1
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Zyla DS, Della Marca R, Niemeyer G, Zipursky G, Stearns K, Leedale C, Sobolik EB, Callaway HM, Hariharan C, Peng W, Parekh D, Marcink TC, Diaz Avalos R, Horvat B, Mathieu C, Snijder J, Greninger AL, Hastie KM, Niewiesk S, Moscona A, Porotto M, Ollmann Saphire E. A neutralizing antibody prevents postfusion transition of measles virus fusion protein. Science 2024; 384:eadm8693. [PMID: 38935733 DOI: 10.1126/science.adm8693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) presents a public health threat that is escalating as vaccine coverage in the general population declines and as populations of immunocompromised individuals, who cannot be vaccinated, increase. There are no approved therapeutics for MeV. Neutralizing antibodies targeting viral fusion are one potential therapeutic approach but have not yet been structurally characterized or advanced to clinical use. We present cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structures of prefusion F alone [2.1-angstrom (Å) resolution], F complexed with a fusion-inhibitory peptide (2.3-Å resolution), F complexed with the neutralizing and protective monoclonal antibody (mAb) 77 (2.6-Å resolution), and an additional structure of postfusion F (2.7-Å resolution). In vitro assays and examination of additional EM classes show that mAb 77 binds prefusion F, arrests F in an intermediate state, and prevents transition to the postfusion conformation. These structures shed light on antibody-mediated neutralization that involves arrest of fusion proteins in an intermediate state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawid S Zyla
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Roberta Della Marca
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Gele Niemeyer
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Structural and Cell Biology in Medicine, University of Luebeck, D-23538 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Gillian Zipursky
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kyle Stearns
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cameron Leedale
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Sobolik
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Virology Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Heather M Callaway
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chitra Hariharan
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Weiwei Peng
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Diptiben Parekh
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tara C Marcink
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ruben Diaz Avalos
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Branka Horvat
- Immunobiology of Viral Infections, International Center for Infectiology Research-CIRI, INSERM U1111, CNRS UMR5308, University Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Cyrille Mathieu
- Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie équipe Neuro-Invasion, TROpism and VIRal Encephalitis (NITROVIRE), INSERM U1111-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Lyon, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Joost Snijder
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
- Netherlands Proteomics Center, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Alexander L Greninger
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology Virology Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Kathryn M Hastie
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stefan Niewiesk
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anne Moscona
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Matteo Porotto
- Center for Host-Pathogen Interaction, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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2
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Kim JM, Park S, Kim S, Park KR, Wang JS, Chung YS. Genetic Analysis of the Measles Virus From the Outbreaks in South Korea, 2019. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:763107. [PMID: 34975789 PMCID: PMC8715526 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.763107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Three genotypes (B3, D8, and H1) of the measles virus (MeV) have recently caused global outbreaks. In Korea, four measles outbreaks were reported during 2018–2019 and most patients were infants and health care workers in their 20s and 30s. To investigate the genetic characteristics and molecular epidemiology of the outbreaks, we analyzed the sequence of MeVs by targeting the N-450, MF-NCR, and/or H gene regions. Considering their phylogenetic relationships, besides the N-450 and MF-NCR sequences that are commonly used for genotyping MeVs, the MF-NCR-H sequence was related to the dynamics for identifying the transmission of MeVs. Phylogenetic clustering patterns reconstructed from the MF-NCR-H sequence set revealed that genotype D8 caused three of the four outbreaks, while B3 seemed to have induced the fourth outbreak. These results suggest that the MF-NCR-H sequence is useful for rapid confirmation of measles outbreaks and to identify the epidemiological routes of MeVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong-Min Kim
- Division of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Sehee Park
- Division of Acute Viral Diseases, Center for Emerging Virus Research, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Division of Viral Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Kye Ryeong Park
- Division of Viral Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Jin-Sook Wang
- Division of Viral Diseases, Bureau of Infectious Diseases Diagnosis Control, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Cheongju-si, South Korea
| | - Yoon-Seok Chung
- Division of Infectious Disease Diagnosis Control, Honam Regional Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency, Gwangju-si, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Yoon-Seok Chung,
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3
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Obam Mekanda FM, Monamele CG, Simo Nemg FB, Yonga GM, Ouapi D, Penlap Beng V, Batéjat C, Caro V, Manuguerra JC, Demanou M. Molecular characterization of measles virus strains circulating in Cameroon during the 2013-2016 epidemics. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222428. [PMID: 31553766 PMCID: PMC6760898 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The first genotyping data on measles virus (MeV) strains in Cameroon dates from 1994, while other studies were realized in 2001 and 2011 with the establishment of MeV virological surveillance. However, the genetic data of MeV strains circulating in Cameroon remains fragmented and concentrated in certain regions, hence the need for an update. The objective of this study was to have recent data on MeV genotypes circulating in Cameroon. Ninety throat swabs collected during recent measles outbreaks were analyzed by MeV genotyping RT-PCR using the nucleoprotein gene N. The resulting sequences were analyzed on the basis of 450 nucleotides with MEGA 7 software. Overall genome analysis was performed on 40/90 sequences. The strains were from all ten regions and all belonged to cluster 1 of genotype B3. The genotype B3 has been circulating in Cameroon for long periods of time; efforts must be made in immunization for its elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franck-Martin Obam Mekanda
- WHO National Measles Reference Laboratory, Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon (CPC), Yaoundé, Centre, Cameroon
- Faculty of Science, University of Yaoundé 1, Yaoundé, Centre, Cameroon
| | - Chavely Gwladys Monamele
- WHO National Measles Reference Laboratory, Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon (CPC), Yaoundé, Centre, Cameroon
| | - Frédy Brice Simo Nemg
- WHO National Measles Reference Laboratory, Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon (CPC), Yaoundé, Centre, Cameroon
| | - Gilde Martial Yonga
- WHO National Measles Reference Laboratory, Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon (CPC), Yaoundé, Centre, Cameroon
| | - Diane Ouapi
- WHO National Measles Reference Laboratory, Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon (CPC), Yaoundé, Centre, Cameroon
| | | | - Christophe Batéjat
- Cellule d’Intervention Biologique d’Urgence (CIBU), Unité de Recherche et d’Expertise ‘Environnement et Risques Infectieux’ (ERI), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Caro
- Cellule d’Intervention Biologique d’Urgence (CIBU), Unité de Recherche et d’Expertise ‘Environnement et Risques Infectieux’ (ERI), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Claude Manuguerra
- Cellule d’Intervention Biologique d’Urgence (CIBU), Unité de Recherche et d’Expertise ‘Environnement et Risques Infectieux’ (ERI), Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Maurice Demanou
- WHO National Measles Reference Laboratory, Department of Virology, Centre Pasteur of Cameroon (CPC), Yaoundé, Centre, Cameroon
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Macrophages and Dendritic Cells Are the Predominant Cells Infected in Measles in Humans. mSphere 2018; 3:3/3/e00570-17. [PMID: 29743202 PMCID: PMC5956143 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00570-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Characterization of human measles cases is essential in order to better assess the data generated in model systems of morbillivirus infection. To this end, we collected formalin-fixed tissue samples from 23 natural measles cases from different areas in the world and different phases of disease ranging from prodromal and acute measles to a persistent infection in an immunocompromised subject. We show that the vast majority of measles virus (MV)-infected cells in epithelia were intraepithelial immune cells that were, in most cases, positive for the CD11c myeloid cell marker. Small numbers of measles virus-infected cytokeratin-positive epithelial cells were also detected in bronchial and appendix epithelia. Dissolution and disruption of uninfected and MV-infected alveolar and bronchial epithelia were prominent features of the measles cases, especially in the established and late phases of the disease. In some instances, this was associated with the formation of MV-infected multinucleated giant cells which expressed CD11c and/or macrophage cell marker 68, a pathological feature also prominently observed in closely associated mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue. Collectively, these data show that resident and inflammatory infiltrating immune cells alter the architecture of respiratory tract epithelia and highlight the necessity for additional research into the function(s) and expression of nectin-4 in human tissues.IMPORTANCE We have brought together a unique collection of 23 human cases of measles infection and studied the types of cells that are infected. This work has not been done with modern technologies such as double labeling with antibodies and confocal microscopy in human cases primarily due to the fact that it is difficult to obtain the material because, fortunately, measles is fatal in only a very small fraction of infected patients. During the past decades, the receptors for measles virus have been elucidated and monkey models have been developed. We found that, in most cases, independently of whether the tissues were obtained early or later in the infection, the primary cell types that were infected were those of the immune system such as lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells. A very small number of epithelial cells were also found to be infected.
