiency was associated with a clinical phenotype. We analyzed B cell subsets and clinical history for 238 children with SCD and 63 controls. The median proportion of UMBCs was lower in children with SCD compared with controls (4.7% vs. 6.6%, p < .001). Naïve B cells were higher in SCD compared with controls (80.6 vs. 76.3%, respectively, p = .02). UMBC frequency declined by 3.4% per year increase in age in SCD (95% CI: 2%, 4.7%, p < .001), but not in controls. A majority of children in all cohorts had an IgM concentration in the normal range for age and there were no differences between groups (p = .13). Subjects developed titers adequate for long-term protection to fewer serotypes in the polysaccharide vaccine than controls (14.7 vs. 19.4, p < .001). In this cohort, bacteremia was rare and specific clinical complications were not associated with UMBC proportion. In summary, UMBC deficiency occurs in SCD and is associated with age. Future studies should investigate B cell subsets prospectively and identify the mechanism of B cell loss in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venée N Tubman
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- The William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel Maysonet
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Norma Estrada
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Tripti Halder
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsey Ramos
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Alexandre F Carisey
- The William T. Shearer Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Charles G Minard
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Carl E Allen
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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2
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Budeus B, Kibler A, Küppers R. Human IgM-expressing memory B cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1308378. [PMID: 38143767 PMCID: PMC10748387 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1308378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of T cell dependent (TD) humoral immune responses is the generation of long-lived memory B cells. The generation of these cells occurs primarily in the germinal center (GC) reaction, where antigen-activated B cells undergo affinity maturation as a major consequence of the combined processes of proliferation, somatic hypermutation of their immunoglobulin V (IgV) region genes, and selection for improved affinity of their B-cell antigen receptors. As many B cells also undergo class-switching to IgG or IgA in these TD responses, there was traditionally a focus on class-switched memory B cells in both murine and human studies on memory B cells. However, it has become clear that there is also a large subset of IgM-expressing memory B cells, which have important phenotypic and functional similarities but also differences to class-switched memory B cells. There is an ongoing discussion about the origin of distinct subsets of human IgM+ B cells with somatically mutated IgV genes. We argue here that the vast majority of human IgM-expressing B cells with somatically mutated IgV genes in adults is indeed derived from GC reactions, even though a generation of some mostly lowly mutated IgM+ B cells from other differentiation pathways, mainly in early life, may exist.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical Faculty, University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany
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3
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Grimsholm O. CD27 on human memory B cells-more than just a surface marker. Clin Exp Immunol 2023; 213:164-172. [PMID: 36508329 PMCID: PMC10361737 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 07/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory protects the human body from re-infection with an earlier recognized pathogen. This memory comprises the durable serum antibody titres provided by long-lived plasma cells and the memory T and B cells with help from other cells. Memory B cells are the main precursor cells for new plasma cells during a secondary infection. Their formation starts very early in life, and they continue to form and undergo refinements throughout our lifetime. While the heterogeneity of the human memory B-cell pool is still poorly understood, specific cellular surface markers define most of the cell subpopulations. CD27 is one of the most commonly used markers to define human memory B cells. In addition, there are molecular markers, such as somatic mutations in the immunoglobulin heavy and light chains and isotype switching to, for example, IgG. Although not every memory B cell undergoes somatic hypermutation or isotype switching, most of them express these molecular traits in adulthood. In this review, I will focus on the most recent knowledge regarding CD27+ human memory B cells in health and disease, and describe how Ig sequencing can be used as a tool to decipher the evolutionary pathways of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Grimsholm
- Institute of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center of Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, AT-1090 Vienna, Austria
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4
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Kibler A, Seifert M, Budeus B. Age-related changes of the human splenic marginal zone B cell compartment. Immunol Lett 2023; 256-257:59-65. [PMID: 37044264 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we will summarize the growing body of knowledge on the age-related changes of human splenic B cell composition and molecular evidence of immune maturation and discuss the contribution of these changes on splenic protective function. From birth on, the splenic marginal zone (sMZ) contains a specialized B cell subpopulation, which recruits and archives memory B cells from immune responses throughout the organism. The quality of sMZ B cell responses is augmented by germinal center (GC)-dependent maturation of memory B cells during childhood, however, in old age, these mechanisms likely contribute to waning of splenic protective function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kibler
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marc Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Hematology, Oncology and Clinical Immunology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
| | - Bettina Budeus
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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5
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Montorsi L, Siu JHY, Spencer J. B cells in human lymphoid structures. Clin Exp Immunol 2022; 210:240-252. [PMID: 36370126 PMCID: PMC9985168 DOI: 10.1093/cei/uxac101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most B cells in the human body are present in tissues where they support immune responses to pathogens, vaccines, autoantigens, and tumours. Despite their clear importance, they are very difficult to study and there are many areas of uncertainty that are difficult to resolve because of limited tissue access. In this review, we consider the zonal structure of lymphoid tissues, the B cell subsets they contain, and how these are regulated. We also discuss the impact that methods of deep interrogation have made on our current knowledge base, especially with respect to studies of cells from dissociated tissues. We discuss in some detail the controversial B cells with marginal zone distribution that some consider being archived memory B cells. We anticipate that more we understand of B cells in tissues and the niches they create, the more opportunities will be identified to harness their potential for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Montorsi
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jacqueline H Y Siu
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jo Spencer
- Correspondence: Jo Spencer, Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, Second Floor Borough Wing, Guy’s Hospital Campus, St Thomas’ St, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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6
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Koers J, Pollastro S, Tol S, Niewold ITG, van Schouwenburg PA, de Vries N, Rispens T. Improving naive B cell isolation by absence of CD45RB glycosylation and CD27 expression in combination with BCR isotype. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1630-1639. [PMID: 35862268 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202250013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In past years ex vivo and in vivo experimental approaches involving human naive B cells have proven fundamental for elucidation of mechanisms promoting B cell differentiation in both health and disease. For such studies, it is paramount that isolation strategies yield a population of bona fide naive B cells, i.e., B cells that are phenotypically and functionally naive, clonally non-expanded, and have non-mutated BCR variable regions. In this study different combinations of common as well as recently identified B cell markers were compared to isolate naive B cells from human peripheral blood. High-throughput BCR sequencing was performed to analyze levels of somatic hypermutation and clonal expansion. Additionally, contamination from mature mutated B cells intrinsic to each cell-sorting strategy was evaluated and how this impacts the purity of obtained populations. Our results show that current naive B cell isolation strategies harbor contamination from non-naive B cells, and use of CD27-IgD+ is adequate but can be improved by including markers for CD45RB glycosylation and IgM. The finetuning of naive B cell classification provided herein will harmonize research lines using naive B cells, and will improve B cell profiling during health and disease, e.g. during diagnosis, treatment, and vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Koers
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University medical centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Pollastro
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University medical centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Tol
- Sanquin Research, Department of Research facilities, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University medical centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse T G Niewold
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ARC, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pauline A van Schouwenburg
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Niek de Vries
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, ARC, Amsterdam UMC, location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam University medical centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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7
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Koers J, Pollastro S, Tol S, Pico-Knijnenburg I, Derksen NIL, van Schouwenburg PA, van der Burg M, van Ham SM, Rispens T. CD45RB Glycosylation and Ig Isotype Define Maturation of Functionally Distinct B Cell Subsets in Human Peripheral Blood. Front Immunol 2022; 13:891316. [PMID: 35572548 PMCID: PMC9095956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.891316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation of CD45RB (RB+) has recently been identified to mark antigen-experienced B cells, independent of their CD27 expression. By using a novel combination of markers including CD45RB glycosylation, CD27 and IgM/IgD isotype expression we segregated human peripheral blood B cell subsets and investigated their IGHV repertoire and in vitro functionality. We observed distinct maturation stages for CD27-RB+ cells, defined by differential expression of non-switched Ig isotypes. CD27-RB+ cells, which only express IgM, were more matured in terms of Ig gene mutation levels and function as compared to CD27-RB+ cells that express both IgM and IgD or cells that were CD27-RB-. Moreover, CD27-RB+IgM+ cells already showed remarkable rigidity in IgM isotype commitment, different from CD27-RB+IgMD+ and CD27-RB- cells that still demonstrated great plasticity in B cell fate decision. Thus, glycosylation of CD45RB is indicative for antigen-primed B cells, which are, dependent on the Ig isotype, functionally distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Koers
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sabrina Pollastro
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Simon Tol
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Sanquin Research, Department of Research Facilities, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Pico-Knijnenburg
- Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ninotska I L Derksen
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pauline A van Schouwenburg
- Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Laboratory for Pediatric Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - S Marieke van Ham
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Theo Rispens
