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de Melo LV, Vasconcelos Dos Santos T, Ramos PK, Lima LV, Campos MB, Silveira FT. Antigenic reactivity of Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni axenic amastigote proved to be a suitable alternative for optimizing Montenegro skin test. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:402. [PMID: 39334233 PMCID: PMC11438107 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06486-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory diagnosis of American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) requires a tool amenable to the epidemiological status of ACL in Brazil. Montenegro skin test (MST), an efficient immunological tool used for laboratory diagnosis of ACL, induces delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to the promastigote antigens of Leishmania; however, human immune responses against infection are modulated by the amastigote of the parasite. Leishmania (V.) lainsoni induces strong cellular immunity in humans; therefore, the antigenic reactivity of its axenic amastigote (AMA antigen) to MST was evaluated for the laboratory diagnosis of ACL. METHODS Among 70 individuals examined, 60 had a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of ACL; 53 had localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL), and 7 had mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). Patients were treated at the Evandro Chagas Institute's leishmaniasis clinic, Pará State, Brazil. Ten healthy individuals with no history of ACL (control group) were also examined. Leishmania (V.) braziliensis promastigote antigen (PRO) was used to compare the reactivity with that of AMA antigen. Paired Student's t-test, kappa agreement, and Spearman test were used to evaluate the reactivity of AMA and PRO. RESULTS The mean reactivity of AMA in ACL patients was 19.4 mm ± 13.3, which was higher (P < 0.001) than that of PRO: 12.1 mm ± 8.1. MST reactivity according to the clinical forms revealed that AMA reactivity in LCL and ML, 18.8 mm ± 13.3 and 24.3 mm ± 13.7, was higher (P < 0.001) than that of PRO, 11.8 mm ± 8.2 and 14.6 mm ± 8.4, respectively. CONCLUSION AMA reactivity was higher than that of PRO, indicating that AMA is a promising alternative for optimizing MST in the laboratory diagnosis of ACL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Viana de Melo
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Surveillance Secretary of Health and Environment, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Thiago Vasconcelos Dos Santos
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Surveillance Secretary of Health and Environment, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Karla Ramos
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Surveillance Secretary of Health and Environment, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luciana Vieira Lima
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Surveillance Secretary of Health and Environment, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marliane Batista Campos
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Surveillance Secretary of Health and Environment, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Fernando Tobias Silveira
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Surveillance Secretary of Health and Environment, Ministry of Health), Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil.
- Tropical Medicine Nucleus, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
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Salaiza-Suazo N, Porcel-Aranibar R, Cañeda-Guzmán IC, Ruiz-Remigio A, Zamora-Chimal J, Delgado-Domínguez J, Cervantes-Sarabia R, Carrada-Figueroa G, Sánchez-Barragán B, Leal-Ascencio VJ, Pérez-Torres A, Rodríguez-Martínez HA, Becker I. Eosinophils of patients with localized and diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis: Differential response to Leishmania mexicana, with insights into mechanisms of damage inflicted upon the parasites by eosinophils. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0296887. [PMID: 38359037 PMCID: PMC10868813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0296887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Eosinophils are mainly associated with parasitic infections and allergic manifestations. They produce many biologically active substances that contribute to the destruction of pathogens through the degranulation of microbicidal components and inflammatory tissue effects. In leishmaniasis, eosinophils have been found within inflammatory infiltrate with protective immunity against the parasite. We analyzed the responses of eosinophils from patients with localized (LCL) and diffuse (DCL) cutaneous leishmaniasis, as well as from healthy subjects, when exposed to Leishmania mexicana. All DCL patients exhibited blood eosinophilia, along with elevated eosinophil counts in non-ulcerated nodules. In contrast, only LCL patients with prolonged disease progression showed eosinophils in their blood and cutaneous ulcers. Eosinophils from DCL patients secreted significantly higher levels of IL-6, IL-8, and IL-13, compared to eosinophils from LCL patients. Additionally, DCL patients displayed higher serum levels of anti-Leishmania IgG antibodies. We also demonstrated that eosinophils from both LCL and DCL patients responded to L. mexicana promastigotes with a robust oxidative burst, which was equally intense in both patient groups and significantly higher than in healthy subjects. Coincubation of eosinophils (from donors with eosinophilia) with L. mexicana promastigotes in vitro revealed various mechanisms of parasite damage associated with different patterns of granule exocytosis: 1) localized degranulation on the parasite surface, 2) the release of cytoplasmic membrane-bound "degranulation sacs" containing granules, 3) release of eosinophil extracellular traps containing DNA and granules with major basic protein. In conclusion, eosinophils damage L. mexicana parasites through the release of granules via diverse mechanisms. However, despite DCL patients having abundant eosinophils in their blood and tissues, their apparent inability to provide protection may be linked to the release of cytokines and chemokines that promote a Th2 immune response and disease progression in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norma Salaiza-Suazo
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Roxana Porcel-Aranibar
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Isabel Cristina Cañeda-Guzmán
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Adriana Ruiz-Remigio
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jaime Zamora-Chimal
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Delgado-Domínguez
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Rocely Cervantes-Sarabia
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Georgina Carrada-Figueroa
- División Académica de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Tabasco, México
| | | | - Victor Javier Leal-Ascencio
- Hospital Regional de Alta Especialidad Dr. Juan Graham, Secretaría de Salud del Estado de Tabasco, Villahermosa, Tabasco, México
| | - Armando Pérez-Torres
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Héctor A. Rodríguez-Martínez
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Facultad de Medicina, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
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Monachesi CF, Gomes-Silva A, Carvalho-Costa FA. Factors associated with mucosal involvement in tegumentary leishmaniasis: a nation-based study using surveillance data from Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2023; 65:e47. [PMID: 37703118 PMCID: PMC10495114 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946202365047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the factors associated with mucosal leishmaniasis (ML) within the scope of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) cases reported in Brazil. Surveillance data were assessed, and comparisons were made between ML and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases. Additionally, ML incidence rates for municipalities were depicted through a geographic information system. From 2007 to 2017, 235,489 TL cases were reported, of which 235,232 were classified as follows: 14,204 (6%) were ML cases and 221,028 (94%) were CL cases. Multivariate analysis showed that the proportion of ML cases reached 16.8% among individuals >75 years (adjusted OR = 2.77; 95% CI = 2.41-3.19; p < 0.001), and ML was also more frequent among males (aOR = 1.28; 95% CI = 1.20-1.38; p < 0.001), HIV-positive patients (aOR = 2.15; 95% CI = 1.80-2.56; p < 0.001), patients residing in urban areas (aOR = 1.52; 95% CI = 1.43-1.62; p < 0.001), and imported cases (with respect to county) when compared to autochthonous cases (aOR = 1.84; 95% CI = 1.71-1.98; p < 0.001). A lower proportion of positive results in direct parasitological examinations was observed in ML cases (32.6% vs. 60.8%; p < 0.001). The leishmanin skin test results were more often positive in ML cases (41.7% vs. 25.9%; p < 0.001). In ML, compatible changes in histopathology were more frequent (14.6% vs. 3.9%; p < 0.001). A greater proportion of ML cases were treated with amphotericin B (6.9% vs. 0.9%; p < 0.001). The case-fatality rate was higher in ML (0.6% vs. 0.1%; p < 0.001). A higher incidence of ML was observed in a geographical band extending across the Amazon region from the southern Para State to the Acre State. ML exhibited varying frequencies within specific populations. The definition of predictable factors predisposing Leishmania-infected subjects to develop ML is important for defining strategies to mitigate the mucosal damage caused by leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Fonseca Monachesi
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adriano Gomes-Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Micobacterioses, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Filipe Anibal Carvalho-Costa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Sistemática Molecular, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Single nucleotide polymorphisms in genes involved in immune responses and outcome of tegumentary leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2022; 235:106660. [PMID: 35988820 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected tropical diseases with a broad clinical spectrum. Tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) is a disease caused by different Leishmania species, transmitted by phlebotomine sand flies and distributed worldwide. TL can present a cutaneous (CL) or mucocutaneous (MCL) clinical form depending on factors inherent to the parasite, the host and the vector. Polymorphisms in the immune response genes are host genetic factors that influence the pathogenesis or control of leishmaniasis. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in immune genes have been evaluated in several countries where leishmaniasis is endemic. In this review, we report studies on SNPs in several immune genes that might be associated with susceptibility or resistance to TL. We summarize studies from around the world and in Brazil, highlight the difficulties of these studies and future analyses needed to enhance our knowledge regarding host genetic factors in TL. Understanding the genetic characteristics of the host that facilitate resistance or susceptibility to leishmaniasis can contribute to the development of immunotherapy schedules for this disease. The current treatment methods are toxic, and no human vaccine is available.
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Houël E, Ginouves M, Azas N, Bourreau E, Eparvier V, Hutter S, Knittel-Obrecht A, Jahn-Oyac A, Prévot G, Villa P, Vonthron-Sénécheau C, Odonne G. Treating leishmaniasis in Amazonia, part 2: Multi-target evaluation of widely used plants to understand medicinal practices. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 289:115054. [PMID: 35131338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Leishmaniasis are widely distributed among tropical and subtropical countries, and remains a crucial health issue in Amazonia. Indigenous groups across Amazonia have developed abundant knowledge about medicinal plants related to this pathology. AIM OF THE STUDY We intent to explore the weight of different pharmacological activities driving taxa selection for medicinal use in Amazonian communities. Our hypothesis is that specific activity against Leishmania parasites is only one factor along other (anti-inflammatory, wound healing, immunomodulating, antimicrobial) activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS The twelve most widespread plant species used against leishmaniasis in Amazonia, according to their cultural and biogeographical importance determined through a wide bibliographical survey (475 use reports), were selected for this study. Plant extracts were prepared to mimic their traditional preparations. Antiparasitic activity was evaluated against promastigotes of reference and clinical New-World strains of Leishmania (L. guyanensis, L. braziliensis and L. amazonensis) and L. amazonensis intracellular amastigotes. We concurrently assessed the extracts immunomodulatory properties on PHA-stimulated human PBMCs and RAW264.7 cells, and on L. guyanensis antigens-stimulated PBMCs obtained from Leishmania-infected patients, as well as antifungal activity and wound healing properties (human keratinocyte migration assay) of the selected extracts. The cytotoxicity of the extracts against various cell lines (HFF1, THP-1, HepG2, PBMCs, RAW264.7 and HaCaT cells) was also considered. The biological activity pattern of the extracts was represented through PCA analysis, and a correlation matrix was calculated. RESULTS Spondias mombin L. bark and Anacardium occidentale L. stem and leaves extracts displayed high anti-promatigotes activity, with IC50 ≤ 32 μg/mL against L. guyanensis promastigotes for S. mombin and IC50 of 67 and 47 μg/mL against L. braziliensis and L. guyanensis promastigotes, respectively, for A. occidentale. In addition to the antiparasitic effect, antifungal activity measured against C. albicans and T. rubrum (MIC in the 16-64 μg/mL range) was observed. However, in the case of Leishmania amastigotes, the most active species were Bixa orellana L. (seeds), Chelonantus alatus (Aubl.) Pulle (leaves), Jacaranda copaia (Aubl.) D. Don. (leaves) and Plantago major L. (leaves) with IC50 < 20 μg/mL and infection rates of 14-25% compared to the control. Concerning immunomodulatory activity, P. major and B. orellana were highlighted as the most potent species for the wider range of cytokines in all tested conditions despite overall contrasting results depending on the model. Most of the species led to moderate to low cytotoxic extracts except for C. alatus, which exhibited strong cytotoxic activity in almost all models. None of the tested extracts displayed wound healing properties. CONCLUSIONS We highlighted pharmacologically active extracts either on the parasite or on associated pathophysiological aspects, thus supporting the hypothesis that antiparasitic activities are not the only biological factor useful for antileishmanial evaluation. This result should however be supplemented by in vivo studies, and attracts once again the attention on the importance of the choice of biological models for an ethnophamacologically consistent study. Moreover, plant cultural importance, ecological status and availability were discussed in relation with biological results, thus contributing to link ethnobotany, medical anthropology and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Houël
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300, Cayenne, France.
