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Zhang Z, Zhou L, Liu Q, Zheng Y, Tan X, Huang Z, Guo M, Wang X, Chen X, Liang S, Li W, Song K, Yan K, Li J, Li Q, Zhang Y, Yang S, Cai Z, Dai M, Xian Q, Shi ZL, Xu K, Lan K, Chen Y. The lethal K18-hACE2 knock-in mouse model mimicking the severe pneumonia of COVID-19 is practicable for antiviral development. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2353302. [PMID: 38753462 PMCID: PMC11132709 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2353302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Animal models of COVID-19 facilitate the development of vaccines and antivirals against SARS-CoV-2. The efficacy of antivirals or vaccines may differ in different animal models with varied degrees of disease. Here, we introduce a mouse model expressing human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). In this model, ACE2 with the human cytokeratin 18 promoter was knocked into the Hipp11 locus of C57BL/6J mouse by CRISPR - Cas9 (K18-hACE2 KI). Upon intranasal inoculation with high (3 × 105 PFU) or low (2.5 × 102 PFU) dose of SARS-CoV-2 wildtype (WT), Delta, Omicron BA.1, or Omicron BA.2 variants, all mice showed obvious infection symptoms, including weight loss, high viral loads in the lung, and interstitial pneumonia. 100% lethality was observed in K18-hACE2 KI mice infected by variants with a delay of endpoint for Delta and BA.1, and a significantly attenuated pathogenicity was observed for BA.2. The pneumonia of infected mice was accompanied by the infiltration of neutrophils and pulmonary fibrosis in the lung. Compared with K18-hACE2 Tg mice and HFH4-hACE2 Tg mice, K18-hACE2 KI mice are more susceptible to SARS-CoV-2. In the antivirals test, REGN10933 and Remdesivir had limited antiviral efficacies in K18-hACE2 KI mice upon the challenge of SARS-CoV-2 infections, while Nirmatrelvir, monoclonal antibody 4G4, and mRNA vaccines potently protected the mice from death. Our results suggest that the K18-hACE2 KI mouse model is lethal and stable for SARS-CoV-2 infection, and is practicable and stringent to antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Vaccine Research, Animal Bio-Safety Level III Laboratory / Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Vaccine Research, Animal Bio-Safety Level III Laboratory / Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qianyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yucheng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xue Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhixiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Vaccine Research, Animal Bio-Safety Level III Laboratory / Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Simeng Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenkang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Song
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kun Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiali Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaohong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Vaccine Research, Animal Bio-Safety Level III Laboratory / Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuzhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Vaccine Research, Animal Bio-Safety Level III Laboratory / Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shimin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zeng Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Vaccine Research, Animal Bio-Safety Level III Laboratory / Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Dai
- Institute for Vaccine Research, Animal Bio-Safety Level III Laboratory / Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiaoyang Xian
- Institute for Vaccine Research, Animal Bio-Safety Level III Laboratory / Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Li Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Vaccine Research, Animal Bio-Safety Level III Laboratory / Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Vaccine Research, Animal Bio-Safety Level III Laboratory / Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Modern Virology Research Center and RNA Institute, College of Life Sciences and Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Wuhan University, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- Institute for Vaccine Research, Animal Bio-Safety Level III Laboratory / Center for Animal Experiment, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Li M, Yuan Y, Hou Z, Hao S, Jin L, Wang B. Human brain organoid: trends, evolution, and remaining challenges. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2387-2399. [PMID: 38526275 PMCID: PMC11090441 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.390972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Advanced brain organoids provide promising platforms for deciphering the cellular and molecular processes of human neural development and diseases. Although various studies and reviews have described developments and advancements in brain organoids, few studies have comprehensively summarized and analyzed the global trends in this area of neuroscience. To identify and further facilitate the development of cerebral organoids, we utilized bibliometrics and visualization methods to analyze the global trends and evolution of brain organoids in the last 10 years. First, annual publications, countries/regions, organizations, journals, authors, co-citations, and keywords relating to brain organoids were identified. The hotspots in this field were also systematically identified. Subsequently, current applications for brain organoids in neuroscience, including human neural development, neural disorders, infectious diseases, regenerative medicine, drug discovery, and toxicity assessment studies, are comprehensively discussed. Towards that end, several considerations regarding the current challenges in brain organoid research and future strategies to advance neuroscience will be presented to further promote their application in neurological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Li
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Yuhan Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zongkun Hou
- School of Biology and Engineering/School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Shilei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bochu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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Hao M, He Y, Song T, Guo H, Rayman MP, Zhang J. Dopamine and its precursor levodopa inactivate SARS-CoV-2 main protease by forming a quinoprotein. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 220:167-178. [PMID: 38718952 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2024.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Many studies show either the absence, or very low levels of, SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA and/or antigen in the brain of COVID-19 patients. Reports consistently indicate an abortive infection phenomenon in nervous cells despite the fact that they contain the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, ACE2. Dopamine levels in different brain regions are in the range of micromolar to millimolar concentrations. We have shown that sub-micromolar to low micromolar concentrations of dopamine or its precursor (levodopa) time- and dose-dependently inhibit the activity of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), which is vital for the viral life cycle, by forming a quinoprotein. Thiol detection coupled with the assessment of Mpro activity suggests that among the 12 cysteinyl thiols, the active site, Cys145-SH, is preferentially conjugated to the quinone derived from the oxidation of dopamine or levodopa. LC-MS/MS analyses show that the Cys145-SH is covalently conjugated by dopamine- or levodopa-o-quinone. These findings help explain why SARS-CoV-2 causes inefficient replication in many nerve cell lines. It is well recognized that inhaled pulmonary drug delivery is the most robust therapy pathway for lung diseases. CVT-301 (orally inhaled levodopa) was approved by the FDA as a drug for Parkinson's patients prior to the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2018. Based on the fact that SARS-CoV-2 causes inefficient replication in the CNS with abundant endogenous Mpro inhibitor in addition to the current finding that levodopa has an Mpro-inhibitory effect somewhat stronger than dopamine, we should urgently investigate the use of CVT-301 as a lung-targeting, COVID-19, Mpro inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yufeng He
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Tingting Song
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Huimin Guo
- Center for Biological Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Margaret P Rayman
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Jinsong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, School of Tea & Food Science, Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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4
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Jiang X, Gao X, Ding J, Pang B, Pei Y, Zhao Z, Zhao N, Wang Z, Chen C, Gao D, Yan F, Wang F, Liu C, Zhang Z, Li Z, Zhao Z. Fecal microbiota transplantation alleviates mild-moderate COVID-19 associated diarrhoea and depression symptoms: A prospective study of a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29812. [PMID: 39056206 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Currently, the emergence of the endemic Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) situation still poses a serious threat to public health. However, it remains elusive about the role of fecal microbiota transplantation in treating COVID-19. We performed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial enrolling a cohort of 40 COVID-19 patients with mild-moderate symptoms. Our results showed that fecal microbiota transplantation provided an amelioration in diarrhoea (p = 0.026) of digestive system and depression (p = 0.006) of neuropsychiatric-related symptom in COVID-19 patients, respectively. Meanwhile, we found that the number of patients with diarrhoea decreased from 19 to 0 on day 7 after fecal microbiota transplantation treatment, and it was statistically changed compared to the placebo group (p = 0.047). Of note, the serum concentration of aspartate aminotransferase-to-alanine aminotransferase ratio (AST/ALT, fecal microbiota transplantation, pre vs. post: 0.966 vs. 0.817), a biomarker for predicting long COVID-19, was significantly reduced by fecal microbiota transplantation. In all, our study supports that fecal microbiota transplantation could be a novel therapeutic strategy for COVID-19 patients with diarrhoea and depressive symptoms, which is potentially valuable in ameliorating long COVID-19 symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Jiang
- Gastrointestinal Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xian Gao
- Gastrointestinal Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jiaqi Ding
- Gastrointestinal Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Bo Pang
- Gastrointestinal Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yongbin Pei
- Physical Examination Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zifeng Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zibin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Chengyang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Da Gao
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Fu Yan
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Feifan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Chengcheng Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhongxin Li
- Gastrointestinal Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zengren Zhao
- Gastrointestinal Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of General Surgery, Hebei Key Laboratory of Colorectal Cancer Precision Diagnosis and Treatment, The First Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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Ryan MA, Ermarth A. Inflammatory Causes of Dysphagia in Children. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2024; 57:669-684. [PMID: 38637195 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2024.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) are the most common inflammatory causes of pediatric dysphagia, but several other less prevalent conditions should be considered. These conditions can affect one or several aspects of the swallowing process. In some inflammatory conditions dysphagia may be an early symptom. Esophagoscopy and instrumental swallow studies are often needed to determine the underlying diagnosis and best treatment plan. In some inflammatory conditions dysphagia can portend a worse outcome and need for more aggressive treatment of the underlying condition. Consultations with speech language pathology, gastroenterology, dietetics, allergy/immunology and/or rheumatology are often needed to optimize management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa A Ryan
- Pediatric Otolaryngology, Peak ENT Associates, 1055 North 300 West, Suite 401, Provo, UT 84604, USA.
| | - Anna Ermarth
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, University of Utah School of Medicine, 81 Mario Capecchi Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84113, USA
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Mondal A, Munan S, Saxena I, Mukherjee S, Upadhyay P, Gupta N, Dar W, Samanta A, Singh S, Pati S. G6PD deficiency mediated impairment of iNOS and lysosomal acidification affecting phagocytotic clearance in microglia in response to SARS-CoV-2. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024:167444. [PMID: 39074627 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is X-linked and is the most common enzymatic deficiency disorder globally. It is a crucial enzyme for the pentose phosphate pathway and produces NADPH, which plays a vital role in regulating the oxidative stress of many cell types. The deficiency of G6PD primarily causes hemolytic anemia under oxidative stress triggered by food, drugs, or infection. G6PD-deficient patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 showed an increase in hemolysis and thrombosis. Patients also exhibited prolonged COVID-19 symptoms, ventilation support, neurological impacts, and high mortality. However, the mechanism of COVID-19 severity in G6PD deficient patients and its neurological manifestation is still ambiguous. Here, using a CRISPR-edited G6PD deficient human microglia cell culture model, we observed a significant reduction in NADPH level and an increase in basal reactive oxygen species (ROS) in microglia. Interestingly, the deficiency of the G6PD-NAPDH axis impairs induced nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mediated nitric oxide (NO) production, which plays a fundamental role in inhibiting viral replication. Surprisingly, we also observed that the deficiency of the G6PD-NADPH axis reduced lysosomal acidification and free radical production, further abrogating the lysosomal clearance of viral particles. Thus, impairment of NO production, lysosomal functions, and redox dysregulation in G6PD deficient microglia altered innate immune response, promoting the severity of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abir Mondal
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - Subrata Munan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - Isha Saxena
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - Soumyadeep Mukherjee
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - Prince Upadhyay
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - Nutan Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Waseem Dar
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - Animesh Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Delhi-NCR, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India.
| | - Soumya Pati
- Amity Institute of Neuropsychology & Neurosciences, Amity University, Noida UP-201313, India.