- Landsteiner Laboratory, Sanquin Research, Department of Immunopathology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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8
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Li L, Gao A, Chen J, Lei Y, Wu L, Ye J. Identification and characterization of CD5 in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:104301. [PMID: 34688690 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
CD5 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein acting as a pleiotropic functional receptor in the mammalian immune response system, mainly presents on the surface of cells associated with the immune system, and is essential for the classification of B cells. In this study, we identify a CD5 homologue in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The open reading frame of OnCD5 is 507 bp, encoding 168 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence contains a signal peptide region, a transmembrane region and a conserved portion of the cytoplasmic region. Expression analysis indicates that the OnCD5 exhibits constitutive expression in the tested tissues, with the highest expression in thymus. Analysis of the OnCD5 transcription in the classified IgM+ and IgM- lymphocytes from anterior kidney, spleen and peripheral blood, and IgMlo and IgMhi lymphocytes from peripheral blood, indicates that the OnCD5 is highly expressed in the IgM + lymphocytes, especially in the IgMhi B lymphocytes. Furthermore, the OnCD5 expression is up-regulated significantly in anterior kidney and spleen following challenges of Aeromonas hydrophila and Streptococcus agalactiae in vivo and in vitro, likewise in IgM+ B lymphocytes sorted from peripheral blood upon stimulation with LPS. Further, the recombinant OnCD5 protein has the bacteria-binding activity. Taken together, these results reveal that OnCD5 participates in host's defense during pathogen infection, and may play an important role in tilapia B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Li
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Along Gao
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Jianlin Chen
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Yang Lei
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Liting Wu
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Institute of Modern Aquaculture Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Safe Aquaculture, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Environmentally-Friendly Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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9
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Martín D, Perdiguero P, Morel E, Soleto I, Herranz-Jusdado JG, Ramón LA, Abós B, Wang T, Díaz-Rosales P, Tafalla C. CD38 Defines a Subset of B Cells in Rainbow Trout Kidney With High IgM Secreting Capacities. Front Immunol 2021; 12:773888. [PMID: 34917087 PMCID: PMC8669677 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.773888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
CD38 is a multifunctional molecule that functions both as a transmembrane signaling receptor and as an ectoenzyme with important roles in cell adhesion, calcium regulation and signal transduction. Within the B cell linage, CD38 is expressed in diverse murine B cell subsets, with highest levels in innate B cell subpopulations such as marginal zone (MZ) B cells or B1 cells. In humans, however, CD38 is transiently expressed on early lymphocyte precursors, is lost on mature B cells and is consistently expressed on terminally differentiated plasma cells. In the present work, we have identified two homologues of mammalian CD38 in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), designating them as CD38A and CD38B. Although constitutively transcribed throughout different tissues in homeostasis, both CD38A and CD38B mRNA levels were significantly up-regulated in head kidney (HK) in response to a viral infection. In this organ, after the generation of a specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) against CD38A, the presence of CD38A+ populations among IgM+ B cells and IgM- leukocytes was investigated by flow cytometry. Interestingly, the percentage of IgM+CD38A+ B cells increased in response to an in vitro stimulation with inactivated Aeromonas salmonicida. Finally, we demonstrated that HK IgM+CD38A+ B cells had an increased IgM secreting capacity than that of cells lacking CD38A on the cell surface, also showing increased transcription levels of genes associated with B cell differentiation. This study strongly suggests a role for CD38 on the B cell differentiation process in teleosts, and provides us with novel tools to discern between B cell subsets in these species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Martín
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Perdiguero
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Morel
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Soleto
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - J German Herranz-Jusdado
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis A Ramón
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Abós
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Tiehui Wang
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia Díaz-Rosales
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Animal Health Research Center, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CISA-INIA-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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10
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Nashiry MA, Sumi SS, Sharif Shohan MU, Alyami SA, Azad AKM, Moni MA. Bioinformatics and system biology approaches to identify the diseasome and comorbidities complexities of SARS-CoV-2 infection with the digestive tract disorders. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:bbab126. [PMID: 33993223 PMCID: PMC8194728 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), although most commonly demonstrates respiratory symptoms, but there is a growing set of evidence reporting its correlation with the digestive tract and faeces. Interestingly, recent studies have shown the association of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection with gastrointestinal symptoms in infected patients but any sign of respiratory issues. Moreover, some studies have also shown that the presence of live SARS-CoV-2 virus in the faeces of patients with COVID-19. Therefore, the pathophysiology of digestive symptoms associated with COVID-19 has raised a critical need for comprehensive investigative efforts. To address this issue we have developed a bioinformatics pipeline involving a system biological framework to identify the effects of SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA expression on deciphering its association with digestive symptoms in COVID-19 positive patients. Using two RNA-seq datasets derived from COVID-19 positive patients with celiac (CEL), Crohn's (CRO) and ulcerative colitis (ULC) as digestive disorders, we have found a significant overlap between the sets of differentially expressed genes from SARS-CoV-2 exposed tissue and digestive tract disordered tissues, reporting 7, 22 and 13 such overlapping genes, respectively. Moreover, gene set enrichment analysis, comprehensive analyses of protein-protein interaction network, gene regulatory network, protein-chemical agent interaction network revealed some critical association between SARS-CoV-2 infection and the presence of digestive disorders. The infectome, diseasome and comorbidity analyses also discover the influences of the identified signature genes in other risk factors of SARS-CoV-2 infection to human health. We hope the findings from this pathogenetic analysis may reveal important insights in deciphering the complex interplay between COVID-19 and digestive disorders and underpins its significance in therapeutic development strategy to combat against COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Asif Nashiry
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | - Shauli Sarmin Sumi
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
| | | | - Salem A Alyami
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia
| | - A K M Azad
- iThree Institute, Faculty of Science, University Technology of Sydney, Australia
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- WHO Collaborating Centre on eHealth, UNSW Digital Health, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Australia
- Healthy Ageing Theme, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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11
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Kibler A, Budeus B, Homp E, Bronischewski K, Berg V, Sellmann L, Murke F, Heinold A, Heinemann FM, Lindemann M, Bekeredjian-Ding I, Horn PA, Kirschning CJ, Küppers R, Seifert M. Systematic memory B cell archiving and random display shape the human splenic marginal zone throughout life. J Exp Med 2021; 218:211756. [PMID: 33538775 PMCID: PMC7868796 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20201952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human memory B cells (MBCs) are generated and diversified in secondary lymphoid tissues throughout the organism. A paired immunoglobulin (Ig)-gene repertoire analysis of peripheral blood (PB) and splenic MBCs from infant, adult, and elderly humans revealed that throughout life, circulating MBCs are comprehensively archived in the spleen. Archive MBC clones are systematically preserved and uncoupled from class-switching. Clonality in the spleen increases steadily, but boosts at midlife, thereby outcompeting small clones. The splenic marginal zone (sMZ) represents a primed MBC compartment, generated from a stochastic exchange within the archive memory pool. This is supported by functional assays, showing that PB and splenic CD21+ MBCs acquire transient CD21high expression upon NOTCH2-stimulation. Our study provides insight that the human MBC system in PB and spleen is composed of three interwoven compartments: the dynamic relationship of circulating, archive, and its subset of primed (sMZ) memory changes with age, thereby contributing to immune aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Kibler
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Bettina Budeus
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Homp
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kevin Bronischewski
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Victoria Berg
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ludger Sellmann
- Department of Haematology, University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Florian Murke
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Heinold
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Falko M Heinemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Monika Lindemann
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Peter A Horn
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Marc Seifert
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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13
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Grasseau A, Boudigou M, Le Pottier L, Chriti N, Cornec D, Pers JO, Renaudineau Y, Hillion S. Innate B Cells: the Archetype of Protective Immune Cells. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 58:92-106. [PMID: 31183788 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08748-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The innate B cell (IBC) population is heterogeneous and involved in the primary immune response. IBC functions include a high ability to produce natural antibodies with IgM isotype, the elimination of apoptotic cells, and a capacity to be cognate help to T cells. Among IBC subsets, B-1 cells and marginal zone B cells are the main producers of IgM, act as rapid immune responders that may relocate to follicular lymphoid and differentiate to cytokine and antibody-secreting cells shortly after infection. IBCs functions are highly dependent on their localization site and the nature of their B cell receptor repertoire, suggesting a high plasticity range of different immune responses. In this review, we will describe the nature and functions of the different innate-like B cell subsets, first in mice and then in humans. Besides this, we will emphasize the strong ability of these cells to undertake different protective functions from the first line of defense against pathogens to the regulatory role of the broader immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Grasseau
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Marina Boudigou
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Laëtitia Le Pottier
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Nedra Chriti
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Divi Cornec
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Jacques-Olivier Pers
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France.,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Brest, Brest, France
| | - Sophie Hillion
- UMR1227, Lymphocytes B et Autoimmunité, Université de Brest, INSERM, CHU de Brest, BP824, F29609, Brest, France. .,Laboratory of Immunology and Immunotherapy, CHU Brest, Brest, France.