| | - Marine Ginouves
- TBIP, Université de Guyane, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Nadine Azas
- Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, UMR VITROME, Tropical Eukaryotic Pathogens, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Eliane Bourreau
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, 23 Avenue Pasteur, BP6010, 97306, Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Véronique Eparvier
- CNRS - Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Sébastien Hutter
- Aix Marseille Univ, IHU Méditerranée Infection, UMR VITROME, Tropical Eukaryotic Pathogens, 19-21 Boulevard Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Adeline Knittel-Obrecht
- Plate-forme de Chimie Biologique Intégrative de Strasbourg UAR 3286 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, ESBS Pôle API, Bld Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Arnaud Jahn-Oyac
- CNRS, UMR EcoFoG, AgroParisTech, Cirad, INRAE, Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, 97300, Cayenne, France
| | - Ghislaine Prévot
- TBIP, Université de Guyane, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, 59000, Lille, France
| | - Pascal Villa
- Plate-forme de Chimie Biologique Intégrative de Strasbourg UAR 3286 CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, ESBS Pôle API, Bld Sébastien Brant, 67412, Illkirch Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Vonthron-Sénécheau
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique UMR 7200 CNRS - Université de Strasbourg, Institut du Médicament de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401, Illkirch cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Odonne
- Laboratoire Ecologie, évolution, interactions des systèmes amazoniens (LEEISA), CNRS, Université de Guyane, IFREMER, 97300, Cayenne, French Guiana
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Vital WDS, Santos FJDA, Gonçalves MLF, Wyrepkowski CDC, Ramasawmy R, Furtado SDC. Influence of the presence of mannose-binding lectin polymorphisms on the occurrence of leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. An Bras Dermatol 2022; 97:298-306. [PMID: 35331599 PMCID: PMC9133304 DOI: 10.1016/j.abd.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis is caused by an intracellular protozoan of the Leishmania genus. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a serum complement protein and recognizes lipoprotein antigens in protozoa and the bacterial plasma membrane. Nucleotide variants in the promoter region and exon 1 of the MBL gene can influence its expression or change its molecular structure. OBJECTIVE To evaluate, through a systematic review, case-control studies of the genetic association of variants in the MBL2 gene and the risk of developing leishmaniasis. METHODS This review carried out a search in PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, Scopus and Lilacs databases for case-control publications with six polymorphisms in the mannose-binding Lectin gene. The following strategy was used: P = Patients at risk of leishmaniasis; I = Presence of polymorphisms; C = Absence of polymorphisms; O = Occurrence of leishmaniasis. Four case/control studies consisting of 791 patients with leishmaniasis and 967 healthy subjects (Control) are included in this meta-analysis. The association of variants in the mannose-binding Lectin gene and leishmaniasis under the allelic genetic model, -550 (Hvs. L), -221 (X vs. Y), +4 (Q vs. P), CD52 (A vs. D), CD54 (A vs. B), CD57 (A vs. C) and A/O genotype (A vs. O) was evaluated. International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO): CRD42020201755. RESULTS The meta-analysis results for any allelic genetic model showed no significant association for the variants within the promoter, the untranslated region, and exon 1, as well as for the wild-type A allele and mutant allele O with leishmaniasis. STUDY LIMITATIONS Caution should be exercised when interpreting these results, as they are based on a few studies, which show divergent results when analyzed separately. CONCLUSIONS This meta-analysis showed a non-significant association between the rs11003125, rs7096206, rs7095891, rs5030737, rs1800450, and rs1800451 polymorphisms of the Mannose-binding Lectin gene and leishmaniasis in any allelic and heterogeneous evaluation.
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Farrokhi-Karibozorg M, Ghayour-Najafabadi Z, Hejazi SH, Ataei-Pirkooh A, Mohebali M, Teimouri P, Hajjaran H. Molecular identification of Leishmania RNA virus in cutaneous leishmaniasis patients and rodent reservoirs in Isfahan province, Iran. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2022; 98:105222. [PMID: 35066166 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2022.105222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) is a double-strand RNA virus that was first detected in members of the Leishmania viannia in the New World. The present study aimed to investigate the presence of LRV in the Leishmania species isolated from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients and rodents as reservoirs in Isfahan province an old zoonotic CL focus, center of Iran. Totally, 85 samples were collected from CL patients (n = 80) and rodent reservoirs (n = 5) from different regions of Isfahan province. Species identification was determined using the PCR-RFLP method. Viral dsRNA was extracted and for observation of 5.3 kb dsRNA on an agarose gel. The presence of LRV was surveyed using the Semi-nested PCR method. For phylogenetic analyzes, 6 samples of 13 isolates were sequenced and a phylogenetic tree was drawn by MEGA7 version 7.0.26. Of 80 Leishmania isolates recovered from the patients with CL, 79 and only one were identified as L. major and L. tropica, respectively. Also, the PCR assays detected four L. major and one L. turanica in five assessed Rhombomys opimus as the rodent reservoirs. LRV was detected only in Leishmania species isolated from 13 species of 85 (15.3%) CL including (L. major, n = 12) and (L. tropica, n = 1). Phylogenetic analysis showed that they were belonged to LRV2 and had the highest similarity with Iranian reference LRV2 in GenBank. Our results showed that the LRV2 was present in cutaneous Leishmania species in Isfahan province is the most historical and touristic province of Iran. In the study LRV was not reported from rodent reservoirs, it may be due to the small sample size. Phylogenetic analysis of current sequences demonstrated that these isolates belong to the registered LRV2 of the Old World.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojgan Farrokhi-Karibozorg
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghayour-Najafabadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Seyed Hossein Hejazi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Center for Research in Skin Diseases and Leishmaniasis, Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Angila Ataei-Pirkooh
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Clinical Virology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohebali
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvin Teimouri
- Navab Safavi Health Center, Isfahan University of Medical Science, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Homa Hajjaran
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Barroso DH, Nóbrega ODT, de Araújo CN, Freire GSM, Martins SS, Rodrigues BC, Gomes CM, Sampaio RNR. The Presence of Leishmania braziliensis DNA in the Nasal Mucosa of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Patients and the Search for Possible Clinical and Immunological Patterns of Disease Progression: A Cross Sectional Study. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:744163. [PMID: 34722337 PMCID: PMC8551912 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.744163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis is the most important causal agent of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), and 3 to 5% of patients develop mucosal lesions. The mechanisms related to parasite and host immune interactions and the parasite life cycle that lead to dissemination to the mucosa are poorly understood. We aimed to detect L. braziliensis DNA in the nasal mucosa of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients with early mucous dissemination and to relate those findings to specific inflammatory responses. Nasal swabs were collected from patients with the cutaneous form of ATL. L. braziliensis DNA was investigated using TaqMan-based real-time PCR. The levels of serum cytokines (IL-12, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-1β and IL-8) were measured by a multiplex cytometric array. A Poisson regression model was used to test prevalence ratios (PRs) and multivariate interactions of clinical and laboratory characteristics. Of the 79 CL patients, 24 (30%) had L. braziliensis DNA in the nasal mucosa. In the multivariate model, parasite DNA presence in mucosa was associated with a reduction in IL-12 levels (PR = 0.440; p=0.034), increased IL-6 levels (PR = 1.001; p=0.002) and a higher number of affected body segments (PR = 1.65; p<0.001). In this study, we observed a higher rate of early dissemination to the nasal mucosa than what was previously described. We suggest that an enhanced Th1 profile characterized by higher IL-12 is important for preventing dissemination of L. braziliensis to the mucosa. Further evaluation of parasite-related interactions with the host immunological response is necessary to elucidate the dissemination mechanisms of Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Holanda Barroso
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratório de Dermatomicologia da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Otávio de Toledo Nóbrega
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.,Pós-Graduação de Ciências da Saúde da Faculdade de Ciências Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Carla Nunes de Araújo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Sofia Sales Martins
- Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Pós-Graduação de Ciências da Saúde da Faculdade de Ciências Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Bruna Côrtes Rodrigues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Ciro Martins Gomes
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratório de Dermatomicologia da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil
| | - Raimunda Nonata Ribeiro Sampaio
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasília, Brazil.,Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Laboratório de Dermatomicologia da Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.,Pós-Graduação de Ciências da Saúde da Faculdade de Ciências Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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9
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Castellucci LC, Almeida L, Cherlin S, Fakiola M, Francis RW, Carvalho EM, Santos da Hora A, do Lago TS, Figueiredo AB, Cavalcanti CM, Alves NS, Morais KLP, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Dutra WO, Gollob KJ, Cordell HJ, Blackwell JM. A Genome-wide Association Study Identifies SERPINB10, CRLF3, STX7, LAMP3, IFNG-AS1, and KRT80 As Risk Loci Contributing to Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Brazil. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 72:e515-e525. [PMID: 32830257 PMCID: PMC8130031 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our goal was to identify genetic risk factors for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by Leishmania braziliensis. METHODS Genotyping 2066 CL cases and 2046 controls using Illumina HumanCoreExomeBeadChips provided data for 4 498 586 imputed single-nucleotide variants (SNVs). A genome-wide association study (GWAS) using linear mixed models took account of genetic diversity/ethnicity/admixture. Post-GWAS positional, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) and chromatin interaction mapping was performed in Functional Mapping and Annotation (FUMA). Transcriptional data were compared between lesions and normal skin, and cytokines measured using flow cytometry and Bioplex assay. RESULTS Positional mapping identified 32 genomic loci associated with CL, none achieving genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10-8). Lead SNVs at 23 loci occurred at protein coding or noncoding RNA genes, 15 with eQTLs for functionally relevant cells/tissues and/or showing differential expression in lesions. Of these, the 6 most plausible genetic risk loci were SERPINB10 (Pimputed_1000G = 2.67 × 10-6), CRLF3 (Pimputed_1000G = 5.12 × 10-6), STX7 (Pimputed_1000G = 6.06 × 10-6), KRT80 (Pimputed_1000G = 6.58 × 10-6), LAMP3 (Pimputed_1000G = 6.54 × 10-6), and IFNG-AS1 (Pimputed_1000G = 1.32 × 10-5). LAMP3 (Padjusted = 9.25 × 10-12; +6-fold), STX7 (Padjusted = 7.62 × 10-3; +1.3-fold), and CRLF3 (Padjusted = 9.19 × 10-9; +1.97-fold) were expressed more highly in CL biopsies compared to normal skin; KRT80 (Padjusted = 3.07 × 10-8; -3-fold) was lower. Multiple cis-eQTLs across SERPINB10 mapped to chromatin interaction regions of transcriptional/enhancer activity in neutrophils, monocytes, B cells, and hematopoietic stem cells. Those at IFNG-AS1 mapped to transcriptional/enhancer regions in T, natural killer, and B cells. The percentage of peripheral blood CD3+ T cells making antigen-specific interferon-γ differed significantly by IFNG-AS1 genotype. CONCLUSIONS This first GWAS for CL identified multiple genetic risk loci including a novel lead to understanding CL pathogenesis through regulation of interferon-γ by IFNG antisense RNA 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa C Castellucci
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil
- Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Lucas Almeida
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil
- Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Svetlana Cherlin
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michaela Fakiola
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics “Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi,” Milan, Italy
| | - Richard W Francis
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil
| | | | | | - Amanda B Figueiredo
- International Center for Research, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Clara M Cavalcanti
- International Center for Research, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia S Alves
- International Center for Research, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katia L P Morais
- International Center for Research, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Walderez O Dutra
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Kenneth J Gollob
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil
- International Center for Research, AC Camargo Cancer Center, São Paulo, Brazil
- Núcleo de Ensino e Pesquisa, Instituto Mario Penna, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Heather J Cordell
- Population Health Sciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jenefer M Blackwell
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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10
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Lera-Nonose DSSL, De Oliveira LF, Brustolin A, Santos TS, Oyama J, Ramos-Milaré ÁCFH, Terron-Monich MDS, Demarchi IG, Neto QADL, Teixeira JJV, Lonardoni MVC. Genetic variations in the human immune system influence susceptibility to tegumentary leishmaniasis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:513-537. [PMID: 33749481 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1906650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The outcomes of tegumentary leishmaniasis (TL) rely on a complex interaction between the host immune system and the parasite. This study assessed the influence of polymorphisms in immune-related genes on TL. METHODS Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, and Embase databases were searched systemically. The meta-analysis used a retrospective model in examining alleles, heterozygotes, and homozygotes. A quality assessment and an analysis of cumulative evidence were performed. RESULTS A total of 29 genes (encoding for cytokines, chemokines, and other immune receptors) and 84 polymorphisms were analyzed. The IL-1β_rs16944 (OR = 1.341, p = 0.003), TNF-α_rs1800629 (OR = 3.804, p = 0.004), MIF_rs755622 (OR = 3.357, p = 0.001), and INF- γ_rs243056 (OR = 1.670, p = 0.028) polymorphisms were speculated as risk factor for TL. They decrease the expression of the corresponding genes crucial for TL control. The quality assessment score was approximately 50%, suggesting the need for a clear method and polymorphism characterization for further comparison. The relevant risk of bias and other considerations resulted in low and moderate cumulative evidence confidence. CONCLUSIONS IL-1β_rs16944, TNF-α_rs1800629, MIF_rs755622, and INF-γ_rs2430561 polymorphisms were speculated as risk factor for TL, corroborating that IL-1β, TNF-α, INF-γ, and MIF are involved in the TL pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Stéfanie Sara Lopes Lera-Nonose