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5
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Bhattacharyya R, Mukherjee B, Bhattacharyya S. A Case of Early Onset Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis Presented as Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy. Indian J Psychol Med 2017; 39:803-807. [PMID: 29284817 PMCID: PMC5733434 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7176.219642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A 7.5 years girl presented with myoclonic jerks with prolonged duration coming progressively at shorter intervals for last six moinths. There was declining academic performances. The dystonic, dyskinetic movements and ataxia were there for last three months. The stages were progressing too rapidly. IgG antibody titre to measles virus was found to be positive with EEG changes which confirms diagnosis. SSPE at so early age with atypical presentation is unique in this indexed case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjan Bhattacharyya
- Department of Psychiatry, Murshidabad Medical College and Hospital, Berhampore, West Bengal, India
| | - Bhaskar Mukherjee
- Department of Psychiatry, Malda Medical College and Hospital, Malda, West Bengal, India
| | - Sumita Bhattacharyya
- Department of Dermatology, Lalbagh Sub Divisional Hospital, Murshidabad, West Bengal, India
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6
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Jiang Y, Qin Y, Chen M. Host-Pathogen Interactions in Measles Virus Replication and Anti-Viral Immunity. Viruses 2016; 8:v8110308. [PMID: 27854326 PMCID: PMC5127022 DOI: 10.3390/v8110308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The measles virus (MeV) is a contagious pathogenic RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus, that can cause serious symptoms and even fetal complications. Here, we summarize current molecular advances in MeV research, and emphasize the connection between host cells and MeV replication. Although measles has reemerged recently, the potential for its eradication is promising with significant progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of its replication and host-pathogen interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanliang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Yali Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Mingzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Modern Virology Research Center, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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7
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Abstract
Measles virus (MV) infections have been almost eradicated in some industrialized nations. However, MV continues to cause severe disease and mortality in the world and is responsible for clusters of exogenous-borne disease in essentially disease-free countries. Because of the ebb and flow of immunization campaigns, especially in the poverty-stricken and war-torn Third World, and the ominous potential for severe disease and mortality, it is vital that research for discovery of therapeutic countermeasures should continue. To that end, a number of compounds have been evaluated for efficacy in vitro and in animal models, and several therapeutic modalities have been tested in the clinic. The only current therapies used in the clinic include ribavirin administered orally or intravenously, alone or in combination with immune serum globulin; these therapies have demonstrated variable efficacy. Therefore, drug discovery efforts have been launched to supplement the existing treatments for MV infections. Antisense molecules, adenosine and guanosine nucleosides, including ring-expanded ‘fat’ nucleoside analogues, brassinosteroids, coumarins, peptide inhibitors, modulators of cholesterol synthesis and a variety of natural products have been screened for efficacy and toxicity both in vitro and in animals. However, none of these agents has gone into human clinical trials and most will not merit further development due to toxicity concerns and/or low potency. Thus, further research is needed to develop more potent and less toxic drugs that could be used for treating MV infections to supplement the existing MV vaccine campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L Barnard
- Institute for Antiviral Research, Dept. ADVS, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA.
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8
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Beaty SM, Lee B. Constraints on the Genetic and Antigenic Variability of Measles Virus. Viruses 2016; 8:109. [PMID: 27110809 PMCID: PMC4848602 DOI: 10.3390/v8040109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigenic drift and genetic variation are significantly constrained in measles virus (MeV). Genetic stability of MeV is exceptionally high, both in the lab and in the field, and few regions of the genome allow for rapid genetic change. The regions of the genome that are more tolerant of mutations (i.e., the untranslated regions and certain domains within the N, C, V, P, and M proteins) indicate genetic plasticity or structural flexibility in the encoded proteins. Our analysis reveals that strong constraints in the envelope proteins (F and H) allow for a single serotype despite known antigenic differences among its 24 genotypes. This review describes some of the many variables that limit the evolutionary rate of MeV. The high genomic stability of MeV appears to be a shared property of the Paramyxovirinae, suggesting a common mechanism that biologically restricts the rate of mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M Beaty
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Benhur Lee
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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9
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Xu W, Zhang MX, Qin EQ, Yan YC, Li FY, Xu Z, Tian X, Fan R, Tu B, Chen WW, Zhao M. Molecular Characterization of Wild Type Measles Virus from Adult Patients in Northern China, 2014. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 45:36-42. [PMID: 26899955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we studied the N and H genes from wild type measles viruses (MeVs) isolated during the 2013-2014 outbreak. METHODS Clinical samples were collected, and the genotyping, phylogenetic analysis were performed. RESULTS The vaccination rate of the study population was 4%. Genotype H1a was the predominant genotype. Wild type viruses were classified into clusters A and B, C and may have different origins. N-450 sequences from wild type viruses were highly homologous with, and likely evolved from MeVs circulating in Tianjing and Henan in 2012. MVs/Shenyang.CHN/18.14/3 could have evolved from MeVs from Liaoning, Beijing, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jilin, and Tianjin. Our data suggested that one or more of the same viruses circulated between Beijing, Shenyang, Hong Kong, Taiwan and Berlin. CONCLUSIONS Important factors contributing to outbreaks could include weak vaccination coverage, poor vaccination strategies, and migration of adult workers between cities, countries, and from rural areas to urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Xiang Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Sixth People's Hospital of Shenyang, 110006 Shenyang, China
| | - En-Qiang Qin
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China
| | - Ying-Chun Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Sixth People's Hospital of Shenyang, 110006 Shenyang, China
| | - Feng-Yi Li
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Xu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China
| | - Xia Tian
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Sixth People's Hospital of Shenyang, 110006 Shenyang, China
| | - Rong Fan
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China
| | - Bo Tu
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China.
| | - Min Zhao
- Treatment and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, 302 Military Hospital of China, 100039 Beijing, China.
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10
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Centeno R, Fuji N, Okamoto M, Dapat C, Saito M, Tandoc A, Lupisan S, Oshitani H. Genetic characterization of measles virus in the Philippines, 2008-2011. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:211. [PMID: 26036942 PMCID: PMC4467837 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1201-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Large outbreaks of measles occurred in the Philippines in 2010 and 2011. Genetic analysis was performed to identify the genotype of measles virus (MeV) that was responsible for the large outbreaks. Methods A total of 114 representative MeVs that were detected in the Philippines from 2008 to 2011 were analyzed by sequencing the C-terminal region of nucleocapsid (N) gene and partial hemagglutinin (H) gene and by inferring the phylogenetic trees. Results Genetic analysis showed that genotype D9 was the predominant circulating strain during the 4-year study period. Genotype D9 was detected in 23 samples (92%) by N gene sequencing and 93 samples (94%) by H gene analysis. Sporadic cases of genotype G3 MeV were identified in 2 samples (8%) by N gene sequencing and 6 samples (6%) by H gene analysis. Genotype G3 MeV was detected mainly in Panay Island in 2009 and 2010. Molecular clock analysis of N gene showed that the recent genotype D9 viruses that caused the big outbreaks in 2010 and 2011 diverged from a common ancestor in 2005 in one of the neighboring Southeast Asian countries, where D9 was endemic. These big outbreaks of measles resulted in a spillover and were associated with genotype D9 MeV importation to Japan and the USA. Conclusion Genotype D9 MeV became endemic and caused two big outbreaks in the Philippines in 2010 and 2011. Genotype G3 MeV was detected sporadically with limited geographic distribution. This study highlights the importance of genetic analysis not only in helping with the assessment of measles elimination program in the country but also in elucidating the transmission dynamics of measles virus. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-015-1201-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rex Centeno
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines.
| | - Naoko Fuji
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Michiko Okamoto
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Clyde Dapat
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Mariko Saito
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, 980-8575, Japan. .,Tohoku-RITM Collaborating Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines.
| | - Amado Tandoc
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines.
| | - Socorro Lupisan
- Research Institute for Tropical Medicine (RITM), Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines.
| | - Hitoshi Oshitani
- Department of Virology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo-machi, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture, 980-8575, Japan. .,Tohoku-RITM Collaborating Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines.