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14
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Marinkovic D, Marinkovic T. Putative role of marginal zone B cells in pathophysiological processes. Scand J Immunol 2020; 92:e12920. [PMID: 32594535 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of inner integrity of an organism is founded on the proper performance of two immunity branches, innate and adaptive immune responses. Recently, it became apparent that subset of splenic B cells named marginal zone B cells (MZB cells) exhibits unique developmental and functional features that bridge these two immunity branches. Strategically positioned at the site where blood and lymph are filtered, MZB cells represent a population of sentinels that rapidly proliferate and differentiate into IgM plasmablast cells when encountered with blood-borne, thymus-independent (TI) Ags. Moreover, MZB cells have intrinsic capability to induce potent CD4+ helper T cell response and cytokine production upon stimulation with soluble antigens. Due to their ability to overcome a time gap prior the establishment of the full adaptive response towards pathogens, MZB cells connect and direct innate and adaptive immunity. An additional interesting characteristic of MZB cells is capacity to function as regulatory cells in autoimmune processes. MZB cells may also contribute to the control of autoimmunity via the induction of tolerance by apoptotic cells. Importantly, in the clear association with inflammation and autoimmunity, MZB cells may transform into MALT lymphoma, representing a concurrence point for the infection, immunity and malignancy. This paper presents an insight into the complex biology of marginal zone B cells and their role in intertwining and directing innate and adaptive immune processes at the physiological and pathological level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Marinkovic
- Faculty of Special Education and Rehabilitation, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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15
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Dhenni R, Phan TG. The geography of memory B cell reactivation in vaccine-induced immunity and in autoimmune disease relapses. Immunol Rev 2020; 296:62-86. [PMID: 32472583 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Memory B cells (Bmem) provide an active second layer of defense against re-infection by pathogens that have bypassed the passive first layer provided by neutralizing antibodies. Here, we review recent progress in our understanding of Bmem heterogeneity in terms of their origin (germinal center-dependent vs center-independent), phenotype (canonical vs atypical vs age-associated B cells), trafficking (recirculating vs tissue-resident), and fate (plasma cell vs germinal center differentiation). The development of transgenic models and intravital imaging technologies has made it possible to track the cellular dynamics of Bmem reactivation by antigen, their interactions with follicular memory T cells, and differentiation into plasma cells in subcapsular proliferative foci in the lymph nodes of immune animals. Such in situ studies have reinforced the importance of geography in shaping the outcome of the secondary antibody response. We also review the evidence for Bmem reactivation and differentiation into short-lived plasma cells in the pathogenesis of disease flares in relapsing-remitting autoimmune diseases. Elucidating the mechanisms that control the Bmem fate decision to differentiate into plasma cells or germinal center B cells will aid future efforts to more precisely engineer fit-for-purpose vaccines as well as to treat antibody-mediated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Dhenni
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tri Giang Phan
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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16
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Lettau M, Wiedemann A, Schrezenmeier EV, Giesecke-Thiel C, Dörner T. Human CD27+ memory B cells colonize a superficial follicular zone in the palatine tonsils with similarities to the spleen. A multicolor immunofluorescence study of lymphoid tissue. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229778. [PMID: 32187186 PMCID: PMC7080255 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Memory B cell (mBC) induction and maintenance is one of the keys to long-term protective humoral immunity. MBCs are fundamental to successful medical interventions such as vaccinations and therapy in autoimmunity. However, their lifestyle and anatomic residence remain enigmatic in humans. Extrapolation from animal studies serves as a conceptual basis but might be misleading due to major anatomical distinctions between species. METHODS AND FINDINGS Multicolor immunofluorescence stainings on fixed and unfixed frozen tissue sections were established using primary antibodies coupled to haptens and secondary signal amplification. The simultaneous detection of five different fluorescence signals enabled the localization and characterization of human CD27+CD20+Ki67- mBCs for the first time within one section using laser scanning microscopy. As a result, human tonsillar mBCs were initially identified within their complex microenvironment and their relative location to naïve B cells, plasma cells and T cells could be directly studied and compared to the human splenic mBC niche. In all investigated tonsils (n = 15), mBCs appeared to be not only located in a so far subepithelial defined area but were also follicle associated with a previous undescribed gradual decline towards the follicular mantle comparable to human spleen. However, mBC areas around secondary follicles with large germinal centers (GCs) in tonsils showed interruptions and a general widening towards the epithelium while in spleen the mBC-containing marginal zones (MZ) around smaller GCs were relatively broad and symmetrical. Considerably fewer IgM+IgD+/- pre-switch compared to IgA+ or IgG+ post-switch mBCs were detected in tonsils in contrast to spleen. CONCLUSIONS This study extends existing insights into the anatomic residence of human mBCs showing structural similarities of the superficial follicular area in human spleen and tonsil. Our data support the debate of renaming the human splenic MZ to 'superficial zone' in order to be aware of the differences in rodents and, moreover, to consider this term equally for the human palatine tonsil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Lettau
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Wiedemann
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Vanessa Schrezenmeier
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Giesecke-Thiel
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Formerly at the Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Dörner
- Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin (DRFZ), Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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17
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The formation of mutated IgM memory B cells in rat splenic marginal zones is an antigen dependent process. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220933. [PMID: 31490967 PMCID: PMC6730915 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in rodents have indicated that only a minor fraction of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region (IGHV-Cμ) transcripts carry somatic mutations and are considered memory B cells. This is in marked contrast to humans where nearly all marginal zone B (MZ-B) cells are mutated. Here we show in rats that the proportion of mutated IgM+ MZ-B cells varies significantly between the various IGHV genes analyzed, ranging from 27% mutated IGHV5 transcripts to 65% mutated IGHV4 transcripts. The observed data on mutated sequences in clonally-related B cells with a MZ-B cell or follicular B (FO-B) cell phenotype indicates that mutated IgM+ MZ-B and FO-B cells have a common origin. To further investigate the origin of mutated IgM+ MZ-B cells we determined whether mutations occurred in rearranged IGHV-Cμ transcripts using IGHV4 and IGHV5 genes from neonatal rat MZ-B cells and FO-B cells. We were not able to detect mutations in any of the IGHV4 and IGHV5 genes expressed by MZ-B cells or FO-B cells obtained from neonatal rat spleens. Germinal centres (GCs) are absent from neonatal rat spleen in the first few weeks of their life, and no mutations were found in any of the neonatal sequences, not even in the IGHV4 gene family which accumulates the highest number of mutated sequences (66%) in the adult rat. Therefore, these data do not support the notion that MZ-B cells in rats mutate their IGHV genes as part of their developmental program, but are consistent with the notion that mutated rat MZ-B cells require GCs for their generation. Our findings support that the splenic MZ of rats harbors a significant number of memory type IgM+ MZ-B cells with mutated IGHV genes and propose that these memory MZ-B cells are probably generated as a result of an antigen driven immune response in GCs, which still remains to be proven.
