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Nathan Mandal R, Ke J, Hasan Kanika N, Hou X, Zhang Z, Zhang P, Chen H, Zeng C, Chen X, Wang J, Wang C. Gut Microbiome-Driven metabolites influence skin pigmentation in TYRP1 mutant Oujiang Color Common Carp. Gene 2024; 928:148811. [PMID: 39094713 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2024.148811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a key role in regulating the gut-skin axis, and host genetics partially influence this regulation. The study investigated the role of gut microbiota and host genetics in the gut-skin axis, focusing on the unusual "coffee-like" color phenotype observed in TYRP1 mutant Oujiang Color Common Carp. We employed comparative high-throughput omics data from wild-type and mutant fish to quantify the influence of both genetics and gut microbes on skin transcriptomic expression and blood metabolites. We found 525 differential metabolites (DMs) and 45 distinct gut microbial genera in TYRP1 mutant fish compared to wild type. Interaction and causal mediation analyses revealed a complex interplay. The TYRP1 mutation likely triggers an inflammatory pathway involving Acinetobacter bacteria, Leukotrience-C4 and Spermine. This inflammatory response appears to be counterbalanced by an anti-inflammatory cardiovascular genetic network. The net effect is the upregulation of COMT, PLG, C2, C3, F10, TDO2, MHC1, and SERPINF2, leading to unusual coffee-like coloration. This study highlights the intricate interplay between gut microbiota, host genetics, and metabolic pathways in shaping complex phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Nathan Mandal
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Certificated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jing Ke
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Certificated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Nusrat Hasan Kanika
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Certificated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Xin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Certificated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Zhiyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Certificated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Penghui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Certificated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Huifan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Certificated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Chunxiao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Certificated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Certificated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Certificated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
| | - Chenghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Certificated by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, National Demonstration Centre for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China.
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Bharti N, Banerjee R, Achalare A, Kasibhatla SM, Joshi R. Estimation of genetic variation in vitiligo associated genes: Population genomics perspective. BMC Genom Data 2024; 25:72. [PMID: 39060965 PMCID: PMC11282599 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-024-01254-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is an auto-immune progressive depigmentation disorder of the skin due to loss of melanocytes. Genetic risk is one of the important factors for development of vitiligo. Preponderance of vitiligo in certain ethnicities is known which can be analysed by understanding the distribution of allele frequencies across normal populations. Earlier GWAS identified 108 risk alleles for vitiligo in Europeans and East Asians. In this study, 64 of these risk alleles were used for analysing their enrichment and depletion across populations (1000 Genomes Project and IndiGen) with reference to 1000 Genomes dataset. Genetic risk scores were calculated and Fisher's exact test was performed to understand statistical significance of their variation in each population with respect to 1000 Genomes dataset as reference. In addition to SNPs reported in GWAS, significant variation in allele frequencies of 1079 vitiligo-related genes were also analysed. Two-tailed Chi-square test and Bonferroni's multiple adjustment values along with fixation index (≥ 0.5) and minimum allele frequency (≥ 0.05) were calculated and used to prioritise the variants based on pairwise comparison across populations. RESULTS Risk alleles rs1043101 and rs10768122 belong to 3 prime UTR of glutamate receptor gene SLC1A2 are found to be highly enriched in the South Asian population when compared with the 'global normal' population. Intron variant rs4766578 (ATXN2) was found to be deleted in SAS, EAS and AFR and enriched in EUR and AMR1. This risk allele is found to be under positive selection in SAS, AMR1 and EUR. From the ancillary vitiligo gene list, nonsynonymous variant rs16891982 was found to be enriched in the European and the Admixed American populations and depleted in all others. rs2279238 and rs11039155 belonging to the LXR-α gene involved in regulation of metalloproteinase 2 and 9 (melanocyte precursors) were found to be associated with vitiligo in the North Indian population (in earlier study). CONCLUSION The differential enrichment/depletion profile of the risk alleles provides insight into the underlying inter-population variations. This would provide clues towards prioritisation of SNPs associated with vitiligo thereby elucidating its preponderance in different ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj Bharti
- HPC-Medical and Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Innovation Park, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ruma Banerjee
- HPC-Medical and Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Innovation Park, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Archana Achalare
- HPC-Medical and Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Innovation Park, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sunitha Manjari Kasibhatla
- HPC-Medical and Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Innovation Park, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India
| | - Rajendra Joshi
- HPC-Medical and Bioinformatics Applications Group, Centre for Development of Advanced Computing, Innovation Park, Pashan, Pune, 411008, Maharashtra, India.
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Bukayev A, Gorin I, Aidarov B, Darmenov A, Balanovska E, Zhabagin M. Predictive accuracy of genetic variants for eye color in a Kazakh population using the IrisPlex system. BMC Res Notes 2024; 17:187. [PMID: 38970104 PMCID: PMC11227171 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-024-06856-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study assesses the accuracy of the IrisPlex system, a genetic eye color prediction tool for forensic analysis, in the Kazakh population. The study compares previously published genotypes of 515 Kazakh individuals from varied geographical and ethnohistorical contexts with phenotypic data on their eye color, introduced for the first time in this research. RESULTS The IrisPlex panel's effectiveness in predicting eye color in the Kazakh population was validated. It exhibited slightly lower accuracy than in Western European populations but was higher than in Siberian populations. The sensitivity was notably high for brown-eyed individuals (0.99), but further research is needed for blue and intermediate eye colors. This study establishes IrisPlex as a useful predictive tool in the Kazakh population and provides a basis for future investigations into the genetic basis of phenotypic variations in this diverse population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alizhan Bukayev
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Igor Gorin
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, 115522, Russia
| | - Baglan Aidarov
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Akynkali Darmenov
- Karaganda Academy of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan named after Barimbek Beisenov, Karaganda, 100000, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Maxat Zhabagin
- National Center for Biotechnology, Astana, 010000, Kazakhstan.
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Lei C, Liu J, Zhang R, Pan Y, Lu Y, Gao Y, Ma X, Yang Y, Guan Y, Mamatyusupu D, Xu S. Ancestral Origins and Admixture History of Kazakhs. Mol Biol Evol 2024; 41:msae144. [PMID: 38995236 PMCID: PMC11272102 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msae144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Kazakh people, like many other populations that settled in Central Asia, demonstrate an array of mixed anthropological features of East Eurasian (EEA) and West Eurasian (WEA) populations, indicating a possible scenario of biological admixture between already differentiated EEA and WEA populations. However, their complex biological origin, genomic makeup, and genetic interaction with surrounding populations are not well understood. To decipher their genetic structure and population history, we conducted, to our knowledge, the first whole-genome sequencing study of Kazakhs residing in Xinjiang (KZK). We demonstrated that KZK derived their ancestries from 4 ancestral source populations: East Asian (∼39.7%), West Asian (∼28.6%), Siberian (∼23.6%), and South Asian (∼8.1%). The recognizable interactions of EEA and WEA ancestries in Kazakhs were dated back to the 15th century BCE. Kazakhs were genetically distinctive from the Uyghurs in terms of their overall genomic makeup, although the 2 populations were closely related in genetics, and both showed a substantial admixture of western and eastern peoples. Notably, we identified a considerable sex-biased admixture, with an excess of western males and eastern females contributing to the KZK gene pool. We further identified a set of genes that showed remarkable differentiation in KZK from the surrounding populations, including those associated with skin color (SLC24A5, OCA2), essential hypertension (HLA-DQB1), hypertension (MTHFR, SLC35F3), and neuron development (CNTNAP2). These results advance our understanding of the complex history of contacts between Western and Eastern Eurasians, especially those living or along the old Silk Road.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiaojiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yuwen Pan
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xixian Ma
- Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yajun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yaqun Guan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Preclinical Medicine College, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
| | - Dolikun Mamatyusupu
- College of the Life Sciences and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Shuhua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Human Phenome Institute, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Center for Evolutionary Biology, School of Life Sciences, Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, China
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Pu Y, Pu S, Chen Y, Kong Q, Liu X, Zhao Q, Xu K, Liu J, Li M, Xu X, Qiao X, Su B, Chen J, Yang Z. Weakened tanning ability is an important mechanism for evolutionary skin lightening in East Asians. J Genet Genomics 2024; 51:703-713. [PMID: 38461943 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2024.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The evolution of light-skin pigmentation among Eurasians is considered as an adaptation to the high-latitude environments. East Asians are ideal populations for studying skin color evolution because of the complex environment of East Asia. Here, we report a strong selection signal for the pigmentation gene phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH) in light-skinned Han Chinese individuals. The intron mutation rs10778203 in PAH is enriched in East Asians and is significantly associated with skin color of the back of the hand in Han Chinese males (P < 0.05). In vitro luciferase and transcription factor binding assays show that the ancestral allele of rs10778203 could bind to SMAD2 and has a significant enhancer activity for PAH. However, the derived T allele (the major allele in East Asians) of rs10778203 decreases the binding activity of transcription factors and enhancer activity. Meanwhile, the derived T allele of rs10778203 shows a weaker ultraviolet radiation response in A375 cells and zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, rs10778203 decreases melanin production in transgenic zebrafish embryos after ultraviolet B (UVB) treatment. Collectively, PAH is a potential pigmentation gene that regulates skin tanning ability. Natural selection has enriched the adaptive allele, resulting in weakened tanning ability in East Asians, suggesting a unique genetic mechanism for evolutionary skin lightening in East Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Pu
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Siyu Pu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Laboratory of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yanyan Chen
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Qinghong Kong
- Guizhou Provincial College-based Key Lab for Tumor Prevention and Treatment with Distinctive Medicines, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, China
| | - Xuyang Liu
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Jiuming Liu
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Mengyuan Li
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xu
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Xiaoyang Qiao
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China
| | - Bing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan 650223, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Laboratory of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
| | - Zhaohui Yang
- Tianjian Laboratory of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, China.