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual De Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Universidade Estadual De Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Brustolin
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual De Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Thais Silva Santos
- Graduate Program in Bioscience and Physiopathology, Universidade Estadual De Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jully Oyama
- Graduate Program in Bioscience and Physiopathology, Universidade Estadual De Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Áquila Carolina Fernandes Herculano Ramos-Milaré
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual De Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Universidade Estadual De Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Mariana De Souza Terron-Monich
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual De Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Department of Basic Science-Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Universidade Estadual De Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Izabel Galhardo Demarchi
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Universidade Estadual De Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Analysis, Universidade Federal De Santa Catarina, Roberto Sampaio Gonzaga Street, Campus Reitor João David Ferreira Lima, Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Quirino Alves De Lima Neto
- Department of Basic Science-Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Universidade Estadual De Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Jorge Juarez Vieira Teixeira
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine - Laboratory of Epidemiology and Evidence-based Health, Universidade Estadual De Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Maria Valdrinez Campana Lonardoni
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Biomedicine- Laboratory of Leishmaniasis, Universidade Estadual De Maringá, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
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11
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Franco KGS, de Amorim FJR, Santos MA, Rollemberg CVV, de Oliveira FA, França AVC, Santos CNO, Magalhães LS, Cazzaniga RA, de Lima FS, Benevides L, Carregaro V, Silva JS, Brito HLDF, Fernandes DA, da Silva ÂM, de Almeida RP, Bezerra-Santos M, de Jesus AR. Association of IL-9, IL-10, and IL-17 Cytokines With Hepatic Fibrosis in Human Schistosoma mansoni Infection. Front Immunol 2021. [PMID: 34970264 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779534]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a case series study to evaluate immunological markers associated with schistosomiasis advanced fibrosis, including 69 patients from an endemic area from the State of Sergipe and from the Hepatology Service of the University Hospital in Sergipe, Brazil. Hepatic fibrosis was classified based on Niamey protocol for ultrasonography (US). Immune response to Schistosoma mansoni antigens was evaluated by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from these patients with either adult worm (SWAP-10 μg/ml) or egg (SEA-10 μg/ml) antigens or purified protein derivative of turberculin (PPD-10 μg/ml) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA-1 μg/ml) for 72 h. The levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-17 were measured in these supernatants by ELISA and IL-9 by Luminex. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in IL-17, IL10, and CD209 genes were genotyped using TaqMan probe by qPCR. Higher levels of IL-9, IL-10, and IL-17 were found in PBMC supernatants of patients with advanced hepatic fibrosis. Direct correlations were detected between IL-9 and IL-17 levels with US spleen sizes, portal vein diameters, and periportal thickening. The CD209 rs2287886 AG polymorphism patients produce higher IL-17 levels. Together, these data suggest a role of these cytokines in the immunopathogenesis of advanced fibrosis in human schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Garcez Schuster Franco
- Image and Graphic Methods Unit, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Fabio Jorge Ramalho de Amorim
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Mário Adriano Santos
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Carla Virgínia Vieira Rollemberg
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Alvisi de Oliveira
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Alex Vianey Callado França
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Hepatology Service, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Camilla Natália Oliveira Santos
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Lucas Sousa Magalhães
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Anselmo Cazzaniga
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Benevides
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Carregaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Santana Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ângela Maria da Silva
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Infectology Service, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Roque Pacheco de Almeida
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Immunology Institute of Investigation (III), National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT), Brazilian Research and Technology Council (CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio Bezerra-Santos
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Amélia Ribeiro de Jesus
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Immunology Institute of Investigation (III), National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT), Brazilian Research and Technology Council (CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
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12
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Franco KGS, de Amorim FJR, Santos MA, Rollemberg CVV, de Oliveira FA, França AVC, Santos CNO, Magalhães LS, Cazzaniga RA, de Lima FS, Benevides L, Carregaro V, Silva JS, Brito HLDF, Fernandes DA, da Silva ÂM, de Almeida RP, Bezerra-Santos M, de Jesus AR. Association of IL-9, IL-10, and IL-17 Cytokines With Hepatic Fibrosis in Human Schistosoma mansoni Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:779534. [PMID: 34970264 PMCID: PMC8712476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.779534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This is a case series study to evaluate immunological markers associated with schistosomiasis advanced fibrosis, including 69 patients from an endemic area from the State of Sergipe and from the Hepatology Service of the University Hospital in Sergipe, Brazil. Hepatic fibrosis was classified based on Niamey protocol for ultrasonography (US). Immune response to Schistosoma mansoni antigens was evaluated by stimulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from these patients with either adult worm (SWAP-10 μg/ml) or egg (SEA-10 μg/ml) antigens or purified protein derivative of turberculin (PPD-10 μg/ml) or phytohemagglutinin (PHA-1 μg/ml) for 72 h. The levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-17 were measured in these supernatants by ELISA and IL-9 by Luminex. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in IL-17, IL10, and CD209 genes were genotyped using TaqMan probe by qPCR. Higher levels of IL-9, IL-10, and IL-17 were found in PBMC supernatants of patients with advanced hepatic fibrosis. Direct correlations were detected between IL-9 and IL-17 levels with US spleen sizes, portal vein diameters, and periportal thickening. The CD209 rs2287886 AG polymorphism patients produce higher IL-17 levels. Together, these data suggest a role of these cytokines in the immunopathogenesis of advanced fibrosis in human schistosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Garcez Schuster Franco
- Image and Graphic Methods Unit, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Fabio Jorge Ramalho de Amorim
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Mário Adriano Santos
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Carla Virgínia Vieira Rollemberg
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Fabricia Alvisi de Oliveira
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Alex Vianey Callado França
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Hepatology Service, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Camilla Natália Oliveira Santos
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Lucas Sousa Magalhães
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Anselmo Cazzaniga
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Benevides
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Carregaro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João Santana Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ângela Maria da Silva
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Infectology Service, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Roque Pacheco de Almeida
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Immunology Institute of Investigation (III), National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT), Brazilian Research and Technology Council (CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio Bezerra-Santos
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Amélia Ribeiro de Jesus
- Health Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, University Hospital, Federal Sergipe University, Aracaju, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital, Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju, Brazil
- Immunology Institute of Investigation (III), National Institute of Science and Technology (INCT), Brazilian Research and Technology Council (CNPq), São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Amélia Ribeiro de Jesus,
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13
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Rodríguez-Vega A, Losada-Barragán M, Berbert LR, Mesquita-Rodrigues C, Bombaça ACS, Menna-Barreto R, Aquino P, Carvalho PC, Padrón G, de Jesus JB, Cuervo P. Quantitative analysis of proteins secreted by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis strains associated to distinct clinical manifestations of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis. J Proteomics 2020; 232:104077. [PMID: 33309930 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.104077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of Leishmania braziliensis in the development of different clinical forms of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) is unclear, but it has been suggested that molecules secreted/released by parasites could modulate the clinical outcome. Here, we analyzed the infection rate and cytokine profile of macrophages pretreated with the secretome of two L. braziliensis strains associated with polar clinical forms of ATL: one associated with localized self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) and other associated with the disseminated form (DL). Besides, we use an iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomics approach to compare the abundance of proteins secreted by those strains. In vitro infection demonstrated that pretreatment with secretome resulted in higher number of infected macrophages, as well as higher number of amastigotes per cell. Additionally, macrophages pretreated with LCL secretome exhibited a proinflammatory profile, whereas those pretreated with the DL one did not. These findings suggest that secretomes made macrophages more susceptible to infection and that molecules secreted by each strain modulate, differentially, the macrophages' cytokine profile. Indeed, proteomics analysis showed that the DL secretome is rich in molecules involved in macrophage deactivation, while is poor in proteins that activate proinflammatory pathways. Together, our results reveal new molecules that may contribute to the infection, persistence and dissemination of the parasite. SIGNIFICANCE: Leishmania braziliensis is associated to localized self-healing cutaneous lesions (LCL), disseminated leishmaniasis (DL), and mucocutaneous lesions (MCL). To understand the role of the parasite in those distinct clinical manifestations we evaluated infection rates and cytokine profiles of macrophages pre-treated with secretomes of two L. braziliensis strains associated with DL and LCL, and quantitatively compared these secretomes. The infection index of macrophages pretreated with the DL secretome was significantly higher than that exhibited by non-treated cells. Interestingly, whereas the LCL secretome stimulated a proinflammatory setting, favoring an effector cell response that would explain the proper resolution of the disease caused by this strain, the DL strain was not able to elicit such response or has mechanisms to prevent this activation. Indeed, DL secretome is rich in peptidases that may deactivate cell pathways crucial for parasite elimination, while is poor in proteins that could activate proinflammatory pathways, favoring parasite infection and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Rodríguez-Vega
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Monica Losada-Barragán
- Grupo de Investigación en Biología Celular y Funcional e Ingeniería de Biomoléculas, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Luiz Ricardo Berbert
- Laboratório de Pesquisas sobre o Timo, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Camila Mesquita-Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Rubem Menna-Barreto
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Priscila Aquino
- Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Fiocruz, Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Paulo C Carvalho
- Laboratory for Structural and Computational Proteomics, Fiocruz-Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Padrón
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jose Batista de Jesus
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular e Doenças Endêmicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Universidade Federal de São João Del Rei, São João del Rei, MG, Brazil
| | - Patricia Cuervo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmanioses, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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14
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Blackwell JM, Fakiola M, Castellucci LC. Human genetics of leishmania infections. Hum Genet 2020; 139:813-819. [PMID: 32055998 PMCID: PMC7272388 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02130-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Identifying genetic risk factors for parasitic infections such as the leishmaniases could provide important leads for improved therapies and vaccines. Until recently most genetic studies of human leishmaniasis were underpowered and/or not replicated. Here, we focus on recent genome-wide association studies of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). For VL, analysis across 2287 cases and 2692 controls from three cohorts identified a single major peak of genome-wide significance (Pcombined = 2.76 × 10-17) at HLA-DRB1-HLA-DQA1. HLA-DRB1*1501 and DRB1*1404/DRB1*1301 were the most significant protective versus risk alleles, respectively, with specific residues at amino acid positions 11 and 13 unique to protective alleles. Epitope-binding studies showed higher frequency of basic AAs in DRB1*1404-/*1301-specific epitopes compared to hydrophobic and polar AAs in DRB1*1501-specific epitopes at anchor residues P4 and P6 which interact with residues at DRB1 positions 11 and 13. For CL, genome-wide significance was not achieved in combined analysis of 2066 cases and 2046 controls across 2 cohorts. Rather, multiple top hits at P < 5 × 10-5 were observed, amongst which IFNG-AS1 was of specific interest as a non-coding anti-sense RNA known to influence responses to pathogens by increasing IFN-γ secretion. Association at LAMP3 encoding dendritic cell lysosomal associated membrane protein 3 was also interesting. LAMP3 increases markedly upon activation of dendritic cells, localizing to the MHC Class II compartment immediately prior to translocation of Class II to the cell surface. Together these GWAS results provide firm confirmation for the importance of antigen presentation and the regulation of IFNγ in determining the outcome of Leishmania infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenefer M Blackwell
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA, Australia.