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11
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Dia N, Fall A, Ka R, Fall A, Kiori DE, Goudiaby DG, Fall AD, Faye EHA, Dosseh A, Ndiaye K, Diop OM, Niang MN. Epidemiology and genetic characterization of measles strains in Senegal, 2004-2013. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121704. [PMID: 26000828 PMCID: PMC4441473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Senegal, with the variable routine vaccination coverage, the risk for illness and death from measles still exists as evidenced by the measles epidemic episode in 2009. Since 2002 a laboratory-based surveillance system of measles was established by the Ministry of Health and the Institut Pasteur de Dakar. The present study analysed the data collected over the 10 years inclusive between 2004-2013 in order to define a measles epidemiological profile in Senegal, and we carried out a phylogenetic analysis of measles virus circulating in Senegal over the period 2009-2012. METHODOLOGY AND RESULTS A total number of 4580 samples were collected from suspected cases, with the most cases between 2008 and 2010 (2219/4580; 48.4%). The majority of suspected cases are found in children from 4-6 years old (29%). 981 (21.4%) were measles laboratory-confirmed by IgM ELISA. The measles confirmation rate per year is very high during 2009-2010 periods (48.5% for each year). Regarding age groups, the highest measles IgM-positivity rate occurred among persons aged over 15 years with 39.4% (115/292) followed by 2-3 years old age group with 30.4% (323/1062) and 30% (148/494) in children under one year old group. The majority of suspected cases were collected between February and June and paradoxically confirmed cases rates increased from July (77/270; 28.6%) and reached a peak in November with 60% (93/155). Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the 29 sequences from strains that circulated in Senegal between 2009 and 2012 belong to the B3 genotype and they are clustered in B3.1 (2011-2012) and B3.3 (2009-2011) sub-genotypes according to a temporal parameter. CONCLUSION Improvements in the measles surveillance in Senegal are required and the introduction of oral fluid and FTA cards as an alternative to transportation of sera should be investigated to improve surveillance. The introduction of a national vaccine database including number of doses of measles-containing vaccine will greatly improve efforts to interrupt and ultimately eliminate measles virus transmission in Senegal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ndongo Dia
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité de Virologie Médicale, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ameth Fall
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité de Virologie Médicale, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Rouguiyatou Ka
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de Fann, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Amary Fall
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité de Virologie Médicale, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - David E. Kiori
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité de Virologie Médicale, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Aichatou D. Fall
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité de Virologie Médicale, Dakar, Sénégal
| | | | - Annick Dosseh
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité de Virologie Médicale, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Kader Ndiaye
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité de Virologie Médicale, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ousmane M. Diop
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité de Virologie Médicale, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Mbayame Nd. Niang
- Institut Pasteur de Dakar, Unité de Virologie Médicale, Dakar, Sénégal
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Zhang Y, Wang H, Xu S, Mao N, Zhu Z, Shi J, Huang G, Liu C, Bo F, Feng D, Lu P, Liu Y, Wang Y, Lei Y, Chen M, Chen H, Wang C, Fu H, Li C, He J, Gao H, Gu S, Wang S, Ling H, Liu Y, Ding Z, Ba Z, Feng Y, Zheng H, Tang X, Lei Y, Xiong Y, Bellini W, Rota P, Jee Y, Xu W. Monitoring progress toward measles elimination by genetic diversity analysis of measles viruses in China 2009–2010. Clin Microbiol Infect 2014; 20:O566-77. [DOI: 10.1111/1469-0691.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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13
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14
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Identification of different lineages of measles virus strains circulating in Uttar Pradesh, North India. Virol J 2012; 9:237. [PMID: 23072489 PMCID: PMC3544691 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic analysis of measles viruses associated with recent cases and outbreaks has proven to bridge information gaps in routine outbreak investigations and has made a substantial contribution to measles control efforts by helping to identify the transmission pathways of the virus. Materials and methods The present study describes the genetic characterization of wild type measles viruses from Uttar Pradesh, India isolated between January 2008 and January 2011. In the study, 526 suspected measles cases from 15 outbreaks were investigated. Blood samples were collected from suspected measles outbreaks and tested for the presence of measles specific IgM; throat swab and urine samples were collected for virus isolation and RT-PCR. Genotyping of circulating measles viruses in Uttar Pradesh was performed by sequencing a 450-bp region encompassing the nucleoprotein hypervariable region and phylogenetic analysis. Results and conclusion Based on serological results, all the outbreaks were confirmed as measles. Thirty eight strains were obtained. Genetic analysis of circulating measles strains (n = 38) in Uttar Pradesh from 235 cases of laboratory-confirmed cases from 526 suspected measles cases between 2008 and 2011 showed that all viruses responsible for outbreaks were within clade D and all were genotype D8. Analysis of this region showed that it is highly divergent (up to 3.4% divergence in the nucleotide sequence and 4.1% divergence in the amino acid sequence between most distant strains). Considerable genetic heterogeneity was observed in the MV genotype D8 viruses in North India and underscores the need for continued surveillance and in particular increases in vaccination levels to decrease morbidity and mortality attributable to measles.
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15
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Zhang Y, Xu S, Wang H, Zhu Z, Ji Y, Liu C, Zhang X, Sun L, Zhou J, Lu P, Hu Y, Feng D, Zhang Z, Wang C, Fang X, Zheng H, Liu L, Sun X, Tang W, Wang Y, Liu Y, Gao H, Tian H, Ma J, Gu S, Wang S, Feng Y, Bo F, Liu J, Si Y, Zhou S, Ma Y, Wu S, Zhou S, Li F, Ding Z, Yang Z, Rota PA, Featherstone D, Jee Y, Bellini WJ, Xu W. Single endemic genotype of measles virus continuously circulating in China for at least 16 years. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34401. [PMID: 22532829 PMCID: PMC3332093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of measles in China from 1991 to 2008 was reviewed, and the nucleotide sequences from 1507 measles viruses (MeV) isolated during 1993 to 2008 were phylogenetically analyzed. The results showed that measles epidemics peaked approximately every 3 to 5 years with the range of measles cases detected between 56,850 and 140,048 per year. The Chinese MeV strains represented three genotypes; 1501 H1, 1 H2 and 5 A. Genotype H1 was the predominant genotype throughout China continuously circulating for at least 16 years. Genotype H1 sequences could be divided into two distinct clusters, H1a and H1b. A 4.2% average nucleotide divergence was found between the H1a and H1b clusters, and the nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid homologies of H1a viruses were 92.3%-100% and 84.7%-100%, H1b were 97.1%-100% and 95.3%-100%, respectively. Viruses from both clusters were distributed throughout China with no apparent geographic restriction and multiple co-circulating lineages were present in many provinces. Cluster H1a and H1b viruses were co-circulating during 1993 to 2005, while no H1b viruses were detected after 2005 and the transmission of that cluster has presumably been interrupted. Analysis of the nucleotide and predicted amino acid changes in the N proteins of H1a and H1b viruses showed no evidence of selective pressure. This study investigated the genotype and cluster distribution of MeV in China over a 16-year period to establish a genetic baseline before MeV elimination in Western Pacific Region (WPR). Continuous and extensive MeV surveillance and the ability to quickly identify imported cases of measles will become more critical as measles elimination goals are achieved in China in the near future. This is the first report that a single endemic genotype of measles virus has been found to be continuously circulating in one country for at least 16 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Epidemiology and genetic relatedness of measles virus infection in Uttar Pradesh, India, during 2009-2010. Arch Virol 2012; 157:723-731. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1227-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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17
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Duraisamy R, Rota PA, Palani G, Elango V, Sambasivam M, Lowe L, Lopareva E, Ramamurty N. Molecular characterization of wild-type measles viruses in Tamil Nadu, India, during 2005-2006: Relationship of genotype D8 strains from Tamil Nadu to global strains. J Med Virol 2011; 84:348-57. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.22244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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18
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Biological feasibility of measles eradication. Virus Res 2011; 162:72-9. [PMID: 21963661 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Because of the success of global measles control programs, the World Health Organization (WHO), along with its partner agencies, is once again considering the possibility of setting a target date for measles eradication. Measles would be the fourth viral agent to be eradicated joining the successful programs to eradicate smallpox and rinderpest virus, and the continuing effort to eradicate polio virus. A description of the recent progress toward measles eradication was recently published as a supplement in the Journal of Infectious Diseases (15 July, 2011, 204 (Suppl. 1)) and the reader is referred to this document for a detailed summary of the global status of measles control. This review will focus on the biologic and virologic aspects of measles eradication.