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6
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Li R, Li D, Xu S, Zhang P, Zhang Z, He F, Li W, Sun G, Jiang R, Li Z, Tian Y, Liu X, Kang X. Whole-transcriptome sequencing reveals a melanin-related ceRNA regulatory network in the breast muscle of Xichuan black-bone chicken. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103539. [PMID: 38382189 PMCID: PMC10900940 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The economic losses incurred due to reduced muscle pigmentation highlight the crucial role of melanin-based coloration in the meat of black-bone chickens. Melanogenesis in the breast muscle of black-bone chickens is currently poorly understood in terms of molecular mechanisms. This study employed whole-transcriptome sequencing to analyze black and white breast muscle samples from black-bone chickens, leading to the identification of 367 differentially expressed (DE) mRNAs, 48 DElncRNAs, 104 DEcircRNAs, and 112 DEmiRNAs involved in melanin deposition. Based on these findings, a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network was developed to better understand the complex mechanisms of melanin deposition. Furthermore, our analysis revealed key DEmRNAs (TYR, DCT, EDNRB, MLPH and OCA2) regulated by DEmiRNAs (gga-miR-140-5p, gga-miR-1682, gga-miR-3529, gga-miR-499-3p, novel-m0012-3p, gga-miR-200b-5p, gga-miR-203a, gga-miR-6651-5p, gga-miR-7455-3p, gga-miR-31-5p, miR-140-x, miR-455-x, novel-m0065-3p, gga-miR-29b-1-5p, miR-455-y, novel-m0085-3p, and gga-miR-196-1-3p). These DEmiRNAs competitively interacted with DElncRNAs including MSTRG.2609.2, MSTRG.4185.1, LOC112530666, LOC112533366, LOC771030, LOC107054724, LOC121107411, LOC100859072, LOC101750037, LOC121108550, LOC121109224, LOC121110876, and LOC101749016, as well as DEcircRNAs, such as novel_circ_000158, novel_circ_000623, novel_001518, and novel_circ_003596. The findings from this study provide insight into the mechanisms that regulate lncRNA, circRNA, miRNA, and mRNA expression in chicken melanin deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiting Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - DongHua Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, China.
| | - Shuohui Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Pengwei Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Fumin He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Wenting Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Guirong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Ruirui Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Zhuanjian Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Yadong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiaojun Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
| | - Xiangtao Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; Henan Key Laboratory for Innovation and Utilization of Chicken Germplasm Resources, Zhengzhou, 450046, China; The Shennong Laboratory, Zhengzhou, 450046, China
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7
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Yeyeodu S, Hanafi D, Webb K, Laurie NA, Kimbro KS. Population-enriched innate immune variants may identify candidate gene targets at the intersection of cancer and cardio-metabolic disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 14:1286979. [PMID: 38577257 PMCID: PMC10991756 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1286979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Both cancer and cardio-metabolic disease disparities exist among specific populations in the US. For example, African Americans experience the highest rates of breast and prostate cancer mortality and the highest incidence of obesity. Native and Hispanic Americans experience the highest rates of liver cancer mortality. At the same time, Pacific Islanders have the highest death rate attributed to type 2 diabetes (T2D), and Asian Americans experience the highest incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cancers induced by infectious agents. Notably, the pathologic progression of both cancer and cardio-metabolic diseases involves innate immunity and mechanisms of inflammation. Innate immunity in individuals is established through genetic inheritance and external stimuli to respond to environmental threats and stresses such as pathogen exposure. Further, individual genomes contain characteristic genetic markers associated with one or more geographic ancestries (ethnic groups), including protective innate immune genetic programming optimized for survival in their corresponding ancestral environment(s). This perspective explores evidence related to our working hypothesis that genetic variations in innate immune genes, particularly those that are commonly found but unevenly distributed between populations, are associated with disparities between populations in both cancer and cardio-metabolic diseases. Identifying conventional and unconventional innate immune genes that fit this profile may provide critical insights into the underlying mechanisms that connect these two families of complex diseases and offer novel targets for precision-based treatment of cancer and/or cardio-metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Yeyeodu
- Julius L Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Institute (JLC-BBRI), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
- Charles River Discovery Services, Morrisville, NC, United States
| | - Donia Hanafi
- Julius L Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Institute (JLC-BBRI), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Kenisha Webb
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Nikia A. Laurie
- Julius L Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Institute (JLC-BBRI), North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - K. Sean Kimbro
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, United States
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8
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Watkins-Chow DE, Incao AA, Rivas C, Elliott G, Garrett LJ, Pavan WJ. The MFSD12 p.Tyr182His common variant is sufficient to alter mouse agouti coat color. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2024; 37:259-264. [PMID: 37874775 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
MFSD12 functions as a transmembrane protein required for import of cysteine into melanosomes and lysosomes. The MFSD12 locus has been associated with phenotypic variation in skin color across African, Latin American, and East Asian populations. The frequency of a particular MFSD12 coding variant, rs2240751 (MAF = 0.08), has been reported to correlate with solar radiation and occur at highest frequency in Peruvian (PEL MAF = 0.48) and Han Chinese (CHB MAF = 0.40) populations, suggesting it could be causative for associated phenotypic variation in skin color. We have generated a mouse knock-in allele, Mfsd12Y182H , to model the human missense p.Tyr182His human variant. We demonstrate that the variant transcript is stably expressed and that agouti mice homozygote for the variant allele are viable with an altered coat color. This in vivo data confirms that the MFSD12 p.Tyr182His variant functions as a hypomorphic allele sufficient to alter mammalian pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawn E Watkins-Chow
- Genomics, Development and Disease Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Arturo A Incao
- Genomics, Development and Disease Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Cecelia Rivas
- Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenic Mouse Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Gene Elliott
- Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenic Mouse Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa J Garrett
- Embryonic Stem Cell and Transgenic Mouse Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - William J Pavan
- Genomics, Development and Disease Section, Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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9
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Feng Y, Xie N, Inoue F, Fan S, Saskin J, Zhang C, Zhang F, Hansen MEB, Nyambo T, Mpoloka SW, Mokone GG, Fokunang C, Belay G, Njamnshi AK, Marks MS, Oancea E, Ahituv N, Tishkoff SA. Integrative functional genomic analyses identify genetic variants influencing skin pigmentation in Africans. Nat Genet 2024; 56:258-272. [PMID: 38200130 PMCID: PMC11005318 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-023-01626-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Skin color is highly variable in Africans, yet little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism. Here we applied massively parallel reporter assays to screen 1,157 candidate variants influencing skin pigmentation in Africans and identified 165 single-nucleotide polymorphisms showing differential regulatory activities between alleles. We combine Hi-C, genome editing and melanin assays to identify regulatory elements for MFSD12, HMG20B, OCA2, MITF, LEF1, TRPS1, BLOC1S6 and CYB561A3 that impact melanin levels in vitro and modulate human skin color. We found that independent mutations in an OCA2 enhancer contribute to the evolution of human skin color diversity and detect signals of local adaptation at enhancers of MITF, LEF1 and TRPS1, which may contribute to the light skin color of Khoesan-speaking populations from Southern Africa. Additionally, we identified CYB561A3 as a novel pigmentation regulator that impacts genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation and melanogenesis. These results provide insights into the mechanisms underlying human skin color diversity and adaptive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanqing Feng
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ning Xie
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fumitaka Inoue
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shaohua Fan
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Human Phenome Institute, School of Life Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Joshua Saskin
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew E B Hansen
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Thomas Nyambo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Sununguko Wata Mpoloka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana
| | | | - Charles Fokunang
- Department of Pharmacotoxicology and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Gurja Belay
- Department of Biology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Alfred K Njamnshi
- Brain Research Africa Initiative (BRAIN); Neuroscience Lab, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The University of Yaoundé I, Department of Neurology, Central Hospital Yaoundé, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elena Oancea
- Department of Neuroscience, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah A Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Center for Global Genomics and Health Equity, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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10
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Galimova E, Rätsep R, Traks T, Chernov A, Gaysina D, Kingo K, Kõks S. Polymorphisms in corticotrophin-releasing hormone-proopiomalanocortin (CRH-POMC) system genes: Neuroimmune contributions to psoriasis disease. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2023; 37:2028-2040. [PMID: 37319102 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.19257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Skin is a target organ and source of the corticotropin-releasing hormone-proopiomelanocortin (CRH-POMC) system, operating as a coordinator and executor of responses to stress. Environmental stress exacerbates and triggers inflammatory skin diseases through modifying the cellular components of the immune system supporting the importance of CRH-POMC system in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. The aim of this study was to analyse the association of CRH-POMC polymorphisms with psoriasis and evaluate transcript expression of lesional psoriatic and normal skin in RNA-seq data. METHODS Samples of 104 patients with psoriasis and 174 healthy controls were genotyped for 42 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CRH-POMC using Applied Biosystems SNPlex™ method. The transcript quantification was performed using Salmon software v1.3.0. RESULTS This study demonstrated the associations between melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) polymorphisms rs2228479, rs3212369, dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) polymorphisms rs7987802, rs2031526, rs9524501 and psoriasis in the Tatar population. Very strong association was evident for the SNP rs7987802 in the DCT gene (pc = 5.95е-006) in psoriasis patients. Additionally, the haplotype analysis provided AT DCT (rs7992630 and rs7987802) and AGA MC1R (rs3212358, 2228479 and 885479) haplotypes significantly associated (pc ˂ 0.05) with psoriasis in the Tatar population, supporting the involvement of DCT and MC1R to the psoriasis susceptibility. Moreover, MC1R-203 and DCT-201 expression levels were decreased in psoriasis lesional skin compared with healthy control skin. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to identify genetic variants of the MC1R and DCT genes significantly associated with psoriasis in Tatar population. Our results support potential roles of CRH-POMC system genes and DCT in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Galimova
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ranno Rätsep
- Department of Physiology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Tanel Traks
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Alexandr Chernov
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Darya Gaysina
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
| | - Külli Kingo
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Sulev Kõks
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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11
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Huang T, Chen S, Ding K, Zheng B, Lv W, Wang X, Zhong Y, Huang H, Zhang X, Ma S, Yang B, Wang X, Rong Z. SLC35E1 promotes keratinocyte proliferation in psoriasis by regulating zinc homeostasis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:354. [PMID: 37296095 PMCID: PMC10256760 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05874-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Keratinocyte hyperproliferation is a key pathogenic factor in psoriasis. However, the mechanisms that regulate keratinocyte hyperproliferation in this condition remain unclear. Here, we found that SLC35E1 was highly expressed in keratinocytes of patients with psoriasis and that Slc35e1-/- mice displayed a less severe imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like phenotype than their wild-type siblings. In addition, SLC35E1 deficiency inhibited keratinocyte proliferation in both mice and cultured cells. On a molecular level, SLC35E1 was found to regulate zinc ion concentrations and subcellular localization, while zinc ion chelation reversed the IMQ-induced psoriatic phenotype in Slc35e1-/- mice. Meanwhile, epidermal zinc ion levels were decreased in patients with psoriasis and zinc ion supplementation alleviated the psoriatic phenotype in an IMQ-induced mouse model of psoriasis. Our results indicated that SLC35E1 can promote keratinocyte proliferation by regulating zinc ion homeostasis and zinc ion supplementation has potential as a therapy for psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Shijun Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Baoqing Zheng
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Weiqi Lv
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Yadan Zhong
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Hongxin Huang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Affiliated Dongguan Hospital, Southern Medical University, (Dongguan People's Hospital), Dongguan, 523058, China
| | - Shufeng Ma
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, 518110, China
| | - Bin Yang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China.
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China.
| | - Zhili Rong
- Cancer Research Institute, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, National Clinical Research Center of Kidney Disease, Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research (Ministry of Education), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510091, China.
