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Bettin L, Darbellay J, van Kessel J, Dhar N, Gerdts V. Porcine γδ T cells express cytotoxic cell-associated markers and display killing activity but are not selectively cytotoxic against PRRSV- or swIAV-infected macrophages. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1434011. [PMID: 39144143 PMCID: PMC11321972 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1434011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are a major immune cell subset in pigs. Approximately 50% of circulating T cells are γδ T cells in young pigs and up to 30% in adult sows. Despite this abundance, the functions of porcine γδ T cells are mostly unidentified. In humans and mice, activated γδ T cells exhibit broad innate cytotoxic activity against a wide variety of stressed, infected, and cancerous cells through death receptor/ligand-dependent and perforin/granzyme-dependent pathways. However, so far, it is unknown whether porcine γδ T cells have the ability to perform cytotoxic functions. Methods In this study, we conducted a comprehensive phenotypic characterization of porcine γδ T cells isolated from blood, lung, and nasal mucosa. To further analyze the cytolytic potential of γδ T cells, in vitro cytotoxicity assays were performed using purified γδ T cells as effector cells and virus-exposed or mock-treated primary porcine alveolar macrophages as target cells. Results Our results show that only CD2+ γδ T cells express cytotoxic markers (CD16, NKp46, perforin) with higher perforin and NKp46 expression in γδ T cells isolated from lung and nasal mucosa. Moreover, we found that γδ T cells can exhibit cytotoxic functions in a cell-cell contact and degranulation-dependent manner. However, porcine γδ T cells did not seem to specifically target Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus or swine Influenza A Virus-infected macrophages, which may be due to viral escape mechanisms. Conclusion Porcine γδ T cells express cytotoxic markers and can exhibit cytotoxic activity in vitro. The specific mechanisms by which porcine γδ T cells recognize target cells are not fully understood but may involve the detection of cellular stress signals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Swine
- Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/immunology
- Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus/physiology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/immunology
- Macrophages, Alveolar/virology
- Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Biomarkers
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Perforin/metabolism
- Perforin/immunology
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Bettin
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Joseph Darbellay
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jill van Kessel
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Neeraj Dhar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Volker Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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2
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Gay L, Rouviere MS, Mezouar S, Richaud M, Gorvel L, Foucher E, La Scola B, Menard A, Allardet-Servent J, Halfon P, Frohna P, Cano C, Mege JL, Olive D. Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells Are Potent Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Replication and Represent Effector Phenotypes in Patients With COVID-19. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1759-1769. [PMID: 38557809 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Vγ9Vδ2 T cells play a key role in the innate immune response to viral infections through butyrophilin 3A (BTN3A). Here, we report blood Vγ9Vδ2 T cells decreased in clinically mild COVID-19 compared to healthy volunteers, and this was maintained up to 28 days and in the recovery period. Terminally differentiated Vγ9Vδ2 T cells tended to be enriched on the day of diagnosis, 28 days after, and during the recovery period. These cells showed cytotoxic and inflammatory activities following anti-BTN3A activation. BTN3A upregulation and Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell infiltration were observed in a lung biopsy from a fatal SARS-CoV-2 infection. In vitro, SARS-CoV-2 infection increased BTN3A expression in macrophages and lung cells that enhanced the anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell cytotoxicity and interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α. Increasing concentrations of anti-BTN3A lead to viral replication inhibition. Altogether, we report Vγ9Vδ2 T cells are important in the immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection and activation by anti-BTN3A antibody may enhance their response. Clinical Trials Registration. NCT04816760.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Gay
- Institut de recherche pour le developpement (IRD), Assistance-Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes Evolution Phylogénie et Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- ImCheck Therapeutics, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Sarah Rouviere
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Etablissement Français du Sang, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Anthropologie Bio-Culturelle, Droit, Éthique et Santé, "Biologie des Groupes Sanguins," Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Manon Richaud
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Laurent Gorvel
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | | | - Bernard La Scola
- Institut de recherche pour le developpement (IRD), Assistance-Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes Evolution Phylogénie et Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Amélie Menard
- Unité COVID-Long, Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Nord (CHU NORD), Assistance-Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Marseille, France
| | | | - Philippe Halfon
- Département de Médecine Interne et Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpital Européen-Laboratoire Alphabio-Biogroup, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Louis Mege
- Institut de recherche pour le developpement (IRD), Assistance-Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes Evolution Phylogénie et Infections (MEPHI), Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
- Assistance-Publique Hopitaux de Marseille (APHM), Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm UMR1068, CNRS UMR7258, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
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3
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Akhmatova NK, Kurbatova EA, Zaytsev AE, Akhmatova EA, Yastrebova NE, Sukhova EV, Yashunsky DV, Tsvetkov YE, Nifantiev NE. Synthetic BSA-conjugated disaccharide related to the Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3 capsular polysaccharide increases IL-17A Levels, γδ T cells, and B1 cells in mice. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1388721. [PMID: 38840926 PMCID: PMC11150546 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1388721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The disaccharide (β-D-glucopyranosyluronic acid)-(1→4)-β-D-glucopyranoside represents a repeating unit of the capsular polysaccharide of Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 3. A conjugate of the disaccharide with BSA (di-BSA conjugate) adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide induced - in contrast to the non-adjuvanted conjugate - IgG1 antibody production and protected mice against S. pneumoniae serotype 3 infection after intraperitoneal prime-boost immunization. Adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted conjugates induced production of Th1 (IFNγ, TNFα); Th2 (IL-5, IL-13); Th17 (IL-17A), Th1/Th17 (IL-22), and Th2/Th17 cytokines (IL-21) after immunization. The concentration of cytokines in mice sera was higher in response to the adjuvanted conjugate, with the highest level of IL-17A production after the prime and boost immunizations. In contrast, the non-adjuvanted conjugate elicited only weak production of IL-17A, which gradually decreased after the second immunization. After boost immunization of mice with the adjuvanted di-BSA conjugate, there was a significant increase in the number of CD45+/CD19+ B cells, TCR+ γδ T cell, CD5+ В1 cells, and activated cells with MHC II+ expression in the spleens of the mice. IL-17A, TCR+ γδ T cells, and CD5+ В1 cells play a crucial role in preventing pneumococcal infection, but can also contribute to autoimmune diseases. Immunization with the adjuvanted and non-adjuvanted di-BSA conjugate did not elicit autoantibodies against double-stranded DNA targeting cell nuclei in mice. Thus, the molecular and cellular markers associated with antibody production and protective activity in response to immunization with the di-BSA conjugate adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide are IL-17A, TCR+ γδ T cells, and CD5+ В1 cells against the background of increasing MHC II+ expression.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Interleukin-17/immunology
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology
- Mice
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/immunology
- Pneumococcal Vaccines/immunology
- Pneumococcal Infections/immunology
- Pneumococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Disaccharides/immunology
- Bacterial Capsules/immunology
- Polysaccharides, Bacterial/immunology
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Female
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antibodies, Bacterial/immunology
- Intraepithelial Lymphocytes/immunology
- Serogroup
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelli K. Akhmatova
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Kurbatova
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anton E. Zaytsev
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elina A. Akhmatova
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalya E. Yastrebova
- Laboratory of Therapeutic Vaccines, Mechnikov Research Institute for Vaccines and Sera, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena V. Sukhova
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitriy V. Yashunsky
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yury E. Tsvetkov
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nikolay E. Nifantiev
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugate Chemistry, N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
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4
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Xu L, Chen F, Fan W, Saito S, Cao D. The role of γδT lymphocytes in atherosclerosis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1369202. [PMID: 38774876 PMCID: PMC11106432 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1369202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis poses a significant threat to human health, impacting overall well-being and imposing substantial financial burdens. Current treatment strategies mainly focus on managing low-density lipids (LDL) and optimizing liver functions. However, it's crucial to recognize that Atherosclerosis involves more than just lipid accumulation; it entails a complex interplay of immune responses. Research highlights the pivotal role of lipid-laden macrophages in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. These macrophages attract lymphocytes like CD4 and CD8 to the inflamed site, potentially intensifying the inflammatory response. γδ T lymphocytes, with their diverse functions in innate and adaptive immune responses, pathogen defense, antigen presentation, and inflammation regulation, have been implicated in the early stages of Atherosclerosis. However, our understanding of the roles of γδ T cells in Atherosclerosis remains limited. This mini-review aims to shed light on the characteristics and functions of γδ T cells in Atherosclerosis. By gaining insights into the roles of γδ T cells, we may uncover a promising strategy to mitigate plaque buildup and dampen the inflammatory response, thereby opening new avenues for effectively managing this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- LiMin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Entry-Exit Frontier Inspection Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fanfan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Fan
- Karsh Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Suguru Saito
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - DuoYao Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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5
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Wyatt-Johnson SK, Afify R, Brutkiewicz RR. The immune system in neurological diseases: What innate-like T cells have to say. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:913-923. [PMID: 38365015 PMCID: PMC10999338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
The immune system classically consists of 2 lines of defense, innate and adaptive, both of which interact with one another effectively to protect us against any pathogenic threats. Importantly, there is a diverse subset of cells known as innate-like T cells that act as a bridge between the innate and adaptive immune systems and are pivotal players in eliciting inflammatory immune responses. A growing body of evidence has demonstrated the regulatory impact of these innate-like T cells in central nervous system (CNS) diseases and that such immune cells can traffic into the brain in multiple pathological conditions, which can be typically attributed to the breakdown of the blood-brain barrier. However, until now, it has been poorly understood whether innate-like T cells have direct protective or causative properties, particularly in CNS diseases. Therefore, in this review, our attention is focused on discussing the critical roles of 3 unique subsets of unconventional T cells, namely, natural killer T cells, γδ T cells, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells, in the context of CNS diseases, disorders, and injuries and how the interplay of these immune cells modulates CNS pathology, in an attempt to gain a better understanding of their complex functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Season K Wyatt-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Reham Afify
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind
| | - Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Ind.