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Wairagkar N, Chowdhury D, Vaidya S, Sikchi S, Shaikh N, Hungund L, Tomar RS, Biswas D, Yadav K, Mahanta J, Das VNR, Yergolkar P, Gunasekaran P, Raja D, Jadi R, Ramamurty N, Mishra AC. Molecular epidemiology of measles in India, 2005-2010. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 1:S403-13. [PMID: 21666192 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles is a childhood disease that causes great morbidity and mortality in India and worldwide. Because measles surveillance in India is in its infancy, there is a paucity of countrywide data on circulating Measles virus genotypes. This study was conducted in 21 of 28 States and 2 of 7 Union Territories of India by MeaslesNetIndia, a national network of 27 centers and sentinel practitioners. MeaslesNetIndia investigated 52 measles outbreaks in geographically representative areas from 2005 through June 2010. All outbreaks were serologically confirmed by detection of antimeasles virus immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies in serum or oral fluid samples. Molecular studies, using World Health Organization (WHO)-recommended protocols obtained 203 N-gene, 40 H-gene, and 4 M-gene sequences during this period. Measles genotypes D4, D7, and D8 were found to be circulating in various parts of India during the study period. Further phylogenetic analysis revealed 4 lineages of Indian D8 genotypes: D8a, D8b, D8c, and D8d. This study generated a large, countrywide sequence database that can form the baseline for future molecular studies on measles virus transmission pathways in India. This study has created support and capabilities for countrywide measles molecular surveillance that must be carried forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niteen Wairagkar
- WHO Regional Measles Reference Laboratory, National Institute of Virology, Pune, India.
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20
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Rota PA, Brown KE, Hübschen JM, Muller CP, Icenogle J, Chen MH, Bankamp B, Kessler JR, Brown DW, Bellini WJ, Featherstone D. Improving Global Virologic Surveillance for Measles and Rubella. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 1:S506-13. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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21
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Rota PA, Brown K, Mankertz A, Santibanez S, Shulga S, Muller CP, Hübschen JM, Siqueira M, Beirnes J, Ahmed H, Triki H, Al-Busaidy S, Dosseh A, Byabamazima C, Smit S, Akoua-Koffi C, Bwogi J, Bukenya H, Wairagkar N, Ramamurty N, Incomserb P, Pattamadilok S, Jee Y, Lim W, Xu W, Komase K, Takeda M, Tran T, Castillo-Solorzano C, Chenoweth P, Brown D, Mulders MN, Bellini WJ, Featherstone D. Global Distribution of Measles Genotypes and Measles Molecular Epidemiology. J Infect Dis 2011; 204 Suppl 1:S514-23. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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22
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Hoang V, Tripp RA, Rota P, Dluhy RA. Identification of individual genotypes of measles virus using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2010; 135:3103-9. [PMID: 20838669 DOI: 10.1039/c0an00453g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A spectroscopic assay based on surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has been developed for rapid genotyping of the measles virus (MeV). Silver nanorods fabricated using an oblique angle vapor deposition method acted as the SERS-active substrate. The SERS spectra of four separate MeV genotypes, i.e. A, H1, D4 and D9, and two separate negative media control samples were analyzed using multivariate statistical methods. Principal components analysis (PCA) and hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) successfully separated three of the four MeV genotypes studied. The MeV genotypes used in this study had >96% sequence similarity as monitored using the MeV hemagglutinin (H) gene, and the clustering seen in PCA and HCA mirrored this sequence diversity. For example, the MeV genotypes with the highest sequence diversity (~3%, A and H1) were the most widely separated in the PCA scores plot and HCA dendogram. Conversely, the MeV genotypes with the lowest sequence diversity (~0.5%, D4 and D9) could not be statistically differentiated. However, a supervised chemometric method, partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was able to separate each of the four MeV strains, the two negative controls, and the background, with >90% sensitivity and >96% selectivity based solely on their inherent SERS spectra. These results demonstrate that SERS, in combination with multivariate statistical methods, is a highly sensitive and rapid viral identification and classification method that can be applied to MeV genotyping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinh Hoang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Measles outbreak associated with an international youth sporting event in the United States, 2007. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2010; 29:794-800. [PMID: 20400927 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0b013e3181dbaacf] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite elimination of endemic measles in the United States (US), outbreaks associated with imported measles continue to occur. In 2007, the initiation of a multistate measles outbreak was associated with an imported case occurring in a participant at an international youth sporting event held in Pennsylvania. METHODS Case finding and contact tracing were conducted. Control measures included isolating ill persons and administering postexposure prophylaxis to exposed persons without documented measles immunity. Laboratory evaluation of suspected cases and contacts included measles serologic testing, viral culture, detection of viral RNA by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, and viral genotyping. RESULTS The index case occurred in a child from Japan aged 12 years. Contact tracing among 1250 persons in 8 states identified 7 measles cases; 5 (71%) cases occurred among persons without documented measles vaccination. Epidemiologic and laboratory investigation supported a single chain of transmission, linking the outbreak to contemporaneous measles virus genotype D5 transmission in Japan. Of the 471 event participants, 193 (41%) lacked documentation of presumed measles immunity, 94 (49%) of 193 were US-resident adults, 19 (10%) were non-US-resident adults (aged >18 years), and 80 (41%) were non-US-resident children. DISCUSSION Measles outbreaks associated with imported disease are likely to continue in the US. Participants in international events, international travelers, and persons with routine exposure to such travelers might be at greater risk of measles. To reduce the impact of imported cases, high measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine coverage rates should be maintained throughout the US, and support should continue for global measles control and elimination.
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Haddad-Boubaker S, Rezq M, Smeo MN, Ben Yahia A, Abudher A, Slim A, Ben Ghorbel M, Ahmed H, Rota P, Triki H. Genetic characterization of clade B measles viruses isolated in Tunisia and Libya 2002-2009 and a proposed new subtype within the B3 genotype. Virus Res 2010; 153:258-64. [PMID: 20728482 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 08/10/2010] [Accepted: 08/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Genetic characterization was conducted on 18 wild-type measles viruses, detected in Tunisia and Libya from 2002 to 2009. Sequence analysis of the 456 nucleotides in the carboxy terminus of the nucleoprotein (N) gene and the entire hemagglutinin (H) gene indicated that all isolates were in genotype B3. All of the viruses from 2002 to 2007 and some of the isolates from 2009 belonged to subtype B3.1. In contrast, 7 of the viruses isolated during 2008 and 2009 were quite divergent from all B3 isolates. The nucleotide sequences of the N gene of these 7 isolates differed from the sequences of the Ibadan and New York reference strain by an average of 3.1 and 4.4%, respectively. The H gene sequences differed by 1.1 and 2.6% with the same reference strains. This is the first report describing the genetic characteristics of measles viruses from clade B isolated in North Africa; the results suggest that these viruses represent a new subtype of genotype B3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sondes Haddad-Boubaker
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology and WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Poliomyelitis and Measles in Eastern Mediterranean Region, Institut Pasteur, Tunis, Tunisia.
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25
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Zhang Y, Ding Z, Wang H, Li L, Pang Y, Brown KE, Xu S, Zhu Z, Rota PA, Featherstone D, Xu W. New measles virus genotype associated with outbreak, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2010; 16:943-7. [PMID: 20507744 PMCID: PMC3086224 DOI: 10.3201/eid1606.100089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the origin of the virus associated with a measles outbreak in Menglian County, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China, in 2009, we conducted genetic analyses. Phylogenetic analyses based on nucleoprotein (N) and hemagglutinin (H) gene sequences showed that these Menglian viruses were not closely related to sequences of any World Health Organization (WHO) reference strains representing the 23 currently recognized genotypes. The minimum nucleotide divergence between the Menglian viruses and the most closely related reference strain, genotype D7, was 3.3% for the N gene and 3.0% for the H gene. A search of the databases of GenBank, WHO, and the Health Protection Agency Measles Nucleotide Surveillance showed that the Menglian viruses, together with the 2 older non-Menglian viruses, could be members of a new proposed measles genotype, d11. The new genotype designation will allow for better description of measles transmission patterns, especially in the Southeast Asian and Western Pacific regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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26
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Ji Y, Xu S, Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Mao N, Jiang X, Ma C, Lu P, Wang C, Liang Y, Zheng H, Liu Y, Dai D, Zheng L, Zhou J, Wang S, Zhang Z, Wu S, Nan L, Li L, Liang X, Featherstone DA, Rota PA, Bellini WJ, Xu W. Genetic characterization of wild-type measles viruses isolated in China, 2006-2007. Virol J 2010; 7:105. [PMID: 20500809 PMCID: PMC2887432 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-7-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular characterization of wild-type measles viruses in China during 1995-2004 demonstrated that genotype H1 was endemic and widely distributed throughout the country. H1-associated cases and outbreaks caused a resurgence of measles beginning in 2005. A total of 210,094 measles cases and 101 deaths were reported by National Notifiable Diseases Reporting System (NNDRS) and Chinese Measles Laboratory Network (LabNet) from 2006 to 2007, and the incidences of measles were 6.8/100,000 population and 7.2/100,000 population in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Five hundred and sixty-five wild-type measles viruses were isolated from 24 of 31 provinces in mainland China during 2006 and 2007, and all of the wild type virus isolates belonged to cluster 1 of genotype H1. These results indicated that H1-cluster 1 viruses were the predominant viruses circulating in China from 2006 to 2007. This study contributes to previous efforts to generate critical baseline data about circulating wild-type measles viruses in China that will allow molecular epidemiologic studies to help measure the progress made toward China's goal of measles elimination by 2012.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Ji
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology & Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Songtao Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology & Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology & Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology & Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Naiying Mao
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology & Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology & Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Chao Ma
- National Immunization Program, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Peishan Lu
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Changyin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Huanying Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Tianjin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Defang Dai
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Shanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Jianhui Zhou
- Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Shuang Wang
- Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Zhenying Zhang
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Shengwei Wu
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Lijuan Nan
- Neimeng Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Li Li
- National Immunization Program, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liang
- National Immunization Program, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | | | - Paul A Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - William J Bellini
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology & Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
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Cheng WY, Lee L, Rota PA, Yang DCF. Molecular evolution of measles viruses circulated in Taiwan 1992-2008. Virol J 2009; 6:219. [PMID: 20003242 PMCID: PMC2797522 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2009] [Accepted: 12/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic analyses of viral samples from 74 laboratory confirmed measles cases occurring in Taiwan during 1992-2008 identified six viral genotypes D3, D5, D9, G2, H1 and H2. The most frequently detected genotype, H1, was associated with outbreaks in 1994 and 2002, and was the likely indigenous genotype in 1992. In response to the outbreaks, two catch-up campaigns were launched and a routine second dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine at entry to elementary school was introduced. The vaccination campaigns successfully reduced the number of measles cases in Taiwan, and many of the more recent cases can be traced to importations, primarily from other Asian countries. A number of measles genotypes which were associated with outbreaks in other Asian countries were detected among the more recent cases. The more recent genotype H1 viruses had sequences that were identical to those currently circulating in China or associated with international importation of virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yueh Cheng
- Research and Diagnostic Center, Centers for Disease Control, DOH, Taiwan.