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18
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Abstract
The marginal zone (MZ) is largely composed of a unique subpopulation of B cells, the so-called MZ-B cells. At a molecular level, memory B cells are characterized by the presence of somatically mutated IGV genes. The earliest studies in the rat have documented the presence of hapten-specific MZ-B cells after immunization in the MZ. This work later received experimental support demonstrating that the IGHV-Cµ transcripts expressed by phenotypically defined splenic MZ-B cells (defined as CD90negIgMhighIgDlow B cells) can carry somatic hypermutation. However, only a minor fraction (< 10%-20%) of these MZ-B cells is mutated and is considered to represent memory B cells. Memory B cells can either be class-switched (IgG, IgA, IgE), or non-class-switched (IgM) B cells. B cells in the MZ are a heterogeneous population of cells and both naïve MZ-B cells; class switched and unswitched memory MZ-B cells are present at this unique site in the spleen. Naïve MZ-B cells carry unmutated Ig genes, produce low-affinity IgM molecules and constitute a first line of defense against invading pathogens. Memory MZ-B cells express high-affinity Ig molecules, directed to (microbial) antigens that have been encountered. In this review, we report on the memory compartment of splenic MZ-B cells in the rat to provide insights into the origin and function of these memory MZ-B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobus Hendricks
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas A Bos
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Frans G M Kroese
- Discipline of Human Physiology, Westville Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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19
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Camponeschi A, Gerasimcik N, Wang Y, Fredriksson T, Chen D, Farroni C, Thorarinsdottir K, Sjökvist Ottsjö L, Aranburu A, Cardell S, Carsetti R, Gjertsson I, Mårtensson IL, Grimsholm O. Dissecting Integrin Expression and Function on Memory B Cells in Mice and Humans in Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:534. [PMID: 30949178 PMCID: PMC6437070 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory ensures life-long protection against previously encountered pathogens, and in mice and humans the spleen is an important reservoir for long-lived memory B cells (MBCs). It is well-established that integrins play several crucial roles in lymphocyte survival and trafficking, but their involvement in the retention of MBCs in secondary lymphoid organs, and differences between B cell subsets in their adhesion capacity to ICAM-1 and/or VCAM-1 have not yet been confirmed. Here, we use an autoimmune mouse model, where MBCs are abundant, to show that the highest levels of LFA-1 and VLA-4 amongst B cells are found on MBCs. In vivo blockade of VLA-4 alone or in combination with LFA-1, but not LFA-1 alone, causes a release of MBCs from the spleen into the blood stream. In humans, we find that in peripheral blood, spleens, and tonsils from healthy donors the highest expression levels of the integrins LFA-1 and VLA-4 are also found on MBCs. Consistent with this, we found MBCs to have a higher capacity to adhere to ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 than naïve B cells. In patients with the autoimmune disease rheumatoid arthritis, it is the MBCs that have the highest levels of LFA-1 and VLA-4; moreover, compared with healthy donors, naïve B and MBCs of patients receiving anti-TNF medication have enhanced levels of the active form of LFA-1. Commensurate levels of the active αL subunit can be induced on B cells from healthy donors by exposure to the integrin ligands. Thus, our findings establish the selective use of the integrins LFA-1 and VLA-4 in the localization and adhesion of MBCs in both mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Camponeschi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Natalija Gerasimcik
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Timothy Fredriksson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dongfeng Chen
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Chiara Farroni
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCSS, Rome, Italy
| | - Katrin Thorarinsdottir
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Louise Sjökvist Ottsjö
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alaitz Aranburu
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Susanna Cardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Rita Carsetti
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCSS, Rome, Italy.,Unit of Diagnostic Immunology, Department of Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Inger Gjertsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Inga-Lill Mårtensson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ola Grimsholm
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCSS, Rome, Italy
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20
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Christensen SM, Belew AT, El-Sayed NM, Tafuri WL, Silveira FT, Mosser DM. Host and parasite responses in human diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. amazonensis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007152. [PMID: 30845223 PMCID: PMC6405045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL) is a rare form of leishmaniasis where parasites grow uncontrolled in diffuse lesions across the skin. Meta-transcriptomic analysis of biopsies from DCL patients infected with Leishmania amazonensis demonstrated an infiltration of atypical B cells producing a surprising preponderance of the IgG4 isotype. DCL lesions contained minimal CD8+ T cell transcripts and no evidence of persistent TH2 responses. Whereas localized disease exhibited activated (so-called M1) macrophage presence, transcripts in DCL suggested a regulatory macrophage (R-Mϕ) phenotype with higher levels of ABCB5, DCSTAMP, SPP1, SLAMF9, PPARG, MMPs, and TM4SF19. The high levels of parasite transcripts in DCL and the remarkable uniformity among patients afforded a unique opportunity to study parasite gene expression in this disease. Patterns of parasite gene expression in DCL more closely resembled in vitro parasite growth in resting macrophages, in the absence of T cells. In contrast, parasite gene expression in LCL revealed 336 parasite genes that were differently upregulated, relative to DCL and in vitro macrophage growth, and these transcripts may represent transcripts that are produced by the parasite in response to host immune pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Christensen
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and the Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD United States of America
| | - Ashton T. Belew
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and the Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD United States of America
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD United States of America
| | - Najib M. El-Sayed
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and the Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD United States of America
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD United States of America
| | - Wagner L. Tafuri
- Departamento de Patologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Minas Geras, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernando T. Silveira
- Evandro Chagas Institute, Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA Brazil
| | - David M. Mosser
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics and the Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, College Park, MD United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Older Human B Cells and Antibodies. HANDBOOK OF IMMUNOSENESCENCE 2019. [PMCID: PMC7121151 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-99375-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
B cells have a number of different roles in the immune response. Their excellent antigen presentation potential can contribute to the activation of other cells of the immune system, and evidence is emerging that specialized subsets of these cells, that may be increased with age, can influence the cell-mediated immune system in antitumor responses. They can also regulate immune responses, to avoid autoreactivity and excessive inflammation. Deficiencies in regulatory B cells may be beneficial in cancer but will only exacerbate the inflammatory environment that is a hallmark of aging. The B cell role as antibody producers is particularly important, since antibodies perform numerous different functions in different environments. Although studying tissue responses in humans is not as easy as in mice, we do know that certain classes of antibodies are more suited to protecting the mucosal tissues (IgA) or responding to T-independent bacterial polysaccharide antigens (IgG2) so we can make some inference with respect to tissue-specific immunity from a study of peripheral blood. We can also make inferences about changes in B cell development with age by looking at the repertoire of different B cell populations to see how age affects the selection events that would normally occur to avoid autoreactivity, or increase specificity, to antigen.
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22
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Abstract
Immunoglobulin (IG) gene remodeling by V(D)J recombination plays a central role in the generation of normal B cells, and somatic hypermutation and class switching of IG genes are key processes during antigen-driven B cell differentiation. However, errors of these processes are involved in the development of B cell lymphomas. IG locus-associated translocations of proto-oncogenes are a hallmark of many B cell malignancies. Additional transforming events include inactivating mutations in various tumor suppressor genes and also latent infection of B cells with viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus. Many B cell lymphomas require B cell antigen receptor expression, and in several instances, chronic antigenic stimulation plays a role in lymphoma development and/or sustaining tumor growth. Often, survival and proliferation signals provided by other cells in the microenvironment are a further critical factor in lymphoma development and pathophysiology. Many B cell malignancies derive from germinal center B cells, most likely because of the high proliferation rate of these cells and the high activity of mutagenic processes.