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6
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Zhu T, Zhu L, Sheng C, Wu D, Gu Q, Jiang Z, Xu J, Fu G, Jiang Y. Hyperactivation and enhanced cytotoxicity of reduced CD8 + gamma delta T cells in the intestine of patients with Crohn's disease correlates with disease activity. BMC Immunol 2024; 25:15. [PMID: 38336646 PMCID: PMC10858568 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-024-00606-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS We aimed to investigate the immune characteristics of intestinal CD8+ gamma delta T (CD8+ γδ T) cells in Crohn's disease (CD) and their correlation with disease activity. METHODS The study cohorts included 21 CD patients and 21 healthy individuals. CD8+ γδ T cells were isolated from human ileal mucosa for detection by flow cytometry. The activation or inhibition status of cells was detected by detecting the expression of activation marker HLA-DR and the immunosuppressive molecule PD-1 on cells. The cytotoxicity of cells was assessed by detecting the expression of cytotoxic molecules (Perforin, Granzyme B, and TRAIL) in cells. Ratios of investigated cells were calculated as prediction factors by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. RESULTS The study revealed a reduction in intestinal CD8+ γδT cells among active CD patients, with a more pronounced reduction observed in moderately active patients compared to mildly active patients. Moreover, active CD patients exhibited heightened activation levels in their intestinal CD8+ γδT cells, whereas the activation was comparatively weakened in moderately active patients compared with mildly active patients. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of intestinal CD8+ γδT cells was enhanced solely in mildly active patients, while it was impaired in moderately active patients compared with mildly active patients. Furthermore, HLA-DR+ CD8+ γδT cell ratio, CD8+ γδT ratio, and CD8+ γδT count were identified as indicators in the diagnosis of active CD. Meanwhile, the ratios of Granzyme B+ CD8+ γδT cell and Perforin+ CD8+ γδT cell were identified as indicators that distinguish mildly moderately active CD cases. CONCLUSIONS Intestinal CD8+ γδT was reduced in active CD patients, but their activation and cytotoxicity were enhanced. However, with increased disease activity, intestinal CD8+ γδ T cells became dysfunctional. CD-specific perturbations observed in various phenotypic markers in CD8+ γδ T cells can be used as indicators to assist in diagnosing CD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Linlin Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Caixia Sheng
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Danju Wu
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Qianru Gu
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Zhinong Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Guoxiang Fu
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China
| | - Yujie Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital Affiliated with Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310000, China.
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7
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Mohamed AA, al-Ramadi BK, Fernandez-Cabezudo MJ. Interplay between Microbiota and γδ T Cells: Insights into Immune Homeostasis and Neuro-Immune Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1747. [PMID: 38339023 PMCID: PMC10855551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) tract of multicellular organisms, especially mammals, harbors a symbiotic commensal microbiota with diverse microorganisms including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other microbial and eukaryotic species. This microbiota exerts an important role on intestinal function and contributes to host health. The microbiota, while benefiting from a nourishing environment, is involved in the development, metabolism and immunity of the host, contributing to the maintenance of homeostasis in the GI tract. The immune system orchestrates the maintenance of key features of host-microbe symbiosis via a unique immunological network that populates the intestinal wall with different immune cell populations. Intestinal epithelium contains lymphocytes in the intraepithelial (IEL) space between the tight junctions and the basal membrane of the gut epithelium. IELs are mostly CD8+ T cells, with the great majority of them expressing the CD8αα homodimer, and the γδ T cell receptor (TCR) instead of the αβ TCR expressed on conventional T cells. γδ T cells play a significant role in immune surveillance and tissue maintenance. This review provides an overview of how the microbiota regulates γδ T cells and the influence of microbiota-derived metabolites on γδ T cell responses, highlighting their impact on immune homeostasis. It also discusses intestinal neuro-immune regulation and how γδ T cells possess the ability to interact with both the microbiota and brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaa A. Mohamed
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Basel K. al-Ramadi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maria J. Fernandez-Cabezudo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
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8
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Chung Y, Tu CR, Zhang W, Mu X, Wang M, Chan GC, Leung W, Lau Y, Liu Y, Tu W. Tumor vaccine based on extracellular vesicles derived from γδ-T cells exerts dual antitumor activities. J Extracell Vesicles 2023; 12:e12360. [PMID: 37654012 PMCID: PMC10471836 DOI: 10.1002/jev2.12360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ-T cells are innate-like T cells with dual antitumor activities. They can directly eradicate tumor cells and function as immunostimulatory cells to promote antitumor immunity. Previous studies have demonstrated that small extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from γδ-T cells (γδ-T-EVs) inherited the dual antitumor activities from their parental cells. However, it remains unknown whether γδ-T-EVs can be designed as tumors vaccine to improve therapeutic efficacy. Here, we found that γδ-T-EVs had immune adjuvant effects on antigen-presenting cells, as revealed by enhanced expression of antigen-presenting and co-stimulatory molecules, secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and antigen-presenting ability of DCs after γδ-T-EVs treatment. The γδ-T-EVs-based vaccine was designed by loading tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) into γδ-T-EVs. Compared with γδ-T-EVs, the γδ-T-EVs-based vaccine effectively promoted more tumor-specific T-cell responses. In addition, the vaccine regimen preserved direct antitumor effects and induced tumor cell apoptosis. Interestingly, the allogeneic γδ-T-EVs-based vaccine showed comparable preventive and therapeutic antitumor effects to their autologous counterparts, indicating a better way of centralization and standardization in clinical practice. Furthermore, the allogeneic γδ-T-EVs-based vaccine displayed advantages over the DC-EVs-based vaccine through their dual antitumor activities. This study provides a proof-of-concept for using the allogeneic γδ-T-EVs-based vaccine in cancer control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Wang
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Yuet Chung
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Chloe Ran Tu
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana‐Farber Cancer InstituteHarvard UniversityBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Wenyue Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Xiaofeng Mu
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Manni Wang
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Godfrey Chi‐Fung Chan
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Wing‐Hang Leung
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Yu‐Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Yinping Liu
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong Kong SARChina
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesShenzhenChina
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9
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Kurioka A, Klenerman P. Aging unconventionally: γδ T cells, iNKT cells, and MAIT cells in aging. Semin Immunol 2023; 69:101816. [PMID: 37536148 PMCID: PMC10804939 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2023.101816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Unconventional T cells include γδ T cells, invariant Natural Killer T cells (iNKT) cells and Mucosal Associated Invariant T (MAIT) cells, which are distinguished from conventional T cells by their recognition of non-peptide ligands presented by non-polymorphic antigen presenting molecules and rapid effector functions that are pre-programmed during their development. Here we review current knowledge of the effect of age on unconventional T cells, from early life to old age, in both mice and humans. We then discuss the role of unconventional T cells in age-associated diseases and infections, highlighting the similarities between members of the unconventional T cell family in the context of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kurioka
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Translational Gastroenterology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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10
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Zhao Y, Zhu R, Wang Y, Wang K. Classification and function of γδT cells and its research progress in anti-glioblastoma. Discov Oncol 2023; 14:150. [PMID: 37597083 PMCID: PMC10439874 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-023-00770-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human peripheral blood T lymphocytes are classified into alpha-beta T (αβΤ) cells and gamma-delta T (γδΤ) cells based on the difference in T cell receptors (TCRs). αβT cells are crucial for the acquired immune response, while γδΤ cells, though only a small subset, can recognize antigenic substances. These antigens do not need to be processed and presented and are not restricted by MHC. This distinguishes γδΤ cells from αβT cells and highlights their distinct role in innate immunity. Despite their small number, γδΤ cells hold significant significance in anti-tumor, anti-infection and immune regulation. Glioblastoma (GBM) represents one of the most prevalent malignant tumors within the central nervous system (CNS). Surgical resection alone proves to be an ineffective method for curing this type of cancer. Even with the combination of surgical resection, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, the prognosis of some individuals with glioblastoma is still poor, and the recurrence rate is high. In this research, the classification, biological, and immunological functions of γδT cells and their research progress in anti-glioblastoma were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujuan Zhao
- Comprehensive Ward, Yingsheng Hospital District of The Affiliated Tai'an City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai'an, China
| | - Renhong Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tai'an Tumor Prevention and Treatment Hospital, Tai'an, China
| | - Yashu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Affiliated Tai'an City Central Hospital of Qingdao University, Tai'an, China
| | - Keqiang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Tai'an, China.
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11
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Lewis ED, Crowley DC, Guthrie N, Evans M. Healthy adults supplemented with a nutraceutical formulation containing Aloe vera gel, rosemary and Poria cocos enhances the effect of influenza vaccination in a randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1116634. [PMID: 37168053 PMCID: PMC10165552 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1116634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The study objective was to examine the role of a formulation, UP360, containing rosemary and Poria cocos extracts and Aloe vera gel powder, in healthy adults on supporting immune function with influenza vaccination. A 56-day randomized, triple-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel study consisted of a 28-day pre-vaccination period, an influenza vaccination on Day 28 and a 28-day post-vaccination period. Men and women ages 40-80 who had not yet been vaccinated for the flu were randomized to UP360 or Placebo (n = 25/group). At baseline, Days 28 and 56, blood lymphocyte populations, immunoglobulins (Ig), and cytokines were measured, and quality of life (QoL) questionnaires administered. The Wisconsin Upper Respiratory Symptom Survey (WURSS)-24 was completed daily by participants to measure incidence of upper respiratory tract infection (URTIs). In the post-vaccination period, TCR gamma-delta (γδ+) cells, known as γδ T cells, increased with UP360 supplementation compared to Placebo (p < 0.001). The UP360 group had a 15.6% increase in influenza B-specific IgG levels in the post-vaccination period (p = 0.0006). UP360 significantly increased the amount of circulating glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) from baseline at Day 28 (p = 0.0214), an enzyme that is important for neutralizing free radicals. While UP360 supplementation initially decreased levels of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-1RA in the pre-vaccination period, IL-1RA levels were increased in the post-vaccination period (p ≤ 0.0482). Levels of IL-7 increased from baseline at Day 56 with UP360 supplementation (p = 0.0458). Despite these changes in immune markers, there were no differences in URTI symptoms or QoL between UP360 and Placebo. These results suggest UP360 supplementation was beneficial in eliciting a healthy, robust immune response in the context of vaccination. No changes in subjective measures of URTI illness or QoL demonstrated that participants' QoL was not negatively impacted by UP360 supplementation. There were no differences in clinical chemistry, vitals or adverse events confirming the good safety profile of UP360. The trial was registered on the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ISRCTN15838713).