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Ji Y, Zhang Y, Xu S, Zhu Z, Zuo S, Jiang X, Lu P, Wang C, Liang Y, Zheng H, Liu Y, Mao N, Liang X, Featherstone DA, Rota PA, Bellini WJ, Xu W. Measles resurgence associated with continued circulation of genotype H1 viruses in China, 2005. Virol J 2009; 6:135. [PMID: 19737391 PMCID: PMC2759936 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-6-135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles morbidity and mortality decreased significantly after measles vaccine was introduced into China in 1965. From 1995 to 2004, average annual measles incidence decreased to 5.6 cases per 100,000 population following the establishment of a national two-dose regimen. Molecular characterization of wild-type measles viruses demonstrated that genotype H1 was endemic and widely distributed throughout the country in China during 1995-2004. A total of 124,865 cases and 55 deaths were reported from the National Notifiable Diseases Reporting System (NNDRS) in 2005, which represented a 69.05% increase compared with 2004. Over 16,000 serum samples obtained from 914 measles outbreaks and the measles IgM positive rate was 81%. 213 wild-type measles viruses were isolated from 18 of 31 provinces in China during 2005, and all of the isolates belonged to genotype H1. The ranges of the nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid sequence homologies of the 213 genotype H1 strains were 93.4%-100% and 90.0%-100%, respectively. H1-associated cases and outbreaks caused the measles resurgence in China in 2005. H1 genotype has the most inner variation within genotype, it could be divided into 2 clusters, and cluster 1 viruses were predominant in China throughout 2005.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Ji
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab and State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology & Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, PR China.
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Rota PA, Featherstone DA, Bellini WJ. Molecular epidemiology of measles virus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 330:129-50. [PMID: 19203108 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70617-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Genetic characterization of wild-type measles viruses provides a means to study the transmission pathways of the virus and is an essential component of laboratory-based surveillance. Laboratory-based surveillance for measles and rubella, including genetic characterization of wild-type viruses, is performed throughout the world by the WHO Measles and Rubella Laboratory Network, which serves 166 countries in all WHO regions. In particular, the genetic data can help confirm the sources of virus or suggest a source for unknown-source cases as well as to establish links, or lack thereof, between various cases and outbreaks. Virologic surveillance has helped to document the interruption of transmission of endemic measles in some regions. Thus, molecular characterization of measles viruses has provided a valuable tool for measuring the effectiveness of measles control programs, and virologic surveillance needs to be expanded in all areas of the world and conducted during all phases of measles control.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Rota
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpesvirus Laboratory Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Measles persists in Europe despite the incorporation of the measles vaccine into routine childhood vaccination programmes more than 20 years ago. Our aim was therefore to review the epidemiology of measles in relation to the goal of elimination by 2010. METHODS National surveillance institutions from 32 European countries submitted data for 2006-07. Data for age-group, diagnosis confirmation, vaccination, hospital treatment, the presence of acute encephalitis as a complication of disease, and death were obtained. 30 countries also supplied data about importation of disease. Clinical, laboratory-confirmed, and epidemiologically linked cases that met the requirements for national surveillance were analysed. Cases were separated by age: younger than 1 year, 1-4 years, 5-9 years, 10-14 years, 15-19 years, and older than 20 years. Countries with indigenous measles incidence per 100 000 inhabitants per year of 0, less than 0.1, 0.1-1, and more than 1 were grouped into categories of zero, low, moderate, and high incidence, respectively. FINDINGS For the 2 years of the study, 12 132 cases of measles were recorded with most cases (n=10 329; 85%) from five countries: Romania, Germany, UK, Switzerland, and Italy. Most cases were unvaccinated or incompletely vaccinated children; however, almost a fifth were aged 20 years or older. For the same 2 years, seven measles-related deaths were recorded. High measles incidence in some European countries revealed suboptimum vaccination coverage. Of the 210 cases that were reported as being imported, 117 (56%) came from another country within Europe and 43 (20%) from Asia. INTERPRETATION The suboptimum vaccination coverage raises serious doubts that the goal of elimination by 2010 can be attained. Achievement and maintenance of optimum vaccination coverage and improved surveillance are the cornerstones of the measles elimination plan for Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Muscat
- EUVAC.NET hub, Department of Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Zhang Y, Ji Y, Jiang X, Xu S, Zhu Z, Zheng L, He J, Ling H, Wang Y, Liu Y, Du W, Yang X, Mao N, Xu W. Genetic characterization of measles viruses in China, 2004. Virol J 2008; 5:120. [PMID: 18928575 PMCID: PMC2600640 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-5-120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic characterization of wild-type measles virus was studied using nucleotide sequencing of the C-terminal region of the N protein gene and phylogenetic analysis on 59 isolates from 16 provinces of China in 2004. The results showed that all of the isolates belonged to genotype H1. 51 isolates were belonged to cluster 1 and 8 isolates were cluster 2 and Viruses from both clusters were distributed throughout China without distinct geographic pattern. The nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid homologies of the 59 H1 strains were 96.5%-100% and 95.7%-100%, respectively. The report showed that the transmission pattern of genotype H1 viruses in China in 2004 was consistent with ongoing endemic transmission of multiple lineages of a single, endemic genotype. Multiple transmission pathways leaded to multiple lineages within endemic genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Yixin Ji
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Songtao Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Shanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, PR China
| | - Jilan He
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, PR China
| | - Hua Ling
- Chongqing Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Tianjin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, PR China
| | - Wen Du
- Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, PR China
| | - Xuelei Yang
- Pediatric Institute of People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi city, Xinjiang province, PR China
| | - Naiying Mao
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, PR China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO WPRO Regional Reference Measles Lab, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, PR China
- State Key Laboratory for Molecular Virology & Genetic Engineering, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, PR China
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32
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D'Ortenzio E, Sissoko D, Landreau D, Benoit-Cattin T, Renault P, Pierre V. [Outbreak of measles in Mayotte, Indian Ocean, 2005-2006]. Med Mal Infect 2008; 38:601-7. [PMID: 18722725 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2008.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2008] [Accepted: 06/19/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An outbreak of measles occurred from 2005 to 2006 in Mayotte, a French territory in the Indian Ocean. The aim of this study was to describe the outbreak, to analyze epidemiologic and sociodemographic characteristic of cases, and to suggest recommendations for measles surveillance and preventive measures in Mayotte. DESIGN An outbreak investigation was conducted and an enhanced passive surveillance system of incident cases was implemented. RESULTS During the outbreak, 1269 clinical cases, including 156 (12.3%) biologically confirmed cases, were reported. The attack rate was 0.71% and no death due to measles was recorded. The median age of cases was 12 years and the M/F sex-ratio 1.1. Teenagers and young adults (10-19 years) were the most frequently affected (44.4%) and infants less than one year of age accounted for 21.6% of the cases. In the 1269 clinical cases, 27.3% of patients had received at least one dose of measles vaccine before the outbreak. The immunization coverage in school children reached 59.1% at the end of the vaccination campaign. CONCLUSION In the future, this vaccinal coverage should be improved to prevent other outbreaks, especially in vulnerable groups like immigrants. A surveillance system with systematical report of the biologically confirmed cases is needed in Mayotte.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D'Ortenzio
- Cellule interrégionale d'épidémiologie Réunion-Mayotte, institut de veille sanitaire, 2 bis, avenue G.- Brassens, BP 50, 97408 Saint-Denis cedex, Réunion.