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Michaela Fakiola
- INGM-National Institute of Molecular Genetics "Romeo Ed Enrica Invernizzi" Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Léa C Castellucci
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Salvador, Brazil
- Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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15
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Takač B, Mihaljević S, Glavaš-Obrovac L, Kibel A, Suver-Stević M, Canecki-Varžić S, Samardžija M, Rajkovac I, Kovač D, Štefanić M. INTERACTIONS AMONG INTERLEUKIN-6, C-REACTIVE PROTEIN AND INTERLEUKIN-6 (-174) G/C POLYMORPHISM IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF CROHN'S DISEASE AND ULCERATIVE COLITIS. Acta Clin Croat 2020; 59:67-80. [PMID: 32724277 PMCID: PMC7382872 DOI: 10.20471/acc.2020.59.01.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases are multifactorial disorders the clinical manifestation of which depends on the interaction among immune response, genetic and environmental factors. There is growing evidence that cytokines and gene polymorphisms have an important role in disease pathogenesis in various populations although molecular mechanism of their signaling and interactions is not fully understood yet. The present study aimed at exploring the effects of interleukin-6, C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 rs1800795 polymorphism on the development of Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis and inflammatory bowel diseases overall and at determining differences between inflammatory bowel disease patients and healthy controls. A total of 132 inflammatory bowel disease patients and 71 healthy blood donors were investigated. In order to assess the clinical relevance of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein serum concentration and interleukin-6 rs1800795 single nucleotide polymorphism in patients with Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, we performed a cross-sectional, case-control study. Quantitative assessment of serum interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein was performed with solid-phase, enzyme-labeled, chemiluminescent sequential immunometric and immunoturbidimetric assay, respectively. A real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based method on a LightCyclerTM PCR 1.2 was used for genotyping of IL-6 rs1800795 polymorphism. Both interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein serum levels were elevated in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis patients. Positive correlations were observed between C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 serum concentration and ulcerative colitis activity index as measured by modified Truelove-Witt’s severity index scale. C-reactive protein serum level was higher in Crohn’s disease patients without intestinal resection than in Crohn’s disease patients with prior intestinal resection. In ulcerative colitis patients, interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein serum levels were statistically significantly higher in CC interleukin-6 genotype in comparison to GG+GC genotype. Analysis of the promoter region of the interleukin-6 rs1800795 gene polymorphism showed no statistically significant difference in allele frequency either between inflammatory bowel disease patients and healthy controls or between the two inflammatory bowel disease phenotypes and healthy controls. Associations presented in this study give a potentially important insight into the role of interleukin-6 and C-reactive protein signaling and interleukin-6 polymorphism in the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Silvio Mihaljević
- 1Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Protection, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 3Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 4Department of Transfusion Medicine, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 5Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Disorders, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 6Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 7Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dr. Josip Benčević General Hospital, Slavonski Brod, Croatia
| | - Ljubica Glavaš-Obrovac
- 1Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Protection, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 3Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 4Department of Transfusion Medicine, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 5Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Disorders, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 6Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 7Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dr. Josip Benčević General Hospital, Slavonski Brod, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Kibel
- 1Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Protection, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 3Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 4Department of Transfusion Medicine, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 5Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Disorders, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 6Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 7Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dr. Josip Benčević General Hospital, Slavonski Brod, Croatia
| | - Mirjana Suver-Stević
- 1Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Protection, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 3Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 4Department of Transfusion Medicine, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 5Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Disorders, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 6Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 7Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dr. Josip Benčević General Hospital, Slavonski Brod, Croatia
| | - Silvija Canecki-Varžić
- 1Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Protection, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 3Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 4Department of Transfusion Medicine, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 5Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Disorders, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 6Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 7Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dr. Josip Benčević General Hospital, Slavonski Brod, Croatia
| | - Marko Samardžija
- 1Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Protection, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 3Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 4Department of Transfusion Medicine, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 5Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Disorders, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 6Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 7Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dr. Josip Benčević General Hospital, Slavonski Brod, Croatia
| | - Ines Rajkovac
- 1Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Protection, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 3Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 4Department of Transfusion Medicine, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 5Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Disorders, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 6Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 7Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dr. Josip Benčević General Hospital, Slavonski Brod, Croatia
| | - Damir Kovač
- 1Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Protection, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 3Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 4Department of Transfusion Medicine, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 5Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Disorders, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 6Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 7Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dr. Josip Benčević General Hospital, Slavonski Brod, Croatia
| | - Mario Štefanić
- 1Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiation Protection, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 2Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 3Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Faculty of Medicine, Osijek, Croatia; 4Department of Transfusion Medicine, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 5Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism Disorders, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 6Department of Surgery, Division of Vascular Surgery, Osijek University Hospital Centre, Osijek, Croatia; 7Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Dr. Josip Benčević General Hospital, Slavonski Brod, Croatia
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16
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Silveira FT. What makes mucosal and anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniases so clinically and immunopathogically different? A review in Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2019; 113:505-516. [PMID: 31140559 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trz037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a parasitic protozoan disease caused by different Leishmania species widely distributed throughout Latin America. Fifteen Leishmania species belonging to the subgenera Viannia, Leishmania and Mundinia are known to cause ACL. Seven of these species are found in Brazil, of which Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis have the highest potential to cause mucosal (ML) and anergic diffuse cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL), respectively, the most severe forms of ACL. The clinical and immunopathological differences between these two clinical forms are reviewed here, taking into account their different physiopathogenic mechanisms of dissemination from cutaneous lesions to mucosal tissues in the case of ML and to almost all body surfaces in the case of anergic DCL. We also discuss some immunopathogenic mechanisms of species-specific Leishmania antigens (from the subgenera Viannia and Leishmania) that are most likely associated with the clinical and immunopathological differences between ML and anergic DCL. Those discussions emphasize the pivotal importance of some surface antigens of L. (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis, such as lipophosphoglycan, phosphatidylserine and CD200 (an immunoregulatory molecule that inhibits macrophage activation), that have been shown to exert strong influences on the clinical and immunopathological differences between ML and anergic DCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando T Silveira
- Leishmaniasis Laboratory Prof. Dr. Ralph Lainson, Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute, Rod. BR 316-KM 07, Levilândia, Ananindeua, Pará State, Brazil
- Nucleus of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará State, Brazil
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17
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de Araújo Santos FJ, da Silva LS, Júnior JDES, Ramos de Mesquita TG, de Souza MLG, de Andrade Júnior MC, Talhari S, Ramasawmy R. Single nucleotide polymorphisms of the genes IL-2, IL-2RB, and JAK3 in patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (V.) guyanensis in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220572. [PMID: 31393896 PMCID: PMC6687158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by intracellular protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. In endemic areas, only a portion of exposed subjects develops cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), suggesting that the genetic inheritance of the host plays a vital role in both resistance and susceptibility to the disease. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a cytokine that plays a central role in the regulation of the immune response in infection through the axis IL-2/IL-2R (receptor) complex, triggering a series of intracellular events, among which the signaling of Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK-STAT). The present study aimed at verifying the possible relationship between single nucleotide polymorphism (s) (SNP s) in the genes IL-2, IL-2RB, and JAK3 in subjects with CL caused by Leishmania guyanensis in the city of Manaus, state of Amazonas, Brazil. 820 patients with CL and 850 healthy subjects (control group) coming from the same endemic areas as the patients were examined. The SNPs -2425G/A (rs4833248) and -330 T/G (rs2069762), located in the IL-2 gene promoter region, seem to influence the expression of the gene and the SNP +10558G/A (rs1003694) and +13295T/C (rs3212760) located in the 3rd intron of the IL-2RB gene and the 13th intron of the JAK3 gene, respectively, were studied by PCR-RFLP. Genotypes and alleles frequencies were obtained by direct counting. For the comparison between the two groups, the χ2 test with OR (odds ratio) and the 95% confidence interval (CI) were used. Similar genotypes and alleles frequencies for the different SNPs were observed in both patients with CL and healthy controls. Comparison of genotypic and allelic frequency between patients with CL and healthy subjects did not show any difference. These polymorphisms do not predict susceptibility to, or protection against the development of CL caused by L. guyanensis in the Amazonas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Jules de Araújo Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Lener Santos da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Tirza Gabrielle Ramos de Mesquita
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | | | - Moacir Couto de Andrade Júnior
- Post-Graduation Department, Nilton Lins University, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Department of Food Technology, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (INPA), Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Sinésio Talhari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Rajendranath Ramasawmy
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação de Imunologia Básica, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Brazil
- Faculdade de Medicina, Nilton Lins University, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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18
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Vieira TDS, Rugani JN, Nogueira PM, Torrecilhas AC, Gontijo CMF, Descoteaux A, Soares RP. Intraspecies Polymorphisms in the Lipophosphoglycan of L. braziliensis Differentially Modulate Macrophage Activation via TLR4. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:240. [PMID: 31355149 PMCID: PMC6636203 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipophosphoglycan (LPG) is the major Leishmania surface glycoconjugate having importance during the host-parasite interface. Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis displays a spectrum of clinical forms including: typical cutaneous leishmaniasis (TL), mucocutaneous (ML), and atypical lesions (AL). Those variations in the immunopathology may be a result of intraspecies polymorphisms in the parasite's virulence factors. In this context, we evaluated the role of LPG of strains originated from patients with different clinical manifestations and the sandfly vector. Six isolates of L. braziliensis were used: M2903, RR051 and RR418 (TL), RR410 (AL), M15991 (ML), and M8401 (vector). LPGs were extracted and purified by hydrophobic interaction. Peritoneal macrophages from C57BL/6 and respective knock-outs (TLR2−/− and TLR-4−/−) were primed with IFN-γ and exposed to different LPGs for nitric oxide (NO) and cytokine production (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α). LPGs differentially activated the production of NO and cytokines via TLR4. In order to ascertain if such functional variations were related to intraspecies polymorphisms in the LPG, the purified glycoconjugates were subjected to western blot with specific LPG antibodies (CA7AE and LT22). Based on antibody reactivity preliminary variations in the repeat units were detected. To confirm these findings, LPGs were depolymerized for purification of repeat units. After thin layer chromatography, intraspecies polymorphisms were confirmed especially in the type and/size of sugars branching-off the repeat units motif. In conclusion, different isolates of L. braziliensis from different clinical forms and hosts possess polymorphisms in their LPGs that functionally affected macrophage responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Albert Descoteaux
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Université du Québec, Laval, QC, Canada
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19
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Shehadeh FVB, Santos RRD, Silva LADD, Silva Júnior WVD, Ribas-Silva R, Ribas AD, Silveira TGV, Borelli SD, Aristides SMA. TGF-β1 polymorphism in American tegumentary leishmaniasis in a Southern Brazilian population. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2019; 52:e20170415. [DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0415-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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Ávila LR, Gomes CM, Oliveira PG, Gomes RS, Vinaud MC, Dorta ML, Uliana SRB, Ribeiro-Dias F, Oliveira MAP. Promastigote parasites cultured from the lesions of patients with mucosal leishmaniasis are more resistant to oxidative stress than promastigotes from a cutaneous lesion. Free Radic Biol Med 2018; 129:35-45. [PMID: 30196081 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis can be presented as localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (LCL) or mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). Macrophages kill parasites using nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of parasites obtained from patients with LCL or ML to produce and resist NO or ROS. Promastigotes and amastigotes from LCL or ML isolates produced similar amounts of NO in culture. Promastigotes from ML isolates were more resistant to NO and H2O2 than LCL parasites in a stationary phase, whereas amastigotes from LCL isolates were more resistant to NO. In addition, in the stationary phase, promastigote isolates from patients with ML expressed more thiol-specific antioxidant protein (TSA) than LCL isolates. Therefore it is suggested that infective promastigotes from ML isolates are more resistant to microbicidal mechanisms in the initial phase of infection. Subsequently, amastigotes lose this resistance. This behavior of ML parasites can decrease the number of parasites capable of stimulating the host immune response shortly after the infection establishment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antioxidants/chemistry
- Antioxidants/metabolism
- Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacology
- Culture Media/chemistry
- Female
- Host-Parasite Interactions
- Humans
- Hydrogen Peroxide/pharmacology
- Immunity, Innate
- Leishmania braziliensis/drug effects
- Leishmania braziliensis/growth & development
- Leishmania braziliensis/isolation & purification
- Leishmania braziliensis/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Diffuse Cutaneous/parasitology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/immunology
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Mucocutaneous/parasitology
- Life Cycle Stages/drug effects
- Life Cycle Stages/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/pharmacology
- Nitric Oxide Donors/pharmacology
- Nitroprusside/pharmacology
- Protozoan Proteins/genetics
- Protozoan Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucilla Ribeiro Ávila
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Clayson Moura Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil; Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, Av, Universitária 1069, Setor Universitário, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-010, Brazil
| | - Pollyana Guimarães Oliveira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Saar Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Marina Clare Vinaud
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Miriam Leandro Dorta
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Silvia Reni Bortolin Uliana
- Departamento de Parasitologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 1374, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil
| | - Milton Adriano Pelli Oliveira
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Rua 235 S/N, Goiânia, Goiás 74605-050, Brazil.