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12
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Ang KC, Canfield VA, Foster TC, Harbaugh TD, Early KA, Harter RL, Reid KP, Leong SL, Kawasawa Y, Liu D, Hawley JW, Cheng KC. Native American genetic ancestry and pigmentation allele contributions to skin color in a Caribbean population. eLife 2023; 12:e77514. [PMID: 37294081 PMCID: PMC10371226 DOI: 10.7554/elife.77514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Our interest in the genetic basis of skin color variation between populations led us to seek a Native American population with genetically African admixture but low frequency of European light skin alleles. Analysis of 458 genomes from individuals residing in the Kalinago Territory of the Commonwealth of Dominica showed approximately 55% Native American, 32% African, and 12% European genetic ancestry, the highest Native American genetic ancestry among Caribbean populations to date. Skin pigmentation ranged from 20 to 80 melanin units, averaging 46. Three albino individuals were determined to be homozygous for a causative multi-nucleotide polymorphism OCA2NW273KV contained within a haplotype of African origin; its allele frequency was 0.03 and single allele effect size was -8 melanin units. Derived allele frequencies of SLC24A5A111T and SLC45A2L374F were 0.14 and 0.06, with single allele effect sizes of -6 and -4, respectively. Native American genetic ancestry by itself reduced pigmentation by more than 20 melanin units (range 24-29). The responsible hypopigmenting genetic variants remain to be identified, since none of the published polymorphisms predicted in prior literature to affect skin color in Native Americans caused detectable hypopigmentation in the Kalinago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khai C Ang
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Victor A Canfield
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Tiffany C Foster
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Thaddeus D Harbaugh
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Kathryn A Early
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Rachel L Harter
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Katherine P Reid
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Shou Ling Leong
- Department of Family & Community Medicine, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Yuka Kawasawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Institute of Personalized Medicine, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | - Dajiang Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
| | | | - Keith C Cheng
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Jake Gittlen Laboratories for Cancer Research, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
- Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of MedicineHersheyUnited States
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13
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Elkins KM, Garloff AT, Zeller CB. Additional predictions for forensic DNA phenotyping of externally visible characteristics using the ForenSeq and Imagen kits. J Forensic Sci 2023; 68:608-613. [PMID: 36762775 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.15215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Multiplex DNA typing methods using massively parallel sequencing can be used to predict externally visible characteristics (EVCs) in forensic DNA phenotyping through the analysis of single-nucleotide polymorphisms. The focus of EVC determination has focused on hair color, eye color, and skin tone as well as visible biogeographical ancestry features. In this study, we researched off-label applications beyond what is currently marketed by the manufacturer of the Verogen ForenSeq kit primer set B and Imagen primer set E SNP loci. We investigated additional EVC predictions by examining published genome wide sequencing studies and reported allele-specific gene expression and predictive values. We have identified 15 SNPs included in the ForenSeq kit panel and Imagen kits that have additional EVC prediction capabilities beyond what is published in the Verogen manuals. The additional EVCs that can be predicted include hair graying, ephelides hyperpigmented spots, dermatoheliosis, facial pigmented spots, standing height, pattern balding, helix-rolling ear morphology, hair shape, hair thickness, facial morphology, eyebrow thickness, sarcoidosis, obesity, vitiligo, and tanning propensity. The loci can be used to augment and refine phenotype predictions with software such as MetaHuman for missing persons, cold case, and historic case investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M Elkins
- TU Human Remains Identification Laboratory (THRIL), Chemistry Department, Forensic Science Program, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Alexis T Garloff
- TU Human Remains Identification Laboratory (THRIL), Chemistry Department, Forensic Science Program, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
| | - Cynthia B Zeller
- TU Human Remains Identification Laboratory (THRIL), Chemistry Department, Forensic Science Program, Towson University, Towson, Maryland, USA
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14
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Advancement in Human Face Prediction Using DNA. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14010136. [PMID: 36672878 PMCID: PMC9858985 DOI: 10.3390/genes14010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid improvements in identifying the genetic factors contributing to facial morphology have enabled the early identification of craniofacial syndromes. Similarly, this technology can be vital in forensic cases involving human identification from biological traces or human remains, especially when reference samples are not available in the deoxyribose nucleic acid (DNA) database. This review summarizes the currently used methods for predicting human phenotypes such as age, ancestry, pigmentation, and facial features based on genetic variations. To identify the facial features affected by DNA, various two-dimensional (2D)- and three-dimensional (3D)-scanning techniques and analysis tools are reviewed. A comparison between the scanning technologies is also presented in this review. Face-landmarking techniques and face-phenotyping algorithms are discussed in chronological order. Then, the latest approaches in genetic to 3D face shape analysis are emphasized. A systematic review of the current markers that passed the threshold of a genome-wide association (GWAS) of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-face traits from the GWAS Catalog is also provided using the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA), approach. Finally, the current challenges in forensic DNA phenotyping are analyzed and discussed.
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15
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Association of TYR SNP rs1042602 with Melanoma Risk and Prognosis. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12122004. [PMID: 36556369 PMCID: PMC9785037 DOI: 10.3390/life12122004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Cutaneous melanoma is the most aggressive of skin tumors. In order to discover new biomarkers that could help us improve prognostic prediction in melanoma patients, we have searched for germline DNA variants associated with melanoma progression. Thus, after exome sequencing of a set of melanoma patients and healthy control individuals, we identified rs1042602, an SNP within TYR, as a good candidate. After genotyping rs1042602 in 1025 patients and 773 healthy donors, we found that the rs1042602-A allele was significantly associated with susceptibility to melanoma (CATT test: p = 0.0035). Interestingly, we also observed significant differences between patients with good and bad prognosis (5 years of follow-up) (n = 664) (CATT test for all samples p = 0.0384 and for men alone p = 0.0054). Disease-free-survival (DFS) analyses also showed that patients with the A allele had shorter DFS periods. In men, the association remained significant even in a multivariate Cox Proportional-hazards model, which was adjusted for age at diagnosis, Breslow thickness, ulceration and melanoma subtype (HR 0.4; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.20-0.83; p = 0.0139). Based on our results, we propose that rs1042602-A is a risk allele for melanoma, which also seems to be responsible for a poorer prognosis of the disease, particularly in men.
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16
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The retinal pigmentation pathway in human albinism: Not so black and white. Prog Retin Eye Res 2022; 91:101091. [PMID: 35729001 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2022.101091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Albinism is a pigment disorder affecting eye, skin and/or hair. Patients usually have decreased melanin in affected tissues and suffer from severe visual abnormalities, including foveal hypoplasia and chiasmal misrouting. Combining our data with those of the literature, we propose a single functional genetic retinal signalling pathway that includes all 22 currently known human albinism disease genes. We hypothesise that defects affecting the genesis or function of different intra-cellular organelles, including melanosomes, cause syndromic forms of albinism (Hermansky-Pudlak (HPS) and Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS)). We put forward that specific melanosome impairments cause different forms of oculocutaneous albinism (OCA1-8). Further, we incorporate GPR143 that has been implicated in ocular albinism (OA1), characterised by a phenotype limited to the eye. Finally, we include the SLC38A8-associated disorder FHONDA that causes an even more restricted "albinism-related" ocular phenotype with foveal hypoplasia and chiasmal misrouting but without pigmentation defects. We propose the following retinal pigmentation pathway, with increasingly specific genetic and cellular defects causing an increasingly specific ocular phenotype: (HPS1-11/CHS: syndromic forms of albinism)-(OCA1-8: OCA)-(GPR143: OA1)-(SLC38A8: FHONDA). Beyond disease genes involvement, we also evaluate a range of (candidate) regulatory and signalling mechanisms affecting the activity of the pathway in retinal development, retinal pigmentation and albinism. We further suggest that the proposed pigmentation pathway is also involved in other retinal disorders, such as age-related macular degeneration. The hypotheses put forward in this report provide a framework for further systematic studies in albinism and melanin pigmentation disorders.
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17
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Abstract
Strong ultraviolet (UV) radiation at high altitude imposes a serious selective pressure, which may induce skin pigmentation adaptation of indigenous populations. We conducted skin pigmentation phenotyping and genome-wide analysis of Tibetans in order to understand the underlying mechanism of adaptation to UV radiation. We observe that Tibetans have darker baseline skin color compared with lowland Han Chinese, as well as an improved tanning ability, suggesting a two-level adaptation to boost their melanin production. A genome-wide search for the responsible genes identifies GNPAT showing strong signals of positive selection in Tibetans. An enhancer mutation (rs75356281) located in GNPAT intron 2 is enriched in Tibetans (58%) but rare in other world populations (0 to 18%). The adaptive allele of rs75356281 is associated with darker skin in Tibetans and, under UVB treatment, it displays higher enhancer activities compared with the wild-type allele in in vitro luciferase assays. Transcriptome analyses of gene-edited cells clearly show that with UVB treatment, the adaptive variant of GNPAT promotes melanin synthesis, likely through the interactions of CAT and ACAA1 in peroxisomes with other pigmentation genes, and they act synergistically, leading to an improved tanning ability in Tibetans for UV protection.
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18
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Ng JY, Chew FT. A systematic review of skin ageing genes: gene pleiotropy and genes on the chromosomal band 16q24.3 may drive skin ageing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:13099. [PMID: 35907981 PMCID: PMC9338925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-17443-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin ageing is the result of intrinsic genetic and extrinsic lifestyle factors. However, there is no consensus on skin ageing phenotypes and ways to quantify them. In this systematic review, we first carefully identified 56 skin ageing phenotypes from multiple literature sources and sought the best photo-numeric grading scales to evaluate them. Next, we conducted a systematic review on all 44 Genome-wide Association Studies (GWAS) on skin ageing published to date and identified genetic risk factors (2349 SNPs and 366 genes) associated with skin ageing. We identified 19 promising SNPs found to be significantly (p-Value < 1E-05) associated with skin ageing phenotypes in two or more independent studies. Here we show, using enrichment analyses strategies and gene expression data, that (1) pleiotropy is a recurring theme among skin ageing genes, (2) SNPs associated with skin ageing phenotypes are mostly located in a small handful of 44 pleiotropic and hub genes (mostly on the chromosome band 16q24.3) and 32 skin colour genes. Since numerous genes on the chromosome band 16q24.3 and skin colour genes show pleiotropy, we propose that (1) genes traditionally identified to contribute to skin colour have more than just skin pigmentation roles, and (2) further progress towards understand the development of skin pigmentation requires understanding the contributions of genes on the chromosomal band 16q24.3. We anticipate our systematic review to serve as a hub to locate primary literature sources pertaining to the genetics of skin ageing and to be a starting point for more sophisticated work examining pleiotropic genes, hub genes, and skin ageing phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yan Ng
- Allergy and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Lee Hiok Kwee Functional Genomics Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S2, Level 5, 14 Science Drive 4, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Fook Tim Chew
- Allergy and Molecular Immunology Laboratory, Lee Hiok Kwee Functional Genomics Laboratories, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Block S2, Level 5, 14 Science Drive 4, Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
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19
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Investigating the genetic architecture of eye colour in a Canadian cohort. iScience 2022; 25:104485. [PMID: 35712076 PMCID: PMC9194134 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Eye color is highly variable in populations with European ancestry, ranging from low to high quantities of melanin in the iris. Polymorphisms in the HERC2/OCA2 locus have the largest effect on eye color in these populations, although other genomic regions also influence eye color. We performed genome-wide association studies of eye color in a Canadian cohort of European ancestry (N = 5,641) and investigated candidate causal variants. We uncovered several candidate causal signals in the HERC2/OCA2 region, whereas other loci likely harbor a single causal signal. We observed colocalization of eye color signals with the expression or methylation profiles of cultured primary melanocytes. Genetic correlations of eye and hair color suggest high genome-wide pleiotropy, but locus-level differences in the genetic architecture of both traits. Overall, we provide a better picture of the polymorphisms underpinning eye color variation, which may be a consequence of specific molecular processes in the iris melanocytes. Genome-wide association studies of eye color in 5,641 participants Multiple independent candidate causal variants were identified across HERC2/OCA2 Single candidate causal variants observed on or near IRF4, SLC24A4, TYR, and TYRP1 Colocalization of eye color signals with expression and methylation profiles
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20
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Lin S, Sanchez-Bretaño A, Leslie JS, Williams KB, Lee H, Thomas NS, Callaway J, Deline J, Ratnayaka JA, Baralle D, Schmitt MA, Norman CS, Hammond S, Harlalka GV, Ennis S, Cross HE, Wenger O, Crosby AH, Baple EL, Self JE. Evidence that the Ser192Tyr/Arg402Gln in cis Tyrosinase gene haplotype is a disease-causing allele in oculocutaneous albinism type 1B (OCA1B). NPJ Genom Med 2022; 7:2. [PMID: 35027574 PMCID: PMC8758782 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-021-00275-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism type 1 (OCA1) is caused by pathogenic variants in the TYR (tyrosinase) gene which encodes the critical and rate-limiting enzyme in melanin synthesis. It is the most common OCA subtype found in Caucasians, accounting for ~50% of cases worldwide. The apparent 'missing heritability' in OCA is well described, with ~25-30% of clinically diagnosed individuals lacking two clearly pathogenic variants. Here we undertook empowered genetic studies in an extensive multigenerational Amish family, alongside a review of previously published literature, a retrospective analysis of in-house datasets, and tyrosinase activity studies. Together this provides irrefutable evidence of the pathogenicity of two common TYR variants, p.(Ser192Tyr) and p.(Arg402Gln) when inherited in cis alongside a pathogenic TYR variant in trans. We also show that homozygosity for the p.(Ser192Tyr)/p.(Arg402Gln) TYR haplotype results in a very mild, but fully penetrant, albinism phenotype. Together these data underscore the importance of including the TYR p.(Ser192Tyr)/p.(Arg402Gln) in cis haplotype as a pathogenic allele causative of OCA, which would likely increase molecular diagnoses in this missing heritability albinism cohort by 25-50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Lin
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Aida Sanchez-Bretaño
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Joseph S Leslie
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
| | - Katie B Williams
- Center for Special Children, Vernon Memorial Healthcare, La Farge, WI, USA
| | - Helena Lee
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Southampton Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - N Simon Thomas
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK
| | - Jonathan Callaway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Wessex Regional Genetics Laboratory, Salisbury District Hospital, Salisbury, UK
| | - James Deline
- Center for Special Children, Vernon Memorial Healthcare, La Farge, WI, USA
| | - J Arjuna Ratnayaka
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Diana Baralle
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Melanie A Schmitt
- University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Sciences, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Chelsea S Norman
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
- The Rosalind Franklin Institute, Rutherford Appleton Laboratories, Harwell Science and Innovation Campus, Didcot, UK
| | - Sheri Hammond
- Center for Special Children, Vernon Memorial Healthcare, La Farge, WI, USA
| | - Gaurav V Harlalka
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK
- Rajarshi Shahu College of Pharmacy, Malvihir, Buldana, India
| | - Sarah Ennis
- Department of Human Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Harold E Cross
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Olivia Wenger
- New Leaf Clinic, PO Box 336, 16014 East Chestnut Street, Mount Eaton, OH, 44691, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Akron Children's Hospital, 214 West Bowery Street, Akron, OH, 44308, USA
| | - Andrew H Crosby
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK.