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12
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Fears AC, Walker EM, Chirichella N, Slisarenko N, Merino KM, Golden N, Picou B, Spencer S, Russell-Lodrigue KE, Doyle-Meyers LA, Blair RV, Beddingfield BJ, Maness NJ, Roy CJ, Rout N. The dynamics of γδ T cell responses in nonhuman primates during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Commun Biol 2022; 5:1380. [PMID: 36526890 PMCID: PMC9756695 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-04310-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although most SARS-CoV-2 infections are mild, some patients develop systemic inflammation and progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). However, the cellular mechanisms underlying this spectrum of disease remain unclear. γδT cells are T lymphocyte subsets that have key roles in systemic and mucosal immune responses during infection and inflammation. Here we show that peripheral γδT cells are rapidly activated following aerosol or intra-tracheal/intra-nasal (IT/IN) SARS-CoV-2 infection in nonhuman primates. Our results demonstrate a rapid expansion of Vδ1 γδT cells at day1 that correlate significantly with lung viral loads during the first week of infection. Furthermore, increase in levels of CCR6 and Granzyme B expression in Vδ1 T cells during viral clearance imply a role in innate-like epithelial barrier-protective and cytotoxic functions. Importantly, the early activation and mobilization of circulating HLA-DR+CXCR3+ γδT cells along with significant correlations of Vδ1 T cells with IL-1Ra and SCF levels in bronchoalveolar lavage suggest a novel role for Vδ1 T cells in regulating lung inflammation during aerosol SARS-CoV-2 infection. A deeper understanding of the immunoregulatory functions of MHC-unrestricted Vδ1 T cells in lungs during early SARS-CoV-2 infection is particularly important in the wake of emerging new variants with increased transmissibility and immune evasion potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa C Fears
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Edith M Walker
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Nicole Chirichella
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Nadia Slisarenko
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Kristen M Merino
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Nadia Golden
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Breanna Picou
- High Containment Research Performance Core, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Skye Spencer
- High Containment Research Performance Core, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Kasi E Russell-Lodrigue
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Lara A Doyle-Meyers
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | - Robert V Blair
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
| | | | - Nicholas J Maness
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Chad J Roy
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Namita Rout
- Division of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Tulane Center for Aging, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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13
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Neuwirth T, Knapp K, Stary G. (Not) Home alone: Antigen presenting cell - T Cell communication in barrier tissues. Front Immunol 2022; 13:984356. [PMID: 36248804 PMCID: PMC9556809 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.984356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Priming of T cells by antigen presenting cells (APCs) is essential for T cell fate decisions, enabling T cells to migrate to specific tissues to exert their effector functions. Previously, these interactions were mainly explored using blood-derived cells or animal models. With great advances in single cell RNA-sequencing techniques enabling analysis of tissue-derived cells, it has become clear that subsets of APCs are responsible for priming and modulating heterogeneous T cell effector responses in different tissues. This composition of APCs and T cells in tissues is essential for maintaining homeostasis and is known to be skewed in infection and inflammation, leading to pathological T cell responses. This review highlights the commonalities and differences of T cell priming and subsequent effector function in multiple barrier tissues such as the skin, intestine and female reproductive tract. Further, we provide an overview of how this process is altered during tissue-specific infections which are known to cause chronic inflammation and how this knowledge could be harnessed to modify T cell responses in barrier tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Neuwirth
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Knapp
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Stary
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna, Austria,*Correspondence: Georg Stary,
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14
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Ibraheem Y, Bayarsaikhan G, Inoue SI. Host immunity to Plasmodium infection: Contribution of Plasmodium berghei to our understanding of T cell-related immune response to blood-stage malaria. Parasitol Int 2022; 92:102646. [PMID: 35998816 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by infection with Plasmodium parasites. The goal of developing an effective malaria vaccine is yet to be reached despite decades of massive research efforts. CD4+ helper T cells, CD8+ cytotoxic T cells, and γδ T cells are associated with immune responses to both liver-stage and blood-stage Plasmodium infection. The immune responses of T cell-lineages to Plasmodium infection are associated with both protection and immunopathology. Studies with mouse model of malaria contribute to our understanding of host immune response. In this paper, we focus primarily on mouse malaria model with blood-stage Plasmodium berghei infection and review our knowledge of T cell immune responses against Plasmodium infection. Moreover, we also discuss findings of experimental human studies. Uncovering the precise mechanisms of T cell-mediated immunity to Plasmodium infection can be accomplished through further investigations using mouse models of malaria with rodent Plasmodium parasites. Those findings would be invaluable to advance the efforts for development of an effective malaria vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yarob Ibraheem
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-city, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Ganchimeg Bayarsaikhan
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-city, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Inoue
- Division of Immunology, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki-city, Nagasaki 852-8523, Japan.
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15
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Gay L, Mezouar S, Cano C, Frohna P, Madakamutil L, Mège JL, Olive D. Role of Vγ9vδ2 T lymphocytes in infectious diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:928441. [PMID: 35924233 PMCID: PMC9340263 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.928441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor Vγ9Vδ2 T cells bridge innate and adaptive antimicrobial immunity in primates. These Vγ9Vδ2 T cells respond to phosphoantigens (pAgs) present in microbial or eukaryotic cells in a butyrophilin 3A1 (BTN3) and butyrophilin 2A1 (BTN2A1) dependent manner. In humans, the rapid expansion of circulating Vγ9Vδ2 T lymphocytes during several infections as well as their localization at the site of active disease demonstrates their important role in the immune response to infection. However, Vγ9Vδ2 T cell deficiencies have been observed in some infectious diseases such as active tuberculosis and chronic viral infections. In this review, we are providing an overview of the mechanisms of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-mediated antimicrobial immunity. These cells kill infected cells mainly by releasing lytic mediators and pro-inflammatory cytokines and inducing target cell apoptosis. In addition, the release of chemokines and cytokines allows the recruitment and activation of immune cells, promoting the initiation of the adaptive immune response. Finaly, we also describe potential new therapeutic tools of Vγ9Vδ2 T cell-based immunotherapy that could be applied to emerging infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Gay
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- ImCheck Therapeutics, Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Louis Mège
- Aix-Marseille Univ, Intitut Recherche pour le Développement (IRT), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbe, Evolution, Phylogeny, Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Immunology Department, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Univ, APHM, Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Centre pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Marseille (CRCM), Inserm UMR1068, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS) UMR7258, Institut Paoli Calmettes, Marseille, France
- *Correspondence: Daniel Olive,
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16
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Singh K, Cogan S, Elekes S, Murphy DM, Cummins S, Curran R, Najda Z, Dunne MR, Jameson G, Gargan S, Martin S, Long A, Doherty DG. SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins fail to activate human dendritic cells or γδ T cells. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271463. [PMID: 35834480 PMCID: PMC9282473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are thought to contribute to immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but the mechanisms by which they are activated by the virus are unknown. Using flow cytometry, we investigated if the two most abundant viral structural proteins, spike and nucleocapsid, can activate human γδ T cell subsets, directly or in the presence of dendritic cells (DC). Both proteins failed to induce interferon-γ production by Vδ1 or Vδ2 T cells within fresh mononuclear cells or lines of expanded γδ T cells generated from healthy donors, but the same proteins stimulated CD3+ cells from COVID-19 patients. The nucleocapsid protein stimulated interleukin-12 production by DC and downstream interferon-γ production by co-cultured Vδ1 and Vδ2 T cells, but protease digestion and use of an alternative nucleocapsid preparation indicated that this activity was due to contaminating non-protein material. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 spike and nucleocapsid proteins do not have stimulatory activity for DC or γδ T cells. We propose that γδ T cell activation in COVID-19 patients is mediated by immune recognition of viral RNA or other structural proteins by γδ T cells, or by other immune cells, such as DC, that produce γδ T cell-stimulatory ligands or cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Singh
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sita Cogan
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stefan Elekes
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Dearbhla M. Murphy
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinead Cummins
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rory Curran
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Zaneta Najda
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Margaret R. Dunne
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gráinne Jameson
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Siobhan Gargan
- Discipline of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seamus Martin
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Aideen Long
- Discipline of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Derek G. Doherty
- Discipline of Immunology, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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17
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Chan KF, Duarte JDG, Ostrouska S, Behren A. γδ T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment-Interactions With Other Immune Cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:894315. [PMID: 35880177 PMCID: PMC9307934 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.894315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing number of studies have shown that γδ T cells play a pivotal role in mediating the clearance of tumors and pathogen-infected cells with their potent cytotoxic, cytolytic, and unique immune-modulating functions. Unlike the more abundant αβ T cells, γδ T cells can recognize a broad range of tumors and infected cells without the requirement of antigen presentation via major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules. Our group has recently demonstrated parts of the mechanisms of T-cell receptor (TCR)-dependent activation of Vγ9Vδ2+ T cells by tumors following the presentation of phosphoantigens, intermediates of the mevalonate pathway. This process is mediated through the B7 immunoglobulin family-like butyrophilin 2A1 (BTN2A1) and BTN3A1 complexes. Such recognition results in activation, a robust immunosurveillance process, and elicits rapid γδ T-cell immune responses. These include targeted cell killing, and the ability to produce copious quantities of cytokines and chemokines to exert immune-modulating properties and to interact with other immune cells. This immune cell network includes αβ T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes, natural killer cells, and neutrophils, hence heavily influencing the outcome of immune responses. This key role in orchestrating immune cells and their natural tropism for tumor microenvironment makes γδ T cells an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy. Here, we review the current understanding of these important interactions and highlight the implications of the crosstalk between γδ T cells and other immune cells in the context of anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kok Fei Chan
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Jessica Da Gama Duarte
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Simone Ostrouska
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Behren
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, and School of Cancer Medicine, La Trobe University, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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18
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Cervantes O, Talavera IC, Every E, Coler B, Li M, Li A, Li H, Adams Waldorf K. Role of hormones in the pregnancy and sex-specific outcomes to infections with respiratory viruses. Immunol Rev 2022; 308:123-148. [PMID: 35373371 PMCID: PMC9189035 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant women infected with pathogenic respiratory viruses, such as influenza A viruses (IAV) and coronaviruses, are at higher risk for mortality, hospitalization, preterm birth, and stillbirth. Several factors are likely to contribute to the susceptibility of pregnant individuals to severe lung disease including changes in pulmonary physiology, immune defenses, and effector functions of some immune cells. Pregnancy is also a physiologic state characterized by higher levels of multiple hormones that may impact the effector functions of immune cells, such as progesterone, estrogen, human chorionic gonadotropin, prolactin, and relaxin. Each of these hormones acts to support a tolerogenic immune state of pregnancy, which helps prevent fetal rejection, but may also contribute to an impaired antiviral response. In this review, we address the unique role of adaptive and innate immune cells in the control of pathogenic respiratory viruses and how pregnancy and specific hormones can impact their effector actions. We highlight viruses with sex-specific differences in infection outcomes and why pregnancy hormones may contribute to fetal protection but aid the virus at the expense of the mother's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlando Cervantes