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21
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Sousa R, Andrade VM, Bair T, Ettinger NA, Guimarães L, Andrade L, Guimarães LH, Machado PRL, Carvalho EM, Wilson ME, Schriefer A. Early Suppression of Macrophage Gene Expression by Leishmania braziliensis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2464. [PMID: 30374342 PMCID: PMC6196312 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania braziliensis is an intracellular parasite that resides mostly in macrophages. Both the parasite genome and the clinical disease manifestations show considerable polymorphism. Clinical syndromes caused by L. braziliensis include localized cutaneous (CL), mucosal (ML), and disseminated leishmaniasis (DL). Our prior studies showed that genetically distinct L. braziliensis clades associate with different clinical types. Herein, we hypothesized that: (1) L. braziliensis induces changes in macrophage gene expression that facilitates infection; (2) infection of macrophages with strains associated with CL (clade B), ML (clade C), or DL (clade A) will differentially affect host cell gene expression, reflecting their different pathogenic mechanisms; and (3) differences between the strains will be reflected by differences in macrophage gene expression after initial exposure to the parasite. Human monocyte derived macrophages were infected with L. braziliensis isolates from clades A, B, or C. Patterns of gene expression were compared using Affymetrix DNA microarrays. Many transcripts were significantly decreased by infection with all isolates. The most dramatically decreased transcripts encoded proteins involved in signaling pathways, apoptosis, or mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Some transcripts encoding stress response proteins were up-regulated. Differences between L. braziliensis clades were observed in the magnitude of change, rather than the identity of transcripts. Isolates from subjects with metastatic disease (ML and DL) induced a greater magnitude of change than isolates from CL. We conclude that L. braziliensis enhances its intracellular survival by inhibiting macrophage pathways leading to microbicidal activity. Parasite strains destined for dissemination may exert a more profound suppression than less invasive L. braziliensis strains that remain near the cutaneous site of inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosana Sousa
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Viviane M Andrade
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Thomas Bair
- DNA Facility, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Nicholas A Ettinger
- Deptartment of Pediatrics-Critical Care, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Luana Guimarães
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Laura Andrade
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Luiz H Guimarães
- Centro de Formação em Saúde, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Teixeira de Freitas, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo R L Machado
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Mary E Wilson
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology, VA Medical Center, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Albert Schriefer
- Serviço de Imunologia, Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia - Doenças Tropicais, Salvador, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências da Biointeração, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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22
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Abstract
The leishmaniases are diseases caused by pathogenic protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania. Infections are initiated when a sand fly vector inoculates Leishmania parasites into the skin of a mammalian host. Leishmania causes a spectrum of inflammatory cutaneous disease manifestations. The type of cutaneous pathology is determined in part by the infecting Leishmania species, but also by a combination of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory host immune response factors resulting in different clinical outcomes. This review discusses the distinct cutaneous syndromes described in humans, and current knowledge of the inflammatory responses associated with divergent cutaneous pathologic responses to different Leishmania species. The contribution of key hematopoietic cells in experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in mouse models are also reviewed and compared with those observed during human infection. We hypothesize that local skin events influence the ensuing adaptive immune response to Leishmania spp. infections, and that the balance between inflammatory and regulatory factors induced by infection are critical for determining cutaneous pathology and outcome of infection.
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23
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Carvalho AM, Fukutani KF, Sharma R, Curvelo RP, Miranda JC, Barral A, Carvalho EM, Valenzuela JG, Oliveira F, de Oliveira CI. Seroconversion to Lutzomyia intermedia LinB-13 as a biomarker for developing cutaneous leishmaniasis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3149. [PMID: 28600554 PMCID: PMC5466628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03345-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sand flies inject saliva while feeding in the vertebrate host and anti-saliva antibodies can be used as biomarkers of exposure to Leishmania vectors. We expressed recombinant salivary proteins from Lutzomyia intermedia, a vector of Leishmania braziliensis, and evaluated the seroreactivity in exposed individuals in search for exposure markers. We found a strong correlation among positive serology to recombinant proteins LinB-13, 26, 15, 21 and to salivary proteins: rLinB-13 was the top performing molecule; IgG4 was the most predominant antibody subclass and antibodies to rLinB-13 did not cross react with Lu. longipalpis salivary proteins. By evaluating a cohort of contacts of CL patients, we confirmed that rLinB-13, an antigen 5-related protein, is a marker of exposure to Lu. intermedia with high degree of accuracy. In a 5-year follow up, we determined that individuals who developed CL presented higher anti-rLinB13 IgG responses, before the appearance of clinical symptoms. They also presented a lower frequency of cellular responses to the parasite (DTH). Our results show that seroconversion to a salivary molecule, rLinB-13, is a marker of risk for CL development caused by Leishmania braziliensis. This highlight the possibility of developing tools based on vector molecules to manage the disease in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto M Carvalho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, School of Medicine, Salvador, Brazil.,Serviço de Imunologia do Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Rohit Sharma
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil
| | - Rebecca P Curvelo
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, School of Medicine, Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Aldina Barral
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, School of Medicine, Salvador, Brazil.,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, School of Medicine, Salvador, Brazil.,Serviço de Imunologia do Hospital Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jesus G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Fabiano Oliveira
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA.
| | - Camila I de Oliveira
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, Salvador, Bahia, 40296-710, Brazil. .,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, School of Medicine, Salvador, Brazil. .,Instituto de Investigação em Imunologia (iii), INCT, São Paulo, Brazil.
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24
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Almeida L, Silva JA, Andrade VM, Machado P, Jamieson SE, Carvalho EM, Blackwell JM, Castellucci LC. Analysis of expression of FLI1 and MMP1 in American cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania braziliensis infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 49:212-220. [PMID: 28119029 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
FLI1 (Friend leukemia virus integration 1) and IL6 (interleukin 6; IL-6) are associated with Leishmania braziliensis susceptibility. Cutaneous lesions show exaggerated matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1). In other skin diseases, FLI1 promoter methylation reduces FLI1 expression, and low FLI1 down-regulates MMP1. IL-6 increases FLI1 expression. We hypothesized that epigenetic regulation of FLI1 in cutaneous leishmaniasis, together with IL-6, might determine MMP1 expression. While generally low (<10%), percent FLI1 promoter methylation was lower (P=0.001) in lesion biopsies than normal skin. Contrary to expectation, a strong positive correlation occurred between FLI1 methylation and gene expression in lesions (r=0.98, P=0.0005) and in IL-6-treated L. braziliensis-infected macrophages (r=0.99, P=0.0004). In silico analysis of the FLI1 promoter revealed co-occurring active H3K27ac and repressive DNA methylation marks to enhance gene expression. FLI1 expression was enhanced between 3 and 24hour post infection in untreated (P=0.0002) and IL-6-treated (P=0.028) macrophages. MMP1 was enhanced in lesion biopsies (P=0.0002), induced (P=0.007) in infected macrophages, but strongly inhibited by IL-6. No correlations occurred between FLI1 and MMP1 expression in lesions or infected macrophages (with/without IL-6). We conclude that MMP1 is regulated by factors other than FLI1, and that the influence of IL-6 on MMP1 was independent of its effect on FLI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Almeida
- National Institute of Cience and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil and Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Program of Post-graduation in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Juliana A Silva
- National Institute of Cience and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil and Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Program of Post-graduation in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Viviane M Andrade
- National Institute of Cience and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil and Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.,Program of Post-graduation in Health Sciences, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Paulo Machado
- National Institute of Cience and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil and Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Sarra E Jamieson
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- National Institute of Cience and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil and Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Jenefer M Blackwell
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Pathology and Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Léa C Castellucci
- National Institute of Cience and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil and Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
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25
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Carneiro MW, Fukutani KF, Andrade BB, Curvelo RP, Cristal JR, Carvalho AM, Barral A, Van Weyenbergh J, Barral-Netto M, de Oliveira CI. Gene Expression Profile of High IFN-γ Producers Stimulated with Leishmania braziliensis Identifies Genes Associated with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005116. [PMID: 27870860 PMCID: PMC5117592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The initial response to Leishmania parasites is essential in determining disease development or resistance. In vitro, a divergent response to Leishmania, characterized by high or low IFN-γ production has been described as a potential tool to predict both vaccine response and disease susceptibility in vivo. Methods and findings We identified uninfected and healthy individuals that were shown to be either high- or low IFN-γ producers (HPs and LPs, respectively) following stimulation of peripheral blood cells with Leishmania braziliensis. Following stimulation, RNA was processed for gene expression analysis using immune gene arrays. Both HPs and LPs were shown to upregulate the expression of CXCL10, IFI27, IL6 and LTA. Genes expressed in HPs only (CCL7, IL8, IFI44L and IL1B) were associated with pathways related to IL17 and TREM 1 signaling. In LPs, uniquely expressed genes (for example IL9, IFI44, IFIT1 and IL2RA) were associated with pathways related to pattern recognition receptors and interferon signaling. We then investigated whether the unique gene expression profiles described here could be recapitulated in vivo, in individuals with active Cutaneous Leishmaniasis or with subclinical infection. Indeed, using a set of six genes (TLR2, JAK2, IFI27, IFIT1, IRF1 and IL6) modulated in HPs and LPs, we could successfully discriminate these two clinical groups. Finally, we demonstrate that these six genes are significantly overexpressed in CL lesions. Conclusion Upon interrogation of the peripheral response of naive individuals with diverging IFN-γ production to L. braziliensis, we identified differences in the innate response to the parasite that are recapitulated in vivo and that discriminate CL patients from individuals presenting a subclinical infection. Control and development of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) are dependent on the host immunological response. One of the key molecules in determining elimination of Leishmania parasites from the infected host cell is the cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-γ). The aim of this study was to investigate which immune response genes are associated with the production of IFN-γ in the context of Leishmania infection. We identified individuals that are high- or low IFN-γ producers upon stimulation of their peripheral blood cells with Leishmania parasites. We then determined the immune gene expression profile of these individuals and we identified a set of genes that are differentially expressed comparing high- and low IFN-γ producers. The expression of these genes was also evaluated in patients with CL and in individuals with a subclinical Leishmania infection (SC). In this setting, the overall pattern of expression of this particular gene combination discriminated the CL patients x from SC individuals. Understanding the initial response to Leishmania may lead to the identification of markers that are associated with development of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcia W. Carneiro
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno B. Andrade
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research (MONSTER) Initiative, Fundação José Silveira, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Rebecca P. Curvelo
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
| | | | | | - Aldina Barral
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Johan Van Weyenbergh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Manoel Barral-Netto
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Brazil
- Federal University of Bahia School of Medicine, Salvador, Brazil
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Differential Recruitment of Dendritic Cells Subsets to Lymph Nodes Correlates with a Protective or Permissive T-Cell Response during Leishmania (Viannia) Braziliensis or Leishmania (Leishmania) Amazonensis Infection. Mediators Inflamm 2016; 2016:7068287. [PMID: 27073297 PMCID: PMC4814687 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7068287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (L.) amazonensis (La) and L. (V.) braziliensis (Lb) are responsible for a large clinical and immunopathological spectrum in human disease; while La may be responsible for anergic disease, Lb infection leads to cellular hypersensitivity. To better understand the dichotomy in the immune response caused by these Leishmania species, we evaluated subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) and T lymphocyte in draining lymph nodes during the course of La and Lb infection in BALB/c mice. Our results demonstrated a high involvement of DCs in La infection, which was characterized by the greater accumulation of Langerhans cells (LCs); conversely, Lb infection led to an increase in dermal DCs (dDCs) throughout the infection. Considering the T lymphocyte response, an increase of effector, activated, and memory CD4+ T-cells was observed in Lb infection. Interleukin- (IL-) 4- and IL-10-producing CD4+and CD8+ T-cells were present in both La and Lb infection; however, interferon- (IFN-) γ-producing CD4+and CD8+ T-cells were detected only in Lb infection. The results suggest that during Lb infection, the dDCs were the predominant subset of DCs that in turn was associated with the development of Th1 immune response; in contrast La infection was associated with a preferential accumulation of LCs and total blockage of the development of Th1 immune response.
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27
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Contribution of IL6 -174 G>C and IL1B +3954 C>T polymorphisms to congenital infection with Toxoplasma gondii. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2015; 34:2287-94. [PMID: 26385345 PMCID: PMC4607712 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-015-2481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this investigation was the determination of the distribution of genotypes and alleles, residing within interleukin 6 (IL6) and interleukin 1 (IL1) polymorphisms, among fetuses and neonates, congenitally infected with Toxoplasma gondii, and among uninfected control cases. The study included 22 fetuses and newborns infected with T. gondii and 49 control cases. Screening for IgG and IgM antibodies against the parasite and IgG avidity was performed by enzyme-linked fluorescent assay (ELFA) tests. Quantitation of T. gondii DNA in amniotic fluids was assayed by the real-time Q PCR technique for the parasitic B1 gene. Genotypes at IL6 and IL1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were determined by a self-designed, nested polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) assay. Representative genotypes at the studied loci were confirmed by sequencing. All the genotypes were estimated for Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and IL1 genotypes were tested for linkage disequilibrium. Genotypes and haplotypes at the studied SNPs were investigated for their possible association with the occurrence of congenital T. gondii infection, using a logistic regression model. GC heterozygotes at the IL6 −174 G>C SNP were significantly associated with toxoplasmosis and increased the risk of T. gondii infection [odds ratio (OR) 4.24, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 1.24–14.50 in the codominant model, p ≤ 0.050]. In case of IL1 SNPs, similar prevalence rates were observed between T. gondii-infected and -uninfected offspring. Regarding allelic variability, the C alleles at both IL6 and IL1B SNPs were significantly more frequent in the infected than in the uninfected cases (p ≤ 0.050). It is concluded that IL6 −174 G>C and IL1B +3954 C>T SNPs might be involved in the development of congenital T. gondii infection.