| | - Emma L Baple
- RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, Royal Devon & Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Barrack Road, Exeter, UK.
- Peninsula Clinical Genetics Service, Royal Devon & Exeter Hospital (Heavitree), Gladstone Road, Exeter, UK.
| | - Jay E Self
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
- Southampton Eye Unit, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, UK.
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21
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Pośpiech E, Teisseyre P, Mielniczuk J, Branicki W. Predicting Physical Appearance from DNA Data-Towards Genomic Solutions. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010121. [PMID: 35052461 PMCID: PMC8774670 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The idea of forensic DNA intelligence is to extract from genomic data any information that can help guide the investigation. The clues to the externally visible phenotype are of particular practical importance. The high heritability of the physical phenotype suggests that genetic data can be easily predicted, but this has only become possible with less polygenic traits. The forensic community has developed DNA-based predictive tools by employing a limited number of the most important markers analysed with targeted massive parallel sequencing. The complexity of the genetics of many other appearance phenotypes requires big data coupled with sophisticated machine learning methods to develop accurate genomic predictors. A significant challenge in developing universal genomic predictive methods will be the collection of sufficiently large data sets. These should be created using whole-genome sequencing technology to enable the identification of rare DNA variants implicated in phenotype determination. It is worth noting that the correctness of the forensic sketch generated from the DNA data depends on the inclusion of an age factor. This, however, can be predicted by analysing epigenetic data. An important limitation preventing whole-genome approaches from being commonly used in forensics is the slow progress in the development and implementation of high-throughput, low DNA input sequencing technologies. The example of palaeoanthropology suggests that such methods may possibly be developed in forensics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Pośpiech
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Paweł Teisseyre
- Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-248 Warsaw, Poland; (P.T.); (J.M.)
- Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jan Mielniczuk
- Institute of Computer Science, Polish Academy of Sciences, 01-248 Warsaw, Poland; (P.T.); (J.M.)
- Faculty of Mathematics and Information Science, Warsaw University of Technology, 00-662 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wojciech Branicki
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
- Central Forensic Laboratory of the Police, 00-583 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-126-645-024
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22
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GWAS Identifies Multiple Genetic Loci for Skin Color in Korean Women. J Invest Dermatol 2021; 142:1077-1084. [PMID: 34648798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2021.08.440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Human skin color is largely determined by genetic factors. Recent GWASs have reported several genetic variants associated with skin color, mostly in European and African populations. In this study, we performed GWAS in 17,019 Korean women to identify genetic variants associated with facial skin color, quantitatively measured as CIELAB color index. We identified variants in three, one, and six genomic loci associated with facial skin color index L∗, a∗, and b∗ values, respectively, and replicated the associations (combined analysis P-value < 5.0 × 10-8). The significant loci included variants in known genes (OCA2 rs74653330, BNC2 rs16935073, rs72620727 near KITLG, and SLC6A17 rs6689641) and to our knowledge previously unreported genes (SCARB1 rs10846744, SYN2 rs12629034, and LINC00486 rs6543678). This is GWAS to elucidate genetic variants of facial skin color in a Korean female population. Further functional characterizations of the investigated genes are warranted to elucidate their contribution to skin pigmentation-related traits.
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23
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Wang Y. Association of pigmentation related-genes polymorphisms and geographic environmental variables in the Chinese population. Hereditas 2021; 158:24. [PMID: 34238381 PMCID: PMC8268332 DOI: 10.1186/s41065-021-00189-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human skin color is highly heritable and one of the most variable phenotypic traits. However, the genetic causes and environmental selective pressures underlying this phenotypic variation have remained largely unknown. To investigate whether the pigmentation related-genes polymorphisms are associated with the geographic environmental variables. We selected randomly 795 healthy individuals from eight ethnic groups in nine provinces in China. Six single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of SLC45A2 and TYR were genotyped using Agena MassARRAY. The Chi-square test and Spearman correlation analysis were used to compare the frequency distribution of genotypes among different ethnic groups and evaluate the relationship between SNP genetic diversity and environmental variables, respectively. Results The results indicated that rs28777 and rs183671 (SLC45A2) and rs1042602 (TYR) genotype frequency distributions were significantly different between the Xinjiang-Uighur and other ethnic groups (P < 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis found that rs28777-A (r = − 0.090, P = 0.011), rs183671-G (r = − 0.105, P = 0.003), rs1042602-A (r = − 0.108, P = 0.002), rs1126809-A (r = − 0.151, P < 0.001) allele frequencies were negatively correlated with the longitude; rs183671-G (r = 0.151), rs1042602-A (r = 0.157) and rs1126809-A (r = 0.138) allele frequencies were positively associated with the latitude (P < 0.001); rs183671-G (r = 0.116, P = 0.001), rs1042602-A (r = 0.105, P = 0.003) and rs1126809-A (r = 0.070, P = 0.048) allele frequencies were positively correlated with the sunshine hours; rs183671-G (r = − 0.076, P = 0.033), rs1042602-A (r = − 0.079, P = 0.027) and rs1126809-A (r = − 0.076, P = 0.031) were negatively correlated with the annual average temperature. Conclusions Our results confirmed the idea that environmental factors have been an important selective pressure upon pigmentation related gene polymorphisms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s41065-021-00189-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Wang
- Queen Mary School, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, Jiangxi, China.
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24
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Jablonski NG. The evolution of human skin pigmentation involved the interactions of genetic, environmental, and cultural variables. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:707-729. [PMID: 33825328 PMCID: PMC8359960 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The primary biological role of human skin pigmentation is as a mediator of penetration of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) into the deep layers of skin and the cutaneous circulation. Since the origin of Homo sapiens, dark, protective constitutive pigmentation and strong tanning abilities have been favored under conditions of high UVR and represent the baseline condition for modern humans. The evolution of partly depigmented skin and variable tanning abilities has occurred multiple times in prehistory, as populations have dispersed into environments with lower and more seasonal UVR regimes, with unique complements of genes and cultural practices. The evolution of extremes of dark pigmentation and depigmentation has been rare and occurred only under conditions of extremely high or low environmental UVR, promoted by positive selection on variant pigmentation genes followed by limited gene flow. Over time, the evolution of human skin pigmentation has been influenced by the nature and course of human dispersals and modifications of cultural practices, which have modified the nature and actions of skin pigmentation genes. Throughout most of prehistory and history, the evolution of human skin pigmentation has been a contingent and non-deterministic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina G. Jablonski
- Department of AnthropologyThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPAUSA
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25
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Analysis of Skin Pigmentation and Genetic Ancestry in Three Subpopulations from Pakistan: Punjabi, Pashtun, and Baloch. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050733. [PMID: 34068188 PMCID: PMC8152963 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is one of the most prominent and variable phenotypes in humans. We compared the alleles of 163 SNPs and indels from the Human Pigmentation (HuPi) AmpliSeq™ Custom panel, and biogeographic ancestry with the quantitative skin pigmentation levels on the upper arm, lower arm, and forehead of 299 Pakistani individuals from three subpopulations: Baloch, Pashtun, and Punjabi. The biogeographic ancestry of each individual was estimated using the Precision ID Ancestry Panel. All individuals were mainly of mixed South-Central Asian and European ancestry. However, the Baloch individuals also had an average proportion of Sub-Saharan African ancestry of approximately 10%, whereas it was <1% in the Punjabi and Pashtun individuals. The pairwise genetic distances between the Pashtun, Punjabi, and Baloch subpopulations based on the ancestry markers were statistically significantly different. Individuals from the Pashtun subpopulation had statistically significantly lower skin pigmentation than individuals from the Punjabi and Baloch subpopulations (p < 0.05). The proportions of European and Sub-Saharan African ancestry and five SNPs (rs1042602, rs10831496, rs1426654, rs16891982, and rs12913832) were statistically significantly associated with skin pigmentation at either the upper arm, lower arm or forehead in the Pakistani population after correction for multiple testing (p < 10−3). A model based on four of these SNPs (rs1426654, rs1042602, rs16891982, and rs12913832) explained 33% of the upper arm skin pigmentation. The four SNPs and the proportions of European and Sub-Saharan African ancestry explained 37% of the upper arm skin pigmentation. Our results indicate that the four likely causative SNPs, rs1426654, rs1042602, rs16891982, and rs12913832 located in SLC24A5, TYR, SLC45A2, and HERC2, respectively, are essential for skin color variation in the admixed Pakistani subpopulations.