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Measles vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4160-3611-1.50022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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34
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First detection of measles genotype D7 from India. Virus Genes 2007; 36:31-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s11262-007-0172-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Frank SA, Bush RM. Barriers to antigenic escape by pathogens: trade-off between reproductive rate and antigenic mutability. BMC Evol Biol 2007; 7:229. [PMID: 18005440 PMCID: PMC2217548 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-7-229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/15/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A single measles vaccination provides lifelong protection. No antigenic variants that escape immunity have been observed. By contrast, influenza continually evolves new antigenic variants, and the vaccine has to be updated frequently with new strains. Both measles and influenza are RNA viruses with high mutation rates, so the mutation rate alone cannot explain the differences in antigenic variability. RESULTS We develop a new hypothesis to explain antigenic stasis versus change. We first note that the antigenically static viruses tend to have high reproductive rates and to concentrate infection in children, whereas antigenically variable viruses such as influenza tend to spread more widely across age classes. We argue that, for pathogens in a naive host population that spread more rapidly in younger individuals than in older individuals, natural selection weights more heavily a rise in reproductive rate. By contrast, pathogens that spread more readily among older individuals gain more by antigenic escape, so natural selection weights more heavily antigenic mutability. CONCLUSION These divergent selective pressures on reproductive rate and antigenic mutability may explain some of the observed differences between pathogens in age-class bias, reproductive rate, and antigenic variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Frank
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2525, USA.
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36
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Kobune F, Ami Y, Katayama M, Takahashi M, Tuul R, Korukluoglu G, Kiyohara T, Miura R, Sato H, Yoneda M, Kai C. A novel monolayer cell line derived from human umbilical cord blood cells shows high sensitivity to measles virus. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1565-1567. [PMID: 17412987 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) research is largely dependent on the B95a cell line, which is derived from marmoset B lymphocytes. As this cell line is persistently infected with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a novel cell line, COBL-a, was established from human umbilical cord blood. COBL-a cells have a significant advantage over B95a cells because they are of human origin, are free from EBV and have higher sensitivity to wild-type MeV. Thus, COBL-a cells should prove very valuable for both epidemiological and basic studies of MeV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Kobune
- NPO-Biomedical Science Association, Tokyo 169-0075, Japan
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ami
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo 190-0011, Japan
| | - Miki Katayama
- NPO-Biomedical Science Association, Tokyo 169-0075, Japan
| | | | - Renchin Tuul
- National Center for Communicable Diseases, Ulaanbaatar 48, Mongolia
| | - Gulay Korukluoglu
- National Measles Laboratory, Virology Department, Refik Saydam National Hygiene Center, Ankara 18-06100, Turkey
| | - Tomoko Kiyohara
- National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo 190-0011, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Miura
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hiroki Sato
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Misako Yoneda
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Chieko Kai
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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37
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Zhang Y, Zhu Z, Rota PA, Jiang X, Hu J, Wang J, Tang W, Zhang Z, Li C, Wang C, Wang T, Zheng L, Tian H, Ling H, Zhao C, Ma Y, Lin C, He J, Tian J, Ma Y, Li P, Guan R, He W, Zhou J, Liu G, Zhang H, Yan X, Yang X, Zhang J, Lu Y, Zhou S, Ba Z, Liu W, Yang X, Ma Y, Liang Y, Li Y, Ji Y, Featherstone D, Bellini WJ, Xu S, Liang G, Xu W. Molecular epidemiology of measles viruses in China, 1995-2003. Virol J 2007; 4:14. [PMID: 17280609 PMCID: PMC1802751 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-4-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the genetic characterization of 297 wild-type measles viruses that were isolated in 24 provinces of China between 1995 and 2003. Phylogenetic analysis of the N gene sequences showed that all of the isolates belonged to genotype H1 except 3 isolates, which were genotype A. The nucleotide sequence and predicted amino acid homologies of the 294-genotype H1 strains were 94.7%-100% and 93.3%-100%, respectively. The genotype H1 isolates were divided into 2 clusters, which differed by approximately 2.9% at the nucleotide level. Viruses from both clusters were distributed throughout China with no apparent geographic restriction and multiple co-circulating lineages were present in many provinces. Even though other measles genotypes have been detected in countries that border China, this report shows that genotype H1 is widely distributed throughout the country and that China has a single, endemic genotype. This important baseline data will help to monitor the progress of measles control in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zhen Zhu
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Paul A Rota
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Xiaohong Jiang
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jiayu Hu
- Shanghai Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Jianguo Wang
- Shanghai Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Shanghai Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Zhenying Zhang
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Congyong Li
- Henan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Changyin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Tongzhan Wang
- Shandong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Shanxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Hong Tian
- Tianjin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Hua Ling
- Chongqing Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Chunfang Zhao
- Chongqing Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Chunyan Lin
- Hainan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Jilan He
- Sichuan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Jiang Tian
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Yan Ma
- Liaoning Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Ping Li
- Shannxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Ronghui Guan
- Shannxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Weikuan He
- Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Jianhui Zhou
- Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Guiyan Liu
- Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Xinge Yan
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Xuelei Yang
- Xinjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Jinlin Zhang
- Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Yiyu Lu
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Shunde Zhou
- Jiangxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Zhuoma Ba
- Qinghai Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Jiangxi Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Xiuhui Yang
- Fujian Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Yujie Ma
- Heilongjiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Hebei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China
| | - Yeqiang Li
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yixin Ji
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - David Featherstone
- Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - William J Bellini
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Songtao Xu
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Guodong Liang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100052, China
| | - Wenbo Xu
- WHO Regional Reference Laboratory for Measles for the Western Pacific Region, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
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Abstract
Measles remains a leading vaccine-preventable cause of child mortality worldwide, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa where almost half of the estimated 454,000 measles deaths in 2004 occurred. However, great progress in measles control has been made in resource-poor countries through accelerated measles-control efforts. The global elimination of measles has been debated since measles vaccines were first licensed in the 1960's, and this debate is likely to be renewed if polio virus is eradicated. This review discusses the pathogenesis of measles and the likelihood of the worldwide elimination of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Moss
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205 Maryland USA
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205 Maryland USA
| | - Diane E. Griffin
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, 21205 Maryland USA