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Wesley UV, Dempsey RJ. Neuro-molecular perspectives on long COVID-19 impacted cerebrovascular diseases - a role for dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Exp Neurol 2024; 380:114890. [PMID: 39038507 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused immense devastation globally with many outcomes that are now extending to its long-term sequel called long COVID. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infects not only lungs, but also the brain and heart in association with endothelial cell dysfunction, coagulation abnormalities, and thrombosis leading to cardio-cerebrovascular health issues. Fatigue, cognitive decline, and brain fog are common neurological symptoms in persisting long COVID. Neurodegenerative processes and SARS-CoV-2 infection manifest overlapping molecular mechanisms, such as cytokine dysregulation, inflammation, protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. Identifying the key molecules in these processes is of importance for prevention and treatment of this disease. In particular, Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV), a multifunctional peptidase has recently drawn attention as a potential co-receptor for SARS-CoV-2 infection and cellular entry. DPPIV is a known co-receptor for some other COVID viruses including MERS-Co-V. DPPIV regulates the immune responses, obesity, glucose metabolism, diabetes, and hypertension that are associated with cerebrovascular manifestations including stroke. DPPIV likely worsens persisting COVID-19 by disrupting inflammatory signaling pathways and the neurovascular system. This review highlights the neurological, cellular and molecular processes concerning long COVID, and DPPIV as a potential key factor contributing to cerebrovascular dysfunctions following SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umadevi V Wesley
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA.
| | - Robert J Dempsey
- Department of Neurological Surgery, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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8
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Shukla N, Shamim U, Agarwal P, Pandey R, Narayan J. From bench to bedside: potential of translational research in COVID-19 and beyond. Brief Funct Genomics 2024; 23:349-362. [PMID: 37986554 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elad051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been around for more than 3 years now. However, due to constant viral evolution, novel variants are emerging, leaving old treatment protocols redundant. As treatment options dwindle, infection rates continue to rise and seasonal infection surges become progressively common across the world, rapid solutions are required. With genomic and proteomic methods generating enormous amounts of data to expand our understanding of SARS-CoV-2 biology, there is an urgent requirement for the development of novel therapeutic methods that can allow translational research to flourish. In this review, we highlight the current state of COVID-19 in the world and the effects of post-infection sequelae. We present the contribution of translational research in COVID-19, with various current and novel therapeutic approaches, including antivirals, monoclonal antibodies and vaccines, as well as alternate treatment methods such as immunomodulators, currently being studied and reiterate the importance of translational research in the development of various strategies to contain COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nityendra Shukla
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Near Jubilee Hall, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Uzma Shamim
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Near Jubilee Hall, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Preeti Agarwal
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Near Jubilee Hall, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Rajesh Pandey
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Near Jubilee Hall, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Jitendra Narayan
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology (CSIR-IGIB), Mall Road, Near Jubilee Hall, New Delhi, 110007, India
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Krishna VD, Chang A, Korthas H, Var SR, Seelig DM, Low WC, Li L, Cheeran MCJ. Impact of age and sex on neuroinflammation following SARS-CoV-2 infection in a murine model. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1404312. [PMID: 39077737 PMCID: PMC11284165 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1404312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of COVID-19, is known to infect people of all ages and both sexes. Senior populations have the greatest risk of severe COVID-19, and sexual dimorphism in clinical outcomes has been reported. Neurological symptoms are widely observed in COVID-19 patients, with many survivors exhibiting persistent neurological and cognitive impairment. The present study aims to investigate the impact of age and sex on the neuroinflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection using a mouse model. Wild-type C57BL/6J mice were intranasally inoculated with SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.351, a variant known to infect mice. Older male mice exhibited a significantly greater weight loss and higher viral loads in the lung at 3 days post infection. Notably, no viral RNA was detected in the brains of infected mice. Nevertheless, expression of IL-6, TNF-α, and CCL-2 in the lung and brain increased with viral infection. RNA-seq transcriptomic analysis of brains showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection caused significant changes in gene expression profiles, implicating innate immunity, defense response to virus, and cerebrovascular and neuronal functions. These findings demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers a neuroinflammatory response, despite the lack of detectable virus in the brain. Aberrant activation of innate immune response, disruption of blood-brain barrier and endothelial cell integrity, and suppression of neuronal activity and axonogenesis underlie the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the brain. Understanding the role of these affected pathways in SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis helps identify appropriate points of therapeutic interventions to alleviate neurological dysfunction observed during COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatramana D. Krishna
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
| | - Allison Chang
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Holly Korthas
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Susanna R. Var
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Davis M. Seelig
- Comparative Pathology Shared Resource, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Walter C. Low
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Ling Li
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Maxim C. -J. Cheeran
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States
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Ostojic J, Kozic D, Ostojic S, Ilic ADJ, Galic V, Matijasevic J, Dragicevic D, Barak O, Boban J. Decreased Cerebral Creatine and N-Acetyl Aspartate Concentrations after Severe COVID-19 Infection: A Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Study. J Clin Med 2024; 13:4128. [PMID: 39064167 PMCID: PMC11277668 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13144128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 06/30/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate brain metabolism using MR spectroscopy (MRS) after recovery from Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and to test the impact of disease severity on brain metabolites. Methods: We performed MRS on 81 individuals (45 males, 36 females, aged 40-60), who had normal MRI findings and had recovered from COVID-19, classifying them into mild (17), moderate (36), and severe (28) groups based on disease severity during the acute phase. The study employed two-dimensional spectroscopic imaging above the corpus callosum, focusing on choline (Cho), creatine (Cr), and N-acetylaspartate (NAA). We analyzed Cho/Cr and NAA/Cr ratios as well as absolute concentrations using water as an internal reference. Results: Results indicated that the Cho/Cr ratio was higher with increasing disease severity, while absolute Cho and NAA/Cr ratios showed no significant differences across the groups. Notably, absolute Cr and NAA levels were significantly lower in patients with severe disease. Conclusions: These findings suggest that the severity of COVID-19 during the acute phase is associated with significant changes in brain metabolism, marked by an increase in Cho/Cr ratios and a reduction in Cr and NAA levels, reflecting substantial metabolic alterations post-recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Ostojic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (D.K.); (A.D.I.); (V.G.); (J.M.); (O.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Dusko Kozic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (D.K.); (A.D.I.); (V.G.); (J.M.); (O.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Sergej Ostojic
- Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia;
| | - Aleksandra DJ Ilic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (D.K.); (A.D.I.); (V.G.); (J.M.); (O.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Vladimir Galic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (D.K.); (A.D.I.); (V.G.); (J.M.); (O.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Jovan Matijasevic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (D.K.); (A.D.I.); (V.G.); (J.M.); (O.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Dusan Dragicevic
- Oncology Institute of Vojvodina, Diagnostic Imaging Center, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia;
| | - Otto Barak
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (D.K.); (A.D.I.); (V.G.); (J.M.); (O.B.); (J.B.)
| | - Jasmina Boban
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (D.K.); (A.D.I.); (V.G.); (J.M.); (O.B.); (J.B.)
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11
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Yang S, Tian M, Dai Y, Wang R, Yamada S, Feng S, Wang Y, Chhangani D, Ou T, Li W, Guo X, McAdow J, Rincon-Limas DE, Yin X, Tai W, Cheng G, Johnson A. Infection and chronic disease activate a systemic brain-muscle signaling axis. Sci Immunol 2024; 9:eadm7908. [PMID: 38996009 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adm7908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Infections and neurodegenerative diseases induce neuroinflammation, but affected individuals often show nonneural symptoms including muscle pain and muscle fatigue. The molecular pathways by which neuroinflammation causes pathologies outside the central nervous system (CNS) are poorly understood. We developed multiple models to investigate the impact of CNS stressors on motor function and found that Escherichia coli infections and SARS-CoV-2 protein expression caused reactive oxygen species (ROS) to accumulate in the brain. ROS induced expression of the cytokine Unpaired 3 (Upd3) in Drosophila and its ortholog, IL-6, in mice. CNS-derived Upd3/IL-6 activated the JAK-STAT pathway in skeletal muscle, which caused muscle mitochondrial dysfunction and impaired motor function. We observed similar phenotypes after expressing toxic amyloid-β (Aβ42) in the CNS. Infection and chronic disease therefore activate a systemic brain-muscle signaling axis in which CNS-derived cytokines bypass the connectome and directly regulate muscle physiology, highlighting IL-6 as a therapeutic target to treat disease-associated muscle dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Yang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Genetics and Genetics Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Meijie Tian
- Genetics Branch, Oncogenomics Section, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Yulong Dai
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genetics Engineering, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shigehiro Yamada
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Shengyong Feng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yunyun Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Deepak Chhangani
- Department of Neurology and McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Genetics Institute, and Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Tiffany Ou
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Wenle Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics & Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xuan Guo
- Life Science Institute, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Jennifer McAdow
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Diego E Rincon-Limas
- Department of Neurology and McKnight Brain Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, Genetics Institute, and Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Xin Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China
| | - Wanbo Tai
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Gong Cheng
- New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518000, China
- Institute of Pathogenic Organisms, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Southwest United Graduate School, Kunming 650092, China
| | - Aaron Johnson
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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12
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Gururangan K, Peschansky VJ, Van Hyfte G, Agarwal P, Blank LJ, Mathew B, Goldstein J, Kwon CS, McCarthy L, Cohen A, Chan AHW, Deng P, Dhamoon M, Gutzwiller E, Hao Q, He C, Klenofsky B, Lemus HN, Marcuse L, Navis A, Heredia Nunez WD, Luckey MN, Schorr EM, Singh A, Tantillo GB, Ufongene C, Young JJ, Balchandani P, Festa JR, Naasan G, Charney AW, Nadkarni GN, Jetté N. Neuropsychiatric complications of coronavirus disease 2019: Mount Sinai Health System cohort study. J Neurol 2024; 271:3991-4007. [PMID: 38656620 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-024-12370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the frequency of neuropsychiatric complications among hospitalized patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and their association with pre-existing comorbidities and clinical outcomes. METHODS We retrospectively identified all patients hospitalized with COVID-19 within a large multicenter New York City health system between March 15, 2020 and May 17, 2021 and randomly selected a representative cohort for detailed chart review. Clinical data, including the occurrence of neuropsychiatric complications (categorized as either altered mental status [AMS] or other neuropsychiatric complications) and in-hospital mortality, were extracted using an electronic medical record database and individual chart review. Associations between neuropsychiatric complications, comorbidities, laboratory findings, and in-hospital mortality were assessed using multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS Our study cohort consisted of 974 patients, the majority were admitted during the first wave of the pandemic. Patients were treated with anticoagulation (88.4%), glucocorticoids (24.8%), and remdesivir (10.5%); 18.6% experienced severe COVID-19 pneumonia (evidenced by ventilator requirement). Neuropsychiatric complications occurred in 58.8% of patients; 39.8% experienced AMS; and 19.0% experienced at least one other complication (seizures in 1.4%, ischemic stroke in 1.6%, hemorrhagic stroke in 1.0%) or symptom (headache in 11.4%, anxiety in 6.8%, ataxia in 6.3%). Higher odds of mortality, which occurred in 22.0%, were associated with AMS, ventilator support, increasing age, and higher serum inflammatory marker levels. Anticoagulant therapy was associated with lower odds of mortality and AMS. CONCLUSION Neuropsychiatric complications of COVID-19, especially AMS, were common, varied, and associated with in-hospital mortality in a diverse multicenter cohort at an epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil Gururangan
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Veronica J Peschansky
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Grace Van Hyfte
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Institute of Health Care Delivery Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Parul Agarwal
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Institute of Health Care Delivery Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Leah J Blank
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Institute of Health Care Delivery Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Mathew
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan Goldstein
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Churl-Su Kwon
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Neurology, Epidemiology, and the Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Louise McCarthy
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ariella Cohen
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Andy Ho Wing Chan
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pojen Deng
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mandip Dhamoon
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eveline Gutzwiller
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qing Hao
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Celestine He
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Britany Klenofsky
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hernan Nicolas Lemus
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lara Marcuse
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Allison Navis
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Mallory N Luckey
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily M Schorr
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anuradha Singh
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gabriela B Tantillo
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Claire Ufongene
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - James J Young
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Priti Balchandani
- BioMedical Engineering and Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joanne R Festa
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Barbara and Maurice Deane Center for Wellness and Cognitive Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Georges Naasan
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Barbara and Maurice Deane Center for Wellness and Cognitive Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander W Charney
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Girish N Nadkarni
- Division of Data Driven and Digital Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nathalie Jetté
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Population Health Science and Policy, Institute of Health Care Delivery Science, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 1403 29 Street NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 2T9, Canada.