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26
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Fernández A, Hayashi M, Garrido G, Montero A, Guardia A, Suzuki T, Montoliu L. Genetics of non-syndromic and syndromic oculocutaneous albinism in human and mouse. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:786-799. [PMID: 33960688 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) is the most frequent presentation of albinism, a heterogeneous rare genetic condition generally associated with variable alterations in pigmentation and with a profound visual impairment. There are non-syndromic and syndromic types of OCA, depending on whether the gene product affected impairs essentially the function of melanosomes or, in addition, that of other lysosome-related organelles (LROs), respectively. Syndromic OCA can be more severe and associated with additional systemic consequences, beyond pigmentation and vision alterations. In addition to OCA, albinism can also be presented without obvious skin and hair pigmentation alterations, in ocular albinism (OA), and a related genetic condition known as foveal hypoplasia, optic nerve decussation defects, and anterior segment dysgenesis (FHONDA). In this review, we will focus only in the genetics of skin pigmentation in OCA, both in human and mouse, updating our current knowledge on this subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Fernández
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Masahiro Hayashi
- Department of Dermatology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Gema Garrido
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Montero
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Guardia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tamio Suzuki
- Department of Dermatology, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Yamagata, Japan
| | - Lluis Montoliu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,CIBERER-ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Abstract
Some of the genes responsible for the evolution of light skin pigmentation in Europeans show signals of positive selection in present-day populations. Recently, genome-wide association studies have highlighted the highly polygenic nature of skin pigmentation. It is unclear whether selection has operated on all of these genetic variants or just a subset. By studying variation in over a thousand ancient genomes from West Eurasia covering 40,000 y, we are able to study both the aggregate behavior of pigmentation-associated variants and the evolutionary history of individual variants. We find that the evolution of light skin pigmentation in Europeans was driven by frequency changes in a relatively small fraction of the genetic variants that are associated with variation in the trait today. Skin pigmentation is a classic example of a polygenic trait that has experienced directional selection in humans. Genome-wide association studies have identified well over a hundred pigmentation-associated loci, and genomic scans in present-day and ancient populations have identified selective sweeps for a small number of light pigmentation-associated alleles in Europeans. It is unclear whether selection has operated on all of the genetic variation associated with skin pigmentation as opposed to just a small number of large-effect variants. Here, we address this question using ancient DNA from 1,158 individuals from West Eurasia covering a period of 40,000 y combined with genome-wide association summary statistics from the UK Biobank. We find a robust signal of directional selection in ancient West Eurasians on 170 skin pigmentation-associated variants ascertained in the UK Biobank. However, we also show that this signal is driven by a limited number of large-effect variants. Consistent with this observation, we find that a polygenic selection test in present-day populations fails to detect selection with the full set of variants. Our data allow us to disentangle the effects of admixture and selection. Most notably, a large-effect variant at SLC24A5 was introduced to Western Europe by migrations of Neolithic farming populations but continued to be under selection post-admixture. This study shows that the response to selection for light skin pigmentation in West Eurasia was driven by a relatively small proportion of the variants that are associated with present-day phenotypic variation.
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28
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Evaluation of supervised machine-learning methods for predicting appearance traits from DNA. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2021; 53:102507. [PMID: 33831816 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The prediction of human externally visible characteristics (EVCs) based solely on DNA information has become an established approach in forensic and anthropological genetics in recent years. While for a large set of EVCs, predictive models have already been established using multinomial logistic regression (MLR), the prediction performances of other possible classification methods have not been thoroughly investigated thus far. Motivated by the question to identify a potential classifier that outperforms these specific trait models, we conducted a systematic comparison between the widely used MLR and three popular machine learning (ML) classifiers, namely support vector machines (SVM), random forest (RF) and artificial neural networks (ANN), that have shown good performance outside EVC prediction. As examples, we used eye, hair and skin color categories as phenotypes and genotypes based on the previously established IrisPlex, HIrisPlex, and HIrisPlex-S DNA markers. We compared and assessed the performances of each of the four methods, complemented by detailed hyperparameter tuning that was applied to some of the methods in order to maximize their performance. Overall, we observed that all four classification methods showed rather similar performance, with no method being substantially superior to the others for any of the traits, although performances varied slightly across the different traits and more so across the trait categories. Hence, based on our findings, none of the ML methods applied here provide any advantage on appearance prediction, at least when it comes to the categorical pigmentation traits and the selected DNA markers used here.
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29
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Simcoe M, Valdes A, Liu F, Furlotte NA, Evans DM, Hemani G, Ring SM, Smith GD, Duffy DL, Zhu G, Gordon SD, Medland SE, Vuckovic D, Girotto G, Sala C, Catamo E, Concas MP, Brumat M, Gasparini P, Toniolo D, Cocca M, Robino A, Yazar S, Hewitt A, Wu W, Kraft P, Hammond CJ, Shi Y, Chen Y, Zeng C, Klaver CCW, Uitterlinden AG, Ikram MA, Hamer MA, van Duijn CM, Nijsten T, Han J, Mackey DA, Martin NG, Cheng CY, Hinds DA, Spector TD, Kayser M, Hysi PG. Genome-wide association study in almost 195,000 individuals identifies 50 previously unidentified genetic loci for eye color. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/11/eabd1239. [PMID: 33692100 PMCID: PMC7946369 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd1239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Human eye color is highly heritable, but its genetic architecture is not yet fully understood. We report the results of the largest genome-wide association study for eye color to date, involving up to 192,986 European participants from 10 populations. We identify 124 independent associations arising from 61 discrete genomic regions, including 50 previously unidentified. We find evidence for genes involved in melanin pigmentation, but we also find associations with genes involved in iris morphology and structure. Further analyses in 1636 Asian participants from two populations suggest that iris pigmentation variation in Asians is genetically similar to Europeans, albeit with smaller effect sizes. Our findings collectively explain 53.2% (95% confidence interval, 45.4 to 61.0%) of eye color variation using common single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Overall, our study outcomes demonstrate that the genetic complexity of human eye color considerably exceeds previous knowledge and expectations, highlighting eye color as a genetically highly complex human trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Simcoe
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ana Valdes
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Division of Rheumatology, Orthopaedics and Dermatology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Gibran Hemani
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Susan M Ring
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences Bristol Medical School University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David L Duffy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott D Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dragana Vuckovic
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Faculty of Medicine, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Giorgia Girotto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Cinzia Sala
- Division of Genetics of Common Disorders, S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Eulalia Catamo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Marco Brumat
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Paolo Gasparini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Daniela Toniolo
- Division of Genetics of Common Disorders, S. Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cocca
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Antonietta Robino
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health IRCCS "Burlo Garofolo", Trieste, Italy
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Alex Hewitt
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Medicine, Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
| | - Wenting Wu
- Department of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, and Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Peter Kraft
- Program in Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yuan Shi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Changqing Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Andre G Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Merel A Hamer
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Cornelia M van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tamar Nijsten
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, and Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - David A Mackey
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Center, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Timothy D Spector
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Manfred Kayser
- Department of Genetic Identification, Erasmus MC University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK.
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, London, UK
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30
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Batai K, Cui Z, Arora A, Shah-Williams E, Hernandez W, Ruden M, Hollowell CMP, Hooker SE, Bathina M, Murphy AB, Bonilla C, Kittles RA. Genetic loci associated with skin pigmentation in African Americans and their effects on vitamin D deficiency. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009319. [PMID: 33600456 PMCID: PMC7891745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) in African descent populations identified novel loci associated with skin pigmentation. However, how genomic variations affect skin pigmentation and how these skin pigmentation gene variants affect serum 25(OH) vitamin D variation has not been explored in African Americans (AAs). In order to further understand genetic factors that affect human skin pigmentation and serum 25(OH)D variation, we performed a GWAS for skin pigmentation with 395 AAs and a replication study with 681 AAs. Then, we tested if the identified variants are associated with serum 25(OH) D concentrations in a subset of AAs (n = 591). Skin pigmentation, Melanin Index (M-Index), was measured using a narrow-band reflectometer. Multiple regression analysis was performed to identify variants associated with M-Index and to assess their role in serum 25(OH)D variation adjusting for population stratification and relevant confounding variables. A variant near the SLC24A5 gene (rs2675345) showed the strongest signal of association with M-Index (P = 4.0 x 10-30 in the pooled dataset). Variants in SLC24A5, SLC45A2 and OCA2 together account for a large proportion of skin pigmentation variance (11%). The effects of these variants on M-Index was modified by sex (P for interaction = 0.009). However, West African Ancestry (WAA) also accounts for a large proportion of M-Index variance (23%). M-Index also varies among AAs with high WAA and high Genetic Score calculated from top variants associated with M-Index, suggesting that other unknown genomic factors related to WAA are likely contributing to skin pigmentation variation. M-Index was not associated with serum 25(OH)D concentrations, but the Genetic Score was significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency (serum 25(OH)D levels less than 12 ng/mL) (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.04-1.64). The findings support the hypothesis suggesting that skin pigmentation evolved responding to increased demand for subcutaneous vitamin D synthesis in high latitude environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Batai
- Department of Urology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Zuxi Cui
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Amit Arora
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Ebony Shah-Williams
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana United States of America
| | - Wenndy Hernandez
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Maria Ruden
- Department of Surgery, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Courtney M. P. Hollowell
- Department of Surgery, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Stanley E. Hooker
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Madhavi Bathina
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
| | - Adam B. Murphy
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Carolina Bonilla
- Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Rick A. Kittles
- Division of Health Equities, Department of Population Sciences, City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Duarte, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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31
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Huang X, Wang S, Jin L, He Y. Dissecting dynamics and differences of selective pressures in the evolution of human pigmentation. Biol Open 2021; 10:bio056523. [PMID: 33495209 PMCID: PMC7888712 DOI: 10.1242/bio.056523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Human pigmentation is a highly diverse and complex trait among populations and has drawn particular attention from both academic and non-academic investigators for thousands of years. Previous studies detected selection signals in several human pigmentation genes, but few studies have integrated contribution from multiple genes to the evolution of human pigmentation. Moreover, none has quantified selective pressures on human pigmentation over epochs and between populations. Here, we dissect dynamics and differences of selective pressures during different periods and between distinct populations with new approaches. We use genotype data of 19 genes associated with human pigmentation from 17 publicly available datasets and obtain data for 2346 individuals of six representative population groups from across the world. Our results quantify the strength of natural selection on light pigmentation not only in modern Europeans (0.0259/generation) but also in proto-Eurasians (0.00650/generation). Our results also suggest that several derived alleles associated with human dark pigmentation may be under positive directional selection in some African populations. Our study provides the first attempt to quantitatively investigate the dynamics of selective pressures during different time periods in the evolution of human pigmentation.This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Sijia Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Li Jin
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences-Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yungang He
- Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
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32