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23
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Chan JTH, Liu Y, Khan S, St-Germain JR, Zou C, Leung LYT, Yang J, Shi M, Grunebaum E, Campisi P, Propst EJ, Holler T, Bar-Or A, Wither JE, Cairo CW, Moran MF, Palazzo AF, Cooper MD, Ehrhardt GRA. A tyrosine sulfation-dependent HLA-I modification identifies memory B cells and plasma cells. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar7653. [PMID: 30417091 PMCID: PMC6221509 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar7653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Memory B cells and plasma cells are antigen-experienced cells tasked with the maintenance of humoral protection. Despite these prominent functions, definitive cell surface markers have not been identified for these cells. We report here the isolation and characterization of the monoclonal variable lymphocyte receptor B (VLRB) N8 antibody from the evolutionarily distant sea lamprey that specifically recognizes memory B cells and plasma cells in humans. Unexpectedly, we determined that VLRB N8 recognizes the human leukocyte antigen-I (HLA-I) antigen in a tyrosine sulfation-dependent manner. Furthermore, we observed increased binding of VLRB N8 to memory B cells in individuals with autoimmune disorders multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Our study indicates that lamprey VLR antibodies uniquely recognize a memory B cell- and plasma cell-specific posttranslational modification of HLA-I, the expression of which is up-regulated during B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T. H. Chan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Srijit Khan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Chunxia Zou
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Judi Yang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mengyao Shi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eyal Grunebaum
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paolo Campisi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Evan J. Propst
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Theresa Holler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joan E. Wither
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael F. Moran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Max D. Cooper
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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24
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Scully M, Westwood JP. Emerging therapeutics for the treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2018.1529561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Scully
- Haematology and transfusion, University College London Hospital, London, UK
- Cardiometabolic programme, Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - John-Paul Westwood
- Haematology and transfusion, University College London Hospital, London, UK
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25
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Dunn‐Walters D, Townsend C, Sinclair E, Stewart A. Immunoglobulin gene analysis as a tool for investigating human immune responses. Immunol Rev 2018; 284:132-147. [PMID: 29944755 PMCID: PMC6033188 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The human immunoglobulin repertoire is a hugely diverse set of sequences that are formed by processes of gene rearrangement, heavy and light chain gene assortment, class switching and somatic hypermutation. Early B cell development produces diverse IgM and IgD B cell receptors on the B cell surface, resulting in a repertoire that can bind many foreign antigens but which has had self-reactive B cells removed. Later antigen-dependent development processes adjust the antigen affinity of the receptor by somatic hypermutation. The effector mechanism of the antibody is also adjusted, by switching the class of the antibody from IgM to one of seven other classes depending on the required function. There are many instances in human biology where positive and negative selection forces can act to shape the immunoglobulin repertoire and therefore repertoire analysis can provide useful information on infection control, vaccination efficacy, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. It can also be used to identify antigen-specific sequences that may be of use in therapeutics. The juxtaposition of lymphocyte development and numerical evaluation of immune repertoires has resulted in the growth of a new sub-speciality in immunology where immunologists and computer scientists/physicists collaborate to assess immune repertoires and develop models of immune action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emma Sinclair
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
| | - Alex Stewart
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of SurreyGuildfordUK
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26
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Imkeller K, Wardemann H. Assessing human B cell repertoire diversity and convergence. Immunol Rev 2018; 284:51-66. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Hedda Wardemann
- German Cancer Research Center; B Cell Immunology; Heidelberg Germany
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27
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Abós B, Bird S, Granja AG, Morel E, More Bayona JA, Barreda DR, Tafalla C. Identification of the First Teleost CD5 Molecule: Additional Evidence on Phenotypical and Functional Similarities between Fish IgM + B Cells and Mammalian B1 Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:465-480. [PMID: 29866701 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite teleost fish being the first animal group in which all elements of adaptive immunity are present, the lack of follicular structures, as well as the fact that systemic Ab responses rely exclusively on unswitched low-affinity IgM responses, strongly suggests that fish B cell responses resemble mammalian B1 cell responses rather than those of B2 cells. In line with this hypothesis, in the current study, we have identified a homolog of CD5 in teleost fish. This pan-T marker belonging to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich family of receptors is commonly used in mammals to distinguish a subset of B1 cells. Subsequently, we have demonstrated that a very high percentage of teleost IgM+ B cells express this marker, in contrast to the limited population of CD5-expressing B1 cells found in most mammals. Furthermore, we demonstrate that fish IgM+ B cells share classical phenotypic features of mammalian B1 cells such as large size, high complexity, high surface IgM, and low surface IgD expression, regardless of CD5 expression. Additionally, fish IgM+ B cells, unlike murine B2 cells, also displayed extended survival in cell culture and did not proliferate after BCR engagement. Altogether, our results demonstrate that although fish are evolutionarily the first group in which all the elements of acquired immunity are present, in the absence of follicular structures, most teleost IgM+ B cells have retained phenotypical and functional characteristics of mammalian B1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Abós
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Madrid 28130, Spain
| | - Steve Bird
- Biomedical Unit, School of Science, University of Waikato, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; and
| | - Aitor G Granja
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Madrid 28130, Spain
| | - Esther Morel
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal, Madrid 28130, Spain
| | - Juan A More Bayona
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
| | - Daniel R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Alberta T6G 2R3, Canada
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28
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Studt JD, Voorberg J, Hovinga JA, Schaller M. Acquired thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. Hamostaseologie 2018; 33:121-30. [DOI: 10.5482/hamo-12-12-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
SummaryThe von Willebrand factor (VWF)-cleaving metalloprotease, ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin type 1 motifs-13) is the only known target of the dysregulated immune response in acquired TTP. Autoantibodies to ADAMTS13 either neutralize its activity or accelerate its clearance, thereby causing a severe deficiency of ADAMTS13 in plasma. As a consequence, size regulation of VWF is impaired and the persistence of ultra-large VWF (ULVWF) multimers facilitates micro vascular platelet aggregation causing microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia and ischaemic organ damage. Autoimmune TTP although a rare disease with an annual incidence of 1.72 cases has a mortality rate of 20% even with adequate therapy.We describe the mechanisms involved in ADAMTS13 autoimmunity with a focus on the role of B- and T-cells in the pathogenesis of this disorder. We discuss the potential translation of recent experimental findings into future therapeutic concepts for the treatment of acquired TTP.
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29
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Klymenko T, Bloehdorn J, Bahlo J, Robrecht S, Akylzhanova G, Cox K, Estenfelder S, Wang J, Edelmann J, Strefford JC, Wojdacz TK, Fischer K, Hallek M, Stilgenbauer S, Cragg M, Gribben J, Braun A. Lamin B1 regulates somatic mutations and progression of B-cell malignancies. Leukemia 2018; 32:364-375. [PMID: 28804121 PMCID: PMC5808072 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2017.255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Somatic hypermutation (SHM) is a pivotal process in adaptive immunity that occurs in the germinal centre and allows B cells to change their primary DNA sequence and diversify their antigen receptors. Here, we report that genome binding of Lamin B1, a component of the nuclear envelope involved in epigenetic chromatin regulation, is reduced during B-cell activation and formation of lymphoid germinal centres. Chromatin immunoprecipitation-Seq analysis showed that kappa and heavy variable immunoglobulin domains were released from the Lamin B1 suppressive environment when SHM was induced in B cells. RNA interference-mediated reduction of Lamin B1 resulted in spontaneous SHM as well as kappa-light chain aberrant surface expression. Finally, Lamin B1 expression level correlated with progression-free and overall survival in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia, and was strongly involved in the transformation of follicular lymphoma. In summary, here we report that Lamin B1 is a negative epigenetic regulator of SHM in normal B-cells and a 'mutational gatekeeper', suppressing the aberrant mutations that drive lymphoid malignancy.
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MESH Headings
- B-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation/methods
- Disease Progression
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Lamin Type B/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, Follicular/genetics
- Lymphoma, Follicular/pathology
- Somatic Hypermutation, Immunoglobulin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- T Klymenko
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - J Bloehdorn
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - J Bahlo
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - S Robrecht
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - G Akylzhanova
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - K Cox
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Research UK Centre and Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - S Estenfelder
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - J Wang
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - J Edelmann
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - J C Strefford
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Research UK Centre and Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - T K Wojdacz
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Research UK Centre and Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Aarhus Institute of Advanced Studies, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - K Fischer
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - M Hallek
- Department I of Internal Medicine, Center for Integrated Oncology Cologne, University Hospital of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - S Stilgenbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - M Cragg
- Academic Unit of Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Cancer Research UK Centre and Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - J Gribben
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK
| | - A Braun
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University, London, UK
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30