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28
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Fernandes ÍA, de Almeida L, Ferreira PE, Marques MJ, Rocha RP, Coelho LF, Carvalho DT, Viegas C. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel piperidine-benzodioxole derivatives designed as potential leishmanicidal drug candidates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3346-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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29
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Gomes CM, Paula NAD, Morais OOD, Soares KA, Roselino AM, Sampaio RNR. Complementary exams in the diagnosis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis. An Bras Dermatol 2015; 89:701-9. [PMID: 25184908 PMCID: PMC4155947 DOI: 10.1590/abd1806-4841.20142389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis is a difficult but essential task when considering the high toxicity profile of the drugs available. Since the discovery of its etiologic agent, numerous diagnostic tests have been developed. None of the tests available today can be considered as the gold standard, since they do not add enough accuracy for the disease detection. Good epidemiological and clinical knowledge of the disease are fundamental precepts of the dermatology practice and precede the rational use of existing diagnostic tests. In this article we aim, through extensive literature review, to recall fundamental concepts of any diagnostic test. Subsequently, based on this information, we will weave important comments about the characteristics of existing diagnostic tests, including immunological tests such as Montenegro's skin test, serology and detection of parasites by direct examination, culture or histopathology. Finally we will discuss the new technologies and options for the diagnosis of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis. The molecular biology technique is considered a promising tool, promoting the rapid identification of the species involved. We also aim to educate dermatologists about a disease with high morbidity and assist in its difficult recognition.
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30
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Almeida L, Oliveira J, Guimarães LH, Carvalho EM, Blackwell JM, Castellucci L. Wound healing genes and susceptibility to cutaneous leishmaniasis in Brazil: role of COL1A1. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 30:225-229. [PMID: 25562121 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated a role for wound healing genes in resolution of cutaneous lesions caused by Leishmania spp. in both mice and humans, including the gene FLI1 encoding Friend leukemia virus integration 1. Reduction of Fli1 expression in mice has been shown to result in up-regulation of collagen type I alpha 1 (Col1a1) and alpha 2 (Col1a2) genes and, conversely, in down-regulation of the matrix metalloproteinase 1 (Mmp1) gene, suggesting that Fli1 suppression is involved in activation of the profibrotic gene program. Here we examined single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes as risk factors for cutaneous (CL) and mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), and leishmaniasis per se, caused by L. braziliensis in humans. SNPs were genotyped in 168 nuclear families (250 CL; 87 ML cases) and replicated in 157 families (402 CL; 39 ML cases). Family-based association tests (FBAT) showed the strongest association between SNPs rs1061237 (combined P=0.002) and rs2586488 (combined P=0.027) at COL1A1 and CL disease. This contributes to our further understanding of the role of wound healing in the resolution of CL disease, providing potential for therapies modulating COL1A1 via drugs acting on FLI1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Almeida
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil and Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
| | - Joyce Oliveira
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil and Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
| | - Luiz Henrique Guimarães
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil and Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
| | - Edgar M Carvalho
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil and Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
| | - Jenefer M Blackwell
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, Western Australia, Australia; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Léa Castellucci
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Tropical Diseases, Brazil and Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil.
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31
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Gollob KJ, Viana AG, Dutra WO. Immunoregulation in human American leishmaniasis: balancing pathology and protection. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:367-76. [PMID: 24471648 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis covers a broad spectrum of diseases with distinct, and sometimes overlapping, characteristics. The common thread in all forms of leishmaniasis is the infection by the parasite Leishmania belonging to the genus Leishmania. Upon infection of humans, there can be at least three outcomes, (i) control of Leishmania by the host immune response resulting in asymptomatic disease, (ii) patent infection and development of a relatively mild form of leishmaniasis and (iii) patent infection and development of severe clinical forms. The factors that determine the outcome of an initial inoculation with Leishmania are many, with the species of Leishmania representing one of the strongest predictive factors for the development of a given clinical form of disease. This is seen with L. braziliensis and L. amazonensis, infection leading mostly to tegumentary forms of disease, and L. infantum with the potential to induce visceral disease. However, it is also clear that the host immune response is a key factor in disease progression, not only responsible for control of Leishmania, but also playing an important role in disease progression and pathology. This duality between protective and pathogenic immune responses in individuals infected with Leishmania in the Americas is the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Gollob
- Graduate Program in Medicine and Biomedicine, Institute for Education and Research, Hospital Santa Casa, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; National Institute for Science and Technology - Tropical Diseases (INCT-DT), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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32
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Nogueira RS, Gomes-Silva A, Bittar RC, Silva Mendonça D, Amato VS, da Silva Mattos M, Oliveira-Neto MP, Coutinho SG, Da-Cruz AM. Antigen-triggered interferon-γ and interleukin-10 pattern in cured mucosal leishmaniasis patients is shaped during the active phase of disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 177:679-86. [PMID: 24773586 PMCID: PMC4137852 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An exacerbated type 1 response to leishmanial antigens is the basis of tissue destruction observed in mucosal leishmaniasis (ML). After therapy, a persistent production of high levels of inflammatory cytokines can confer a poor prognosis. Herein we investigated whether the clinical conditions defined during the active phase of ML affect the magnitude of long-term anti-Leishmania immune response. Twenty clinically cured ML cases were studied. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were cultured with L. braziliensis antigens (Lb-Ag), Toxoplasma gondii antigens (Tg-Ag), concanavalin-A (Con-A) or medium alone, and the lymphocyte proliferative response and cytokine secretion were quantified. Medical records were reviewed for Montenegro skin test (MST) during diagnosis, duration of ML disease or time elapsed after clinical cure. The duration of disease was correlated positively with MST (r = 0·61). Lb-Ag induced interferon (IFN)-γ was correlated positively with duration of illness (r = 0·69) as well as the frequency of secreting cells [enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT)] assay. No association was observed for Tg-Ag or Con-A. Disease duration was correlated negatively with interleukin (IL)-10 production (r = −0·76). Moreover, a negative correlation between length of time after clinical cure and TNF levels (r = −0·94) or the IFN-γ : IL-10 ratio (r = −0·89) were also seen. We suggest that the magnitude of the IFN-γ inflammatory response triggered by ML can be driven by the time of leishmanial antigens exposition during the active phase of the disease. This pattern could persist even long-term after cure. However, despite IFN-γ levels, the decrease of the TNF and IFN-γ : IL-10 ratio reflects the control of proinflammatory responses achieved by cure of ML, possibly preventing disease relapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Nogueira
- Laboratório Interdisciplinar de Pesquisas Médicas, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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33
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Hartley MA, Drexler S, Ronet C, Beverley SM, Fasel N. The immunological, environmental, and phylogenetic perpetrators of metastatic leishmaniasis. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:412-22. [PMID: 24954794 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniases have persisted for centuries as chronically disfiguring parasitic infections affecting millions of people across the subtropics. Symptoms range from the more prevalent single, self-healing cutaneous lesion to a persistent, metastatic disease, where ulcerations and granulomatous nodules can affect multiple secondary sites of the skin and delicate facial mucosa, even sometimes diffusing throughout the cutaneous system as a papular rash. The basis for such diverse pathologies is multifactorial, ranging from parasite phylogeny to host immunocompetence and various environmental factors. Although complex, these pathologies often prey on weaknesses in the innate immune system and its pattern recognition receptors. This review explores the observed and potential associations among the multifactorial perpetrators of infectious metastasis and components of the innate immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary-Anne Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Drexler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Ronet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Stephen M Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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34
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Gomes CM, Ávila LR, Pinto SA, Duarte FB, Pereira LIA, Abrahamsohn IA, Dorta ML, Vieira LQ, Ribeiro-Dias F, Oliveira MAP. Leishmania braziliensis amastigotes stimulate production of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TGF-β by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from nonendemic area healthy residents. Parasite Immunol 2014; 36:225-31. [PMID: 24575815 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis causes cutaneous and mucosal leishmaniasis in several countries in Latin America. In mammals, the parasites live as amastigotes, interacting with host immune cells and stimulating cytokine production that will drive the type of the specific immune responses. Generation of Th17 lymphocytes is associated with tissue destruction and depends on IL-1β, IL-6, TGF-β and IL-23 production, whereas IL-10 and TGF-β are associated with tissue protection. Here, we evaluate whether amastigotes stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy donors to produce the major cytokines responsible for the generation of Th17. Seven L. (V.) braziliensis isolates from patients with different clinical forms of leishmaniasis were expanded in interferon-γ knockout mice to obtain amastigotes and in culture to get promastigotes. The parasites were used to stimulate PBMCs from healthy donors, and cytokine production was evaluated by ELISA or qPCR. Amastigotes and promastigotes induced IL-10 production in PBMCs; however, only amastigotes induced IL-1β, IL-6 and TGF-β. These data demonstrate for the first time that L. (V.) braziliensis amastigotes directly stimulate production of a unique pattern of cytokines that could contribute to the generation of Th17.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brasil
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35
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Castellucci LC, Almeida LFD, Jamieson SE, Fakiola M, Carvalho EMD, Blackwell JM. Host genetic factors in American cutaneous leishmaniasis: a critical appraisal of studies conducted in an endemic area of Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 109:279-88. [PMID: 24863979 PMCID: PMC4131779 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276140028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a vector-transmitted infectious disease with an estimated 1.5 million new cases per year. In Brazil, ACL represents a significant public health problem, with approximately 30,000 new reported cases annually, representing an incidence of 18.5 cases per 100,000 inhabitants. Corte de Pedra is in a region endemic for ACL in the state of Bahia (BA), northeastern Brazil, with 500-1,300 patients treated annually. Over the last decade, population and family-based candidate gene studies were conducted in Corte de Pedra, founded on previous knowledge from studies on mice and humans. Notwithstanding limitations related to sample size and power, these studies contribute important genetic biomarkers that identify novel pathways of disease pathogenesis and possible new therapeutic targets. The present paper is a narrative review about ACL immunogenetics in BA, highlighting in particular the interacting roles of the wound healing gene FLI1 with interleukin-6 and genes SMAD2 and SMAD3 of the transforming growth factor beta signalling pathway. This research highlights the need for well-powered genetic and functional studies on Leishmania braziliensis infection as essential to define and validate the role of host genes in determining resistance/susceptibility regarding this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Cristina Castellucci
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - Lucas Frederico de Almeida
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | | | - Michaela Fakiola
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australi, Perth, Australia
| | - Edgar Marcelino de Carvalho
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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Ives A, Masina S, Castiglioni P, Prével F, Revaz-Breton M, Hartley MA, Launois P, Fasel N, Ronet C. MyD88 and TLR9 dependent immune responses mediate resistance to Leishmania guyanensis infections, irrespective of Leishmania RNA virus burden. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96766. [PMID: 24801628 PMCID: PMC4011865 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Leishmania parasites of the Leishmania Viannia subgenus give rise to both localized cutaneous (CL), and metastatic leishmaniasis. Metastasizing disease forms including disseminated (DCL) and mutocutaneous (MCL) leishmaniasis result from parasitic dissemination and lesion formation at sites distal to infection and have increased inflammatory responses. The presence of Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) in L. guyanensis parasites contributes to the exacerbation of disease and impacts inflammatory responses via activation of TLR3 by the viral dsRNA. In this study we investigated other innate immune response adaptor protein modulators and demonstrated that both MyD88 and TLR9 played a crucial role in the development of Th1-dependent healing responses against L. guyanensis parasites regardless of their LRV status. The absence of MyD88- or TLR9-dependent signaling pathways resulted in increased Th2 associated cytokines (IL-4 and IL-13), which was correlated with low transcript levels of IL-12p40. The reliance of IL-12 was further confirmed in IL12AB−/− mice, which were completely susceptible to infection. Protection to L. guyanensis infection driven by MyD88- and TLR9-dependent immune responses arises independently to those induced due to high LRV burden within the parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Ives
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Slavica Masina
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Castiglioni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Florence Prével
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Revaz-Breton
- Department of Biochemistry, World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training center (WHO-IRTC), Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Mary-Anne Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Launois
- Department of Biochemistry, World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training center (WHO-IRTC), Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Ronet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
- Department of Biochemistry, World Health Organization Immunology Research and Training center (WHO-IRTC), Epalinges, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Leishmania aethiopica Field Isolates Bearing an Endosymbiontic dsRNA Virus Induce Pro-inflammatory Cytokine Response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002836#s5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Leishmania aethiopica field isolates bearing an endosymbiontic dsRNA virus induce pro-inflammatory cytokine response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e2836. [PMID: 24762979 PMCID: PMC3998932 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection with Leishmania parasites causes mainly cutaneous lesions at the site of the sand fly bite. Inflammatory metastatic forms have been reported with Leishmania species such as L. braziliensis, guyanensis and aethiopica. Little is known about the factors underlying such exacerbated clinical presentations. Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) is mainly found within South American Leishmania braziliensis and guyanensis. In a mouse model of L. guyanensis infection, its presence is responsible for an hyper-inflammatory response driven by the recognition of the viral dsRNA genome by the host Toll-like Receptor 3 leading to an exacerbation of the disease. In one instance, LRV was reported outside of South America, namely in the L. major ASKH strain from Turkmenistan, suggesting that LRV appeared before the divergence of Leishmania subgenera. LRV presence inside Leishmania parasites could be one of the factors implicated in disease severity, providing rationale for LRV screening in L. aethiopica. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A new LRV member was identified in four L. aethiopica strains (LRV-Lae). Three LRV-Lae genomes were sequenced and compared to L. guyanensis LRV1 and L. major LRV2. LRV-Lae more closely resembled LRV2. Despite their similar genomic organization, a notable difference was observed in the region where the capsid protein and viral polymerase open reading frames overlap, with a unique -1 situation in LRV-Lae. In vitro infection of murine macrophages showed that LRV-Lae induced a TLR3-dependent inflammatory response as previously observed for LRV1. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE In this study, we report the presence of an immunogenic dsRNA virus in L. aethiopica human isolates. This is the first observation of LRV in Africa, and together with the unique description of LRV2 in Turkmenistan, it confirmed that LRV was present before the divergence of the L. (Leishmania) and (Viannia) subgenera. The potential implication of LRV-Lae on disease severity due to L. aethiopica infections is discussed.