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Irene Cruz Talavera
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Emma Every
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
| | - Brahm Coler
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Elson S. Floyd College of Medicine, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington, United States of America
| | - Miranda Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York City, New York, United States of America
| | - Amanda Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Hanning Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Kristina Adams Waldorf
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
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19
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Pei Y, Xiang Z, Wen K, Tu CR, Wang X, Zhang Y, Mu X, Liu Y, Tu W. CD137 Costimulation Enhances the Antitumor Activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T Cells in IL-10-Mediated Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:872122. [PMID: 35784354 PMCID: PMC9247142 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.872122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Although γδ-T cell-based tumor immunotherapy using phosphoantigens to boost γδ-T cell immunity has shown success in some cancer patients, the clinical application is limited due to the rapid exhaustion of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells caused by repetitive stimulation from phosphoantigens and the profoundly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). In this study, using a cell culture medium containing human and viral interleukin-10 (hIL-10 and vIL-10) secreted from EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid B cell lines (EBV-LCL) to mimic the immunosuppressive TEM, we found that the antitumor activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells was highly suppressed by endogenous hIL-10 and vIL-10 within the TME. CD137 costimulation could provide an anti-exhaustion signal to mitigate the suppressive effects of IL-10 in TME by suppressing IL-10R1 expression on Vγ9Vδ2-T cells. CD137 costimulation also improved the compromised antitumor activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells in TME with high levels of IL-10 in Rag2-/- γc-/- mice. In humanized mice, CD137 costimulation boosted the therapeutic effects of aminobisphosphonate pamidronate against EBV-induced lymphoma. Our study offers a novel approach to overcoming the obstacle of the hIL-10 and vIL-10-mediated immunosuppressive microenvironment by costimulating CD137 and enhancing the efficacy of γδ-T cell-based tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Pei
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Bioland Laboratory (Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory), Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kun Wen
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chloe Ran Tu
- Computational and Systems Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xiwei Wang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiaofeng Mu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yinping Liu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Wenwei Tu,
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20
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Wang X, Zhang Y, Mu X, Tu CR, Chung Y, Tsao SW, Chan GCF, Leung WH, Lau YL, Liu Y, Tu W. Exosomes derived from γδ-T cells synergize with radiotherapy and preserve antitumor activities against nasopharyngeal carcinoma in immunosuppressive microenvironment. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2021-003832. [PMID: 35105688 PMCID: PMC8808451 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Radiotherapy is the first-line treatment for patients nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), but its therapeutic efficacy is poor in some patients due to radioresistance. Adoptive T cell-based immunotherapy has also shown promise to control NPC; however, its antitumor efficacy may be attenuated by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Exosomes derived from γδ-T cells (γδ-T-Exos) have potent antitumor potentials. However, it remains unknown whether γδ-T-Exos have synergistic effect with radiotherapy and preserve their antitumor activities against NPC in an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Methods γδ-T-Exos were stained with fluorescent membrane dye, and their interactions with NPC were determined both in vitro and in vivo. NPC cell deaths were detected after treatment with γδ-T-Exos and/or irradiation. Moreover, effects of γδ-T-Exos on radioresistant cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) were determined. The therapeutic efficacy of combination therapy using γδ-T-Exos and irradiation on NPC tumor progression was also monitored in vivo. Finally, the tumor-killing and T cell-promoting activities of γδ-T-Exos were determined under the culture in immunosuppressive NPC supernatant. Results γδ-T-Exos effectively interacted with NPC tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. γδ-T-Exos not only killed NPC cells in vitro, which was mainly mediated by Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) and death receptor 5 (DR5)/tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) pathways, but also controlled NPC tumor growth and prolonged tumor-bearing mice survival in vivo. Furthermore, γδ-T-Exos selectively targeted the radioresistant CD44+/high CSCs and induced profound cell apoptosis. The combination of γδ-T-Exos with radiotherapy overcame the radioresistance of CD44+/high NPC cells and significantly improved its therapeutic efficacy against NPC in vitro and in vivo. In addition, γδ-T-Exos promoted T-cell migration into NPC tumors by upregulating CCR5 on T cells that were chemoattracted by CCR5 ligands in the NPC tumor microenvironment. Although NPC tumor cells secreted abundant tumor growth factor beta to suppress T-cell responses, γδ-T-Exos preserved their direct antitumor activities and overcame the immunosuppressive NPC microenvironment to amplify T-cell antitumor immunity. Conclusions γδ-T-Exos synergized with radiotherapy to control NPC by overcoming the radioresistance of NPC CSCs. Moreover, γδ-T-Exos preserved their tumor-killing and T cell-promoting activities in the immunosuppressive NPC microenvironment. This study provides a proof of concept for a novel and potent strategy by combining γδ-T-Exos with radiotherapy in the control of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Wang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yanmei Zhang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Mu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chloe Ran Tu
- Computational and Systems Biology Interdepartmental Program, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yuet Chung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sai Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Godfrey Chi-Fung Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Hang Leung
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu-Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yinping Liu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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21
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Ferrero MR, Tavares LP, Garcia CC. The Dual Role of CCR5 in the Course of Influenza Infection: Exploring Treatment Opportunities. Front Immunol 2022; 12:826621. [PMID: 35126379 PMCID: PMC8810482 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.826621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is one of the most relevant respiratory viruses to human health causing annual epidemics, and recurrent pandemics. Influenza disease is principally associated with inappropriate activation of the immune response. Chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and its cognate chemokines CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 are rapidly induced upon influenza infection, contributing to leukocyte recruitment into the airways and a consequent effective antiviral response. Here we discuss the existing evidence for CCR5 role in the host immune responses to influenza virus. Complete absence of CCR5 in mice revealed the receptor’s role in coping with influenza via the recruitment of early memory CD8+ T cells, B cell activation and later recruitment of activated CD4+ T cells. Moreover, CCR5 contributes to inflammatory resolution by enhancing alveolar macrophages survival and reprogramming macrophages to pro-resolving phenotypes. In contrast, CCR5 activation is associated with excessive recruitment of neutrophils, inflammatory monocytes, and NK cells in models of severe influenza pneumonia. The available data suggests that, while CCL5 can play a protective role in influenza infection, CCL3 may contribute to an overwhelming inflammatory process that can harm the lung tissue. In humans, the gene encoding CCR5 might contain a 32-base pair deletion, resulting in a truncated protein. While discordant data in literature regarding this CCR5 mutation and influenza severity, the association of CCR5delta32 and HIV resistance fostered the development of different CCR5 inhibitors, now being tested in lung inflammation therapy. The potential use of CCR5 inhibitors to modulate the inflammatory response in severe human influenza infections is to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Ruben Ferrero
- Instituto de Investigación en Biomedicina de Buenos Aires (IBioBA)-CONICET-Partner Institute of the Max Planck Society, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Maximiliano Ruben Ferrero,
| | - Luciana Pádua Tavares
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Cristiana Couto Garcia
- Laboratory of Respiratory Virus and Measles, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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22
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Du Y, Khera T, Strunz B, Deterding K, Todt D, Woller N, Engelskircher SA, Hardtke S, Port K, Ponzetta A, Steinmann E, Cornberg M, Hengst J, Björkström NK, Wedemeyer H. Imprint of unconventional T-cell response in acute hepatitis C persists despite successful early antiviral treatment. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:472-483. [PMID: 34843107 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Unconventional T cells (UTCs) are a heterogeneous group of T cells that typically exhibit rapid responses toward specific antigens from pathogens. Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection causes dysfunction of several subsets of UTCs. This altered phenotype and function of UTCs can persist over time even after direct-acting antiviral (DAA)-mediated clearance of chronic HCV. However, it is less clear if and how UTCs respond in acute, symptomatic HCV infection, a rare clinical condition, and if rapid DAA treatment of such patients reverses the caused perturbations within UTCs. Here, we comprehensively analyzed the phenotype and reinvigoration capacity of three major UTC populations, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, γδ T cells, and CD4 and CD8 double-negative αβ T cells (DNT cells) before, during, and after DAA-mediated clearance of acute symptomatic HCV infection. Furthermore, MAIT cell functionality was systematically studied. We observed a reduced frequency of MAIT cells. However, remaining cells presented with a near-to-normal phenotype in acute infection, which contrasted with a significant dysfunction upon stimulation that was not restored after viral clearance. Notably, DNT and γδ T cells displayed a strong activation ex-vivo in acute HCV infection, which subsequently normalized during the treatment. In addition, DNT cell activation was specifically associated with liver inflammation and inflammatory cytokines. Altogether, these data provide evidence that UTCs respond in a cell type-specific manner during symptomatic HCV infection. However, even if early treatment is initiated, long-lasting imprints within UTCs remain over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqin Du
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tanvi Khera
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Benedikt Strunz
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katja Deterding
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Daniel Todt
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,European Virus Bioinformatics Center (EVBC), Jena, Germany
| | - Norman Woller
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sophie Anna Engelskircher
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Svenja Hardtke
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), HepNet Study-House, Hannover, Germany
| | - Kerstin Port
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Andrea Ponzetta
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Markus Cornberg
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), HepNet Study-House, Hannover, Germany.,Center for Individualized Infection Medicine (CIIM), Hannover, Germany.,Twincore, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence Resolving Infection Susceptibility (RESIST: EXC), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Julia Hengst
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Niklas K Björkström
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), HepNet Study-House, Hannover, Germany
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- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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23
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Martini F, Champagne E. The Contribution of Human Herpes Viruses to γδ T Cell Mobilisation in Co-Infections. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122372. [PMID: 34960641 PMCID: PMC8704314 DOI: 10.3390/v13122372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are activated in viral, bacterial and parasitic infections. Among viruses that promote γδ T cell mobilisation in humans, herpes viruses (HHVs) occupy a particular place since they infect the majority of the human population and persist indefinitely in the organism in a latent state. Thus, other infections should, in most instances, be considered co-infections, and the reactivation of HHV is a serious confounding factor in attributing γδ T cell alterations to a particular pathogen in human diseases. We review here the literature data on γδ T cell mobilisation in HHV infections and co-infections, and discuss the possible contribution of HHVs to γδ alterations observed in various infectious settings. As multiple infections seemingly mobilise overlapping γδ subsets, we also address the concept of possible cross-protection.