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Papillion AM, Kenderes KJ, Yates JL, Winslow GM. Early derivation of IgM memory cells and bone marrow plasmablasts. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178853. [PMID: 28575114 PMCID: PMC5456393 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IgM memory cells are recognized as an important component of B cell memory in mice and humans. Our studies of B cells elicited in response to ehrlichial infection identified a population of CD11c-positive IgM memory cells, and an IgM bone marrow antibody-secreting cell population. The origin of these cells was unknown, although an early T-independent spleen CD11c- and T-bet-positive IgM plasmablast population precedes both, suggesting a linear relationship. A majority of the IgM memory cells detected after day 30 post-infection, also T-bet-positive, had undergone somatic hypermutation, indicating they expressed activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID). Therefore, to identify early AID-expressing precursor B cells, we infected an AID-regulated tamoxifen-inducible Cre-recombinase-EYFP reporter strain. Tamoxifen administration led to the labeling of both IgM memory cells and bone marrow ASCs on day 30 and later post-infection. High frequencies of labeled cells were identified on day 30 post-infection, following tamoxifen administration on day 10 post-infection, although IgM memory cells were marked when tamoxifen was administered as early as day 4 post-infection. Transcription of Aicda in the early plasmablasts was not detected in the absence of CD4 T cells, but occurred independently of TLR signaling. Unlike the IgM memory cells, the bone marrow IgM ASCs were elicited independent of T cell help. Moreover, Aicda was constitutively expressed in IgM memory cells, but not in bone marrow ASCs. These studies demonstrate that two distinct long-term IgM-positive B cell populations are generated early in response to infection, but are maintained via separate mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber M. Papillion
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Kevin J. Kenderes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Yates
- Wadsworth Center, and University at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Gary M. Winslow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Aranburu A, Piano Mortari E, Baban A, Giorda E, Cascioli S, Marcellini V, Scarsella M, Ceccarelli S, Corbelli S, Cantarutti N, De Vito R, Inserra A, Nicolosi L, Lanfranchi A, Porta F, Cancrini C, Finocchi A, Carsetti R. Human B-cell memory is shaped by age- and tissue-specific T-independent and GC-dependent events. Eur J Immunol 2016; 47:327-344. [PMID: 27859047 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Switched and IgM memory B cells execute different and noninterchangeable functions. We studied memory B cells in children of different ages, in peripheral blood and spleen and compared them with those of children born asplenic or unable to build germinal centers. We show that, whereas switched memory B cells are mostly generated in the germinal centers at all ages, IgM memory B cells can be distinct in three types with different developmental history. Innate IgM memory B cells, the largest pool in infants, are generated in the spleen by a germinal center-independent mechanism. With age, if the spleen is present and germinal centers are functional, innate IgM memory B cells are remodelled and accumulate somatic mutations. The third type of IgM memory B cell is a by-product of the germinal center reaction. Our data suggest that the B-cell memory developmental program is implemented during the first 5-6 years of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaitz Aranburu
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino, Gesù IRCSS, Roma, Italy
| | - Eva Piano Mortari
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino, Gesù IRCSS, Roma, Italy
| | - Anwar Baban
- Medical and Surgical Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome
| | - Ezio Giorda
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino, Gesù IRCSS, Roma, Italy
| | - Simona Cascioli
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino, Gesù IRCSS, Roma, Italy
| | - Valentina Marcellini
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino, Gesù IRCSS, Roma, Italy
| | - Marco Scarsella
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino, Gesù IRCSS, Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Ceccarelli
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino, Gesù IRCSS, Roma, Italy
| | - Sandro Corbelli
- Core Facilities, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Cantarutti
- Medical and Surgical Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, Rome
| | - Rita De Vito
- Division of Pathology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Inserra
- Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciana Nicolosi
- Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fulvio Porta
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- DPUO, University Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital and University of Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- DPUO, University Department of Pediatrics, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital and University of Tor Vergata School of Medicine, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Carsetti
- B Cell Physiopathology Unit, Immunology Research Area, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino, Gesù IRCSS, Roma, Italy.,Diagnostic Immunology Unit, Department of Oncohematology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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32
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McGaha TL, Karlsson MCI. Apoptotic cell responses in the splenic marginal zone: a paradigm for immunologic reactions to apoptotic antigens with implications for autoimmunity. Immunol Rev 2016; 269:26-43. [PMID: 26683143 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptotic cells drive innate regulatory responses that result in tolerogenic immunity. This is a critical aspect of cell physiology as apoptotic cells expose potentially dangerous nuclear antigens on the surface in apoptotic blebs, and failure in their recognition, phagocytosis, or destruction can cause dramatic autoimmunity in experimental models and is linked to development and progression of systemic pathology in human. The marginal zone is a specialized splenic environment that serves as a transitional site from circulation to peripheral lymphoid structures. The marginal zone serves a key role in trapping of particulates and initiation of innate responses against systemic microbial pathogens. However in recent years, it has become clear the marginal zone is also important for initiation of immune tolerance to apoptotic cells, driving a coordinated response involving multiple phagocyte and lymphocyte subsets. Recent reports linking defects in splenic macrophage function to systemic lupus erythematosus in a manner analogous to marginal zone macrophages in lupus-prone mice provide an impetus to better understand the mechanistic basis of the apoptotic cell response in the marginal zone and its general applicability to apoptotic cell-driven tolerance at other tissue sites. In this review, we discuss immune responses to apoptotic cells in the spleen in general and the marginal zone in particular, the relationship of these responses to autoimmune disease, and comparisons to apoptotic cell immunity in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L McGaha
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mikael C I Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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33
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Spencer J, Sollid LM. The human intestinal B-cell response. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:1113-24. [PMID: 27461177 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2016.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal immune system is chronically challenged by a huge plethora of antigens derived from the lumen. B-cell responses in organized gut-associated lymphoid tissues and regional lymph nodes that are driven chronically by gut antigens generate the largest population of antibody-producing cells in the body: the gut lamina propria plasma cells. Although animal studies have provided insights into mechanisms that underpin this dynamic process, some very fundamental differences in this system appear to exist between species. Importantly, this prevents extrapolation from mice to humans to inform translational research questions. Therefore, in this review we will describe the structures and mechanisms involved in the propagation, dissemination, and regulation of this immense plasma cell population in man. Uniquely, we will seek our evidence exclusively from studies of human cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Spencer
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - L M Sollid
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital-Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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34
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Seifert M, Küppers R. Human memory B cells. Leukemia 2016; 30:2283-2292. [DOI: 10.1038/leu.2016.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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35
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Large-scale sequence and structural comparisons of human naive and antigen-experienced antibody repertoires. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2636-45. [PMID: 27114511 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1525510113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Elucidating how antigen exposure and selection shape the human antibody repertoire is fundamental to our understanding of B-cell immunity. We sequenced the paired heavy- and light-chain variable regions (VH and VL, respectively) from large populations of single B cells combined with computational modeling of antibody structures to evaluate sequence and structural features of human antibody repertoires at unprecedented depth. Analysis of a dataset comprising 55,000 antibody clusters from CD19(+)CD20(+)CD27(-) IgM-naive B cells, >120,000 antibody clusters from CD19(+)CD20(+)CD27(+) antigen-experienced B cells, and >2,000 RosettaAntibody-predicted structural models across three healthy donors led to a number of key findings: (i) VH and VL gene sequences pair in a combinatorial fashion without detectable pairing restrictions at the population level; (ii) certain VH:VL gene pairs were significantly enriched or depleted in the antigen-experienced repertoire relative to the naive repertoire; (iii) antigen selection increased antibody paratope net charge and solvent-accessible surface area; and (iv) public heavy-chain third complementarity-determining region (CDR-H3) antibodies in the antigen-experienced repertoire showed signs of convergent paired light-chain genetic signatures, including shared light-chain third complementarity-determining region (CDR-L3) amino acid sequences and/or Vκ,λ-Jκ,λ genes. The data reported here address several longstanding questions regarding antibody repertoire selection and development and provide a benchmark for future repertoire-scale analyses of antibody responses to vaccination and disease.
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36
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Moens L, Kane A, Tangye SG. Naïve and memory B cells exhibit distinct biochemical responses following BCR engagement. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:774-86. [PMID: 27101923 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory is characterized by the rapid reactivation of memory B cells that produce large quantities of high-affinity antigen-specific antibodies. This contrasts the response of naïve B cells, and the primary immune response, which is much slower and of lower affinity. Memory responses are critical for protection against infectious diseases and form the basis of most currently available vaccines. Although we have known about the phenomenon of long-lived memory for centuries, the biochemical differences underlying these diverse responses of naïve and memory B cells is incompletely resolved. Here we investigated the nature of B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling in human splenic naïve, IgM(+) memory and isotype-switched memory B cells following multivalent BCR crosslinking. We observed comparable rapid and transient phosphorylation kinetics for proximal (phosphotyrosine and spleen tyrosine kinase) and propagation (B-cell linker, phospholipase Cγ2) signaling components in these different B-cell subsets. However, the magnitude of activation of downstream components of the BCR signaling pathway were greater in memory compared with naïve cells. Although no differences were observed in the magnitude of Ca(2+) mobilization between subsets, IgM(+) memory B cells exhibited a more rapid Ca(2+) mobilization and a greater depletion of the Ca(2+) endoplasmic reticulum stores, while IgG(+) memory B cells had a prolonged Ca(2+) uptake. Collectively, our findings show that intrinsic signaling features of B-cell subsets contribute to the robust response of human memory B cells over naïve B cells. This has implications for our understanding of memory B-cell responses and provides a framework to modulate these responses in the setting of vaccination and immunopathologies, such as immunodeficiency and autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen Moens