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13
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Schreiber CS, Wiesweg I, Stanelle-Bertram S, Beck S, Kouassi NM, Schaumburg B, Gabriel G, Richter F, Käufer C. Sex-specific biphasic alpha-synuclein response and alterations of interneurons in a COVID-19 hamster model. EBioMedicine 2024; 105:105191. [PMID: 38865747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) frequently leads to neurological complications after recovery from acute infection, with higher prevalence in women. However, mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 disrupts brain function remain unclear and treatment strategies are lacking. We previously demonstrated neuroinflammation in the olfactory bulb of intranasally infected hamsters, followed by alpha-synuclein and tau accumulation in cortex, thus mirroring pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's or Alzheimer's disease. METHODS To uncover the sex-specific spatiotemporal profiles of neuroinflammation and neuronal dysfunction following intranasal SARS-CoV-2 infection, we quantified microglia cell density, alpha-synuclein immunoreactivity and inhibitory interneurons in cortical regions, limbic system and basal ganglia at acute and late post-recovery time points. FINDINGS Unexpectedly, microglia cell density and alpha-synuclein immunoreactivity decreased at 6 days post-infection, then rebounded to overt accumulation at 21 days post-infection. This biphasic response was most pronounced in amygdala and striatum, regions affected early in Parkinson's disease. Several brain regions showed altered densities of parvalbumin and calretinin interneurons which are involved in cognition and motor control. Of note, females appeared more affected. INTERPRETATION Our results demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 profoundly disrupts brain homeostasis without neuroinvasion, via neuroinflammatory and protein regulation mechanisms that persist beyond viral clearance. The regional patterns and sex differences are in line with neurological deficits observed after SARS-CoV-2 infection. FUNDING Federal Ministry of Health, Germany (BMG; ZMV I 1-2520COR501 to G.G.), Federal Ministry of Education and Research, Germany (BMBF; 03COV06B to G.G.), Ministry of Science and Culture of Lower Saxony in Germany (14-76403-184, to G.G. and F.R.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara Sophie Schreiber
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover (ZSN), Germany
| | - Ivo Wiesweg
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Sebastian Beck
- Department for Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nancy Mounogou Kouassi
- Department for Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berfin Schaumburg
- Department for Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gülsah Gabriel
- Department for Viral Zoonoses-One Health, Leibniz Institute of Virology, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Franziska Richter
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover (ZSN), Germany.
| | - Christopher Käufer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Pharmacy; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany; Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover (ZSN), Germany.
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14
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Sadowski J, Klaudel T, Rombel-Bryzek A, Bułdak RJ. Cognitive dysfunctions in the course of SARS‑CoV‑2 virus infection, including NeuroCOVID, frontal syndrome and cytokine storm (Review). Biomed Rep 2024; 21:103. [PMID: 38800038 PMCID: PMC11117100 DOI: 10.3892/br.2024.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, cognitive impairment of varying degrees of severity began to be observed in a significant percentage of patients. The present study discussed the impact of immunological processes on structural and functional changes in the central nervous system and the related cognitive disorders. The purpose of the present review was to analyse and discuss available information from the scientific literature considering the possible relationship between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral infection and cognitive impairment, including NeuroCOVID, frontal syndrome and cytokine storm. A systematic literature review was conducted using: Google Scholar, Elsevier and the PubMed database. When searching for materials, the following keywords were used: 'cognitive dysfunctions', 'SARS-CoV-2', 'COVID-19', 'Neuro-SARS2', 'NeuroCOVID', 'frontal syndrome', 'cytokine storm', 'Long COVID-19'. A total of 96 articles were included in the study. The analysis focused on the characteristics of each study's materials, methods, results and conclusions. SARS-CoV-2 infection may induce or influence existing cognitive disorders of various nature and severity. The influence of immunological factors related to the response against SARS-CoV-2 on the disturbance of cerebral perfusion, the functioning of nerve cells and the neuroprotective effect has been demonstrated. Particular importance is attached to the cytokine storm and the related difference between pro- and anti-inflammatory effects, oxidative stress, disturbances in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the stress response of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sadowski
- Student Scientific Society of Clinical Biochemistry and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45-050 Opole, Poland
| | - Tomasz Klaudel
- Student Scientific Society of Clinical Biochemistry and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45-050 Opole, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Rombel-Bryzek
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45-050 Opole, Poland
| | - Rafał Jakub Bułdak
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, 45-050 Opole, Poland
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15
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Haverty R, McCormack J, Evans C, Purves K, O'Reilly S, Gautier V, Rochfort K, Fabre A, Fletcher NF. SARS-CoV-2 infects neurons, astrocytes, choroid plexus epithelial cells and pericytes of the human central nervous system in vitro. J Gen Virol 2024; 105. [PMID: 38995681 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.002009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with neurological sequelae including haemorrhage, thrombosis and ischaemic necrosis and encephalitis. However, the mechanism by which this occurs is unclear. Neurological disease associated with COVID-19 has been proposed to occur following direct infection of the central nervous system and/or indirectly by local or systemic immune activation. We evaluated the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 and transmembrane protease, serine 2 (TMPRSS2) in brain tissue from five healthy human donors and observed low-level expression of these proteins in cells morphologically consistent with astrocytes, neurons and choroidal ependymal cells within the frontal cortex and medulla oblongata. Primary human astrocytes, neurons, choroid plexus epithelial cells and pericytes supported productive SARS-CoV-2 infection with ancestral, Alpha, Delta and Omicron variants. Infected cells supported the full viral life cycle, releasing infectious virus particles. In contrast, primary brain microvascular endothelial cells and microglia were refractory to SARS-CoV-2 infection. These data support a model whereby SARS-CoV-2 can infect human brain cells, and the mechanism of viral entry warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Haverty
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Janet McCormack
- Research Pathology Core Facility, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Christopher Evans
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kevin Purves
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Sophie O'Reilly
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Virginie Gautier
- Centre for Experimental Pathogen Host Research, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Keith Rochfort
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Aurelie Fabre
- Research Pathology Core Facility, Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Histopathology, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Nicola F Fletcher
- Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomedical and Biomolecular Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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16
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Yan J, Monlong J, Cougoule C, Lacroix-Lamandé S, Wiedemann A. Mapping the scientific output of organoids for animal and human modeling infectious diseases: a bibliometric assessment. Vet Res 2024; 55:81. [PMID: 38926765 PMCID: PMC11210181 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01333-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The escalation of antibiotic resistance, pandemics, and nosocomial infections underscores the importance of research in both animal and human infectious diseases. Recent advancements in three-dimensional tissue cultures, or "organoids", have revolutionized the development of in vitro models for infectious diseases. Our study conducts a bibliometric analysis on the use of organoids in modeling infectious diseases, offering an in-depth overview of this field's current landscape. We examined scientific contributions from 2009 onward that focused on organoids in host‒pathogen interactions using the Web of Science Core Collection and OpenAlex database. Our analysis included temporal trends, reference aging, author, and institutional productivity, collaborative networks, citation metrics, keyword cluster dynamics, and disruptiveness of organoid models. VOSviewer, CiteSpace, and Python facilitated this analytical assessment. The findings reveal significant growth and advancements in organoid-based infectious disease research. Analysis of keywords and impactful publications identified three distinct developmental phases in this area that were significantly influenced by outbreaks of Zika and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. The research also highlights the synergistic efforts between academia and publishers in tackling global pandemic challenges. Through mostly consolidating research efforts, organoids are proving to be a promising tool in infectious disease research for both human and animal infectious disease. Their integration into the field necessitates methodological refinements for better physiological emulation and the establishment of extensive organoid biobanks. These improvements are crucial for fully harnessing the potential of organoids in understanding infectious diseases and advancing the development of targeted treatments and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Research Center of Digestive Disease, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- IRSD - Digestive Health Research Institute, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Jean Monlong
- IRSD - Digestive Health Research Institute, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Céline Cougoule
- Institut de Pharmacologie Et Biologie Structurale, IPBS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Agnès Wiedemann
- IRSD - Digestive Health Research Institute, University of Toulouse, INSERM, INRAE, ENVT, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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17
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Oh SJ, Kumari P, Auroni TT, Stone S, Pathak H, Elsharkawy A, Natekar JP, Shin OS, Kumar M. Upregulation of Neuroinflammation-Associated Genes in the Brain of SARS-CoV-2-Infected Mice. Pathogens 2024; 13:528. [PMID: 39057755 PMCID: PMC11280415 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13070528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurological manifestations are a significant complication of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but the underlying mechanisms are yet to be understood. Recently, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-induced neuroinvasion and encephalitis were observed in K18-hACE2 mice, leading to mortality. Our goal in this study was to gain insights into the molecular pathogenesis of neurological manifestations in this mouse model. To analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the brains of mice following SARS-CoV-2 infection, we performed NanoString gene expression analysis using three individual animal samples at 1, 3, and 6 days post-infection. We identified the DEGs by comparing them to animals that were not infected with the virus. We found that genes upregulated at day 6 post-infection were mainly associated with Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, RIG-I-like receptor (RLR) signaling, and cell death pathways. However, downregulated genes were associated with neurodegeneration and synaptic signaling pathways. In correlation with gene expression profiles, a multiplexed immunoassay showed the upregulation of multiple cytokines and chemokines involved in inflammation and cell death in SARS-CoV-2-infected brains. Furthermore, the pathway analysis of DEGs indicated a possible link between TLR2-mediated signaling pathways and neuroinflammation, as well as pyroptosis and necroptosis in the brain. In conclusion, our work demonstrates neuroinflammation-associated gene expression profiles, which can provide key insight into the severe disease observed in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Oh
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea;
| | - Pratima Kumari
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (P.K.); (T.T.A.); (S.S.); (H.P.); (A.E.); (J.P.N.)
| | - Tabassum Tasnim Auroni
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (P.K.); (T.T.A.); (S.S.); (H.P.); (A.E.); (J.P.N.)
| | - Shannon Stone
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (P.K.); (T.T.A.); (S.S.); (H.P.); (A.E.); (J.P.N.)
| | - Heather Pathak
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (P.K.); (T.T.A.); (S.S.); (H.P.); (A.E.); (J.P.N.)
| | - Amany Elsharkawy
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (P.K.); (T.T.A.); (S.S.); (H.P.); (A.E.); (J.P.N.)
| | - Janhavi Prasad Natekar
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (P.K.); (T.T.A.); (S.S.); (H.P.); (A.E.); (J.P.N.)
| | - Ok Sarah Shin
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea;
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30303, USA; (P.K.); (T.T.A.); (S.S.); (H.P.); (A.E.); (J.P.N.)