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24
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Kathamuthu GR, Kumar NP, Moideen K, Menon PA, Babu S. Decreased Frequencies of Gamma/Delta T Cells Expressing Th1/Th17 Cytokine, Cytotoxic, and Immune Markers in Latent Tuberculosis-Diabetes/Pre-Diabetes Comorbidity. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:756854. [PMID: 34765568 PMCID: PMC8577793 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.756854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific gamma-delta (γδ) T cells are important in exhibiting anti-mycobacterial immunity, but their role in latent tuberculosis (LTB) with diabetes mellitus (DM) or pre-DM (PDM) and non-DM comorbidities have not been studied. Thus, we have studied the baseline, mycobacterial (PPD, WCL), and positive control antigen-stimulated γδ T cells expressing Th1 (IFNγ, TNFα, IL-2) and Th17 (IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22) cytokine as well as cytotoxic (perforin [PFN], granzyme [GZE B], granulysin [GNLSN]) and immune (GMCSF, PD-1, CD69) markers in LTB (DM, PDM, NDM) comorbidities by flow cytometry. In the unstimulated (UNS) condition, we did not observe any significant difference in the frequencies of γδ T cells expressing Th1 and Th17 cytokine, cytotoxic, and immune markers. In contrast, upon PPD antigen stimulation, the frequencies of γδ T cells expressing Th1 (IFNγ, TNFα) and Th17 (IL-17F, IL-22) cytokine, cytotoxic (PFN, GZE B, GNLSN), and immune (CD69) markers were significantly diminished in LTB DM and/or PDM individuals compared to LTB NDM individuals. Similarly, upon WCL antigen stimulation, the frequencies of γδ T cells expressing Th1 (TNFα) and Th17 (IL-17A, IL-22) cytokine, cytotoxic (PFN), and immune (PD-1, CD69) markers were significantly diminished in LTB DM and/or PDM individuals compared to LTB NDM individuals. Finally, upon P/I stimulation we did not observe any significant difference in the γδ T cell frequencies expressing cytokine, cytotoxic, and immune markers between the study populations. The culture supernatant levels of IFNγ, TNFα, and IL-17A cytokines were significantly increased in LTB DM and PDM after stimulation with Mtb antigens compared to LTB NDM individuals. Therefore, diminished γδ T cells expressing cytokine, cytotoxic, and other immune markers and elevated levels of cytokines in the supernatants is a characteristic feature of LTB PDM/DM co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gokul Raj Kathamuthu
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India.,Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR-NIRT), Chennai, India
| | - Nathella Pavan Kumar
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India.,Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR-NIRT), Chennai, India
| | - Kadar Moideen
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India
| | - Pradeep A Menon
- Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR-NIRT), Chennai, India
| | - Subash Babu
- National Institutes of Health-NIRT-International Center for Excellence in Research, Chennai, India.,Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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25
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Single-Cell RNAseq Profiling of Human γδ T Lymphocytes in Virus-Related Cancers and COVID-19 Disease. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112212. [PMID: 34835019 PMCID: PMC8623150 DOI: 10.3390/v13112212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The detailed characterization of human γδ T lymphocyte differentiation at the single-cell transcriptomic (scRNAseq) level in tumors and patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) requires both a reference differentiation trajectory of γδ T cells and a robust mapping method for additional γδ T lymphocytes. Here, we incepted such a method to characterize thousands of γδ T lymphocytes from (n = 95) patients with cancer or adult and pediatric COVID-19 disease. We found that cancer patients with human papillomavirus-positive head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and Epstein-Barr virus-positive Hodgkin's lymphoma have γδ tumor-infiltrating T lymphocytes that are more prone to recirculate from the tumor and avoid exhaustion. In COVID-19, both TCRVγ9 and TCRVγnon9 subsets of γδ T lymphocytes relocalize from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to the infected lung tissue, where their advanced differentiation, tissue residency, and exhaustion reflect T cell activation. Although severe COVID-19 disease increases both recruitment and exhaustion of γδ T lymphocytes in infected lung lesions but not blood, the anti-IL6R therapy with Tocilizumab promotes γδ T lymphocyte differentiation in patients with COVID-19. PBMC from pediatric patients with acute COVID-19 disease display similar γδ T cell lymphopenia to that seen in adult patients. However, blood γδ T cells from children with the COVID-19-related multisystem inflammatory syndrome are not lymphodepleted, but they are differentiated as in healthy PBMC. These findings suggest that some virus-induced memory γδ T lymphocytes durably persist in the blood of adults and could subsequently infiltrate and recirculate in tumors.