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Villavicencio KM, Ahmed N, Harris ML, Singh KK. Mitochondrial DNA-depleter mouse as a model to study human pigmentary skin disorders. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:179-187. [PMID: 33448673 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Pigmentation abnormalities are reported in the spectrum of phenotypes associated with aging and in patients with mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome (MDS). Yet, a relevant animal model that mimics these effects and would allow us to evaluate the detrimental aspects of mtDNA depletion on melanocyte function has not been described. Here, we characterize the pigmentary changes observed in the ears of a mtDNA-depleter mouse, which phenotypically includes accentuation of the peri-adnexal pseudonetwork, patchy hyper- and hypopigmentation, and reticular pigmentation. Histologically, these mice show increased epidermal pigmentation with patchy distribution, along with increased and highly dendritic melanocytes. These mtDNA-depleter mice mimic aspects of the cutaneous, pigmentary changes observed in humans with age-related senile lentigines as well as MDS. We suggest that this mouse model can serve as a novel resource for future interrogations of how mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to pigmentary skin disorders. The mtDNA-depleter mouse model also serves as a useful tool to identify novel agents capable of treating pigmentary changes associated with age-related mitochondrial dysfunction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noha Ahmed
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Melissa L Harris
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Keshav K Singh
- Department of Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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33
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Norton HL. The color of normal: How a Eurocentric focus erases pigmentation complexity. Am J Hum Biol 2020; 33:e23554. [PMID: 33337560 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Skin pigmentation is both a highly variable and highly visible human phenotypic trait. Investigations into the biology and origins of this variation have been the focus of research in the fields of dermatology, anthropology, and forensic science, among others. This manuscript explores how much of what we know about the biology, genetics, and evolutionary origins of pigmentation has been strongly influenced by investigations and applications that focus on lighter skin. METHODS I reviewed literature from the fields of dermatology, anthropology and evolutionary genetics, and forensic science to assess how perceptions of lighter skin as the "normal" state in humans can shape the ways that knowledge is gathered and applied in these fields. RESULTS This normalization of lighter skin has impacted common tools used in dermatology and shaped the framework of dermatological education. A strong Eurocentric bias has shaped our understanding of the genetic architecture of pigmentary traits, which influences the ways in we understand the evolutionary processes leading to modern pigmentation diversity. Finally, I discuss how these biases in pigmentation genetics work in combination with phenotypic systems that privilege predicting lighter pigmentation variation to impede accurate prediction of intermediate phenotypes, particularly in individuals with ancestry from multiple populations. This can lead to a disproportionate targeting of already over-policed populations with darker skin. CONCLUSIONS Potential changes to how we conceptualize clinical and basic pigmentation research may help to reduce existing health disparities and improve understanding of pigmentation genetic architecture and how this knowledge is applied in forensic contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Norton
- Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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34
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Le L, Escobar IE, Ho T, Lefkovith AJ, Latteri E, Haltaufderhyde KD, Dennis MK, Plowright L, Sviderskaya EV, Bennett DC, Oancea E, Marks MS. SLC45A2 protein stability and regulation of melanosome pH determine melanocyte pigmentation. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:2687-2702. [PMID: 32966160 PMCID: PMC7927184 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-03-0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
SLC45A2 encodes a putative transporter expressed primarily in pigment cells. SLC45A2 mutations cause oculocutaneous albinism type 4 (OCA4) and polymorphisms are associated with pigmentation variation, but the localization, function, and regulation of SLC45A2 and its variants remain unknown. We show that SLC45A2 localizes to a cohort of mature melanosomes that only partially overlaps with the cohort expressing the chloride channel OCA2. SLC45A2 expressed ectopically in HeLa cells localizes to lysosomes and raises lysosomal pH, suggesting that in melanocytes SLC45A2 expression, like OCA2 expression, results in the deacidification of maturing melanosomes to support melanin synthesis. Interestingly, OCA2 overexpression compensates for loss of SLC45A2 expression in pigmentation. Analyses of SLC45A2- and OCA2-deficient mouse melanocytes show that SLC45A2 likely functions later during melanosome maturation than OCA2. Moreover, the light skin-associated SLC45A2 allelic F374 variant restores only moderate pigmentation to SLC45A2-deficient melanocytes due to rapid proteasome-dependent degradation resulting in lower protein expression levels in melanosomes than the dark skin-associated allelic L374 variant. Our data suggest that SLC45A2 maintains melanosome neutralization that is initially orchestrated by transient OCA2 activity to support melanization at late stages of melanosome maturation, and that a common allelic variant imparts reduced activity due to protein instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh Le
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology and.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Iliana E Escobar
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Tina Ho
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology and.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Ariel J Lefkovith
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology and.,Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Emily Latteri
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology and
| | - Kirk D Haltaufderhyde
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Megan K Dennis
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology and.,Biology Department, Marist College, Poughkeepsie, NY 12601
| | - Lynn Plowright
- Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Elena V Sviderskaya
- Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Dorothy C Bennett
- Molecular & Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Elena Oancea
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology, and Biotechnology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Michael S Marks
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Department of Physiology and
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35
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Balanovska E, Lukianova E, Kagazezheva J, Maurer A, Leybova N, Agdzhoyan A, Gorin I, Petrushenko V, Zhabagin M, Pylev V, Kostryukova E, Balanovsky O. Optimizing the genetic prediction of the eye and hair color for North Eurasian populations. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:527. [PMID: 32912208 PMCID: PMC7488246 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06923-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Predicting the eye and hair color from genotype became an established and widely used tool in forensic genetics, as well as in studies of ancient human populations. However, the accuracy of this tool has been verified on the West and Central Europeans only, while populations from border regions between Europe and Asia (like Caucasus and Ural) also carry the light pigmentation phenotypes. Results We phenotyped 286 samples collected across North Eurasia, genotyped them by the standard HIrisPlex-S markers and found that predictive power in Caucasus/Ural/West Siberian populations is reasonable but lower than that in West Europeans. As these populations have genetic ancestries different from that of West Europeans, we hypothesized they may carry a somewhat different allele spectrum. Thus, for all samples we performed the exome sequencing additionally enriched with the 53 genes and intergenic regions known to be associated with the eye/hair color. Our association analysis replicated the importance of the key previously known SNPs but also identified five new markers whose eye color prediction power for the studied populations is compatible with the two major previously well-known SNPs. Four out of these five SNPs lie within the HERС2 gene and the fifth in the intergenic region. These SNPs are found at high frequencies in most studied populations. The released dataset of exomes from Russian populations can be further used for population genetic and medical genetic studies. Conclusions This study demonstrated that precision of the established systems for eye/hair color prediction from a genotype is slightly lower for the populations from the border regions between Europe and Asia that for the West Europeans. However, this precision can be improved if some newly revealed predictive SNPs are added into the panel. We discuss that the replication of these pigmentation-associated SNPs on the independent North Eurasian sample is needed in the future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Balanovska
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia.,Biobank of North Eurasia, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Janet Kagazezheva
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia.,Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia.,Krasnodar State Medical University, Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Andrey Maurer
- Research Institute and Museum of Anthropology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Leybova
- Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Agdzhoyan
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia.,Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Igor Gorin
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeria Petrushenko
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maxat Zhabagin
- National Center for Biotechnology, Nursultan, Kazakhstan
| | | | - Elena Kostryukova
- Federal Research and Clinical Centre of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg Balanovsky
- Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia. .,Biobank of North Eurasia, Moscow, Russia. .,Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia.
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36
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Winkler TW, Grassmann F, Brandl C, Kiel C, Günther F, Strunz T, Weidner L, Zimmermann ME, Korb CA, Poplawski A, Schuster AK, Müller-Nurasyid M, Peters A, Rauscher FG, Elze T, Horn K, Scholz M, Cañadas-Garre M, McKnight AJ, Quinn N, Hogg RE, Küchenhoff H, Heid IM, Stark KJ, Weber BHF. Genome-wide association meta-analysis for early age-related macular degeneration highlights novel loci and insights for advanced disease. BMC Med Genomics 2020; 13:120. [PMID: 32843070 PMCID: PMC7449002 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-020-00760-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of blindness. While around half of the genetic contribution to advanced AMD has been uncovered, little is known about the genetic architecture of early AMD. METHODS To identify genetic factors for early AMD, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis (14,034 cases, 91,214 controls, 11 sources of data including the International AMD Genomics Consortium, IAMDGC, and UK Biobank, UKBB). We ascertained early AMD via color fundus photographs by manual grading for 10 sources and via an automated machine learning approach for > 170,000 photographs from UKBB. We searched for early AMD loci via GWAS and via a candidate approach based on 14 previously suggested early AMD variants. RESULTS Altogether, we identified 10 independent loci with statistical significance for early AMD: (i) 8 from our GWAS with genome-wide significance (P < 5 × 10- 8), (ii) one previously suggested locus with experiment-wise significance (P < 0.05/14) in our non-overlapping data and with genome-wide significance when combining the reported and our non-overlapping data (together 17,539 cases, 105,395 controls), and (iii) one further previously suggested locus with experiment-wise significance in our non-overlapping data. Of these 10 identified loci, 8 were novel and 2 known for early AMD. Most of the 10 loci overlapped with known advanced AMD loci (near ARMS2/HTRA1, CFH, C2, C3, CETP, TNFRSF10A, VEGFA, APOE), except two that have not yet been identified with statistical significance for any AMD. Among the 17 genes within these two loci, in-silico functional annotation suggested CD46 and TYR as the most likely responsible genes. Presence or absence of an early AMD effect distinguished the known pathways of advanced AMD genetics (complement/lipid pathways versus extracellular matrix metabolism). CONCLUSIONS Our GWAS on early AMD identified novel loci, highlighted shared and distinct genetics between early and advanced AMD and provides insights into AMD etiology. Our data provide a resource comparable in size to the existing IAMDGC data on advanced AMD genetics enabling a joint view. The biological relevance of this joint view is underscored by the ability of early AMD effects to differentiate the major pathways for advanced AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
| | - Felix Grassmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Caroline Brandl
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina Kiel
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Felix Günther
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Strunz
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lorraine Weidner
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Martina E Zimmermann
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christina A Korb
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alicia Poplawski
- Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander K Schuster
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute for Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine I (Cardiology), Hospital of the Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- Genetic Epidemiology, IBE, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Annette Peters
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Franziska G Rauscher
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Elze
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Katrin Horn
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Markus Scholz
- Leipzig Research Centre for Civilization Diseases (LIFE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics, and Epidemiology (IMISE), Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Nicola Quinn
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Ruth E Hogg
- Centre for Public Health, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Helmut Küchenhoff
- Statistical Consulting Unit StaBLab, Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Iris M Heid
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaus J Stark
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard H F Weber
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Human Genetics, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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37
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GWAS Analysis of 17,019 Korean Women Identifies the Variants Associated with Facial Pigmented Spots. J Invest Dermatol 2020; 141:555-562. [PMID: 32835660 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Variation in skin pigmentation can be affected by both environmental factors and intrinsic factors such as age, gender, and genetic variation. Recent GWASs revealed that genetic variants of genes functionally related to a pigmentation pathway were associated with skin pigmentary traits. However, these GWASs focused on populations with European ancestry, and only a few studies have been performed on Asian populations, limiting our understanding of the genetic basis of skin pigmentary traits in Asians. To evaluate the genetic variants associated with facial pigmented spots, we conducted a GWAS analysis of objectively measured facial pigmented spots in 17,019 Korean women. This large-scale GWAS identified several genomic loci that were significantly associated with facial pigmented spots (five previously reported loci and two previously unreported loci, to our knowledge), which were detected by UV light: BNC2 at 9p22 (rs16935073; P-value = 2.11 × 10-46), PPARGC1B at 5q32 (rs32579; P-value = 9.04 × 10-42), 10q26 (rs11198112; P-value = 9.66 × 10-38), MC1R at 16q24 (rs2228479; P-value = 6.62 × 10-21), lnc01877 at 2q33 (rs12693889; P-value = 1.59 × 10-11), CDKN2B-AS1 at 9p21 (rs643319; P-value = 7.76 × 10-9), and MFSD12 at 19p13 (rs2240751; P-value = 9.70 × 10-9). Further functional characterization of the candidate genes needs to be done to fully evaluate their contribution to facial pigmented spots.