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18
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Lu T, Zhang C, Li Z, Wei Y, Sadewasser A, Yan Y, Sun L, Li J, Wen Y, Lai S, Chen C, Zhong H, Jiménez MR, Klar R, Schell M, Raith S, Michel S, Ke B, Zheng H, Jaschinski F, Zhang N, Xiao H, Bachert C, Wen W. Human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2-specific antisense oligonucleotides reduce infection with SARS-CoV-2 variants. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024:S0091-6749(24)00631-6. [PMID: 38909634 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Spike protein mutation severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to decreased protective effect of various vaccines and mAbs, suggesting that blocking SARS-CoV-2 infection by targeting host factors would make the therapy more resilient against virus mutations. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the host receptor of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants, as well as many other coronaviruses. Downregulation of ACE2 expression in the respiratory tract may prevent viral infection. Antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) can be rationally designed on the basis of sequence data, require no delivery system, and can be administered locally. OBJECTIVE We sought to design ASOs that can block SARS-CoV-2 by downregulating ACE2 in human airway. METHODS ACE2-targeting ASOs were designed using a bioinformatic method and screened in cell lines. Human primary nasal epithelial cells cultured at the air-liquid interface and humanized ACE2 mice were used to detect the ACE2 reduction levels and the safety of ASOs. ASO-pretreated nasal epithelial cells and mice were infected and then used to detect the viral infection levels. RESULTS ASOs reduced ACE2 expression on mRNA and protein level in cell lines and in human nasal epithelial cells. Furthermore, they efficiently suppressed virus replication of 3 different SARS-CoV-2 variants in human nasal epithelial cells. In vivo, ASOs also downregulated human ACE2 in humanized ACE2 mice and thereby reduced viral load, histopathologic changes in lungs, and increased survival of mice. CONCLUSIONS ACE2-targeting ASOs can effectively block SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study provides a new approach for blocking SARS-CoV-2 and other ACE2-targeting virus in high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengqi Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Yan Yan
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangxi Hospital Division of The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Nanning, China
| | - Yihui Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shimin Lai
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Changhui Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Zhong
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Advanced Medical Technology Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Richard Klar
- Secarna Pharmaceuticals GmbH & Co. KG, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Monika Schell
- Secarna Pharmaceuticals GmbH & Co. KG, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Stefanie Raith
- Secarna Pharmaceuticals GmbH & Co. KG, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sven Michel
- Secarna Pharmaceuticals GmbH & Co. KG, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Bixia Ke
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Huanying Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Nan Zhang
- Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Haipeng Xiao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Claus Bachert
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany; Upper Airways Research Laboratory, Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Weiping Wen
- Department of Otolaryngology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Otorhinolaryngology Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Department of Otolaryngology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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19
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Kettunen P, Koistinaho J, Rolova T. Contribution of CNS and extra-CNS infections to neurodegeneration: a narrative review. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:152. [PMID: 38845026 PMCID: PMC11157808 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03139-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system infections have been suggested as a possible cause for neurodegenerative diseases, particularly sporadic cases. They trigger neuroinflammation which is considered integrally involved in neurodegenerative processes. In this review, we will look at data linking a variety of viral, bacterial, fungal, and protozoan infections to Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis and unspecified dementia. This narrative review aims to bring together a broad range of data currently supporting the involvement of central nervous system infections in the development of neurodegenerative diseases. The idea that no single pathogen or pathogen group is responsible for neurodegenerative diseases will be discussed. Instead, we suggest that a wide range of susceptibility factors may make individuals differentially vulnerable to different infectious pathogens and subsequent pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinja Kettunen
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Koistinaho
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Taisia Rolova
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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20
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Yin P, Wang X. Progresses in the establishment, evaluation, and application of in vitro blood-brain barrier models. J Neurosci Res 2024; 102:e25359. [PMID: 38859680 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a barrier between the circulatory system and the central nervous system (CNS), contributing to CNS protection and maintaining the brain homeostasis. Establishment of in vitro BBB models that are closer to the microenvironment of the human brain is helpful for evaluating the potential and efficiency of a drug penetrating BBB and thus the clinical application value of the drug. The in vitro BBB models not only provide great convenience for screening new drugs that can access to CNS but also help people to have a deeper study on the mechanism of substances entering and leaving the brain, which makes people have greater opportunities in the treatment of CNS diseases. Up to now, although much effort has been paid to the researches on the in vitro BBB models and many progresses have been achieved, no unified method has been described for establishing a BBB model and there is much work to do and many challenges to be faced with in the future. This review summarizes the research progresses in the establishment, evaluation, and application of in vitro BBB models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panfeng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xianchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, Protein Chemistry Laboratory, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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21
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Zhao Y, Xu K, Shu F, Zhang F. Neurotropic virus infection and neurodegenerative diseases: Potential roles of autophagy pathway. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14548. [PMID: 38082503 PMCID: PMC11163195 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) constitute a group of disorders characterized by the progressive deterioration of nervous system functionality. Currently, the precise etiological factors responsible for NDs remain incompletely elucidated, although it is probable that a combination of aging, genetic predisposition, and environmental stressors participate in this process. Accumulating evidence indicates that viral infections, especially neurotropic viruses, can contribute to the onset and progression of NDs. In this review, emerging evidence supporting the association between viral infection and NDs is summarized, and how the autophagy pathway mediated by viral infection can cause pathological aggregation of cellular proteins associated with various NDs is discussed. Furthermore, autophagy-related genes (ARGs) involved in Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) infection and NDs are analyzed, and whether these genes could link HSV-1 infection to NDs is discussed. Elucidating the mechanisms underlying NDs is critical for developing targeted therapeutic approaches that prevent the onset and slow the progression of NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐jia Zhao
- Laboratory Animal CentreZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Kai‐fei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Fu‐xing Shu
- Bioresource Institute for Healthy UtilizationZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
| | - Feng Zhang
- Laboratory Animal CentreZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Ministry of Education and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education and Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology of Guizhou ProvinceZunyi Medical UniversityZunyiGuizhouChina
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22
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Shen Q, Zhou YH, Zhou YQ. A prospects tool in virus research: Analyzing the applications of organoids in virus studies. Acta Trop 2024; 254:107182. [PMID: 38479469 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Organoids have emerged as a powerful tool for understanding the biology of the respiratory, digestive, nervous as well as urinary system, investigating infections, and developing new therapies. This article reviews recent progress in the development of organoid and advancements in virus research. The potential applications of these models in studying virul infections, pathogenesis, and antiviral drug discovery are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shen
- Institute of Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 20036, China; Institute of Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 20036, China
| | - Yu-Han Zhou
- College of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yan-Qiu Zhou
- Institute of Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 20036, China; Institute of Microbiology Laboratory, Shanghai Institute of Preventive Medicine, Shanghai 20036, China.
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23
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Hu H, Wang C, Tao R, Liu B, Peng D, Chen Y, Zhang W. Evidences of neurological injury caused by COVID-19 from glioma tissues and glioma organoids. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14822. [PMID: 38923860 PMCID: PMC11199819 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Despite the extensive neurological symptoms induced by COVID-19 and the identification of SARS-CoV-2 in post-mortem brain samples from COVID-19 patients months after death, the precise mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 invasion into the central nervous system remain unclear due to the lack of research models. METHODS We collected glioma tissue samples from glioma patients who had a recent history of COVID-19 and examined the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Subsequently, spatial transcriptomic analyses were conducted on normal brain tissues, glioma tissues, and glioma tissues from glioma patients with recent COVID-19 history. Additionally, single-cell sequencing data from both glioma tissues and glioma organoids were collected and analyzed. Glioma organoids were utilized to evaluate the efficacy of potential COVID-19 blocking agents. RESULTS Glioma tissues from glioma patients with recent COVID-19 history exhibited the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Differences between glioma tissues from glioma patients who had a recent history of COVID-19 and healthy brain tissues primarily manifested in neuronal cells. Notably, neuronal cells within glioma tissues of COVID-19 history demonstrated heightened susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease, depression, and synaptic dysfunction, indicative of neuronal aberrations. Expressions of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors were confirmed in both glioma tissues and glioma organoids. Moreover, glioma organoids were susceptible to pseudo-SARS-CoV-2 infection and the infections could be partly blocked by the potential COVID-19 drugs. CONCLUSIONS Gliomas had inherent traits that render them susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to their representability of COVID-19 neurological symptoms. This established a biological foundation for the rationality and feasibility of utilization of glioma organoids as research and blocking drug testing model in SARS-CoV-2 infection within the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Hu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA)BeijingChina
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA)BeijingChina
| | - Rui Tao
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA)BeijingChina
| | - Bohan Liu
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA)BeijingChina
| | - Dazhao Peng
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA)BeijingChina
| | - Yankun Chen
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA)BeijingChina
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Molecular Neuropathology, Beijing Neurosurgical InstituteCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
- Center of Brain Tumor, Beijing Institute for Brain DisordersBeijingChina
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological DiseasesBeijingChina
- Chinese Glioma Genome Atlas Network (CGGA)BeijingChina
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24
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Sánchez-Morales L, Porras N, García-Seco T, Pérez-Sancho M, Cruz F, Chinchilla B, Barroso-Arévalo S, Diaz-Frutos M, Buendía A, Moreno I, Briones V, Risalde MDLÁ, de la Fuente J, Juste R, Garrido J, Balseiro A, Gortázar C, Rodríguez-Bertos A, Domínguez M, Domínguez L. Neuropathological lesions in intravenous BCG-stimulated K18-hACE2 mice challenged with SARS-CoV-2. Vet Res 2024; 55:71. [PMID: 38822398 PMCID: PMC11143641 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01325-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, questions emerged about the potential effects of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine on the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, including the neurodegenerative diseases it may contribute to. To explore this, an experimental study was carried out in BCG-stimulated and non-stimulated k18-hACE2 mice challenged with SARS-CoV-2. Viral loads in tissues determined by RT-qPCR, histopathology in brain and lungs, immunohistochemical study in brain (IHC) as well as mortality rates, clinical signs and plasma inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers were assessed. Our results showed BCG-SARS-CoV-2 challenged mice presented higher viral loads in the brain and an increased frequency of neuroinvasion, with the greatest differences observed between groups at 3-4 days post-infection (dpi). Histopathological examination showed a higher severity of brain lesions in BCG-SARS-CoV-2 challenged mice, mainly consisting of neuroinflammation, increased glial cell population and neuronal degeneration, from 5 dpi onwards. This group also presented higher interstitial pneumonia and vascular thrombosis in lungs (3-4 dpi), BCG-SARS-CoV-2 mice showed higher values for TNF-α and D-dimer values, while iNOS values were higher in SARS-CoV-2 mice at 3-4 dpi. Results presented in this study indicate that BCG stimulation could have intensified the inflammatory and neurodegenerative lesions promoting virus neuroinvasion and dissemination in this experimental model. Although k18-hACE2 mice show higher hACE2 expression and neurodissemination, this study suggests that, although the benefits of BCG on enhancing heterologous protection against pathogens and tumour cells have been broadly demonstrated, potential adverse outcomes due to the non-specific effects of BCG should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Sánchez-Morales
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Néstor Porras
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa García-Seco
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Sancho
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Fátima Cruz
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Blanca Chinchilla
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Barroso-Arévalo
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Diaz-Frutos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Buendía
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Moreno
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Víctor Briones
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - María de Los Ángeles Risalde
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - José de la Fuente
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Ramón Juste
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Joseba Garrido
- Animal Health Department, NEIKER-Basque Institute for Agricultural Research and Development, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Bertos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Internal Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mercedes Domínguez
- Unidad de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Carretera Pozuelo-Majadahonda km 2, Majadahonda, 28220, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
- Real Academia de Doctores de España, C. de San Bernardo, 49, 28015, Madrid, Spain
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25
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Lee B, Choi HN, Che YH, Ko M, Seong HM, Jo MG, Kim SH, Song C, Yoon S, Choi J, Kim JH, Kim M, Lee MY, Park SW, Kim HJ, Kim SJ, Moon DS, Lee S, Park JH, Yeo SG, Everson RG, Kim YJ, Hong KW, Roh IS, Lyoo KS, Kim YJ, Yun SP. SARS-CoV-2 infection exacerbates the cellular pathology of Parkinson's disease in human dopaminergic neurons and a mouse model. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101570. [PMID: 38749422 PMCID: PMC11148862 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
While an association between Parkinson's disease (PD) and viral infections has been recognized, the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on PD progression remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 infection heightens the risk of PD using human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived dopaminergic (DA) neurons and a human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) transgenic (Tg) mouse model. Our findings reveal that SARS-CoV-2 infection exacerbates PD susceptibility and cellular toxicity in DA neurons pre-treated with human preformed fibrils (hPFFs). Additionally, nasally delivered SARS-CoV-2 infects DA neurons in hACE2 Tg mice, aggravating the damage initiated by hPFFs. Mice infected with SARS-CoV-2 display persisting neuroinflammation even after the virus is no longer detectable in the brain. A comprehensive analysis suggests that the inflammatory response mediated by astrocytes and microglia could contribute to increased PD susceptibility associated with SARS-CoV-2. These findings advance our understanding of the potential long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the progression of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bina Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Nyeoung Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Hyun Che
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungjun Ko
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Hye Min Seong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gi Jo
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seon-Hee Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Chieun Song
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Subeen Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwoo Choi
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hee Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyeong Kim
- Department of Neurology, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, BK21 FOUR ERGID, Vessel-Organ Interaction Research Center (MRC), Kyungpook National University, Daegu 4156, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Won Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Jae Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Sik Moon
- Department of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Chosun University Hospital, Gwangju 61453, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Research Center, TissueIn, Inc., Seoul 06158, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Park
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Geun Yeo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Richard G Everson
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Young Jin Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Wook Hong
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Soon Roh
- Division of Foreign Animal Disease, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Soo Lyoo
- Department of Veterinary Nursing, College of Health Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yong Jun Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; Research Center, TissueIn, Inc., Seoul 06158, Republic of Korea; KHU-KIST Department of Converging Science and Technology, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seung Pil Yun
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Health Sciences, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea; Department of Convergence Medical Science, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea.