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26
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von Massow G, Oh S, Lam A, Gustafsson K. Gamma Delta T Cells and Their Involvement in COVID-19 Virus Infections. Front Immunol 2021; 12:741218. [PMID: 34777353 PMCID: PMC8586491 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.741218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The global outbreak of the SARS-Cov-2 virus in 2020 has killed millions of people worldwide and forced large parts of the world into lockdowns. While multiple vaccine programs are starting to immunize the global population, there is no direct cure for COVID-19, the disease caused by the SARS-Cov-2 infection. A common symptom in patients is a decrease in T cells, called lymphopenia. It is as of yet unclear what the exact role of T cells are in the immune response to COVID-19. The research so far has mainly focused on the involvement of classical αβ T cells. However, another subset of T cells called γδ T cells could have an important role to play. As part of the innate immune system, γδ T cells respond to inflammation and stressed or infected cells. The γδ T cell subset appears to be particularly affected by lymphopenia in COVID-19 patients and commonly express activation and exhaustion markers. Particularly in children, this subset of T cells seems to be most affected. This is interesting and relevant because γδ T cells are more prominent and active in early life. Their specific involvement in this group of patients could indicate a significant role for γδ T cells in this disease. Furthermore, they seem to be involved in other viral infections and were able to kill SARS infected cells in vitro. γδ T cells can take up, process and present antigens from microbes and human cells. As e.g. tumour-associated antigens are presented by MHC on γδ T cells to classical T-cells, we argue here that it stands to reason that also viral antigens, such as SARS-Cov-2-derived peptides, can be presented in the same way. γδ T cells are already used for medical purposes in oncology and have potential in cancer therapy. As γδ T cells are not necessarily able to distinguish between a transformed and a virally infected cell it could therefore be of great interest to investigate further the relationship between COVID-19 and γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg von Massow
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Steve Oh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alan Lam
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kenth Gustafsson
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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27
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Morrison AL, Sharpe S, White AD, Bodman-Smith M. Cheap and Commonplace: Making the Case for BCG and γδ T Cells in COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:743924. [PMID: 34567010 PMCID: PMC8455994 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.743924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific vaccines developed for the COVID-19 pandemic demonstrate a remarkable achievement and are currently being used in high income countries with much success. However, new SARS-CoV-2 variants are threatening this success via mutations that lessen the efficacy of antigen-specific antibodies. One simple approach to assisting with this issue is focusing on strategies that build on the non-specific protection afforded by the innate immune response. The BCG vaccine has been shown to provide broad protection beyond tuberculosis disease, including against respiratory viruses, and ongoing studies are investigating its efficacy as a tool against SARS-CoV-2. Gamma delta (γδ) T cells, particularly the Vδ2 subtype, undergo rapid expansion after BCG vaccination due to MHC-independent mechanisms. Consequently, γδ T cells can produce diverse defenses against virally infected cells, including direct cytotoxicity, death receptor ligands, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. They can also assist in stimulating the adaptive immune system. BCG is affordable, commonplace and non-specific, and therefore could be a useful tool to initiate innate protection against new SARS-CoV-2 variants. However, considerations must also be made to BCG vaccine supply and the prioritization of countries where it is most needed to combat tuberculosis first and foremost.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sally Sharpe
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. White
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bodman-Smith
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St George’s University of London, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Wang X, Xiang Z, Liu Y, Huang C, Pei Y, Wang X, Zhi H, Wong WHS, Wei H, Ng IOL, Lee PPW, Chan GCF, Lau YL, Tu W. Exosomes derived from Vδ2-T cells control Epstein-Barr virus-associated tumors and induce T cell antitumor immunity. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/563/eaaz3426. [PMID: 32998970 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz3426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of life-threatening Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated tumors remains a great challenge, especially for patients with relapsed or refractory disease. Here, we found that exosomes derived from phosphoantigen-expanded Vδ2-T cells (Vδ2-T-Exos) contained death-inducing ligands (FasL and TRAIL), an activating receptor for natural killer (NK) cells (NKG2D), immunostimulatory ligands (CD80 and CD86), and antigen-presenting molecules (MHC class I and II). Vδ2-T-Exos targeted and efficiently killed EBV-associated tumor cells through FasL and TRAIL pathways and promoted EBV antigen-specific CD4 and CD8 T cell expansion. Administration of Vδ2-T-Exos effectively controlled EBV-associated tumors in Rag2-/-γc-/- and humanized mice. Because expanding Vδ2-T cells and preparing autologous Vδ2-T-Exos from cancer patients ex vivo in large scale is challenging, we explored the antitumor activity of allogeneic Vδ2-T-Exos in humanized mouse cancer models. Here, we found that allogeneic Vδ2-T-Exos had more effective antitumor activity than autologous Vδ2-T-Exos in humanized mice; the allogeneic Vδ2-T-Exos increased the infiltration of T cells into tumor tissues and induced more robust CD4 and CD8 T cell-mediated antitumor immunity. Compared with exosomes derived from NK cells (NK-Exos) with direct cytotoxic antitumor activity or dendritic cells (DC-Exos) that induced T cell antitumor responses, Vδ2-T-Exos directly killed tumor cells and induced T cell-mediated antitumor response, thus resulting in more effective control of EBV-associated tumors. This study provided proof of concept for the strategy of using Vδ2-T-Exos, especially allogeneic Vδ2-T-Exos, to treat EBV-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiwei Wang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yinping Liu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Chunyu Huang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yujun Pei
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Hui Zhi
- Biostatistics and Clinical Research Methodology Unit, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wilfred Hing-Sang Wong
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Irene Oi-Lin Ng
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Pamela Pui-Wah Lee
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Godfrey Chi-Fung Chan
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yu-Lung Lau
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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29
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Caron J, Ridgley LA, Bodman-Smith M. How to Train Your Dragon: Harnessing Gamma Delta T Cells Antiviral Functions and Trained Immunity in a Pandemic Era. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666983. [PMID: 33854516 PMCID: PMC8039298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of viruses with pandemic potential such as the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus causing COVID-19 poses a global health challenge. There is remarkable progress in vaccine technology in response to this threat, but their design often overlooks the innate arm of immunity. Gamma Delta (γδ) T cells are a subset of T cells with unique features that gives them a key role in the innate immune response to a variety of homeostatic alterations, from cancer to microbial infections. In the context of viral infection, a growing body of evidence shows that γδ T cells are particularly equipped for early virus detection, which triggers their subsequent activation, expansion and the fast deployment of antiviral functions such as direct cytotoxic pathways, secretion of cytokines, recruitment and activation of other immune cells and mobilization of a trained immunity memory program. As such, γδ T cells represent an attractive target to stimulate for a rapid and effective resolution of viral infections. Here, we review the known aspects of γδ T cells that make them crucial component of the immune response to viruses, and the ways that their antiviral potential can be harnessed to prevent or treat viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Caron
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Alice Ridgley
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Bodman-Smith
- Infection and Immunity Research Institute, St. George's University of London, London, United Kingdom
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Huang C, Xiang Z, Zhang Y, Li Y, Xu J, Zhang H, Zeng Y, Tu W. NKG2D as a Cell Surface Marker on γδ-T Cells for Predicting Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients With Unexplained Repeated Implantation Failure. Front Immunol 2021; 12:631077. [PMID: 33777016 PMCID: PMC7988228 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.631077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal immune tolerance to semi-allogeneic fetus is essential for a successful implantation and pregnancy. Growing evidence indicated that low cytotoxic activity of γδ-T cells, which is mediated by activation and inhibitory receptors, is important for establishment of maternal immune tolerant microenvironment. However, the correlation between receptors on peripheral blood γδ-T cells, such as NKG2D, CD158a, and CD158b, and pregnancy outcome in patients with unexplained repeated implantation failure (uRIF) remains unclear. In this study, the association between the expression level of these receptors and pregnancy outcome in patients with uRIF was investigated. Thirty-eight women with uRIF were enrolled and divided into two groups: successful group and failed group, according to the pregnancy outcome on different gestational periods. The percentage of NKG2D+ γδ-T cells in lymphocytes was significantly higher in uRIF patients who had failed clinical pregnancy in subsequent cycle, compared with those who had successful clinical pregnancy. However, there were no differences about the frequencies of CD158a+ and CD158b+ γδ-T cells between the successful and failed groups. The receiver operating characteristic curve exhibited that the optimal cut-off value of NKG2D+ γδ-T cells was 3.24%, with 92.3% sensitivity and 66.7% specificity in predicting clinical pregnancy failure in uRIF patients. The patients with uRIF were further divided into two groups, group 1 (NKG2D+ γδ-T cells <3.24%) and group 2 (NKG2D+ γδ-T cells ≥3.24%), based on the cut-off value. The live birth rate of patients in the group 1 and group 2 were 61.5 and 28.0%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier survival curve further suggested that the frequency of NKG2D+ γδ-T cells in lymphocytes negatively correlated with live birth rate in patients with uRIF. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the frequency of peripheral blood NKG2D+ γδ-T cells among lymphocytes is a potential predictor for pregnancy outcome in uRIF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Huang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongnu Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuye Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jian Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongzhan Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Reproductive Immunology for Peri-implantation, Shenzhen Zhongshan Institute for Reproduction and Genetics, Fertility Center, Shenzhen Zhongshan Urology Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wenwei Tu
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Seo IH, Lee SJ, Noh TW, Kim JH, Joo HC, Shin EC, Park SH, Ko YG. Increase of Vδ2 + T Cells That Robustly Produce IL-17A in Advanced Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Tissues. Immune Netw 2021; 21:e17. [PMID: 33996173 PMCID: PMC8099614 DOI: 10.4110/in.2021.21.e17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a chronic dilation of the aorta with a tendency to enlarge and eventually rupture, which constitutes a major cause of cardiovascular mortality. Although T-cell infiltrates have been observed in AAA, the cellular, phenotypic, and functional characteristics of these tissue-infiltrating T cells are not fully understood. Here, we investigated the proportional changes of T-cell subsets-including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and γδ T cells-and their effector functions in AAAs. We found that Vδ2+ T cells were presented at a higher frequency in aortic aneurysmal tissue compared to normal aortic tissue and PBMCs from patients with AAA. In contrast, no differences were observed in the frequencies of CD4+, CD8+, and Vδ1+ T cells. Moreover, we observed that the Vδ2+ T cells from AAA tissue displayed immunophenotypes indicative of CCR5+ non-exhausted effector memory cells, with a decreased proportion of CD16+ cells. Finally, we found that these Vδ2+ T cells were the main source of IL-17A in abdominal aortic aneurysmal tissue. In conclusion, our results suggest that increased Vδ2+ T cells that robustly produce IL-17A in aortic aneurysmal tissue may contribute to AAA pathogenesis and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Ho Seo
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology and Vaccinology, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seung-Jun Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Tae Wook Noh
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kim
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Hyun-Chel Joo
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology and Vaccinology, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology and Vaccinology, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Young-Guk Ko
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Korea
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Granzyme B-expressing γδ-T and NK cells as a predictor of clinical pregnancy failure in patients with unexplained repeated implantation failure. J Reprod Immunol 2020; 144:103269. [PMID: 33540297 DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2020.103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The limited cytotoxicity of immune cells facilitates a successful establishment of pregnancy. However, the association between cytotoxic granules and unexplained repeated implantation failure (uRIF) remains unkown. Twenty-one fertile controls and 54 patients with uRIF were included in this study. The pregnancy outcomes were monitored at different gestational periods. The peripheral blood lymphocytes were detected using specific monoclonal antibodies by flow cytometry. The percentage of perforin+ (Pfr+), granzyme B+ (GrB+), or granulysin+ (Gnly+) lymphocytes was not significantly different among fertile controls, uRIF patients with successful pregnancy outcomes, and uRIF patients with pregnancy failure. The percentage of GrB+ γδ-T cells in lymphocytes was markedly higher in uRIF patients with implantation failure and clinical pregnancy failure than that in uRIF patients with a corresponding successful pregnancy outcome. A four-tier risk model showed that the risk of suffering clinical pregnancy failure in uRIF patients among high risk tier (83.3 %), normal risk tier (65.0 %) and low risk tier (39.1 %) was elevated by 2-4 fold compared with uRIF patients among lowest risk tier (20.0 %). In addition, the percentage of GrB+ NK cells in lymphocytes tended to decrease in uRIF patients with pregnancy failure. The AUC of the combined indicator with GrB+ γδ-T cells and GrB+ NK cells was increased than that of GrB+ γδ-T cells and GrB+ NK cells for predicting clinical pregnancy failure. In conclusion, the frequency of GrB-expressing γδ-T and NK cells in peripheral blood could serve as a predictor of clinical pregnancy failure in patients with uRIF.