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38
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Adeola HA, Khumalo NP, Arowolo AT, Mehlala N. No difference in the proteome of racially and geometrically classified scalp hair sample from a South African cohort: Preliminary findings. J Proteomics 2020; 226:103892. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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39
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Andersen JD, Meyer OS, Simão F, Jannuzzi J, Carvalho E, Andersen MM, Pereira V, Børsting C, Morling N, Gusmão L. Skin pigmentation and genetic variants in an admixed Brazilian population of primarily European ancestry. Int J Legal Med 2020; 134:1569-1579. [PMID: 32385594 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-020-02307-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Although many genes have been shown to be associated with human pigmentary traits and forensic prediction assays exist (e.g. HIrisPlex-S), the genetic knowledge about skin colour remains incomplete. The highly admixed Brazilian population is an interesting study population for investigation of the complex genotype-phenotype architecture of human skin colour because of its large variation. Here, we compared variants in 22 pigmentary genes with quantitative skin pigmentation levels on the buttock, arm, and forehead areas of 266 genetically admixed Brazilian individuals. The genetic ancestry of each individual was estimated by typing 46 AIM-InDels. The mean proportion of genetic ancestry was 68.8% European, 20.8% Sub-Saharan African, and 10.4% Native American. A high correlation (adjusted R2 = 0.65, p < 0.05) was observed between nine SNPs and quantitative skin pigmentation using multiple linear regression analysis. The correlations were notably smaller between skin pigmentation and biogeographic ancestry (adjusted R2 = 0.45, p < 0.05), or markers in the leading forensic skin colour prediction system, the HIrisPlex-S (adjusted R2 = 0.54, p < 0.05). Four of the nine SNPs, OCA2 rs1448484 (rank 2), APBA2 rs4424881 (rank 4), MFSD12 rs10424065 (rank 8), and TYRP1 1408799 (rank 9) were not investigated as part of the HIrisPlex-S selection process, and therefore not included in the HIrisPlex-S model. Our results indicate that these SNPs account for a substantial part of the skin colour variation in individuals of admixed ancestry. Hence, we suggest that these SNPs are considered when developing future skin colour prediction models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeppe D Andersen
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Olivia S Meyer
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Filipa Simão
- DNA Diagnostic Laboratory (LDD), Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Juliana Jannuzzi
- DNA Diagnostic Laboratory (LDD), Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elizeu Carvalho
- DNA Diagnostic Laboratory (LDD), Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mikkel M Andersen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Aalborg University, DK-9000, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Vania Pereira
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Børsting
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Niels Morling
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leonor Gusmão
- DNA Diagnostic Laboratory (LDD), Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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40
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Yousaf S, Sethna S, Chaudhary MA, Shaikh RS, Riazuddin S, Ahmed ZM. Molecular characterization of SLC24A5 variants and evaluation of Nitisinone treatment efficacy in a zebrafish model of OCA6. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 33:556-565. [PMID: 32274888 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is a highly heterogeneous trait with diverse consequences worldwide. SLC24A5, encoding a potent K+ -dependent Na+ /Ca2+ exchanger, is among the known color-coding genes that participate in melanogenesis by maintaining pH in melanosomes. Deficient SLC24A5 activity results in oculocutaneous albinism (OCA) type 6 in humans. In this study, by utilizing a exome sequencing (ES) approach, we identified two new variants [p. (Gly110Arg) and p. (IIe189Ilefs*1)] of SLC24A5 cosegregating with the OCA phenotype, including nystagmus, strabismus, foveal hypoplasia, albinotic fundus, and vision impairment, in three large consanguineous Pakistani families. Both of these variants failed to rescue the pigmentation in zebrafish slc24a5 morphants, confirming the pathogenic effects of the variants. We also phenotypically characterized a commercially available zebrafish mutant line (slc24a5ko ) that harbors a nonsense (p.Tyr208*) allele of slc24a5. Similar to morphants, homozygous slc24a5ko mutants had significantly reduced melanin content and pigmentation. Next, we used these slc24a5ko zebrafish mutants to test the efficacy of nitisinone, a compound known to increase ocular and fur pigmentation in OCA1 (TYR) mutant mice. Treatment of slc24a5ko mutant zebrafish embryos with varying doses of nitisinone did not improve melanin production and pigmentation, suggesting that treatment with nitisinone is unlikely to be therapeutic in OCA6 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sairah Yousaf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Saumil Sethna
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Rehan S Shaikh
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Saima Riazuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zubair M Ahmed
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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41
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Markiewicz E, Idowu OC. Melanogenic Difference Consideration in Ethnic Skin Type: A Balance Approach Between Skin Brightening Applications and Beneficial Sun Exposure. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2020; 13:215-232. [PMID: 32210602 PMCID: PMC7069578 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s245043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human skin demonstrates a striking variation in tone and color that is evident among multiple demographic populations. Such characteristics are determined predominantly by the expression of the genes controlling the quantity and quality of melanin, which can alter significantly due to the presence of small nucleotide polymorphism affecting various steps of the melanogenesis process and generally linked to the lighter skin phenotypes. Genetically determined, constitutive skin color is additionally complemented by the facultative melanogenesis and tanning responses; with high levels of melanin and melanogenic factors broadly recognized to have a protective effect against the UVR-induced molecular damage in darker skin. Long-term sun exposure, together with a genetic makeup responsible for the ability to tan or the activity of constitutive melanogenic factors, triggers defects in pigmentation across all ethnic skin types. However, sun exposure also has well documented beneficial effects that manifest at both skin homeostasis and the systemic level, such as synthesis of vitamin D, which is thought to be less efficient in the presence of high levels of melanin or potentially linked to the polymorphism in the genes responsible for skin darkening triggered by UVR. In this review, we discuss melanogenesis in a context of constitutive pigmentation, defined by gene polymorphism in ethnic skin types, and facultative pigmentation that is not only associated with the capacity to protect the skin against photo-damage but could also have an impact on vitamin D synthesis through gene polymorphism. Modulating the activities of melanogenic genes, with the focus on the markers specifically altered by polymorphism combined with differential requirements of sun exposure in ethnic skin types, could enhance the applications of already existing skin brightening factors and provide a novel approach toward improved skin tone and health in personalized skincare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Markiewicz
- Hexis Lab Limited, The Core, Newcastle Helix, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5TF, UK
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42
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Pfaffelhuber P, Grundner-Culemann F, Lipphardt V, Baumdicker F. How to choose sets of ancestry informative markers: A supervised feature selection approach. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2020; 46:102259. [PMID: 32105949 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Inference of the Biogeographical Ancestry (BGA) of a person or trace relies on three ingredients: (1) a reference database of DNA samples including BGA information; (2) a statistical clustering method; (3) a set of loci which segregate dependent on geographical location, i.e. a set of so-called Ancestry Informative Markers (AIMs). We used the theory of feature selection from statistical learning in order to obtain AIMsets for BGA inference. Using simulations, we show that this learning procedure works in various cases, and outperforms ad hoc methods, based on statistics like FST or informativeness for the choice of AIMs. Applying our method to data from the 1000 genomes project (excluding Admixed Americans) we identified an AIMset of 12 SNPs, which gives a vanishing misclassification error on a continental scale, as do other published AIMsets. In fact, cross validation shows that there exists a multitude of sets with comparable performance to the optimal AIMset. On a sub-continental scale, we find a set of 55 SNPs for distinguishing the five European populations. The misclassification error is reduced by a factor of two relative to published AIMsets, but is still 30% and therefore too large in order to be useful in forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Pfaffelhuber
- University of Freiburg, Department of Mathematical Stochastics, Ernst-Zermelo-Straße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
| | | | - Veronika Lipphardt
- University College Freiburg, Bertoldstraße 17, D-79098 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Franz Baumdicker
- University of Freiburg, Department of Mathematical Stochastics, Ernst-Zermelo-Straße 1, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
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43
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Structure-function relationships of K +-dependent Na +/Ca 2+ exchangers (NCKX). Cell Calcium 2019; 86:102153. [PMID: 31927187 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.102153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
K+-dependent Na+/Ca2+ exchanger proteins (NCKX1-5) of the SLC24 gene family play important roles in a wide range of biological processes including but not limited to rod and cone photoreceptor vision, olfaction, enamel formation and skin pigmentation. NCKX proteins are also widely expressed throughout the brain and NCKX2 and NCKX4 knockouts in mice have specific phenotypes. Here we review our work on structure-function relationships of NCKX proteins. We discuss membrane topology, domains critical to transport function, and residues critical to cation binding and transport function, all in the context of crystal structures that were obtained for the archaeal Na+/Ca2+ exchanger NCX_Mj.
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44
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Campbell P, Ellingford JM, Parry NRA, Fletcher T, Ramsden SC, Gale T, Hall G, Smith K, Kasperaviciute D, Thomas E, Lloyd IC, Douzgou S, Clayton-Smith J, Biswas S, Ashworth JL, Black GCM, Sergouniotis PI. Clinical and genetic variability in children with partial albinism. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16576. [PMID: 31719542 PMCID: PMC6851142 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51768-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals who have ocular features of albinism and skin pigmentation in keeping with their familial background present a considerable diagnostic challenge. Timely diagnosis through genomic testing can help avert diagnostic odysseys and facilitates accurate genetic counselling and tailored specialist management. Here, we report the clinical and gene panel testing findings in 12 children with presumed ocular albinism. A definitive molecular diagnosis was made in 8/12 probands (67%) and a possible molecular diagnosis was identified in a further 3/12 probands (25%). TYR was the most commonly mutated gene in this cohort (75% of patients, 9/12). A disease-causing TYR haplotype comprised of two common, functional polymorphisms, TYR c.[575 C > A;1205 G > A] p.[(Ser192Tyr);(Arg402Gln)], was found to be particularly prevalent. One participant had GPR143-associated X-linked ocular albinism and another proband had biallelic variants in SLC38A8, a glutamine transporter gene associated with foveal hypoplasia and optic nerve misrouting without pigmentation defects. Intriguingly, 2/12 individuals had a single, rare, likely pathogenic variant in each of TYR and OCA2 - a significant enrichment compared to a control cohort of 4046 individuals from the 100,000 genomes project pilot dataset. Overall, our findings highlight that panel-based genetic testing is a clinically useful test with a high diagnostic yield in children with partial/ocular albinism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Campbell
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Jamie M Ellingford
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Neil R A Parry
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Tracy Fletcher
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Simon C Ramsden
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Theodora Gale
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Georgina Hall
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | | | | | | | - I Chris Lloyd
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sofia Douzgou
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jill Clayton-Smith
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Susmito Biswas
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Jane L Ashworth
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Graeme C M Black
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
| | - Panagiotis I Sergouniotis
- Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Manchester Royal Eye Hospital, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK.