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Fava V, Orlova M, Cobat A, Alcaïs A, Mira M, Schurr E. Genetics of leprosy reactions: an overview. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2013; 107 Suppl 1:132-42. [PMID: 23283464 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000900020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type-1 (T1R) and Type-2 (T2R) leprosy reactions (LR), which affect up to 50% of leprosy patients, are aggressive inflammatory episodes of sudden onset and highly variable incidence across populations. LR are often diagnosed concurrently with leprosy, but more frequently occur several months after treatment onset. It is not uncommon for leprosy patients to develop recurring reactional episodes; however, they rarely undergo both types of LR. Today, LR are the main cause of permanent disabilities associated with leprosy and represent a major challenge in the clinical management of leprosy patients. Although progress has been made in understanding the immunopathology of LR, the factors that cause a leprosy patient to suffer from LR are largely unknown. Given the impact that ethnic background has on the risk of developing LR, host genetic factors have long been suspected of contributing to LR. Indeed, polymorphisms in seven genes [Toll-like receptors (TLR)1, TLR2, nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain containing 2, vitamin D receptor, natural resistance-associated macrophage protein 1, C4B and interleukin-6] have been found to be associated with one or more LR outcomes. The identification of host genetic markers with predictive value for LR would have a major impact on nerve damage control in leprosy. In this review, we present the recent advances achieved through genetic studies of LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Fava
- McGill Centre for the Study of Host Resistance, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Kuhls K, Cupolillo E, Silva SO, Schweynoch C, Côrtes Boité M, Mello MN, Mauricio I, Miles M, Wirth T, Schönian G. Population structure and evidence for both clonality and recombination among Brazilian strains of the subgenus Leishmania (Viannia). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2490. [PMID: 24205418 PMCID: PMC3814519 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Parasites of the subgenus Leishmania (Viannia) cause varying clinical symptoms ranging from cutaneous leishmaniases (CL) with single or few lesions, disseminated CL (DL) with multiple lesions to disfiguring forms of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis (MCL). In this population genetics study, 37 strains of L. (V.) guyanensis, 63 of L. (V.) braziliensis, four of L. (V.) shawi, six of L. (V.) lainsoni, seven of L. (V.) naiffi, one each of L. (V.) utingensis and L. (V.) lindenbergi, and one L. (V.) lainsoni/L. naiffi hybrid from different endemic foci in Brazil were examined for variation at 15 hyper-variable microsatellite markers. Methodology/Principal findings: The multilocus microsatellite profiles obtained for the 120 strains were analysed using both model- and distance-based methods. Significant genetic diversity was observed for all L. (Viannia) strains studied. The two cluster analysis approaches identified two principal genetic groups or populations, one consisting of strains of L. (V.) guyanensis from the Amazon region and the other of strains of L. (V.) braziliensis isolated along the Atlantic coast of Brazil. A third group comprised a heterogeneous assembly of species, including other strains of L. braziliensis isolated from the north of Brazil, which were extremely polymorphic. The latter strains seemed to be more closely related to those of L. (V.) shawi, L. (V.) naiffi, and L. (V.) lainsoni, also isolated in northern Brazilian foci. The MLMT approach identified an epidemic clone consisting of 13 strains of L. braziliensis from Minas Gerais, but evidence for recombination was obtained for the populations of L. (V.) braziliensis from the Atlantic coast and for L. (V.) guyanensis. Conclusions/Significance: Different levels of recombination versus clonality seem to occur within the subgenus L. (Viannia). Though clearly departing from panmixia, sporadic, but long-term sustained recombination might explain the tremendous genetic diversity and limited population structure found for such L. (Viannia) strains. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) constitutes a significant public health problem in all federal states of Brazil. Most cases are caused by parasites of the subgenus Leishmania (Viannia) which can cause a variety of clinical symptoms ranging from single or few lesions, disseminated CL with multiple lesions, to disfiguring forms of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. This study has used a multilocus microsatellite typing approach for exploring the genetic diversity and population structure among 120 strains representing different subgenus L. (Viannia) species and different Brazilian CL foci. Genetic diversity within the subgenus was much higher than expected, especially within L. (V.) braziliensis, L. (V.) shawi, L. (V.) naiffi, and L. (V.) lainsoni which were all from the north of Brazil. These strains could not be assigned to well-defined populations, but presented a rather loosely associated group. Strains of L. (V.) braziliensis isolated along the Atlantic coast of Brazil and strains of L. (V.) guyanensis formed, however, two clearly separated populations exhibiting remarkable levels of sexual exchange. The latter finding is in contrast to previous studies suggesting clonal modes of propagation or inbreeding for natural populations of Leishmania parasites and might explain the genetic heterogeneity and limited population structure for Brazilian strains of subgenus L. (Viannia) observed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Kuhls
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisa Cupolillo
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Soraia O. Silva
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carola Schweynoch
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mariana Côrtes Boité
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Leishmaniose, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz - Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria N. Mello
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Isabel Mauricio
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Miles
- Department of Pathogen Molecular Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thierry Wirth
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Département de Systématique et Évolution, UMR-CNRS 7205, Paris, France
| | - Gabriele Schönian
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Hygiene, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Gene expression profile of cytokines and chemokines in skin lesions from Brazilian Indians with localized cutaneous leishmaniasis. Mol Immunol 2013; 57:74-85. [PMID: 24084096 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2013.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a chronic inflammatory disease caused by dermotropic Leishmania species belonging to the Viannia subgenera, with Leishmania (V.) braziliensis considered the main agent in Brazil. After infection, a local inflammatory process is initiated, inducing the expression of several cytokine/chemokine genes. We evaluated the immunity to CL of patients living in the indigenous community Xakriabá, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, by performing detailed analyses of the mRNA expression of different cytokines and chemokines in CL lesions, considering the time evolution (recent or late). We also studied the profile of the inflammatory infiltrate by histopathological analysis. The histopathological features of recent CL lesions showed an intense inflammatory reaction, characterized by the presence of both mononuclear and polymorphonuclear cells, whereas late CL lesions exhibited a predominance of mononuclear leukocytes. The gene expression of cytokines/chemokines in skin biopsies from the CL group showed higher transcript levels of modulatory (IL10 and TGFB1), anti-inflammatory (IL4), and pro-inflammatory (TNF, IFNG, IL12B, CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, CXCL10) biomarkers in recent lesions than in late lesions. Our findings suggest that differential gene expression of cytokines and chemokines found in skin lesions from CL patients is associated with time evolution of lesions.
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Sohrabi Y, Havelková H, Kobets T, Šíma M, Volkova V, Grekov I, Jarošíková T, Kurey I, Vojtíšková J, Svobodová M, Demant P, Lipoldová M. Mapping the genes for susceptibility and response to Leishmania tropica in mouse. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2282. [PMID: 23875032 PMCID: PMC3708836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background L. tropica can cause both cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis in humans. Although the L. tropica-induced cutaneous disease has been long known, its potential to visceralize in humans was recognized only recently. As nothing is known about the genetics of host responses to this infection and their clinical impact, we developed an informative animal model. We described previously that the recombinant congenic strain CcS-16 carrying 12.5% genes from the resistant parental strain STS/A and 87.5% genes from the susceptible strain BALB/c is more susceptible to L. tropica than BALB/c. We used these strains to map and functionally characterize the gene-loci regulating the immune responses and pathology. Methods We analyzed genetics of response to L. tropica in infected F2 hybrids between BALB/c×CcS-16. CcS-16 strain carries STS-derived segments on nine chromosomes. We genotyped these segments in the F2 hybrid mice and tested their linkage with pathological changes and systemic immune responses. Principal Findings We mapped 8 Ltr (Leishmania tropica response) loci. Four loci (Ltr2, Ltr3, Ltr6 and Ltr8) exhibit independent responses to L. tropica, while Ltr1, Ltr4, Ltr5 and Ltr7 were detected only in gene-gene interactions with other Ltr loci. Ltr3 exhibits the recently discovered phenomenon of transgenerational parental effect on parasite numbers in spleen. The most precise mapping (4.07 Mb) was achieved for Ltr1 (chr.2), which controls parasite numbers in lymph nodes. Five Ltr loci co-localize with loci controlling susceptibility to L. major, three are likely L. tropica specific. Individual Ltr loci affect different subsets of responses, exhibit organ specific effects and a separate control of parasite load and organ pathology. Conclusion We present the first identification of genetic loci controlling susceptibility to L. tropica. The different combinations of alleles controlling various symptoms of the disease likely co-determine different manifestations of disease induced by the same pathogen in individual mice. Leishmaniasis, a disease caused by Leishmania ssp. is among the most neglected infectious diseases. In humans, L. tropica causes cutaneous form of leishmaniasis, but can damage internal organs too. The reasons for this variability are not known, and its genetic basis was never investigated. Therefore, analysis of genes affecting host's responses to this infection can elucidate the characteristics of individual host-parasite interactions. Recombinant congenic strain CcS-16 carries 12.5% genes from the mouse strain STS/A on genetic background of the strain BALB/c, and it is more susceptible than BALB/c. In F2 hybrids between BALB/c and CcS-16 we detected and mapped eight gene-loci, Ltr1-8 (Leishmania tropica response 1-8) that control various manifestations of disease: skin lesions, splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, parasite numbers in spleen, liver, and inguinal lymph nodes, and serum level of CCL3, CCL5, and CCL7 after L. tropica infection. These loci are functionally heterogeneous - each influences a different set of responses to the pathogen. Five loci co-localize with the previously described loci that control susceptibility to L. major, three are species-specific. Ltr2 co-localizes not only with Lmr14 (Leishmania major response 14), but also with Ir2 influencing susceptibility to L. donovani and might therefore carry a common gene controlling susceptibility to leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Sohrabi
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Havelková
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tetyana Kobets
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matyáš Šíma
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Valeriya Volkova
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Grekov
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Taťána Jarošíková
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Kladno, Czech Republic
| | - Iryna Kurey
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jarmila Vojtíšková
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Peter Demant
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Marie Lipoldová
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Immunology, Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
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Zangger H, Ronet C, Desponds C, Kuhlmann FM, Robinson J, Hartley MA, Prevel F, Castiglioni P, Pratlong F, Bastien P, Müller N, Parmentier L, Saravia NG, Beverley SM, Fasel N. Detection of Leishmania RNA virus in Leishmania parasites. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2013; 7:e2006. [PMID: 23326619 PMCID: PMC3542153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 11/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Patients suffering from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by New World Leishmania (Viannia) species are at high risk of developing mucosal (ML) or disseminated cutaneous leishmaniasis (DCL). After the formation of a primary skin lesion at the site of the bite by a Leishmania-infected sand fly, the infection can disseminate to form secondary lesions. This metastatic phenotype causes significant morbidity and is often associated with a hyper-inflammatory immune response leading to the destruction of nasopharyngeal tissues in ML, and appearance of nodules or numerous ulcerated skin lesions in DCL. Recently, we connected this aggressive phenotype to the presence of Leishmania RNA virus (LRV) in strains of L. guyanensis, showing that LRV is responsible for elevated parasitaemia, destructive hyper-inflammation and an overall exacerbation of the disease. Further studies of this relationship and the distribution of LRVs in other Leishmania strains and species would benefit from improved methods of viral detection and quantitation, especially ones not dependent on prior knowledge of the viral sequence as LRVs show significant evolutionary divergence. Methodology/Principal Findings This study reports various techniques, among which, the use of an anti-dsRNA monoclonal antibody (J2) stands out for its specific and quantitative recognition of dsRNA in a sequence-independent fashion. Applications of J2 include immunofluorescence, ELISA and dot blot: techniques complementing an arsenal of other detection tools, such as nucleic acid purification and quantitative real-time-PCR. We evaluate each method as well as demonstrate a successful LRV detection by the J2 antibody in several parasite strains, a freshly isolated patient sample and lesion biopsies of infected mice. Conclusions/Significance We propose that refinements of these methods could be transferred to the field for use as a diagnostic tool in detecting the presence of LRV, and potentially assessing the LRV-related risk of complications in cutaneous leishmaniasis. The endosymbiosis of viruses in microbes is a well-described and prevalent environmental partnership, where viruses offer their cellular host incentives of fitness in exchange for the use of their metabolic machinery. We have recently exposed this as an important factor in certain metastatic leishmaniases of South America, where the nucleic acid of a virus residing within some Leishmania parasites acts as a potent innate immunogen causing a destructive inflammatory response, which worsens disease. Leishmania RNA Virus (LRV) exists within many species of Leishmania as a stable infection; these LRV positive strains have been found throughout South America in cutaneous leishmaniases that are often complicated by the occurrence of infectious metastasis with an underlying hyperinflammatory response. In this report, we describe the use of an anti-dsRNA monoclonal antibody (J2), which specifically recognizes dsRNA in a quantitative and sequence-independent fashion. Refined versions of these methods could be transferred to the field as diagnostic tools for detecting the presence of LRV (or other dsRNA viruses), and potentially assessing the LRV-related risk of complicated cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroun Zangger