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Hwang HJ, Lee JJ, Kang SH, Suh JK, Choi ES, Jang S, Hwang SH, Koh KN, Im HJ, Kim N. The BTLA and PD-1 signaling pathways independently regulate the proliferation and cytotoxicity of human peripheral blood γδ T cells. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2020; 9:274-287. [PMID: 33332777 PMCID: PMC7860523 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Background B‐ and T‐lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA) and programmed cell death‐1 (PD‐1) inhibit γδ T cell homeostasis and activation. This study aimed to determine whether BTLA and PD‐1 signaling pathways were convergent or independent in human peripheral blood γδ T cells. Herein we demonstrate that the signalings of BTLA and PD‐1 regulated proliferation and cytotoxicity of human γδ T cells, respectively. Methods Human peripheral blood γδ T cells were cultured with inactivated Jurkat cells in the presence of interleukin‐2 and zoledronate (Zol) for 14 days. Flow cytometry was performed to evaluate the phenotypes and functions of γδ T cells. Results The proliferation of the γδ T cells was increased when PBMCs were cocultured with inactivated herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM)low Jurkat cells. The cytotoxicity of the expanded γδ T cells was not affected by coculture with inactivated HVEMlow Jurkat cells and was further increased in the presence of anti‐PD‐L1 mAb. These results suggest that the inactivation of the BTLA signaling pathway during expansion could help produce more γδ T cells without compromising γδ T cell function. The inhibition of BTLA or PD‐1 signaling repressed phosphorylation of the src homology region 2‐containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 and increased the phosphorylation of protein kinase B in γδ T cells. However, there were no synergistic or additive effects by a combination of BTLA and PD‐1 blockade. Conclusion These results suggest that BTLA signaling is crucial in regulating γδ T cell proliferation and function and that the BTLA and PD‐1 signaling pathways act independently on the proliferation and cytotoxicity of human peripheral γδ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun J Hwang
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences and Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Asan Medical Institute for Convergence Science and Technology, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae J Lee
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences and Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung H Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin K Suh
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun S Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongsoo Jang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Hwang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Nam Koh
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho J Im
- Department of Pediatrics, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences and Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Biradar S, Lotze MT, Mailliard RB. The Unknown Unknowns: Recovering Gamma-Delta T Cells for Control of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). Viruses 2020; 12:v12121455. [PMID: 33348583 PMCID: PMC7766279 DOI: 10.3390/v12121455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in γδ T cell biology have focused on the unique attributes of these cells and their role in regulating innate and adaptive immunity, promoting tissue homeostasis, and providing resistance to various disorders. Numerous bacterial and viral pathogens, including human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV), greatly alter the composition of γδ T cells in vivo. Despite the effectiveness of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in controlling HIV and restoring health in those affected, γδ T cells are dramatically impacted during HIV infection and fail to reconstitute to normal levels in HIV-infected individuals during ART for reasons that are not clearly understood. Importantly, their role in controlling HIV infection, and the implications of their failure to rebound during ART are also largely unknown and understudied. Here, we review important aspects of human γδ T cell biology, the effector and immunomodulatory properties of these cells, their prevalence and function in HIV, and their immunotherapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivkumar Biradar
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Michael T. Lotze
- Departments of Surgery, Immunology, and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Robbie B. Mailliard
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Hao X, Li S, Chen L, Dong M, Wang J, Hu J, Gu M, Wang X, Hu S, Peng D, Liu X, Shang S. Establishing a Multicolor Flow Cytometry to Characterize Cellular Immune Response in Chickens Following H7N9 Avian Influenza Virus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12121396. [PMID: 33291218 PMCID: PMC7762099 DOI: 10.3390/v12121396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) emerged and has continued to re-emerge, continuously posing great threats to animal and human health. The detection of hemagglutination inhibition (HI) or virus neutralization antibodies (NA) is essential for assessing immune protection against AIV. However, the HI/NA-independent immune protection is constantly observed in vaccines’ development against H7N9 subtype AIV and other subtypes in chickens and mammals, necessitating the analysis of the cellular immune response. Here, we established a multi-parameter flow cytometry to examine the innate and adaptive cellular immune responses in chickens after intranasal infection with low pathogenicity H7N9 AIV. This assay allowed us to comprehensively define chicken macrophages, dendritic cells, and their MHC-II expression, NK cells, γδ T cells, B cells, and distinct T cell subsets in steady state and during infection. We found that NK cells and KUL01+ cells significantly increased after H7N9 infection, especially in the lung, and the KUL01+ cells upregulated MHC-II and CD11c expression. Additionally, the percentages and numbers of γδ T cells and CD8 T cells significantly increased and exhibited an activated phenotype with significant upregulation of CD25 expression in the lung but not in the spleen and blood. Furthermore, B cells showed increased in the lung but decreased in the blood and spleen in terms of the percentages or/and numbers, suggesting these cells may be recruited from the periphery after H7N9 infection. Our study firstly disclosed that H7N9 infection induced local and systemic cellular immune responses in chickens, the natural host of AIV, and that the flow cytometric assay developed in this study is useful for analyzing the cellular immune responses to AIVs and other avian infectious diseases and defining the correlates of immune protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Hao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
| | - Lina Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
| | - Maoli Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
| | - Jiongjiong Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
| | - Jiao Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Min Gu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Daxin Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (S.S.); Tel.: +86-514-879-914-16 (X.L.); +86-514-879-770-81 (S.S.)
| | - Shaobin Shang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (X.H.); (S.L.); (L.C.); (M.D.); (J.W.); (J.H.); (M.G.); (X.W.); (S.H.); (D.P.)
- Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (S.S.); Tel.: +86-514-879-914-16 (X.L.); +86-514-879-770-81 (S.S.)
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Clark BL, Thomas PG. A Cell for the Ages: Human γδ T Cells across the Lifespan. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8903. [PMID: 33255339 PMCID: PMC7727649 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the human immune system is exacerbated by age-related changes to immune cell functionality. Many of these age-related effects remain undescribed or driven by mechanisms that are poorly understood. γδ T cells, while considered an adaptive subset based on immunological ontogeny, retain both innate-like and adaptive-like characteristics. This T cell population is small but mighty, and has been implicated in both homeostatic and disease-induced immunity within tissues and throughout the periphery. In this review, we outline what is known about the effect of age on human peripheral γδ T cells, and call attention to areas of the field where further research is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi L. Clark
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Paul G. Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA;
- Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Sabbaghi A, Miri SM, Keshavarz M, Mahooti M, Zebardast A, Ghaemi A. Role of γδ T cells in controlling viral infections with a focus on influenza virus: implications for designing novel therapeutic approaches. Virol J 2020; 17:174. [PMID: 33183352 PMCID: PMC7659406 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-020-01449-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza virus infection is among the most detrimental threats to the health of humans and some animals, infecting millions of people annually all around the world and in many thousands of cases giving rise to pneumonia and death. All those health crises happen despite previous and recent developments in anti-influenza vaccination, suggesting the need for employing more sophisticated methods to control this malign infection. Main body The innate immunity modules are at the forefront of combating against influenza infection in the respiratory tract, among which, innate T cells, particularly gamma-delta (γδ) T cells, play a critical role in filling the gap needed for adaptive immune cells maturation, linking the innate and adaptive immunity together. Upon infection with influenza virus, production of cytokines and chemokines including CCL3, CCL4, and CCL5 from respiratory epithelium recruits γδ T cells at the site of infection in a CCR5 receptor-dependent fashion. Next, γδ T cells become activated in response to influenza virus infection and produce large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, especially IL-17A. Regardless of γδ T cells' roles in triggering the adaptive arm of the immune system, they also protect the respiratory epithelium by cytolytic and non-cytolytic antiviral mechanisms, as well as by enhancing neutrophils and natural killer cells recruitment to the infection site. CONCLUSION In this review, we explored varied strategies of γδ T cells in defense to influenza virus infection and how they can potentially provide balanced protective immune responses against infected cells. The results may provide a potential window for the incorporation of intact or engineered γδ T cells for developing novel antiviral approaches or for immunotherapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailar Sabbaghi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Miri
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Keshavarz
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mehran Mahooti
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arghavan Zebardast
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemi
- Department of Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses, Pasteur Institute of Iran, P.O. Box 1316943551, Tehran, Iran.