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45
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Lona-Durazo F, Hernandez-Pacheco N, Fan S, Zhang T, Choi J, Kovacs MA, Loftus SK, Le P, Edwards M, Fortes-Lima CA, Eng C, Huntsman S, Hu D, Gómez-Cabezas EJ, Marín-Padrón LC, Grauholm J, Mors O, Burchard EG, Norton HL, Pavan WJ, Brown KM, Tishkoff S, Pino-Yanes M, Beleza S, Marcheco-Teruel B, Parra EJ. Meta-analysis of GWA studies provides new insights on the genetic architecture of skin pigmentation in recently admixed populations. BMC Genet 2019; 20:59. [PMID: 31315583 PMCID: PMC6637524 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-019-0765-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Association studies in recently admixed populations are extremely useful to identify the genetic architecture of pigmentation, due to their high genotypic and phenotypic variation. However, to date only four Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have been carried out in these populations. RESULTS We present a GWAS of skin pigmentation in an admixed sample from Cuba (N = 762). Additionally, we conducted a meta-analysis including the Cuban sample, and admixed samples from Cape Verde, Puerto Rico and African-Americans from San Francisco. This meta-analysis is one of the largest efforts so far to characterize the genetic basis of skin pigmentation in admixed populations (N = 2,104). We identified five genome-wide significant regions in the meta-analysis, and explored if the markers observed in these regions are associated with the expression of relevant pigmentary genes in human melanocyte cultures. In three of the regions identified in the meta-analysis (SLC24A5, SLC45A2, and GRM5/TYR), the association seems to be driven by non-synonymous variants (rs1426654, rs16891982, and rs1042602, respectively). The rs16891982 polymorphism is strongly associated with the expression of the SLC45A2 gene. In the GRM5/TYR region, in addition to the rs1042602 non-synonymous SNP located on the TYR gene, variants located in the nearby GRM5 gene have an independent effect on pigmentation, possibly through regulation of gene expression of the TYR gene. We also replicated an association recently described near the MFSD12 gene on chromosome 19 (lead variant rs112332856). Additionally, our analyses support the presence of multiple signals in the OCA2/HERC2/APBA2 region on chromosome 15. A clear causal candidate is the HERC2 intronic variant rs12913832, which has a profound influence on OCA2 expression. This variant has pleiotropic effects on eye, hair, and skin pigmentation. However, conditional and haplotype-based analyses indicate the presence of other variants with independent effects on melanin levels in OCA2 and APBA2. Finally, a follow-up of genome-wide signals identified in a recent GWAS for tanning response indicates that there is a substantial overlap in the genetic factors influencing skin pigmentation and tanning response. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis of skin pigmentation GWAS in recently admixed populations provides new insights about the genetic architecture of this complex trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida Lona-Durazo
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Health Sciences Complex, room 352, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6 Canada
| | - Natalia Hernandez-Pacheco
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario N.S. de Candelaria, Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
- Genomics and Health Group, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Shaohua Fan
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Tongwu Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Jiyeon Choi
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Michael A. Kovacs
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Stacie K. Loftus
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Phuong Le
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Health Sciences Complex, room 352, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6 Canada
| | - Melissa Edwards
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Health Sciences Complex, room 352, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6 Canada
| | - Cesar A. Fortes-Lima
- Evolutionary Anthropology Team, Laboratory Eco-Anthropology and Ethno-Biology UMR7206, CNRS-MNHN-University Paris Diderot, Musée de l’Homme, Paris, France
- Department of Organismal Biology, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Celeste Eng
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Scott Huntsman
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Donglei Hu
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | | | - Jonas Grauholm
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ole Mors
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Psychiatric Department, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esteban G. Burchard
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Heather L. Norton
- Department of Anthropology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, USA
| | - William J. Pavan
- Genetic Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Kevin M. Brown
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Sarah Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
- Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Maria Pino-Yanes
- Genomics and Health Group, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, Cell Biology and Genetics, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Tecnologías Biomédicas (ITB), Universidad de La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | - Sandra Beleza
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Esteban J. Parra
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto at Mississauga, Health Sciences Complex, room 352, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 1C6 Canada
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Jonnalagadda M, Faizan MA, Ozarkar S, Ashma R, Kulkarni S, Norton HL, Parra E. A Genome-Wide Association Study of Skin and Iris Pigmentation among Individuals of South Asian Ancestry. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:1066-1076. [PMID: 30895295 PMCID: PMC6456006 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
South Asia has a complex history of migrations and is characterized by substantial pigmentary and genetic diversity. For this reason, it is an ideal region to study the genetic architecture of normal pigmentation variation. Here, we present a meta-analysis of two genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of skin pigmentation using skin reflectance (M-index) as a quantitative phenotype. The meta-analysis includes a sample of individuals of South Asian descent living in Canada (N = 348), and a sample of individuals from two caste and four tribal groups from West Maharashtra, India (N = 480). We also present the first GWAS of iris color in South Asian populations. This GWAS was based on quantitative measures of iris color obtained from high-resolution iris pictures. We identified genome-wide significant associations of variants within the well-known gene SLC24A5, including the nonsynonymous rs1426654 polymorphism, with both skin pigmentation and iris color, highlighting the pleiotropic effects of this gene on pigmentation. Variants in the HERC2 gene (e.g., rs12913832) were also associated with iris color and iris heterochromia. Our study emphasizes the usefulness of quantitative methods to study iris color variation. We also identified novel genome-wide significant associations with skin pigmentation and iris color, but we could not replicate these associations due to the lack of independent samples. It will be critical to expand the number of studies in South Asian populations in order to better understand the genetic variation driving the diversity of skin pigmentation and iris color observed in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjari Jonnalagadda
- Symbiosis School for Liberal Arts, Symbiosis International (Deemed University), Pune, India
| | | | - Shantanu Ozarkar
- Department of Anthropology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, India
| | - Richa Ashma
- Department of Zoology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, India
| | - Shaunak Kulkarni
- Department of Anthropology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, India
| | | | - Esteban Parra
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Szpak M, Xue Y, Ayub Q, Tyler‐Smith C. How well do we understand the basis of classic selective sweeps in humans? FEBS Lett 2019; 593:1431-1448. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yali Xue
- The Wellcome Sanger Institute Hinxton UK
| | - Qasim Ayub
- School of Science Monash University Malaysia Bandar Sunway Malaysia
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Multidisciplinary Platform Monash University Malaysia Genomics Facility Bandar Sunway Malaysia
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48
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Fritsche LG, Beesley LJ, VandeHaar P, Peng RB, Salvatore M, Zawistowski M, Gagliano Taliun SA, Das S, LeFaive J, Kaleba EO, Klumpner TT, Moser SE, Blanc VM, Brummett CM, Kheterpal S, Abecasis GR, Gruber SB, Mukherjee B. Exploring various polygenic risk scores for skin cancer in the phenomes of the Michigan genomics initiative and the UK Biobank with a visual catalog: PRSWeb. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008202. [PMID: 31194742 PMCID: PMC6592565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygenic risk scores (PRS) are designed to serve as single summary measures that are easy to construct, condensing information from a large number of genetic variants associated with a disease. They have been used for stratification and prediction of disease risk. The primary focus of this paper is to demonstrate how we can combine PRS and electronic health records data to better understand the shared and unique genetic architecture and etiology of disease subtypes that may be both related and heterogeneous. PRS construction strategies often depend on the purpose of the study, the available data/summary estimates, and the underlying genetic architecture of a disease. We consider several choices for constructing a PRS using data obtained from various publicly-available sources including the UK Biobank and evaluate their abilities to predict not just the primary phenotype but also secondary phenotypes derived from electronic health records (EHR). This study was conducted using data from 30,702 unrelated, genotyped patients of recent European descent from the Michigan Genomics Initiative (MGI), a longitudinal biorepository effort within Michigan Medicine. We examine the three most common skin cancer subtypes in the USA: basal cell carcinoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma, and melanoma. Using these PRS for various skin cancer subtypes, we conduct a phenome-wide association study (PheWAS) within the MGI data to evaluate PRS associations with secondary traits. PheWAS results are then replicated using population-based UK Biobank data and compared across various PRS construction methods. We develop an accompanying visual catalog called PRSweb that provides detailed PheWAS results and allows users to directly compare different PRS construction methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars G. Fritsche
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Lauren J. Beesley
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Peter VandeHaar
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Robert B. Peng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Maxwell Salvatore
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Matthew Zawistowski
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sarah A. Gagliano Taliun
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sayantan Das
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jonathon LeFaive
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Erin O. Kaleba
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Thomas T. Klumpner
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Stephanie E. Moser
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Victoria M. Blanc
- Central Biorepository, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Chad M. Brummett
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Sachin Kheterpal
- Division of Pain Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Institute for Healthcare Policy and Innovation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Gonçalo R. Abecasis
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Stephen B. Gruber
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Bhramar Mukherjee
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Michigan Institute for Data Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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Zaorska K, Zawierucha P, Nowicki M. Prediction of skin color, tanning and freckling from DNA in Polish population: linear regression, random forest and neural network approaches. Hum Genet 2019; 138:635-647. [PMID: 30980179 PMCID: PMC6554257 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02012-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Predicting phenotypes from DNA has recently become extensively studied field in forensic research and is referred to as Forensic DNA Phenotyping. Systems based on single nucleotide polymorphisms for accurate prediction of iris, hair and skin color in global population, independent of bio-geographical ancestry, have recently been introduced. Here, we analyzed 14 SNPs for distinct skin pigmentation traits in a homogeneous cohort of 222 Polish subjects. We compared three different algorithms: General Linear Model based on logistic regression, Random Forest and Neural Network in 18 developed prediction models. We demonstrate Random Forest to be the most accurate algorithm for 3- and 4-category estimations (total of 58.3% correct calls for skin color prediction, 47.2% for tanning prediction, 50% for freckling prediction). Binomial Logistic Regression was the best approach in 2-category estimations (total of 69.4% correct calls, AUC = 0.673 for tanning prediction; total of 52.8% correct calls, AUC = 0.537 for freckling prediction). Our study confirms the association of rs12913832 (HERC2) with all three skin pigmentation traits, but also variants associated solely with certain pigmentation traits, namely rs6058017 and rs4911414 (ASIP) with skin sensitivity to sun and tanning abilities, rs12203592 (IRF4) with freckling and rs4778241 and rs4778138 (OCA2) with skin color and tanning. Finally, we assessed significant differences in allele frequencies in comparison with CEU data and our study provides a starting point for the development of prediction models for homogeneous populations with less internal differentiation than in the global predictive testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Zaorska
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Medical Sciences, 60-781, Poznan, Poland.
| | - Piotr Zawierucha
- Department of Anatomy, University of Medical Sciences, 60-781, Poznan, Poland
| | - Michał Nowicki
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Medical Sciences, 60-781, Poznan, Poland
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50
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Katsara MA, Nothnagel M. True colors: A literature review on the spatial distribution of eye and hair pigmentation. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2019; 39:109-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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