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alisa Kane
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, UNSW, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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37
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Roth A, Glaesener S, Schütz K, Meyer-Bahlburg A. Reduced Number of Transitional and Naive B Cells in Addition to Decreased BAFF Levels in Response to the T Cell Independent Immunogen Pneumovax®23. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152215. [PMID: 27031098 PMCID: PMC4816312 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protective immunity against T cell independent (TI) antigens such as Streptococcus pneumoniae is characterized by antibody production of B cells induced by the combined activation of T cell independent type 1 and type 2 antigens in the absence of direct T cell help. In mice, the main players in TI immune responses have been well defined as marginal zone (MZ) B cells and B-1 cells. However, the existence of human equivalents to these B cell subsets and the nature of the human B cell compartment involved in the immune reaction remain elusive. We therefore analyzed the effect of a TI antigen on the B cell compartment through immunization of healthy individuals with the pneumococcal polysaccharide (PnPS)-based vaccine Pneumovax®23, and subsequent characterization of B cell subpopulations. Our data demonstrates a transient decrease of transitional and naïve B cells, with a concomitant increase of IgA+ but not IgM+ or IgG+ memory B cells and a predominant generation of PnPS-specific IgA+ producing plasma cells. No alterations could be detected in T cells, or proposed human B-1 and MZ B cell equivalents. Consistent with the idea of a TI immune response, antigen-specific memory responses could not be observed. Finally, BAFF, which is supposed to drive class switching to IgA, was unexpectedly found to be decreased in serum in response to Pneumovax®23. Our results demonstrate that a characteristic TI response induced by Pneumovax®23 is associated with distinct phenotypical and functional changes within the B cell compartment. Those modulations occur in the absence of any modulations of T cells and without the development of a specific memory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Roth
- Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stephanie Glaesener
- Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Schütz
- Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Almut Meyer-Bahlburg
- Pediatric Pneumology, Allergy and Neonatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- * E-mail:
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38
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Martin V, Wu YC, Kipling D, Dunn-Walters DK. Age-related aspects of human IgM(+) B cell heterogeneity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1362:153-63. [PMID: 26152370 PMCID: PMC4758400 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The CD27+IgD+ B cell population, known as IgM memory, reduces with age. It is thought that this population is responsible for pneumococcal polysaccharide T‐independent responses, and that the age‐related reduction might be partially responsible for the increased susceptibility of older people to bacterial pathogens. There are other IgM+ B cell populations that do not express IgD. We compared the different IgM populations using high‐throughput sequencing of the immunoglobulin (Ig) gene repertoire and multidimensional cell phenotyping and found that the different populations of IgM cells, defined by CD27 and IgD expression, have repertoire differences. Some of these differences are likely indicative of different selection pressures in an immune response, although the older individuals were found to have a changed repertoire in naive B cells, which may contribute to some of the changes seen in memory cells. In addition, even within the CD27+IgD+ IgM memory population there are multiple cell types. We show that the level of IgM expression varies substantially and hypothesize that this distinguishes between T‐dependent and T‐independent types of IgM memory cells. Significant age‐related changes in the relative proportions of these populations may exacerbate the reduction in T‐independent responders in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu-Chang Wu
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, Guy's Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Kipling
- Institute of Cancer and Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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Bemark M. Translating transitions - how to decipher peripheral human B cell development. J Biomed Res 2015; 29:264-84. [PMID: 26243514 PMCID: PMC4547376 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.29.20150035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades our understanding of human B cell differentiation has developed considerably. Our understanding of the human B cell compartment has advanced from a point where essentially all assays were based on the presence or not of class-switched antibodies to a level where a substantial diversity is appreciated among the cells involved. Several consecutive transitional stages that newly formed IgM expressing B cells go through after they leave the bone marrow, but before they are fully mature, have been described, and a significant complexity is also acknowledged within the IgM expressing and class-switched memory B cell compartments. It is possible to isolate plasma blasts in blood to follow the formation of plasma cells during immune responses, and the importance and uniqueness of the mucosal IgA system is now much more appreciated. Current data suggest the presence of at least one lineage of human innate-like B cells akin to B1 and/or marginal zone B cells in mice. In addition, regulatory B cells with the ability to produce IL-10 have been identified. Clinically, B cell depletion therapy is used for a broad range of conditions. The ability to define different human B cell subtypes using flow cytometry has therefore started to come into clinical use, but as our understanding of human B cell development further progresses, B cell subtype analysis will be of increasing importance in diagnosis, to measure the effect of immune therapy and to understand the underlying causes for diseases. In this review the diversity of human B cells will be discussed, with special focus on current data regarding their phenotypes and functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Bemark
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Sahlgrenska University hospital, SE 413 45 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Mucosal Immunobiology and Vaccine Center (MIVAC), Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, SE 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Funakoshi S, Shimizu T, Numata O, Ato M, Melchers F, Ohnishi K. BILL-cadherin/cadherin-17 contributes to the survival of memory B cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117566. [PMID: 25612318 PMCID: PMC4303427 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Memory B cells (MBCs) and long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs) are responsible for immunological “memory”, which can last for many years. The long-term survival niche for LLPCs in the bone marrow is well characterized; however, the corresponding niche for MBCs is unclear. BILL-cadherin/cadherin-17 (CDH17) is the only member of the cadherin superfamily that is expressed on mouse B lymphocytes in a spatiotemporally regulated manner. Here, we show that half of all MBCs regain expression of CDH17 during the later stage of development. The maintenance of high affinity antigen-specific serum antibodies was impaired in CDH17-/- mice and the number of antigen-specific MBCs was reduced as compared to wild-type mice (WT). Also, specific responses to secondary antigens were ablated in CDH17-/- mice, whereas primary antibody responses were the same as those in WT mice. Cell cycle analysis revealed a decline in the proliferation of CDH17- MBCs as compared to CDH17+ MBCs. In addition, we identified a subpopulation of splenic stromal cells, MAdCAM-1+ blood endothelial cells (BEC), which was CDH17+. Taken together, these results suggest that CDH17 plays a role in the long-term survival of MBCs, presumably via an “MBC niche” comprising, at least in part, BEC in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Funakoshi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Shimizu
- Department of Immunology, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Osamu Numata
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Manabu Ato
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fritz Melchers
- Research Group of Lymphocyte Development, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kazuo Ohnishi
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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The splenic autoimmune response to ADAMTS13 in thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura contains recurrent antigen-binding CDR3 motifs. Blood 2014; 124:3469-79. [DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-04-561142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Key Points
The spleen harbors ADAMTS13-specific memory B cells following acute acquired TTP. The splenic anti-ADAMTS13 antibody repertoire is characterized by a set of unique and novel CDR3 motifs, 4 shared by 2 patients.
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Descatoire M, Weller S, Irtan S, Sarnacki S, Feuillard J, Storck S, Guiochon-Mantel A, Bouligand J, Morali A, Cohen J, Jacquemin E, Iascone M, Bole-Feysot C, Cagnard N, Weill JC, Reynaud CA. Identification of a human splenic marginal zone B cell precursor with NOTCH2-dependent differentiation properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 211:987-1000. [PMID: 24733829 PMCID: PMC4010902 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20132203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Identification in humans of a bona fide marginal zone B cell population, which differentiates from a splenic marginal zone precursor through a NOTCH2 signaling pathway. Mouse splenic marginal zone precursors (MZPs) differentiate into marginal zone B (MZB) cells under a signaling pathway involving Notch2 and its ligand, delta-like 1 ligand (Dll1). We report the identification of an MZP subset in the spleen of young children. These MZPs differentiate into MZ-like B cells in vitro in the presence of OP9 cells expressing human DLL1, as demonstrated by the up-regulation of classical MZB cell markers. A set of diagnostic genes discriminating IgM+IgD+CD27+ blood and splenic MZB cells from switched B cells was identified (up-regulation of SOX7, down-regulation of TOX, COCH, and HOPX), and their expression during the induction assay mirrored the one of MZB cells. Moreover, Alagille patients with a NOTCH2 haploinsufficiency display a marked reduction of IgM+IgD+CD27+ B cells in blood, whereas their switched memory B cells are not affected. Altogether, these results argue in favor of the existence of a rodent-like MZB cell lineage in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Descatoire
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151-CNRS UMR 8253, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine-Site Broussais, 75014 Paris, France
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Tete SM, Newling M, Westra J, de Haan A, Bijl M, Sahota SS, Bos NA. Hampered influenza-specific IgG B cell responses whereas IgM and IgA responses are maintained in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.7243/2052-434x-2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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44
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Sang A, Zheng YY, Morel L. Contributions of B cells to lupus pathogenesis. Mol Immunol 2013; 62:329-38. [PMID: 24332482 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the production of autoantibodies. This review summarizes first the results obtained in the mouse that have revealed how B cell tolerance is breached in SLE. We then review the B cell subsets, in addition to the autoAb producing cells, which contribute to SLE pathogenesis, focusing on marginal zone B cells, B-1 cells and regulatory B cells. Finally, we review the interactions between B cells and other immune cells that have been implicated in SLE, such as dendritic cells, macrophages, neutrophils and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Sang