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26
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Singh A, Adam A, Aditi, Peng BH, Yu X, Zou J, Kulkarni VV, Kan P, Jiang W, Shi PY, Samir P, Cisneros I, Wang T. A murine model of post-acute neurological sequelae following SARS-CoV-2 variant infection. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1384516. [PMID: 38765009 PMCID: PMC11099216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1384516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Viral variant is one known risk factor associated with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), yet the pathogenesis is largely unknown. Here, we studied SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant-induced PASC in K18-hACE2 mice. The virus replicated productively, induced robust inflammatory responses in lung and brain tissues, and caused weight loss and mortality during the acute infection. Longitudinal behavior studies in surviving mice up to 4 months post-acute infection revealed persistent abnormalities in neuropsychiatric state and motor behaviors, while reflex and sensory functions recovered over time. In the brain, no detectable viral RNA and minimal residential immune cell activation was observed in the surviving mice post-acute infection. Transcriptome analysis revealed persistent activation of immune pathways, including humoral responses, complement, and phagocytosis, and gene expression levels associated with ataxia telangiectasia, impaired cognitive function and memory recall, and neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. Furthermore, surviving mice maintained potent systemic T helper 1 prone cellular immune responses and strong sera neutralizing antibodies against Delta and Omicron variants months post-acute infection. Overall, our findings suggest that infection in K18-hACE2 mice recapitulates the persistent clinical symptoms reported in long-COVID patients and provides new insights into the role of systemic and brain residential immune factors in PASC pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Awadalkareem Adam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Aditi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Bi-Hung Peng
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Xiaoying Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Population Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Jing Zou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Vikram V. Kulkarni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Peter Kan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Parimal Samir
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Irma Cisneros
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- NeuroInfectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- NeuroInfectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
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27
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Partiot E, Hirschler A, Colomb S, Lutz W, Claeys T, Delalande F, Deffieu MS, Bare Y, Roels JRE, Gorda B, Bons J, Callon D, Andreoletti L, Labrousse M, Jacobs FMJ, Rigau V, Charlot B, Martens L, Carapito C, Ganesh G, Gaudin R. Brain exposure to SARS-CoV-2 virions perturbs synaptic homeostasis. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:1189-1206. [PMID: 38548923 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01657-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is associated with short- and long-term neurological complications. The variety of symptoms makes it difficult to unravel molecular mechanisms underlying neurological sequalae after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Here we show that SARS-CoV-2 triggers the up-regulation of synaptic components and perturbs local electrical field potential. Using cerebral organoids, organotypic culture of human brain explants from individuals without COVID-19 and post-mortem brain samples from individuals with COVID-19, we find that neural cells are permissive to SARS-CoV-2 to a low extent. SARS-CoV-2 induces aberrant presynaptic morphology and increases expression of the synaptic components Bassoon, latrophilin-3 (LPHN3) and fibronectin leucine-rich transmembrane protein-3 (FLRT3). Furthermore, we find that LPHN3-agonist treatment with Stachel partially restored organoid electrical activity and reverted SARS-CoV-2-induced aberrant presynaptic morphology. Finally, we observe accumulation of relatively static virions at LPHN3-FLRT3 synapses, suggesting that local hindrance can contribute to synaptic perturbations. Together, our study provides molecular insights into SARS-CoV-2-brain interactions, which may contribute to COVID-19-related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Partiot
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélie Hirschler
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC, UMR 7178, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI─FR2048, Strasbourg, France
| | - Sophie Colomb
- EDPFM (Equipe de Droit Pénal et de Sciences Forensiques de Montpellier), Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Emergency Pole, Forensic Medicine Department, Montpellier University Hospital, Montpellier, France
| | - Willy Lutz
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- UM-CNRS Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microelectronique de Montpellier (LIRMM), Montpellier, France
| | - Tine Claeys
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - François Delalande
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC, UMR 7178, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI─FR2048, Strasbourg, France
| | - Maika S Deffieu
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Yonis Bare
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Judith R E Roels
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Gorda
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Joanna Bons
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC, UMR 7178, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI─FR2048, Strasbourg, France
| | - Domitille Callon
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Medicine Faculty, Laboratory of Virology, CardioVir UMR-S 1320, Reims, France
- Forensic, Virology and ENT Departments, University Hospital Centre (CHU), Reims, France
| | - Laurent Andreoletti
- University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Medicine Faculty, Laboratory of Virology, CardioVir UMR-S 1320, Reims, France
- Forensic, Virology and ENT Departments, University Hospital Centre (CHU), Reims, France
| | - Marc Labrousse
- Forensic, Virology and ENT Departments, University Hospital Centre (CHU), Reims, France
- Anatomy laboratory, UFR Médecine, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Reims, France
| | - Frank M J Jacobs
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Valérie Rigau
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Pathological Department and Biological Resources Center BRC, Montpellier University Hospital, 'Cerebral plasticity, Stem cells and Glial tumors' team. IGF- Institut de génomique fonctionnelle INSERM U 1191 - CNRS UMR 5203, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Benoit Charlot
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Institut d'Electronique et des Systèmes (IES), CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Lennart Martens
- VIB-UGent Center for Medical Biotechnology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Biomolecular Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christine Carapito
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Bio-Organique, IPHC, UMR 7178, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Infrastructure Nationale de Protéomique ProFI─FR2048, Strasbourg, France
| | - Gowrishankar Ganesh
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- UM-CNRS Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microelectronique de Montpellier (LIRMM), Montpellier, France
| | - Raphael Gaudin
- CNRS, Institut de Recherche en Infectiologie de Montpellier (IRIM), Montpellier, France.
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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28
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Gelbard HA, Chiang W. SARS and synapses. Nat Microbiol 2024; 9:1163-1164. [PMID: 38653780 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-024-01685-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Harris A Gelbard
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, Department of Neurology, Pediatrics, Neuroscience, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Wesley Chiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
- Center for Neurotherapeutics Discovery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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29
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Sun M, Manson ML, Guo T, de Lange ECM. CNS Viral Infections-What to Consider for Improving Drug Treatment: A Plea for Using Mathematical Modeling Approaches. CNS Drugs 2024; 38:349-373. [PMID: 38580795 PMCID: PMC11026214 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-024-01082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses may cause meningitis, myelitis, encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis. These inflammatory conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) may have serious and devastating consequences if not treated adequately. In this review, we first summarize how neurotropic viruses can enter the CNS by (1) crossing the blood-brain barrier or blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier; (2) invading the nose via the olfactory route; or (3) invading the peripheral nervous system. Neurotropic viruses may then enter the intracellular space of brain cells via endocytosis and/or membrane fusion. Antiviral drugs are currently used for different viral CNS infections, even though their use and dosing regimens within the CNS, with the exception of acyclovir, are minimally supported by clinical evidence. We therefore provide considerations to optimize drug treatment(s) for these neurotropic viruses. Antiviral drugs should cross the blood-brain barrier/blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier and pass the brain cellular membrane to inhibit these viruses inside the brain cells. Some antiviral drugs may also require intracellular conversion into their active metabolite(s). This illustrates the need to better understand these mechanisms because these processes dictate drug exposure within the CNS that ultimately determine the success of antiviral drugs for CNS infections. Finally, we discuss mathematical model-based approaches for optimizing antiviral treatments. Thereby emphasizing the potential of CNS physiologically based pharmacokinetic models because direct measurement of brain intracellular exposure in living humans faces ethical restrictions. Existing physiologically based pharmacokinetic models combined with in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic information can be used to predict drug exposure and evaluate efficacy of antiviral drugs within the CNS, to ultimately optimize the treatments of CNS viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Sun
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn L Manson
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tingjie Guo
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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30
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Li AY, Li WX, Li J. Emerging trends in management of long COVID with a focus on pulmonary rehabilitation: A review. THE CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2024; 18:e13777. [PMID: 38775379 PMCID: PMC11110486 DOI: 10.1111/crj.13777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Long COVID, or post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), represents a complex condition with persistent symptoms following SARS-Cov-2 infection. The symptoms include fatigue, dyspnoea, cognitive impairment, decreased quality of life in variable levels of severity. Potential mechanisms behind long COVID include vascular damage, immune dysregulation and viral persistence. Diagnosing long COVID involves medical evaluation by multidisciplinary team and assessment of persistent symptoms with scoring systems in development. Treatment strategies are symptom-focused, encompassing multidisciplinary care, rehabilitation and tailored exercise programmes. Pulmonary rehabilitation, an effective and critical component of long COVID management, has shown promise, particularly for patients with respiratory symptoms such as dyspnoea. These programmes, which combine exercise, breathing techniques, education and psychological support, improve symptoms, quality of life and overall recovery. Innovative technologies, such as telemedicine, wearable devices, telerehabilitation, are transforming long COVID management. Telemedicine facilitates consultations and interventions, eliminating healthcare access barriers. Wearable devices enable remote and continuous monitoring of patients during their rehabilitation activities. Telerehabilitation has proven to be safe and feasible and to have high potential for COVID-19 recovery. This review provides a concise overview of long COVID, encompassing its definition, prevalence, mechanisms, clinical manifestations, diagnosis and management approaches. It emphasizes the significance of multidisciplinary approach in diagnosis and treatment of long COVID, with focus on pulmonary rehabilitation and innovative technology advances to effectively address the management of long COVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Y. Li
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
- College of EngineeringUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta BarbaraCaliforniaUSA
| | - Willis X. Li
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of MedicineUniversity of California San DiegoLa JollaCaliforniaUSA
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31
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Carrascosa-Sàez M, Marqués MC, Geller R, Elena SF, Rahmeh A, Dufloo J, Sanjuán R. Cell type-specific adaptation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike. Virus Evol 2024; 10:veae032. [PMID: 38779130 PMCID: PMC11110937 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veae032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) can infect various human tissues and cell types, principally via interaction with its cognate receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2). However, how the virus evolves in different cellular environments is poorly understood. Here, we used experimental evolution to study the adaptation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike to four human cell lines expressing different levels of key entry factors. After twenty passages of a spike-expressing recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), cell-type-specific phenotypic changes were observed and sequencing allowed the identification of sixteen adaptive spike mutations. We used VSV pseudotyping to measure the entry efficiency, ACE2 affinity, spike processing, TMPRSS2 usage, and entry pathway usage of all the mutants, alone or in combination. The fusogenicity of the mutant spikes was assessed with a cell-cell fusion assay. Finally, mutant recombinant VSVs were used to measure the fitness advantage associated with selected mutations. We found that the effects of these mutations varied across cell types, both in terms of viral entry and replicative fitness. Interestingly, two spike mutations (L48S and A372T) that emerged in cells expressing low ACE2 levels increased receptor affinity, syncytia induction, and entry efficiency under low-ACE2 conditions. Our results demonstrate specific adaptation of the SARS-CoV-2 spike to different cell types and have implications for understanding SARS-CoV-2 tissue tropism and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Carrascosa-Sàez
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio). University of Valencia—CSIC, Paterna, 46980, Spain
| | - María-Carmen Marqués
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio). University of Valencia—CSIC, Paterna, 46980, Spain
| | - Ron Geller
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio). University of Valencia—CSIC, Paterna, 46980, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia (IBV), CSIC and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Valencia 46010, Spain
| | - Santiago F Elena
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio). University of Valencia—CSIC, Paterna, 46980, Spain
- The Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM 87501, USA
| | - Amal Rahmeh
- Departament de Medicina i Ciències de La Vida (MELIS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Jérémy Dufloo