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Liu X, Bankamp B, Xu W, Bellini WJ, Rota PA. The genomic termini of wild-type and vaccine strains of measles virus. Virus Res 2006; 122:78-84. [PMID: 16889863 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2006] [Revised: 06/15/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The genomic termini from 18 strains of measles virus (MV) including wild-type MVs from the pre-vaccine period, recent wild-type isolates and various vaccine strains were sequenced. The first 25 nucleotides of the 3' terminus and last 52 nucleotides of the 5' terminus were conserved in all of the viruses examined. Nucleotides 26 and 42 of the 3' leader were A and G, respectively, in all genotype A viruses except Edmonston wild-type (Ed-WT). All non-genotype A viruses and Ed-WT had U in both positions. No consistent substitution pattern was found in the 5' trailer region of the genome. The nucleotide substitutions at positions 26 and 42 in the 3' leader region were introduced into a MV-CAT mini-genome to test for their effect on the production of reporter protein in both a vaccinia T7-driven, plasmid-based replication assay as well as in a helper virus system. Regardless of the source of the polymerase proteins or the natural leader sequence of the helper viruses, the mini-genome 26A42G produced more CAT protein than 26U42U. The nucleotide substitution at 26 had the greatest effect on CAT production. These results indicated that naturally occurring nucleotide variations in the 3' leader region can affect the levels of reporter protein synthesis, and presumably affected the level of replication of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Measles, Mumps, Rubella and Herpesvirus Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, MS-C-22, 1600 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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Prashanth LK, Taly AB, Ravi V, Sinha S, Rao S. Long term survival in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis: an enigma. Brain Dev 2006; 28:447-52. [PMID: 16554134 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2005] [Revised: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 01/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) usually has a progressive stereotypic downhill course and results in premature death. Long-term stabilization or remission is exceptional. OBJECTIVE To analyze the profile of patients with a relatively 'benign' course who survive beyond 3 years. DESIGN Descriptive analysis of 19 (16 male, 3 females)/307 (6.2%) patients with benign course who were evaluated at NIMHANS between January 1995 and December 2004. Their diagnosis was based on characteristic myoclonic jerks, elevated antibody titers against measles virus in CSF and periodic complexes in EEG. RESULTS The mean age at onset of symptoms was 11.7+/-3.9 years and mean duration of follow-up from first symptom was 5.9+/-3.1 years (3-13.8 years). Their initial symptoms were seizures (7), myoclonus (6), visual disturbances (4), behavioral changes (1) and cognitive impairment (1). These patients had varied clinical course: stabilization in different stages for 6 months to 5 years (13), remissions for 6 months to 9 years and reversal of staging with functional recovery from being bed bound to ambulant (8). Their diagnosis was often delayed. Small sample size did not permit to analyze the influence of possible disease modifying agents used in 10 patients (isoprenosine-3, amantidine-4, oral steroids-4, methylprednisolone-1, intravenous immunoglobulin-1). CONCLUSIONS Our observations suggest that SSPE may have a highly variable clinical course and warrants cautious approach for counseling at initial evaluation and while interpreting beneficial effect of disease modifying agent(s). There is a need to explore prognostic marker(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Prashanth
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, NIMHANS, Bangalore 560029, Karnataka, India
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41
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Muwonge A, Nanyunja M, Rota PA, Bwogi J, Lowe L, Liffick SL, Bellini WJ, Sylvester S. New measles genotype, Uganda. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 11:1522-6. [PMID: 16318690 PMCID: PMC3366748 DOI: 10.3201/eid1110.050431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first genetic characterization of wildtype measles viruses from Uganda. Thirty-six virus isolates from outbreaks in 6 districts were analyzed from 2000 to 2002. Analyses of sequences of the nucleoprotein (N) and hemagglutinin (H) genes showed that the Ugandan isolates were all closely related, and phylogenetic analysis indicated that these viruses were members of a unique group within clade D. Sequences of the Ugandan viruses were not closely related to any of the World Health Organization reference sequences representing the 22 currently recognized genotypes. The minimum nucleotide divergence between the Ugandan viruses and the most closely related reference strain, genotype D2, was 3.1% for the N gene and 2.6% for the H gene. Therefore, Ugandan viruses should be considered a new, proposed genotype (d10). This new sequence information will expand the utility of molecular epidemiologic techniques for describing measles transmission patterns in eastern Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miriam Nanyunja
- Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
- World Health Organization, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Paul A. Rota
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Luis Lowe
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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42
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Ramamurty N, Raja D, Gunasekaran P, Varalakshmi E, Mohana S, Jin L. Investigation of measles and rubella outbreaks in Tamil Nadu, India—2003. J Med Virol 2006; 78:508-13. [PMID: 16482540 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The aims of the present study were to confirm measles outbreaks by detection of measles-specific IgM antibodies, isolation of measles virus, and genetic characterization to document the circulating genotypes in Tamil Nadu. Eight outbreaks were reported from six districts of Tamil Nadu, India during the period Jan-Dec 2003. Blood samples were collected for serology, urine, and throat swabs for virus isolation. Genotypic characterization of measles isolates was based on the sequence of the N gene. All the clinically suspected outbreaks (n = 8) were confirmed by serology; six out of the eight as measles and two as combination of measles and rubella highlighting the need to carry out rubella serology on measles-negative samples. Genetic characterization of three isolates obtained revealed one as genotype D4 and two as D8. Measles genotypes D4 and D8 were found to circulate in three districts of Tamil Nadu. It is necessary to be aware of the circulating genotypes within the geographical area. The information would be valuable to evaluate control measures and identify viral transmission and importation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini Ramamurty
- Department of Virology, King Institute of Preventive Medicine, Guindy, Chennai, India.
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Nigatu W, Nokes DJ, Afework A, Brown DWG, Cutts FT, Jin L. Serological and molecular epidemiology of measles virus outbreaks reported in Ethiopia during 2000–2004. J Med Virol 2006; 78:1648-55. [PMID: 17063528 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.20750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-eight outbreaks in six regions and two major cities in Ethiopia from 2000 to 2004 were investigated, with the collection of 207 venous blood and/or oral fluid samples. Measles diagnosis was confirmed by detection of measles-specific IgM and/or detection of measles virus by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Of 176 suspected cases tested for specific measles IgM, 142 (81%) were IgM positive. Suspected cases in vaccinated children were much less likely to be laboratory confirmed than in unvaccinated children (42% vs. 83%, P < 0.0001). Of 197 samples analyzed by RT-PCR measles virus genome was detected in 84 (43%). A total of 58 wild-type measles viruses were characterized by nucleic acid sequence analysis of the nucleoprotein (N) and hemagglutinin (H) genes. Two recognized genotypes (D4 and B3) were identified. Each outbreak comprised only a single genotype and outbreaks of each genotype tended to occur in distinct geographical locations. B3 was first observed in 2002, and has now been the cause of three documented outbreaks near to the border of Sudan. D4 genotype was previously observed in an outbreak in 1999 and occurs in more diverse locations throughout the country. These data yield insights into geographical and age-related sources of continued transmission. Refinement of measles control measures might include targeting older age groups (5-14 years) and strengthening routine immunization particularly where importation of cases is a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Nigatu
- Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Plemper RK, Doyle J, Sun A, Prussia A, Cheng LT, Rota PA, Liotta DC, Snyder JP, Compans RW. Design of a small-molecule entry inhibitor with activity against primary measles virus strains. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2005; 49:3755-61. [PMID: 16127050 PMCID: PMC1195431 DOI: 10.1128/aac.49.9.3755-3761.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of measles virus (MV) infection has been significantly reduced in many nations through extensive vaccination; however, the virus still causes significant morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Measles outbreaks also occur in some developed countries that have failed to maintain high vaccine coverage rates. While vaccination is essential in preventing the spread of measles, case management would greatly benefit from the use of therapeutic agents to lower morbidity. Thus, the development of new therapeutic strategies is desirable. We previously reported the generation of a panel of small-molecule MV entry inhibitors. Here we show that our initial lead compound, although providing proof of concept for our approach, has a short half-life (<16 h) under physiological conditions. In order to combine potent antiviral activity with increased compound stability, a targeted library of candidate molecules designed on the structural basis of the first lead has been synthesized and tested against MV. We have identified an improved lead with low toxicity and high stability (half-life >> 16 h) that prevents viral entry and hence infection. This compound shows high MV specificity and strong activity (50% inhibitory concentration = 0.6 to 3.0 microM, depending on the MV genotype) against a panel of wild-type MV strains representative of viruses that are currently endemic in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Plemper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 3086 Rollins Research Center, 1510 Clifton Road, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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Riddell MA, Rota JS, Rota PA. Review of the temporal and geographical distribution of measles virus genotypes in the prevaccine and postvaccine eras. Virol J 2005; 2:87. [PMID: 16303052 PMCID: PMC1318492 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-2-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular epidemiological investigation of measles outbreaks can document the interruption of endemic measles transmission and is useful for establishing and clarifying epidemiological links between cases in geographically distinct clusters. To determine the distribution of measles virus genotypes in the prevaccine and postvaccine eras, a literature search of biomedical databases, measles surveillance websites and other electronic sources was conducted for English language reports of measles outbreaks or genetic characterization of measles virus isolates. Genotype assignments based on classification systems other than the currently accepted WHO nomenclature were reassigned using the current criteria. This review gives a comprehensive overview of the distribution of MV genotypes in the prevaccine and postvaccine eras and describes the geographically diverse distribution of some measles virus genotypes and the localized distributions of other genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela A Riddell
- Scientist/PhD Scholar, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory/WHO Western Pacific Measles Regional Reference Laboratory and Department of Public Health, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
- Dept. Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore MD 21205 USA
| | - Jennifer S Rota
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333 USA
| | - Paul A Rota