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Ronet
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Desponds
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - F. Matthew Kuhlmann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - John Robinson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mary-Anne Hartley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Florence Prevel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Castiglioni
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
| | - Francine Pratlong
- French National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases, Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHRU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- University Montpellier 1, Faculty of Medicine, UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224/UM1/UM2 “MIVEGEC”, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Bastien
- French National Reference Centre for Leishmaniases, Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, CHRU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- University Montpellier 1, Faculty of Medicine, UMR CNRS 5290/IRD 224/UM1/UM2 “MIVEGEC”, Montpellier, France
| | - Norbert Müller
- Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse Faculty Berne, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Parmentier
- Department of Dermatology, Hôpitaux du Valais, Sierre, Valais, Switzerland
| | - Nancy Gore Saravia
- Centro Internacional de Entrenamiento e Investigaciones Médicas (CIDEIM), Cali, Colombia
| | - Stephen M. Beverley
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nicolas Fasel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Vaud, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Carvalho AK, Silveira FT, Passero LFD, Gomes CMC, Corbett CEP, Laurenti MD. Leishmania (V.) braziliensis and L. (L.) amazonensis promote differential expression of dendritic cells and cellular immune response in murine model. Parasite Immunol 2013; 34:395-403. [PMID: 22587683 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.2012.01370.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The expression of Langerhans cell (LC) and dermal dendritic cell (dDC) as well as T CD4(+) and CD8(+) immune responses was evaluated in the skin of BALB/c mice experimentally infected by L. (L.) amazonensis (La) and L. (V.) braziliensis (Lb). At 4th and 8th weeks post infection (PI), skin biopsies were collected to determine the parasite load and CD207(+), CD11c(+), CD4(+), CD8(+), iNOS(+) cellular densities. Cytokine (IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-10) profiles were also analysed in draining lymph node. At 4th week, the densities of CD207(+) and CD11c(+) were higher in the La infection, while in the Lb infection, these markers revealed a significant increase at 8th week. At 4th week, CD4(+) and CD8(+) were higher in the La infection, but at 8th week, there was a substantial increase in both markers in the Lb infection. iNOS(+) was higher in the Lb infection at 4th and 8th weeks. In contrast, the parasite load was higher in the La infection at 4th and 8th weeks. The concentration of IFN-γ was higher in the Lb infection, but IL-4 and IL-10 were higher in the La infection at 4th and 8th weeks. These results confirm the role of the Leishmania species in the BALB/c mice disease characterized by differences in the expression of dendritic cells and cellular immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Carvalho
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases (LIM-50), Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo State, Brazil
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Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine for Infectious Diseases. OMICS FOR PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2013. [PMCID: PMC7122342 DOI: 10.1007/978-81-322-1184-6_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Humans have been plagued by the scourge of invasion by pathogens leading to infectious diseases from the time in memoriam and are still the cause of morbidity and mortality among millions of individuals. Trying to understand the disease mechanisms and finding the remedial measures have been the quest of humankind. The susceptibility to disease of an individual in a given population is determined by ones genetic buildup. Response to treatment and the disease prognosis also depends upon individual’s genetic predisposition. The environmental stress induces mutations and is leading to the emergence of ever-increasing more dreaded infectious pathogens, and now we are in the era of increasing antibiotic resistance that has thrown up a challenge to find new treatment regimes. Discoveries in the science of high-throughput sequencing and array technologies have shown new hope and are bringing a revolution in human health. The information gained from sequencing of both human and pathogen genomes is a way forward in deciphering host-pathogen interactions. Deciphering the pathogen virulence factors, host susceptibility genes, and the molecular programs involved in the pathogenesis of disease has paved the way for discovery of new molecular targets for drugs, diagnostic markers, and vaccines. The genomic diversity in the human population leads to differences in host responses to drugs and vaccines and is the cause of poor response to treatment as well as adverse reactions. The study of pharmacogenomics of infectious diseases is still at an early stage of development, and many intricacies of the host-pathogen interaction are yet to be understood in full measure. However, progress has been made over the decades of research in some of the important infectious diseases revealing how the host genetic polymorphisms of drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters affect the bioavailability of the drugs which further determine the efficacy and toxicology of the drugs used for treatment. Further, the field of structural biology and chemistry has intertwined to give rise to medical structural genomics leading the way to the discovery of new drug targets against infectious diseases. This chapter explores how the advent of “omics” technologies is making a beginning in bringing about a change in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatments of the infectious diseases and hence paving way for personalized medicine.
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Candidate gene case-control and functional study shows macrophage inhibitory factor (MIF) polymorphism is associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis. Cytokine 2013; 61:168-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 08/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Soong L, Henard CA, Melby PC. Immunopathogenesis of non-healing American cutaneous leishmaniasis and progressive visceral leishmaniasis. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 34:735-51. [PMID: 23053396 PMCID: PMC4111229 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0350-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The outcomes of Leishmania infection are determined by host immune and nutrition status, parasite species, and co-infection with other pathogens. While subclinical infection and self-healing cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) are common, uncontrolled parasite replication can lead to non-healing local lesions or visceral leishmaniasis (VL). It is known that infection control requires Th1-differentiation cytokines (IL-12, IL-18, and IL-27) and Th1 cell and macrophage activation. However, there is no generalized consensus for the mechanisms of host susceptibility. The recent studies on regulatory T cells and IL-17-producing cells help explain the effector T cell responses that occur independently of the known Th1/Th2 cell signaling pathways. This review focuses on the immunopathogenesis of non-healing American CL and progressive VL. We summarize recent evidence from human and animal studies that reveals the mechanisms of dysregulated, hyper-responses to Leishmania braziliensis, as well as the presence of disease-promoting or the absence of protective responses to Leishmania amazonensis and Leishmania donovani. We highlight immune-mediated parasite growth and immunopathogenesis, with an emphasis on the putative roles of IL-17 and its related cytokines as well as arginase. A better understanding of the quality and regulation of innate immunity and T cell responses triggered by Leishmania will aid in the rational control of pathology and the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Soong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-1070, USA.
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Human macrophage response to L. (Viannia) panamensis: microarray evidence for an early inflammatory response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1866. [PMID: 23145196 PMCID: PMC3493378 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Previous findings indicate that susceptibility to Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis infection of monocyte-derived macrophages from patients and asymptomatically infected individuals were associated with the adaptive immune response and clinical outcome. Methodology/Principal Findings To understand the basis for this difference we examined differential gene expression of human monocyte-derived macrophages following exposure to L. (V.) panamensis. Gene activation profiles were determined using macrophages from healthy volunteers cultured with or without stationary phase promastigotes of L. (V.) panamensis. Significant changes in expression (>1.5-fold change; p<0.05; up- or down-regulated) were identified at 0.5, 4 and 24 hours. mRNA abundance profiles varied over time, with the highest level of activation occurring at earlier time points (0.5 and 4 hrs). In contrast to observations for other Leishmania species, most significantly changed mRNAs were up- rather than down-regulated, especially at early time points. Up-regulated transcripts over the first 24 hours belonged to pathways involving eicosanoid metabolism, oxidative stress, activation of PKC through G protein coupled receptors, or mechanism of gene regulation by peroxisome proliferators via PPARα. Additionally, a marked activation of Toll-receptor mediated pathways was observed. Comparison with published microarray data from macrophages infected with L. (Leishmania) chagasi indicate differences in the regulation of genes involved in signaling, motility and the immune response. Conclusions Results show that the early (0.5 to 24 hours) human monocyte-derived macrophage response to L. (Viannia) panamensis is not quiescent, in contrast to published reports examining later response times (48–96 hours). Early macrophage responses are important for the developing cellular response at the site of infection. The kinetics and the mRNA abundance profiles induced by L. (Viannia) panamensis illustrate the dynamics of these interactions and the distinct biologic responses to different Leishmania species from the outset of infection within their primary host cell. Leishmania parasites cause a spectrum of diseases (cutaneous, visceral and the deforming forms—chronic cutaneous and mucocutaneous) known as leishmaniasis. The macrophage, a key cell in the immune system, is the cellular target of Leishmania parasites in the mammalian host. Previous studies showed the responses of monocytederived macrophages from naturally infected humans to infection with Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis were key to adaptive immune responses and clinical outcome. Consequently, an mRNA microarray approach was employed to assess the changes in macrophage gene expression over time (0.5 to 24 hours) induced by L. panamensis. The highest level of gene expression induction occurred early (0.5–4 hours); the early pathways (groups of genes) activated included those involved in the innate immune response (signaling, phagocytosis, TLR activation, and inflammatory). Early gene activation is presumed to be important for the developing cellular milieu at the site of infection. By 24 hours post-infection the dominant pathways involved metabolic functions. However, a comparison of the macrophage response to L. (V.) panamensis to that of L. (L.) chagasi (causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis) at 24 hours revealed a differential up-regulation of genes (cell adhesion, signaling, and inflammation) in response to these species. These observations underscore the distinct biology of different Leishmania species from the outset of infection.
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Carvalho LP, Passos S, Schriefer A, Carvalho EM. Protective and pathologic immune responses in human tegumentary leishmaniasis. Front Immunol 2012; 3:301. [PMID: 23060880 PMCID: PMC3463898 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies in the recent years have advanced the knowledge of how host and parasite factors contribute to the pathogenesis of human tegumentary leishmaniasis. Polymorphism within populations of Leishmania from the same species has been documented; indicating that infection with different strains may lead to distinct clinical pictures and can also interfere in the response to treatment. Moreover, detection of parasite genetic tags for the precise identification of strains will improve diagnostics and therapy against leishmaniasis. On the host side, while a predominant Th1 type immune response is important to control parasite growth, it does not eradicate Leishmania and, in some cases, does not prevent parasite dissemination. Evidence has accumulated showing the participation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, as well as macrophages, in the pathology associated with L. braziliensis, L. guayanensis, and L. major infection. The discovery that a large percentage of individuals that are infected with Leishmania do not develop disease will help to understand how the host controls Leishmania infection. As these individuals have a weaker type 1 immune response than patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, it is possible that control of parasite replication in these individuals is dependent, predominantly, on innate immunity, and studies addressing the ability of neutrophils, macrophages, and NK cells to kill Leishmania should be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas P Carvalho
- Serviço de Imunologia, Complexo Hospitalar Universitário Professor Edgard Santos, Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Bahia, Brazil ; Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Bahia Salvador, Bahia, Brazil ; Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Doenças Tropicais (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico/Ministério da Ciência e Tecnologia) Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Association between an emerging disseminated form of leishmaniasis and Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis strain polymorphisms. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:4028-34. [PMID: 23035200 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.02064-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis causes three main types of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL), localized cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), mucosal leishmaniasis (ML), and disseminated leishmaniasis (DL). All forms are observed among individuals of Corte de Pedra, Brazil. We previously used random amplified markers to identify a multiclonal population among L. (V.) braziliensis isolates from ATL patients, defining parasite clades associated with different clinical syndromes. Herein we compared sequences of random amplified markers to identify genotypes of L. (V.) braziliensis recovered from lesions of CL, ML, and DL patients. Six polymorphic genomic loci were sequenced from 35 parasite isolates. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and insertions-deletions (indels) at each locus allowed us to segregate the L. (V.) braziliensis population according to haplotypes. Several SNPs, indels, and haplotypes were significantly associated with an increased risk of DL. Molecular genotyping may provide markers to identify L. (V.) braziliensis strains likely to cause this emerging, hard-to-treat form of ATL.
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