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio). University of Valencia—CSIC, Paterna, 46980, Spain
| | - Rafael Sanjuán
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio). University of Valencia—CSIC, Paterna, 46980, Spain
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Sun Z, Shi C, Jin L. Mechanisms by Which SARS-CoV-2 Invades and Damages the Central Nervous System: Apart from the Immune Response and Inflammatory Storm, What Else Do We Know? Viruses 2024; 16:663. [PMID: 38793545 PMCID: PMC11125732 DOI: 10.3390/v16050663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Initially reported as pneumonia of unknown origin, COVID-19 is increasingly being recognized for its impact on the nervous system, despite nervous system invasions being extremely rare. As a result, numerous studies have been conducted to elucidate the mechanisms of nervous system damage and propose appropriate coping strategies. This review summarizes the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 invades and damages the central nervous system, with a specific focus on aspects apart from the immune response and inflammatory storm. The latest research findings on these mechanisms are presented, providing new insights for further in-depth research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Sun
- Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chunying Shi
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lixin Jin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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Zifko U, Guendling K, Seet R, Kasper S. Management of cognitive impairment associated with post-COVID-19 syndrome: recommendations for primary care. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1338235. [PMID: 38711990 PMCID: PMC11072190 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1338235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Although post-COVID-19 syndrome (PCS) with cognitive impairment is increasingly encountered in primary care, evidence-based recommendations for its appropriate management are lacking. Methods: A systematic literature search evaluating the diagnosis and treatment of cognitive impairment associated with PCS was conducted. Practical recommendations for the management of PCS-associated cognitive impairment in primary care are summarized, based on an evaluation of pharmacological plausibility and clinical applications. Results: Currently, the pathology of cognitive impairment associated with PCS remains unclear with no high-quality data to support targeted interventions. Existing treatment approaches are directed towards symptom relief where counseling on the chronicity of the disease and regular reassessments at 4- to 8-week intervals is considered reasonable. Patients should be informed and encouraged to adopt a healthy lifestyle that centers around balanced nutrition and appropriate physical activities. They may also benefit from the intake of vitamins, micronutrients, and probiotics. The administration of Ginkgo biloba extract could offer a safe and potentially beneficial treatment option. Other non-pharmacological measures include physiotherapy, digitally supported cognitive training, and, if indicated, ergotherapy or speech therapy. In most patients, symptoms improve within 8 weeks. If serious, ambiguous, or when new symptoms occur, specialized diagnostic measures such as comprehensive neurocognitive testing or neuroimaging should be initiated. Very few patients would require inpatient rehabilitation. Conclusion: PCS with cognitive impairment is a debilitating condition that could affect daily functioning and reduce work productivity. Management in primary care should adopt a multidisciplinary approach, centering around physical, cognitive, and pharmacological therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udo Zifko
- Rudolfinerhaus private clinic GmbH, Rudolfinerhaus, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Raymond Seet
- Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siegfried Kasper
- Center for Brain Research, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Osaki T, Duenki T, Chow SYA, Ikegami Y, Beaubois R, Levi T, Nakagawa-Tamagawa N, Hirano Y, Ikeuchi Y. Complex activity and short-term plasticity of human cerebral organoids reciprocally connected with axons. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2945. [PMID: 38600094 PMCID: PMC11006899 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46787-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
An inter-regional cortical tract is one of the most fundamental architectural motifs that integrates neural circuits to orchestrate and generate complex functions of the human brain. To understand the mechanistic significance of inter-regional projections on development of neural circuits, we investigated an in vitro neural tissue model for inter-regional connections, in which two cerebral organoids are connected with a bundle of reciprocally extended axons. The connected organoids produced more complex and intense oscillatory activity than conventional or directly fused cerebral organoids, suggesting the inter-organoid axonal connections enhance and support the complex network activity. In addition, optogenetic stimulation of the inter-organoid axon bundles could entrain the activity of the organoids and induce robust short-term plasticity of the macroscopic circuit. These results demonstrated that the projection axons could serve as a structural hub that boosts functionality of the organoid-circuits. This model could contribute to further investigation on development and functions of macroscopic neuronal circuits in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Osaki
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Tomoya Duenki
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
- LIMMS/CNRS, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Siu Yu A Chow
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Ikegami
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan
| | - Romain Beaubois
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
- LIMMS/CNRS, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- IMS Laboratory, UMR5218, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Timothée Levi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
- LIMMS/CNRS, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- IMS Laboratory, UMR5218, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - Nao Nakagawa-Tamagawa
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Yoji Hirano
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Yoshiho Ikeuchi
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Meguro, Tokyo, 153-8505, Japan.
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8655, Japan.
- LIMMS/CNRS, Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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Yamada S, Hashita T, Yanagida S, Sato H, Yasuhiko Y, Okabe K, Noda T, Nishida M, Matsunaga T, Kanda Y. SARS-CoV-2 causes dysfunction in human iPSC-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells potentially by modulating the Wnt signaling pathway. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:32. [PMID: 38584257 PMCID: PMC11000354 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00533-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is associated with various neurological symptoms, including nausea, dizziness, headache, encephalitis, and epileptic seizures. SARS-CoV-2 is considered to affect the central nervous system (CNS) by interacting with the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which is defined by tight junctions that seal paracellular gaps between brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs). Although SARS-CoV-2 infection of BMECs has been reported, the detailed mechanism has not been fully elucidated. METHODS Using the original strain of SARS-CoV-2, the infection in BMECs was confirmed by a detection of intracellular RNA copy number and localization of viral particles. BMEC functions were evaluated by measuring transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), which evaluates the integrity of tight junction dynamics, and expression levels of proinflammatory genes. BMEC signaling pathway was examined by comprehensive RNA-seq analysis. RESULTS We observed that iPSC derived brain microvascular endothelial like cells (iPSC-BMELCs) were infected with SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 infection resulted in decreased TEER. In addition, SARS-CoV-2 infection decreased expression levels of tight junction markers CLDN3 and CLDN11. SARS-CoV-2 infection also increased expression levels of proinflammatory genes, which are known to be elevated in patients with COVID-19. Furthermore, RNA-seq analysis revealed that SARS-CoV-2 dysregulated the canonical Wnt signaling pathway in iPSC-BMELCs. Modulation of the Wnt signaling by CHIR99021 partially inhibited the infection and the subsequent inflammatory responses. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection causes BBB dysfunction via Wnt signaling. Thus, iPSC-BMELCs are a useful in vitro model for elucidating COVID-19 neuropathology and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Yamada
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Hashita
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shota Yanagida
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sato
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yukuto Yasuhiko
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan
| | - Kaori Okabe
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamasa Noda
- Department of Psychiatry, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Brain Bioregulatory Science, The Jikei University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motohiro Nishida
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Division of Cardiocirculatory Signaling, National Institute for Physiological Sciences and Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yasunari Kanda
- Division of Pharmacology, National Institute of Health Sciences, 3-25-26, Tonomachi, Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, 210-9501, Japan.
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Chang K, Zaikos T, Kilner-Pontone N, Ho CY. Mechanisms of COVID-19-associated olfactory dysfunction. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2024; 50:e12960. [PMID: 38419211 PMCID: PMC10906737 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is one of the most common symptoms of COVID-19. In the first 2 years of the pandemic, it was frequently reported, although its incidence has significantly decreased with the emergence of the Omicron variant, which has since become the dominant viral strain. Nevertheless, many patients continue to suffer from persistent dysosmia and dysgeusia, making COVID-19-associated olfactory dysfunction an ongoing health concern. The proposed pathogenic mechanisms of COVID-19-associated olfactory dysfunction are complex and likely multifactorial. While evidence suggests that infection of sustentacular cells and associated mucosal inflammation may be the culprit of acute, transient smell loss, alterations in other components of the olfactory system (e.g., olfactory receptor neuron dysfunction, olfactory bulb injury and alterations in the olfactory cortex) may lead to persistent, long-term olfactory dysfunction. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the epidemiology, clinical manifestations and current understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of COVID-19-associated olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koping Chang
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pathology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Thomas Zaikos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Cheng-Ying Ho
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Erdogan MA, Gurbuz O, Bozkurt MF, Erbas O. Prenatal Exposure to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccine BNT162b2 Induces Autism-Like Behaviors in Male Neonatal Rats: Insights into WNT and BDNF Signaling Perturbations. Neurochem Res 2024; 49:1034-1048. [PMID: 38198049 PMCID: PMC10902102 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-023-04089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic catalyzed the swift development and distribution of mRNA vaccines, including BNT162b2, to address the disease. Concerns have arisen about the potential neurodevelopmental implications of these vaccines, especially in susceptible groups such as pregnant women and their offspring. This study aimed to investigate the gene expression of WNT, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, specific cytokines, m-TOR expression, neuropathology, and autism-related neurobehavioral outcomes in a rat model. Pregnant rats received the COVID-19 mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine during gestation. Subsequent evaluations on male and female offspring included autism-like behaviors, neuronal counts, and motor performance. Molecular techniques were applied to quantify WNT and m-TOR gene expressions, BDNF levels, and specific cytokines in brain tissue samples. The findings were then contextualized within the extant literature to identify potential mechanisms. Our findings reveal that the mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine significantly alters WNT gene expression and BDNF levels in both male and female rats, suggesting a profound impact on key neurodevelopmental pathways. Notably, male rats exhibited pronounced autism-like behaviors, characterized by a marked reduction in social interaction and repetitive patterns of behavior. Furthermore, there was a substantial decrease in neuronal counts in critical brain regions, indicating potential neurodegeneration or altered neurodevelopment. Male rats also demonstrated impaired motor performance, evidenced by reduced coordination and agility. Our research provides insights into the effects of the COVID-19 mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine on WNT gene expression, BDNF levels, and certain neurodevelopmental markers in a rat model. More extensive studies are needed to confirm these observations in humans and to explore the exact mechanisms. A comprehensive understanding of the risks and rewards of COVID-19 vaccination, especially during pregnancy, remains essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumin Alper Erdogan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Orkun Gurbuz
- Department of Radiotherapy Programme, Istinye University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Fatih Bozkurt
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyon, Turkey
| | - Oytun Erbas
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physiology, Demiroğlu Bilim University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Wang J, Dai L, Deng M, Xiao T, Zhang Z, Zhang Z. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein S1 Domain Accelerates α-Synuclein Phosphorylation and Aggregation in Cellular Models of Synucleinopathy. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2446-2458. [PMID: 37897633 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03726-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that began to spread globally since 2019. Some COVID-19 patients have neurological complications, such as olfactory disorders and movement disorders, which coincide with the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). Increasing imaging and autopsy evidence supports that the density of dopaminergic neurons in the nigrostriatal pathway is damaged in some COVID-19 patients. However, the underlying mechanism that causes PD-like symptoms remains unclear. PD is an age-related neurodegenerative disease with Lewy bodies (LBs) as its histopathologic feature. The main component of LBs is abnormally aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn). The prion-like propagation of α-syn aggregates plays a key role in the onset and progression of PD. The spike protein (S protein) of SARS-CoV-2 is a heparin-binding protein that mediates the entry of the virus into host cells. Here we found that the S1 domain interacts with α-syn and promotes α-syn aggregation. The S1 domain induces mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and cytotoxicity. The S1-seeded α-syn fibrils show enhanced seeding activity and induce synaptic damage and cytotoxicity. Thus, the S1 domain of SARS-CoV-2 promotes the aggregation of α-syn in the cellular model of synucleinopathy and may contribute to the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Lijun Dai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Min Deng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Tingting Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhentao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
- TaiKang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China.