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, 30333 USA
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Hyde TB, Dayan GH, Langidrik JR, Nandy R, Edwards R, Briand K, Konelios M, Marin M, Nguyen HQ, Khalifah AP, O'leary MJ, Williams NJ, Bellini WJ, Bi D, Brown CJ, Seward JF, Papania MJ. Measles outbreak in the Republic of the Marshall Islands, 2003. Int J Epidemiol 2005; 35:299-306. [PMID: 16299123 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyi222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Measles is a highly contagious viral infection. Measles transmission can be prevented through high population immunity (>or=95%) achieved by measles vaccination. In the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI), no measles cases were reported during 1989-2002; however, a large measles outbreak occurred in 2003. Reported 1-dose measles vaccine coverage among children aged 12-23 months varied widely (52-94%) between 1990 and 2000. METHODS RMI is a Pacific island nation (1999 population: 50,840). A measles case was defined as fever, rash, and cough, or coryza, or conjunctivitis, in an RMI resident between July 13 and November 7, 2003. A vaccination campaign was used for outbreak control. RESULTS Of the 826 reported measles cases, 766 (92%) occurred in the capital (Majuro). There were 186 (23%) cases in infants aged <1 year and 309 (37%) of cases in persons aged >or=15 years. The attack rate was highest among infants (Majuro atoll: 213 cases/1,000 infants). Among cases aged 1-14 years, 281 (59%) reported no measles vaccination before July 2003. There were 100 hospitalizations and 3 deaths. The measles H1 genotype was identified. The vaccination campaign resulted in 93% coverage among persons aged 6 months to 40 years. Interpretation Populations without endemic measles transmission can accumulate substantial susceptibility and be at risk for large outbreaks when measles virus is imported. 'Islands' of measles susceptibility may develop in infants, adults, and any groups with low vaccine coverage. To prevent outbreaks, high population immunity must be sustained by maintaining and documenting high vaccine coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terri B Hyde
- Viral Vaccine Preventable Diseases Branch, National Immunization Program, NIP, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, CDC, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Hummel KB, Lowe L, Bellini WJ, Rota PA. Development of quantitative gene-specific real-time RT-PCR assays for the detection of measles virus in clinical specimens. J Virol Methods 2005; 132:166-73. [PMID: 16274752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2005.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2005] [Revised: 09/23/2005] [Accepted: 10/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Real-time RT-PCR assays targeting sequences in the measles virus (MV) nucleoprotein (N), fusion (F), and hemagglutinin (H) genes were developed for the detection of MV RNA in clinical specimens. Four primer and probe sets each for the N, F, and H genes were evaluated and reaction conditions optimized. Using dilution series of synthetic RNAs, the limits of detection were determined to be approximately 10 copies for each target RNA/reaction. The relationship between C(t) values and RNA concentration was linear within a range of 10-10(6) RNA copies/reaction, and intra- and inter-assay variability was low. The N gene-specific real-time assay detected MV RNA in 100% of clinical samples from confirmed measles cases compared to 41% by standard RT-PCR. The MV H and F gene-specific real-time assays detected MV RNA in 93% and 82% of these specimens, respectively. Real-time assays could detect RNA from strains representing each active genotype of MV and were also highly specific, as no false positives were identified when samples known to contain other respiratory viruses were tested. Real-time RT-PCR assays will be available to support routine measles laboratory surveillance, to facilitate research projects on pathogenesis that require sensitive and quantitative detection of MV RNA, and to aid in the investigation of serious disease sequelae resulting from natural measles infection or vaccination with measles-containing vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly B Hummel
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases, 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop C-22, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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Huertas Zarco I, González Morán F, Pérez Pérez E, Castellanos Martínez T, Martín Sierra M, Vanaclocha Luna H. [Elimination of measles plan in the Valencia community: epidemiological surveillance in 2003]. Aten Primaria 2005; 36:306-11. [PMID: 16238940 PMCID: PMC7681828 DOI: 10.1157/13079864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Describing the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the suspicions of measles notified in the CV during the year 2003 and evaluating the system of surveillance. DESIGN Cross-sectional, descriptive study. SETTING Community of Valencia (CV), Spain. PARTICIPANTS Cases of suspected measles notified in 2003. MAIN MEASUREMENTS Description of the data collected in the questionnaires (including names) of the Plan to Eliminate Measles of the CV, and obtaining of quality indicators for this plan and those proposed in the national action plan. RESULTS From 43 notified suspicions, 11 (25.6%) were confirmed, 29 (67.4%) discarded, and 3 (7%) compatible. The rate of effect was 0.33 of 105. From 11 confirmed cases, 10 belonged to two outbreaks (one familiar and an other one communitary) and one was an isolated and imported case. 80% of areas of health were declared. The majority of the suspicions and all the cases were given in the first half of the year. Five cases were given in cohorts of age not submitted to the program of vaccination (minors of 15 months and major of 20 years), and 2 cases might have been avoidable in agreement with the program (6 and 12-year-old children not vaccinated). 40 samples of whey and 33 of urine were collect within the recommended periods. The majority of quality indicators were over the recommended ones (80%). CONCLUSIONS In year 2003 no case of measles has taken place from autochthonous virus in the CV.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Huertas Zarco
- Vigilancia y Control Epidemiológicos, Dirección General de Salud Pública, Valencia, Spain.
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Schierup MH, Mordhorst CH, Muller CP, Christensen LS. Evidence of recombination among early-vaccination era measles virus strains. BMC Evol Biol 2005; 5:52. [PMID: 16209713 PMCID: PMC1262704 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-5-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The advent of live-attenuated vaccines against measles virus during the 1960'ies changed the circulation dynamics of the virus. Earlier the virus was indigenous to countries worldwide, but now it is mediated by a limited number of evolutionary lineages causing sporadic outbreaks/epidemics of measles or circulating in geographically restricted endemic areas of Africa, Asia and Europe. We expect that the evolutionary dynamics of measles virus has changed from a situation where a variety of genomic variants co-circulates in an epidemic with relatively high probabilities of co-infection of the individual to a situation where a co-infection with strains from evolutionary different lineages is unlikely. Results We performed an analysis of the partial sequences of the hemagglutinin gene of 18 measles virus strains collected in Denmark between 1965 and 1983 where vaccination was first initiated in 1987. The results were compared with those obtained with strains collected from other parts of the world after the initiation of vaccination in the given place. Intergenomic recombination among pre-/early-vaccination strains is suggested by 1) estimations of linkage disequilibrium between informative sites, 2) the decay of linkage disequilibrium with distance between informative sites and 3) a comparison of the expected number of homoplasies to the number of apparent homoplasies in the most parsimonious tree. No significant evidence of recombination could be demonstrated among strains circulating at present. Conclusion We provide evidence that recombination can occur in measles virus and that it has had a detectable impact on sequence evolution of pre-vaccination samples. We were not able to detect recombination from present-day sequence surveys. We believe that the decreased rate of visible recombination may be explained by changed dynamics, since divergent strains do not meet very often in current epidemics that are often spawned by a single sequence type. Signs of pre-vaccination recombination events in the present-day sequences are not strong enough to be detectable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikkel H Schierup
- Bioinformatics Research Center (BiRC), University of Aarhus, Hoegh Guldbergs Gade 10, Building 090, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Carl H Mordhorst
- Department of Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claude P Muller
- Institute of Immunology, Laboratoire National de Santé. PO Box 1102, L-1011 Luxembourg
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Djebbi A, Bahri O, Mokhtariazad T, Alkhatib M, Ben Yahia A, Rezig D, Mohsni E, Triki H. Identification of measles virus genotypes from recent outbreaks in countries from the Eastern Mediterranean Region. J Clin Virol 2005; 34:1-6. [PMID: 16061419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2004.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2004] [Revised: 11/16/2004] [Accepted: 11/17/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular characterization of measles viruses (MV) helps to identify transmission pathways of the virus and to document persistence or interruption of endemic virus circulation. In the Eastern Mediterranean Region, measles genotypes from only few countries have been documented. OBJECTIVES This study reports the genetic characteristics of virus strains from recent measles outbreaks in Tunisia, Libya, Syria and Iran in 2002-2003. STUDY DESIGN Virus sequences in the nucleoprotein gene were obtained by PCR amplification of virus isolates or serum samples. The sequences were compared to the reference ones for genotype identification and to other published sequences within the same genotype. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The Tunisian and Libyan epidemic strains belonged to genotype B3, they were closely related to each other and to isolates from Western Africa. The Syrian and Iranian viruses belonged to genotype D4, and differed from each other and from the other published sequences within this genotype. Our results provide valuable baseline and new tools for improved virological measles surveillance in the future, at country, regional and global levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahlem Djebbi
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, WHO Regional Reference Laboratory on Poliomyelitis and Measles, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, 13 Place Pasteur, BP 74, 1002 Tunis, Belvédère, Tunisia
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