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ying-Yi Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Laurence Morel
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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45
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Yin L, Hou W, Liu L, Cai Y, Wallet MA, Gardner BP, Chang K, Lowe AC, Rodriguez CA, Sriaroon P, Farmerie WG, Sleasman JW, Goodenow MM. IgM Repertoire Biodiversity is Reduced in HIV-1 Infection and Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Front Immunol 2013; 4:373. [PMID: 24298273 PMCID: PMC3828670 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: HIV-1 infection or systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disrupt B cell homeostasis, reduce memory B cells, and impair function of IgG and IgM antibodies. Objective: To determine how disturbances in B cell populations producing polyclonal antibodies relate to the IgM repertoire, the IgM transcriptome in health and disease was explored at the complementarity determining region 3 (CDRH3) sequence level. Methods: 454-deep pyrosequencing in combination with a novel analysis pipeline was applied to define populations of IGHM CDRH3 sequences based on absence or presence of somatic hypermutations (SHM) in peripheral blood B cells. Results: HIV or SLE subjects have reduced biodiversity within their IGHM transcriptome compared to healthy subjects, mainly due to a significant decrease in the number of unique combinations of alleles, although recombination machinery was intact. While major differences between sequences without or with SHM occurred among all groups, IGHD and IGHJ allele use, CDRH3 length distribution, or generation of SHM were similar among study cohorts. Antiretroviral therapy failed to normalize IGHM biodiversity in HIV-infected individuals. All subjects had a low frequency of allelic combinations within the IGHM repertoire similar to known broadly neutralizing HIV-1 antibodies. Conclusion: Polyclonal expansion would decrease overall IgM biodiversity independent of other mechanisms for development of the B cell repertoire. Applying deep sequencing as a strategy to follow development of the IgM repertoire in health and disease provides a novel molecular assessment of multiple points along the B cell differentiation pathway that is highly sensitive for detecting perturbations within the repertoire at the population level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yin
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA ; Florida Center for AIDS Research, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL , USA
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Tarlinton D, Good-Jacobson K. Diversity among memory B cells: origin, consequences, and utility. Science 2013; 341:1205-11. [PMID: 24031013 DOI: 10.1126/science.1241146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory is the residuum of a successful immune response that in the B cell lineage comprises long-lived plasma cells and long-lived memory B cells. It is apparent that distinct classes of memory B cells exist, distinguishable by, among other things, immunoglobulin isotype, location, and passage through the germinal center. Some of this variation is due to the nature of the antigen, and some appears to be inherent to the process of forming memory. Here, we consider the heterogeneity in development and phenotype of memory B cells and whether particular functions are partitioned into distinct subsets. We consider also how understanding the details of generating memory may provide opportunities to develop better, functionally targeted vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Tarlinton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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Colombo M, Cutrona G, Reverberi D, Bruno S, Ghiotto F, Tenca C, Stamatopoulos K, Hadzidimitriou A, Ceccarelli J, Salvi S, Boccardo S, Calevo MG, De Santanna A, Truini M, Fais F, Ferrarini M. Expression of immunoglobulin receptors with distinctive features indicating antigen selection by marginal zone B cells from human spleen. Mol Med 2013; 19:294-302. [PMID: 23877718 PMCID: PMC4344459 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2013.00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Marginal zone (MZ) B cells, identified as surface (s)IgM(high)sIgD(low)CD23(low/-)CD21(+)CD38(-) B cells, were purified from human spleens, and the features of their V(D)J gene rearrangements were investigated and compared with those of germinal center (GC), follicular mantle (FM) and switched memory (SM) B cells. Most MZ B cells were CD27(+) and exhibited somatic hypermutations (SHM), although to a lower extent than SM B cells. Moreover, among MZ B-cell rearrangements, recurrent sequences were observed, some of which displayed intraclonal diversification. The same diversifying sequences were detected in very low numbers in GC and FM B cells and only when a highly sensitive, gene-specific polymerase chain reaction was used. This result indicates that MZ B cells could expand and diversify in situ and also suggested the presence of a number of activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID)-expressing B cells in the MZ. The notion of antigen-driven expansion/selection in situ is further supported by the VH CDR3 features of MZ B cells with highly conserved amino acids at specific positions and by the finding of shared ("stereotyped") sequences in two different spleens. Collectively, the data are consistent with the notion that MZ B cells are a special subset selected by in situ antigenic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Colombo
- Direzione Scientifica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU) San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Giovanna Cutrona
- Division of Molecular Diagnostics, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Silvia Bruno
- Department Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Fabio Ghiotto
- Department Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Claudya Tenca
- Department Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Kostas Stamatopoulos
- Institute of Agrobiotechnology, Center for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Hematology Department and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation (HCT) Unit, G. Papanicolau Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Jenny Ceccarelli
- Direzione Scientifica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU) San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Sandra Salvi
- Division of Pathology, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Simona Boccardo
- Division of Pathology, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Calevo
- Division of Epidemiology and Statistic, IRCCS Istituto G. Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Truini
- Division of Pathology, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
| | - Franco Fais
- Department Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Manlio Ferrarini
- Direzione Scientifica, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU) San Martino-IST, Genoa, Italy
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48
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Clatworthy MR. B-cell regulation and its application to transplantation. Transpl Int 2013; 27:117-28. [PMID: 23909582 DOI: 10.1111/tri.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
There has been increasing interest in the role played by B cells and their associated antibody in the immune response to an allograft, driven by the need to undertake antibody-incompatible transplantation and evidence suggesting that B cells play a role in acute T-cell-mediated rejection and in acute and chronic antibody-mediated rejection. This review focuses on the molecular events, both activating and inhibitory, which control B-cell activation, and considers how this information might inform therapeutic strategies. Potential targets include the BAFF (B-cell-activating factor belonging to the tumour necrosis factor family) and CD40-CD40L pathways and inhibitory molecules, such as CD22 and FcγRIIB. B cells can also play an immunomodulatory role via interleukin (IL)10 production and may contribute to transplant tolerance. The expansion of allograft-specific IL10-producing B cells may be an additional therapeutic goal. Thus, the treatment paradigm required in transplantation has shifted from that of simple B-cell depletion, to that of a more subtle, differential manipulation of different B-cell subsets.
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Rothstein TL, Griffin DO, Holodick NE, Quach TD, Kaku H. Human B-1 cells take the stage. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1285:97-114. [PMID: 23692567 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
B-1 cells play critical roles in defending against microbial invasion and in housekeeping removal of cellular debris. B-1 cells secrete natural antibody and manifest functions that influence T cell expansion and differentiation and in these and other ways differ from conventional B-2 cells. B-1 cells were originally studied in mice where they are easily distinguished from B-2 cells, but their identity in the human system remained poorly defined for many years. Recently, functional criteria for human B-1 cells were established on the basis of murine findings, and reverse engineering resulted in identification of the phenotypic profile, CD20(+)CD27(+)CD43(+)CD70(-), for B-1 cells found in both umbilical cord blood and adult peripheral blood. Human B-1 cells may contribute to multiple disease states through production of autoantibody and stimulation/modulation of T cell activity. Human B-1 cells could be a rich source of antibodies useful in treating diseases present in elderly populations where natural antibody protection may have eroded. Manipulation of human B-1 cell numbers and/or activity may be a new avenue for altering T cell function and treating immune dyscrasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Rothstein
- Center for Oncology and Cell Biology, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA.
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50
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Yates JL, Racine R, McBride KM, Winslow GM. T cell-dependent IgM memory B cells generated during bacterial infection are required for IgG responses to antigen challenge. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 191:1240-9. [PMID: 23804710 PMCID: PMC3720767 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory has long considered to be harbored in B cells that express high-affinity class-switched IgG. IgM-positive memory B cells can also be generated following immunization, although their physiological role has been unclear. In this study, we show that bacterial infection elicited a relatively large population of IgM memory B cells that were uniquely identified by their surface expression of CD11c, CD73, and programmed death-ligand 2. The cells lacked expression of cell surface markers typically expressed by germinal center B cells, were CD138 negative, and did not secrete Ab ex vivo. The population was also largely quiescent and accumulated somatic mutations. The IgM memory B cells were located in the region of the splenic marginal zone and were not detected in blood or other secondary lymphoid organs. Generation of the memory cells was CD4 T cell dependent and required IL-21R signaling. In vivo depletion of the IgM memory B cells abrogated the IgG recall responses to specific Ag challenge, demonstrating that the cell population was required for humoral memory, and underwent class-switch recombination following Ag encounter. Our findings demonstrate that T cell-dependent IgM memory B cells can be elicited at high frequency and can play an important role in maintaining long-term immunity during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Yates
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 22002, Albany, NY 12201-2002
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, NY 12201
| | - Rachael Racine
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 22002, Albany, NY 12201-2002
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, NY 12201
| | - Kevin M. McBride
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithfield, TX 78957
| | - Gary M. Winslow
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, P.O. Box 22002, Albany, NY 12201-2002
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, NY 12201
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