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Wong SN, Li S, Low KH, Chan HW, Zhang X, Chow S, Hui B, Chow PCY, Chow SF. Development of favipiravir dry powders for intranasal delivery: An integrated cocrystal and particle engineering approach via spray freeze drying. Int J Pharm 2024; 653:123896. [PMID: 38346602 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.123896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of pharmaceutical cocrystals in intranasal applications remains largely unexplored despite progressive advancements in cocrystal research. We present the application of spray freeze drying (SFD) in successful fabrication of a favipiravir-pyridinecarboxamide cocrystal nasal powder formulation for potential treatment of broad-spectrum antiviral infections. Preliminary screening via mechanochemistry revealed that favipiravir (FAV) can cocrystallize with isonicotinamide (INA), but not nicotinamide (NCT) and picolinamide (PIC) notwithstanding their structural similarity. The cocrystal formation was characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and unit cell determination through Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray analysis. FAV-INA crystalized in a monoclinic space group P21/c with a unit cell volume of 1223.54(3) Å3, accommodating one FAV molecule and one INA molecule in the asymmetric unit. The cocrystal was further reproduced as intranasal dry powders by SFD, of which the morphology, particle size, in vitro drug release, and nasal deposition were assessed. The non-porous flake shaped FAV-INA powders exhibited a mean particle size of 19.79 ± 2.61 μm, rendering its suitability for intranasal delivery. Compared with raw FAV, FAV-INA displayed a 3-fold higher cumulative fraction of drug permeated in Franz diffusion cells at 45 min (p = 0.001). Dose fraction of FAV-INA deposited in the nasal fraction of a customized 3D-printed nasal cast reached over 80 %, whereas the fine particle fraction remained below 6 % at a flow rate of 15 L/min, suggesting high nasal deposition whilst minimal lung deposition. FAV-INA was safe in RPMI 2650 nasal and SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells without any in vitro cytotoxicity observed. This study demonstrated that combining the merits of cocrystallization and particle engineering via SFD can propel the development of advanced dry powder formulations for intranasal drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Nga Wong
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Si Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Kam-Hung Low
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ho Wan Chan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Xinyue Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Stephanie Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Bo Hui
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Philip C Y Chow
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Shing Fung Chow
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre, Hong Kong Science Park, Shatin, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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Kavanagh KT, Cormier LE, Pontus C, Bergman A, Webley W. Long COVID's Impact on Patients, Workers, & Society: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2024; 103:e37502. [PMID: 38518038 PMCID: PMC10957027 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000037502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of long COVID in adult survivors of an acute SARS-CoV-2 infection is approximately 11%. Of those afflicted, 26% have difficulty with day-to-day activities. The majority of long COIVD cases occur after mild or asymptomatic acute infection. Children can spread SARS-CoV-2 infections and can also develop long-term neurological, endocrine (type I diabetes), and immunological sequelae. Immunological hypofunction is exemplified by the recent large outbreaks of respiratory syncytial virus and streptococcal infections. Neurological manifestations are associated with anatomical brain damage demonstrated on brain scans and autopsy studies. The prefrontal cortex is particularly susceptible. Common symptoms include brain fog, memory loss, executive dysfunction, and personality changes. The impact on society has been profound. Fewer than half of previously employed adults who develop long COVID are working full-time, and 42% of patients reported food insecurity and 20% reported difficulties paying rent. Vaccination not only helps prevent severe COVID-19, but numerous studies have found beneficial effects in preventing and mitigating long COVID. There is also evidence that vaccination after an acute infection can lessen the symptoms of long COVID. Physical and occupational therapy can also help patients regain function, but the approach must be "low and slow." Too much physical or mental activity can result in post-exertional malaise and set back the recovery process by days or weeks. The complexity of long COVID presentations coupled with rampant organized disinformation, have caused significant segments of the public to ignore sound public health advice. Further research is needed regarding treatment and effective public communication.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wilmore Webley
- Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA
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Jia F, Han J. COVID-19 related neurological manifestations in Parkinson's disease: has ferroptosis been a suspect? Cell Death Discov 2024; 10:146. [PMID: 38503730 PMCID: PMC10951317 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-024-01915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
A rising number of patient cases point to a probable link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and Parkinson's disease (PD), yet the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 affects the brain and generates neuropsychiatric symptoms in COVID-19 patients remain unknown. Ferroptosis, a distinct iron-dependent non-apoptotic type of cell death characterized by lipid peroxidation and glutathione depletion, a key factor in neurological disorders. Ferroptosis may have a pathogenic role in COVID-19, according to recent findings, however its potential contributions to COVID-19-related PD have not yet been investigated. This review covers potential paths for SARS-CoV-2 infection of the brain. Among these putative processes, ferroptosis may contribute to the etiology of COVID-19-associated PD, potentially providing therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengju Jia
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jing Han
- School of Nursing, Qingdao University, No. 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
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Xu Z, Wang H, Jiang S, Teng J, Zhou D, Chen Z, Wen C, Xu Z. Brain Pathology in COVID-19: Clinical Manifestations and Potential Mechanisms. Neurosci Bull 2024; 40:383-400. [PMID: 37715924 PMCID: PMC10912108 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01110-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) are less noticeable than the respiratory symptoms, but they may be associated with disability and mortality in COVID-19. Even though Omicron caused less severe disease than Delta, the incidence of neurological manifestations is similar. More than 30% of patients experienced "brain fog", delirium, stroke, and cognitive impairment, and over half of these patients presented abnormal neuroimaging outcomes. In this review, we summarize current advances in the clinical findings of neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients and compare them with those in patients with influenza infection. We also illustrate the structure and cellular invasion mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 and describe the pathway for central SARS-CoV-2 invasion. In addition, we discuss direct damage and other pathological conditions caused by SARS-CoV-2, such as an aberrant interferon response, cytokine storm, lymphopenia, and hypercoagulation, to provide treatment ideas. This review may offer new insights into preventing or treating brain damage in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixing Xu
- First School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Siya Jiang
- Second School of Clinical Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Jiao Teng
- Affiliated Lin'an People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, First People's Hospital of Hangzhou Lin'an District, Lin'an, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Dongxu Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China
| | - Chengping Wen
- Laboratory of Rheumatology and Institute of TCM Clinical Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
| | - Zhenghao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
- Laboratory of Rheumatology and Institute of TCM Clinical Basic Medicine, College of Basic Medical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, China.
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Rittmannsberger H, Barth M, Lamprecht B, Malik P, Yazdi-Zorn K. [Interaction of somatic findings and psychiatric symptoms in COVID-19. A scoping review]. NEUROPSYCHIATRIE : KLINIK, DIAGNOSTIK, THERAPIE UND REHABILITATION : ORGAN DER GESELLSCHAFT OSTERREICHISCHER NERVENARZTE UND PSYCHIATER 2024; 38:1-23. [PMID: 38055146 DOI: 10.1007/s40211-023-00487-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
An infection with SARS-CoV‑2 can affect the central nervous system, leading to neurological as well as psychiatric symptoms. In this respect, mechanisms of inflammation seem to be of much greater importance than the virus itself. This paper deals with the possible contributions of organic changes to psychiatric symptomatology and deals especially with delirium, cognitive symptoms, depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder and psychosis. Processes of neuroinflammation with infection of capillary endothelial cells and activation of microglia and astrocytes releasing high amounts of cytokines seem to be of key importance in all kinds of disturbances. They can lead to damage in grey and white matter, impairment of cerebral metabolism and loss of connectivity. Such neuroimmunological processes have been described as a organic basis for many psychiatric disorders, as affective disorders, psychoses and dementia. As the activation of the glia cells can persist for a long time after the offending agent has been cleared, this can contribute to long term sequalae of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Rittmannsberger
- Abteilung Psychiatrie und psychotherapeutische Medizin, Pyhrn-Eisenwurzen Klinikum Steyr, Steyr, Österreich.
| | - Martin Barth
- Abteilung Psychiatrie und psychotherapeutische Medizin, Pyhrn-Eisenwurzen Klinikum Steyr, Steyr, Österreich
| | - Bernd Lamprecht
- Med Campus III, Universitätsklinik für Innere Medizin mit Schwerpunkt Pneumologie, Kepler Universitätsklinikum GmbH, Linz, Österreich
- Medizinische Fakultät, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Linz, Österreich
| | - Peter Malik
- Abteilung Psychiatrie und psychotherapeutische Medizin, Pyhrn-Eisenwurzen Klinikum Steyr, Steyr, Österreich
| | - Kurosch Yazdi-Zorn
- Neuromed Campus, Klinik für Psychiatrie mit Schwerpunkt Suchtmedizin, Kepler Universitätsklinikum GmbH, Linz, Österreich
- Medizinische Fakultät, Johannes Kepler Universität Linz, Linz, Österreich
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Chang H, Chen E, Hu Y, Wu L, Deng L, Ye‐Lehmann S, Mao X, Zhu T, Liu J, Chen C. Extracellular Vesicles: The Invisible Heroes and Villains of COVID-19 Central Neuropathology. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305554. [PMID: 38143270 PMCID: PMC10933635 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Acknowledging the neurological symptoms of COVID-19 and the long-lasting neurological damage even after the epidemic ends are common, necessitating ongoing vigilance. Initial investigations suggest that extracellular vesicles (EVs), which assist in the evasion of the host's immune response and achieve immune evasion in SARS-CoV-2 systemic spreading, contribute to the virus's attack on the central nervous system (CNS). The pro-inflammatory, pro-coagulant, and immunomodulatory properties of EVs contents may directly drive neuroinflammation and cerebral thrombosis in COVID-19. Additionally, EVs have attracted attention as potential candidates for targeted therapy in COVID-19 due to their innate homing properties, low immunogenicity, and ability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) freely. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell (MSCs) secreted EVs are widely applied and evaluated in patients with COVID-19 for their therapeutic effect, considering the limited antiviral treatment. This review summarizes the involvement of EVs in COVID-19 neuropathology as carriers of SARS-CoV-2 or other pathogenic contents, as predictors of COVID-19 neuropathology by transporting brain-derived substances, and as therapeutic agents by delivering biotherapeutic substances or drugs. Understanding the diverse roles of EVs in the neuropathological aspects of COVID-19 provides a comprehensive framework for developing, treating, and preventing central neuropathology and the severe consequences associated with the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqing Chang
- Department of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityLaboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Erya Chen
- Department of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityLaboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Yi Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Honghui hospitalXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049China
| | - Lining Wu
- Department of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityLaboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Liyun Deng
- Department of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityLaboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Shixin Ye‐Lehmann
- Diseases and Hormones of the Nervous System University of Paris‐Scalay Bicêtre Hosptial BâtGrégory Pincus 80 Rue du Gal Leclerc, CedexLe Kremlin Bicêtre94276France
| | - Xiaobo Mao
- Department of NeurologyInstitute of Cell EngineeringSchool of MedicineJohns Hopkins UniversityBaltimoreMD21218USA
| | - Tao Zhu
- Department of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityLaboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityLaboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
| | - Chan Chen
- Department of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityLaboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care MedicineNational‐Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of AnesthesiologyWest China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduSichuan610041China
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Bohmwald K, Diethelm-Varela B, Rodríguez-Guilarte L, Rivera T, Riedel CA, González PA, Kalergis AM. Pathophysiological, immunological, and inflammatory features of long COVID. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1341600. [PMID: 38482000 PMCID: PMC10932978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1341600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic continues to cause severe global disruption, resulting in significant excess mortality, overwhelming healthcare systems, and imposing substantial social and economic burdens on nations. While most of the attention and therapeutic efforts have concentrated on the acute phase of the disease, a notable proportion of survivors experience persistent symptoms post-infection clearance. This diverse set of symptoms, loosely categorized as long COVID, presents a potential additional public health crisis. It is estimated that 1 in 5 COVID-19 survivors exhibit clinical manifestations consistent with long COVID. Despite this prevalence, the mechanisms and pathophysiology of long COVID remain poorly understood. Alarmingly, evidence suggests that a significant proportion of cases within this clinical condition develop debilitating or disabling symptoms. Hence, urgent priority should be given to further studies on this condition to equip global public health systems for its management. This review provides an overview of available information on this emerging clinical condition, focusing on the affected individuals' epidemiology, pathophysiological mechanisms, and immunological and inflammatory profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Benjamín Diethelm-Varela
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Linmar Rodríguez-Guilarte
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Thomas Rivera
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A. Riedel
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo A. González
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Fournelle D, Mostefai F, Brunet-Ratnasingham E, Poujol R, Grenier JC, Gálvez JH, Pagliuzza A, Levade I, Moreira S, Benlarbi M, Beaudoin-Bussières G, Gendron-Lepage G, Bourassa C, Tauzin A, Grandjean Lapierre S, Chomont N, Finzi A, Kaufmann DE, Craig M, Hussin JG. Intra-Host Evolution Analyses in an Immunosuppressed Patient Supports SARS-CoV-2 Viral Reservoir Hypothesis. Viruses 2024; 16:342. [PMID: 38543708 PMCID: PMC10974702 DOI: 10.3390/v16030342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Throughout the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, several variants of concern (VOCs) have been identified, many of which share recurrent mutations in the spike glycoprotein's receptor-binding domain (RBD). This region coincides with known epitopes and can therefore have an impact on immune escape. Protracted infections in immunosuppressed patients have been hypothesized to lead to an enrichment of such mutations and therefore drive evolution towards VOCs. Here, we present the case of an immunosuppressed patient that developed distinct populations with immune escape mutations throughout the course of their infection. Notably, by investigating the co-occurrence of substitutions on individual sequencing reads in the RBD, we found quasispecies harboring mutations that confer resistance to known monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) such as S:E484K and S:E484A. These mutations were acquired without the patient being treated with mAbs nor convalescent sera and without them developing a detectable immune response to the virus. We also provide additional evidence for a viral reservoir based on intra-host phylogenetics, which led to a viral substrain that evolved elsewhere in the patient's body, colonizing their upper respiratory tract (URT). The presence of SARS-CoV-2 viral reservoirs can shed light on protracted infections interspersed with periods where the virus is undetectable, and potential explanations for long-COVID cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Fournelle
- Research Centre Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada; (D.F.); (F.M.); (R.P.); (J.-C.G.)
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Fatima Mostefai
- Research Centre Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada; (D.F.); (F.M.); (R.P.); (J.-C.G.)
- Département de Biochimie et Médecine Moléculaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Elsa Brunet-Ratnasingham
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (E.B.-R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (G.B.-B.); (G.G.-L.); (C.B.); (A.T.); (S.G.L.); (N.C.); (D.E.K.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Raphaël Poujol
- Research Centre Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada; (D.F.); (F.M.); (R.P.); (J.-C.G.)
| | - Jean-Christophe Grenier
- Research Centre Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada; (D.F.); (F.M.); (R.P.); (J.-C.G.)
| | - José Héctor Gálvez
- Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics, Montréal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada;
| | - Amélie Pagliuzza
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (E.B.-R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (G.B.-B.); (G.G.-L.); (C.B.); (A.T.); (S.G.L.); (N.C.); (D.E.K.)
| | - Inès Levade
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3R5, Canada; (I.L.)
| | - Sandrine Moreira
- Laboratoire de Santé Publique du Québec, Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3R5, Canada; (I.L.)
| | - Mehdi Benlarbi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (E.B.-R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (G.B.-B.); (G.G.-L.); (C.B.); (A.T.); (S.G.L.); (N.C.); (D.E.K.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Guillaume Beaudoin-Bussières
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (E.B.-R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (G.B.-B.); (G.G.-L.); (C.B.); (A.T.); (S.G.L.); (N.C.); (D.E.K.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Gendron-Lepage
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (E.B.-R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (G.B.-B.); (G.G.-L.); (C.B.); (A.T.); (S.G.L.); (N.C.); (D.E.K.)
| | - Catherine Bourassa
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (E.B.-R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (G.B.-B.); (G.G.-L.); (C.B.); (A.T.); (S.G.L.); (N.C.); (D.E.K.)
| | - Alexandra Tauzin
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (E.B.-R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (G.B.-B.); (G.G.-L.); (C.B.); (A.T.); (S.G.L.); (N.C.); (D.E.K.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Simon Grandjean Lapierre
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (E.B.-R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (G.B.-B.); (G.G.-L.); (C.B.); (A.T.); (S.G.L.); (N.C.); (D.E.K.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (E.B.-R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (G.B.-B.); (G.G.-L.); (C.B.); (A.T.); (S.G.L.); (N.C.); (D.E.K.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (E.B.-R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (G.B.-B.); (G.G.-L.); (C.B.); (A.T.); (S.G.L.); (N.C.); (D.E.K.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Daniel E. Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; (E.B.-R.); (A.P.); (M.B.); (G.B.-B.); (G.G.-L.); (C.B.); (A.T.); (S.G.L.); (N.C.); (D.E.K.)
- Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, QC H2X 0C1, Canada
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University Hospital and University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Morgan Craig
- Research Centre, Centre Hospitalier UniversitaireSainte-Justine, Montréal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;
- Département de Mathématiques et de Statistique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Julie G. Hussin
- Research Centre Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, QC H1T 1C8, Canada; (D.F.); (F.M.); (R.P.); (J.-C.G.)
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H3C 3J7, Canada
- Mila-Quebec AI Institute, Montréal, QC H2S 3H1, Canada
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Passos V, Henkel LM, Wang J, Zapatero-Belinchón FJ, Möller R, Sun G, Waltl I, Schneider T, Wachs A, Ritter B, Kropp KA, Zhu S, Deleidi M, Kalinke U, Schulz TF, Höglinger G, Gerold G, Wegner F, Viejo-Borbolla A. Innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection contributes to neuronal damage in human iPSC-derived peripheral neurons. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29455. [PMID: 38323709 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes neurological disease in the peripheral and central nervous system (PNS and CNS, respectively) of some patients. It is not clear whether SARS-CoV-2 infection or the subsequent immune response are the key factors that cause neurological disease. Here, we addressed this question by infecting human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived CNS and PNS neurons with SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 infected a low number of CNS neurons and did not elicit a robust innate immune response. On the contrary, SARS-CoV-2 infected a higher number of PNS neurons. This resulted in expression of interferon (IFN) λ1, several IFN-stimulated genes and proinflammatory cytokines. The PNS neurons also displayed alterations characteristic of neuronal damage, as increased levels of sterile alpha and Toll/interleukin receptor motif-containing protein 1, amyloid precursor protein and α-synuclein, and lower levels of cytoskeletal proteins. Interestingly, blockade of the Janus kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway by Ruxolitinib did not increase SARS-CoV-2 infection, but reduced neuronal damage, suggesting that an exacerbated neuronal innate immune response contributes to pathogenesis in the PNS. Our results provide a basis to study coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) related neuronal pathology and to test future preventive or therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Passos
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lisa M Henkel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jiayi Wang
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Francisco J Zapatero-Belinchón
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Möller
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guorong Sun
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Inken Waltl
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Talia Schneider
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Amelie Wachs
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Birgit Ritter
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kai A Kropp
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Shuyong Zhu
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michela Deleidi
- Center of Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kalinke
- Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute for Experimental Infection Research, TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, A Joint Venture between the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research and the Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas F Schulz
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Günter Höglinger
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gisa Gerold
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Florian Wegner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Abel Viejo-Borbolla
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Virology, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence-Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Cui R, Gao B, Ge R, Li M, Li M, Lu X, Jiang S. The effects of COVID-19 infection on working memory: a systematic review. Curr Med Res Opin 2024; 40:217-227. [PMID: 38008952 DOI: 10.1080/03007995.2023.2286312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies demonstrate that people who have been infected by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of COVID-19, have experienced cognitive dysfunction, including working memory impairment, executive dysfunction, and decreased concentration. This review aimed to explore the incidence of working memory impairment and possible concomitant symptoms in the acute phase (< 3 months) and chronic phase (> 6 months) of COVID-19. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the following databases for inception: MEDLINE via Pub Med, Cochrane EMBASE, and Web of Science electronic databases. The search strategy was comprised of all the observational studies with COVID-19 patients confirmed by PCR or serology who were infected by SARS-CoV-2 with no previous cognitive impairment. This review protocol was recorded on PROSPERO with registration number CRD 42023413454. RESULTS A total of 16 studies from 502 retrieved articles were included. COVID-19 could cause a decline in working memory ability, the results showed that 22.5-55% of the people suffered from working memory impairment in the acute phase (< 3 months) of COVID-19, at 6 months after SARS-CoV2 infection, the impairment of working memory caused by COVID-19 still existed, the prevalence was about 6.2-10%, and 41.1% of the patients had a slight decrease in working memory or a negative change in the boundary value. Moreover, concomitant symptoms could persist for a long time. To some extent, the performance of working memory was affected by age, the time after infection, and the severity of infection (β = -.132, p <.001; β = .098, p <.001; β = .075, p = .003). The mechanism of working memory impairment after infection was mainly focused on the aspects of neuroinflammation and the nerve invasiveness of the virus; at the same time, we also noticed some changes of the brain parenchymal structure. CONCLUSION COVID-19 can cause a decline in working memory ability, accompanied by neurological symptoms. However, there is a lack of studies to identify the structural and functional changes in specific brain regions that relate to the impaired working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Cui
- College of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - BeiYao Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - RuiDong Ge
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - MingZhen Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Lu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
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Wellford SA, Moseman EA. Olfactory immune response to SARS-CoV-2. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:134-143. [PMID: 38143247 PMCID: PMC10806031 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01119-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous pathogens can infect the olfactory tract, yet the pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 has strongly emphasized the importance of the olfactory mucosa as an immune barrier. Situated in the nasal passages, the olfactory mucosa is directly exposed to the environment to sense airborne odorants; however, this also means it can serve as a direct route of entry from the outside world into the brain. As a result, olfactotropic infections can have serious consequences, including dysfunction of the olfactory system, CNS invasion, dissemination to the lower respiratory tract, and transmission between individuals. Recent research has shown that a distinctive immune response is needed to protect this neuronal and mucosal tissue. A better understanding of innate, adaptive, and structural immune barriers in the olfactory mucosa is needed to develop effective therapeutics and vaccines against olfactotropic microbes such as SARS-CoV-2. Here, we summarize the ramifications of SARS-CoV-2 infection of the olfactory mucosa, review the subsequent immune response, and discuss important areas of future research for olfactory immunity to infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian A Wellford
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - E Ashley Moseman
- Department of Integrative Immunobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA.
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Chen Z, Yuan Y, Hu Q, Zhu A, Chen F, Li S, Guan X, Lv C, Tang T, He Y, Cheng J, Zheng J, Hu X, Zhao J, Zhao J, Sun J. SARS-CoV-2 immunity in animal models. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:119-133. [PMID: 38238440 PMCID: PMC10806257 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01122-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, which was caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a worldwide health crisis due to its transmissibility. SARS-CoV-2 infection results in severe respiratory illness and can lead to significant complications in affected individuals. These complications encompass symptoms such as coughing, respiratory distress, fever, infectious shock, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and even multiple-organ failure. Animal models serve as crucial tools for investigating pathogenic mechanisms, immune responses, immune escape mechanisms, antiviral drug development, and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Currently, various animal models for SARS-CoV-2 infection, such as nonhuman primates (NHPs), ferrets, hamsters, and many different mouse models, have been developed. Each model possesses distinctive features and applications. In this review, we elucidate the immune response elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients and provide an overview of the characteristics of various animal models mainly used for SARS-CoV-2 infection, as well as the corresponding immune responses and applications of these models. A comparative analysis of transcriptomic alterations in the lungs from different animal models revealed that the K18-hACE2 and mouse-adapted virus mouse models exhibited the highest similarity with the deceased COVID-19 patients. Finally, we highlighted the current gaps in related research between animal model studies and clinical investigations, underscoring lingering scientific questions that demand further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Yaochang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Qingtao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
- GMU-GIBH Joint School of Life Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Airu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Fenghua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Shu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Xin Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Chao Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Tian Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Yiyun He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Jinling Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China
| | - Jingxian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China.
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510005, China.
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China.
- Guangzhou National Laboratory, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510005, China.
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China.
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, the Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518005, China.
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, National Centre for Respiratory Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510182, China.
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