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Yazdanifar M, Mashkour N, Bertaina A. Making a case for using γδ T cells against SARS-CoV-2. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:689-702. [PMID: 33023358 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1822279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intensive worldwide efforts are underway to determine both the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the immune responses in COVID-19 patients in order to develop effective therapeutics and vaccines. One type of cell that may contribute to these immune responses is the γδ T lymphocyte, which plays a key role in immunosurveillance of the mucosal and epithelial barriers by rapidly responding to pathogens. Although found in low numbers in blood, γδ T cells consist the majority of tissue-resident T cells and participate in the front line of the host immune defense. Previous studies have demonstrated the critical protective role of γδ T cells in immune responses to other respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-1. However, no studies have profoundly investigated these cells in COVID-19 patients to date. γδ T cells can be safely expanded in vivo using existing inexpensive FDA-approved drugs such as bisphosphonate, in order to test its protective immune response to SARS-CoV-2. To support this line of research, we review insights gained from previous coronavirus research, along with recent findings, discussing the potential role of γδ T cells in controlling SARS-CoV-2. We conclude by proposing several strategies to enhance γδ T cell's antiviral function, which may be used in developing therapies for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Yazdanifar
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Narges Mashkour
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, CPHMVS, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
| | - Alice Bertaina
- Stem Cell Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Akoto C, Chan CYS, Ravi K, Zhang W, Vatish M, Norris SA, Hemelaar J. γδ T cell frequencies are altered in HIV positive pregnant South African women and are associated with preterm birth. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235162. [PMID: 32584913 PMCID: PMC7316337 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Preterm birth is the leading cause of neonatal and child mortality worldwide. Maternal HIV infection and antiretroviral treatment (ART) increase the rate of preterm birth, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown, limiting progress in prediction, prevention and treatment. While overall γδ T cell levels remain constant, acute HIV infection is associated with a depletion of the Vδ2 subset and an increase in the Vδ1 subset, which do not return to baseline with ART. γδ T cells have also been implicated in adverse pregnancy outcomes and we therefore investigated the potential association between maternal HIV infection, peripheral γδ T cell frequencies and preterm birth. Methods Study participants were HIV positive (n = 47) and HIV negative (n = 45) women enrolled in a prospective pregnancy cohort study at Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital in Soweto, South Africa. Women were enrolled in early pregnancy and gestational age was accurately determined by first trimester ultrasound scan. Peripheral blood samples were collected in each trimester and peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated. Frequencies of γδ T cells, Vδ1+ and Vδ2+ γδ T cell subsets, and CCR6 chemokine receptor expression were determined by flow cytometry. Results Total γδ T cell levels were similar between HIV positive and HIV negative women throughout pregnancy. However, in each trimester maternal HIV infection was associated with reduced levels of the Vδ2+ subset and increased levels of the Vδ1+ subset, leading to a reversal of the Vδ1/Vδ2 ratio. Timing of ART initiation among HIV positive women did not affect levels of γδ T cells, the Vδ1+ and Vδ2+ subsets, or the Vδ1/Vδ2 ratio. Importantly, preterm birth was associated with lower total γδ T cell levels in early pregnancy and γδ T cell frequencies were lowest in HIV positive women who delivered preterm. Moreover, in the first trimester the proportion of Vδ1+ T cells that were CCR6+ was significantly reduced in HIV+ women and women who delivered preterm, resulting in the lowest proportion of CCR6+ Vδ1 T cells in HIV positive women who delivered preterm. Conclusions Our findings suggest that altered γδ T cell frequencies may link maternal HIV infection and preterm birth. γδ T cell frequencies in early pregnancy may serve as predictive biomarkers to identify women at risk of delivering preterm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlene Akoto
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, The Women’s Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Christina Y. S. Chan
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, The Women’s Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Krithi Ravi
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, The Women’s Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Zhang
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, The Women’s Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Manu Vatish
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, The Women’s Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shane A. Norris
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, The Women’s Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, South African Medical Research Council Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Joris Hemelaar
- Nuffield Department of Women’s & Reproductive Health, University of Oxford, The Women’s Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics, South African Medical Research Council Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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CD137 costimulation enhances the antiviral activity of Vγ9Vδ2-T cells against influenza virus. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:74. [PMID: 32488072 PMCID: PMC7266814 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-0174-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza epidemics and pandemics are constant threats to global public health. Although strategies including vaccines and antiviral drugs have achieved great advances in controlling influenza virus infection, the efficacy of these strategies is limited by the highly frequent mutations in the viral genome and the emergence of drug-resistant strains. Our previous study indicated that boosting the immunity of human Vγ9Vδ2-T cells with the phosphoantigen pamidronate could be a therapeutic strategy to treat seasonal and avian influenza virus infections. However, one notable drawback of γδ-T cell-based immunotherapy is the rapid exhaustion of proliferation and effector responses due to repeated treatments with phosphoantigens. Here, we found that the expression of CD137 was inducible in Vγ9Vδ2-T cells following antigenic stimulation. CD137+ Vγ9Vδ2-T cells displayed more potent antiviral activity against influenza virus than their CD137− counterparts in vitro and in Rag2-/- γc-/- mice. We further demonstrated that CD137 costimulation was essential for Vγ9Vδ2-T cell activation, proliferation, survival and effector functions. In humanized mice reconstituted with human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, CD137 costimulation with a recombinant human CD137L protein boosted the therapeutic effects of pamidronate against influenza virus. Our study provides a novel strategy of targeting CD137 to improve the efficacy of Vγ9Vδ2-T cell-based immunotherapy.
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Lu H, Shi T, Wang M, Li X, Gu Y, Zhang X, Zhang G, Chen W. B7-H3 inhibits the IFN-γ-dependent cytotoxicity of Vγ9Vδ2 T cells against colon cancer cells. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1748991. [PMID: 32363121 PMCID: PMC7185217 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1748991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunoregulatory protein B7-H3, a member of the B7 family, has been confirmed to be highly expressed in colon cancer. However, the exact influence of B7-H3 on the features and antitumor ability of γδT cells in colon cancer remains unknown. In the present study, we investigated that the proportions of B7-H3+ γδT cells were distinctly increased in the peripheral blood and tumor tissues of colon cancer patients. B7-H3 blockade or knockdown promoted proliferation, inhibited cell apoptosis and induced the expression of activation markers (CD25 and CD69) on Vδ2 T cells. In contrast, treatment with the B7-H3 agonist 4H7 had the opposite effect. Furthermore, B7-H3 suppressed IFN-γ expression by inhibiting T-bet in Vδ2 T cells. Moreover, B7-H3 mediated the inhibition of Vδ2 T cell cytotoxicity via the downregulation of IFN-γ and perforin/granzyme B expression. More importantly, blocking the B7-H3 function significantly enhanced the cytotoxicity of Vδ2 T cells against colon cancer cells in vivo. Therefore, the inhibition or blockade of B7-H3 is a potential immunotherapeutic approach for colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tongguo Shi
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | | | - Xiaomi Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yanzheng Gu
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xueguang Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guangbo Zhang
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Weichang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Tumor Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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42
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Human γδ TCR Repertoires in Health and Disease. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040800. [PMID: 32225004 PMCID: PMC7226320 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires of γδ T cells are very different to those of αβ T cells. While the theoretical TCR repertoire diversity of γδ T cells is estimated to exceed the diversity of αβ T cells by far, γδ T cells are still understood as more invariant T cells that only use a limited set of γδ TCRs. Most of our current knowledge of human γδ T cell receptor diversity builds on specific monoclonal antibodies that discriminate between the two major subsets, namely Vδ2+ and Vδ1+ T cells. Of those two subsets, Vδ2+ T cells seem to better fit into a role of innate T cells with semi-invariant TCR usage, as compared to an adaptive-like biology of some Vδ1+ subsets. Yet, this distinction into innate-like Vδ2+ and adaptive-like Vδ1+ γδ T cells does not quite recapitulate the full diversity of γδ T cell subsets, ligands and interaction modes. Here, we review how the recent introduction of high-throughput TCR repertoire sequencing has boosted our knowledge of γδ T cell repertoire diversity beyond Vδ2+ and Vδ1+ T cells. We discuss the current understanding of clonal composition and the dynamics of human γδ TCR repertoires in health and disease.
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Kim SM, Park M, Yee SM, Ji KY, Lee EH, Nguyen TV, Nguyen THL, Jang J, Kim EM, Choi HR, Yun CH, Kang HS. Axl is a key regulator of intestinal γδ T-cell homeostasis. FASEB J 2019; 33:13386-13397. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901356r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Su-Man Kim
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Min Park
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Su-Min Yee
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Kon-Young Ji
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Lee
- Deagu-Gyeongbuk Medical Innovation Foundation, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Thi-Van Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Thi Hong-Loan Nguyen
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Jin Jang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Eun-Mi Kim
- Predictive Model Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ha-Rim Choi
- Department of Nursing, Nambu University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Yun
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
| | - Hyung-Sik Kang
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, South Korea
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Sant S, Jenkins MR, Dash P, Watson KA, Wang Z, Pizzolla A, Koutsakos M, Nguyen TH, Lappas M, Crowe J, Loudovaris T, Mannering SI, Westall GP, Kotsimbos TC, Cheng AC, Wakim L, Doherty PC, Thomas PG, Loh L, Kedzierska K. Human γδ T-cell receptor repertoire is shaped by influenza viruses, age and tissue compartmentalisation. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1079. [PMID: 31559018 PMCID: PMC6756999 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although γδ T cells comprise up to 10% of human peripheral blood T cells, questions remain regarding their role in disease states and T‐cell receptor (TCR) clonal expansions. We dissected anti‐viral functions of human γδ T cells towards influenza viruses and defined influenza‐reactive γδ TCRs in the context of γδ‐TCRs across the human lifespan. Methods We performed 51Cr‐killing assay and single‐cell time‐lapse live video microscopy to define mechanisms underlying γδ T‐cell‐mediated killing of influenza‐infected targets. We assessed cytotoxic profiles of γδ T cells in influenza‐infected patients and IFN‐γ production towards influenza‐infected lung epithelial cells. Using single‐cell RT‐PCR, we characterised paired TCRγδ clonotypes for influenza‐reactive γδ T cells in comparison with TCRs from healthy neonates, adults, elderly donors and tissues. Results We provide the first visual evidence of γδ T‐cell‐mediated killing of influenza‐infected targets and show distinct features to those reported for CD8+ T cells. γδ T cells displayed poly‐cytotoxic profiles in influenza‐infected patients and produced IFN‐γ towards influenza‐infected cells. These IFN‐γ‐producing γδ T cells were skewed towards the γ9δ2 TCRs, particularly expressing the public GV9‐TCRγ, capable of pairing with numerous TCR‐δ chains, suggesting their significant role in γδ T‐cell immunity. Neonatal γδ T cells displayed extensive non‐overlapping TCRγδ repertoires, while adults had enriched γ9δ2‐pairings with diverse CDR3γδ regions. Conversely, the elderly showed distinct γδ‐pairings characterised by large clonal expansions, a profile also prominent in adult tissues. Conclusion Human TCRγδ repertoire is shaped by age, tissue compartmentalisation and the individual's history of infection, suggesting that these somewhat enigmatic γδ T cells indeed respond to antigen challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sneha Sant
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Misty R Jenkins
- Immunology Division Walter and Eliza Hall Institute Melbourne VIC Australia.,LaTrobe Institute for Molecular Science La Trobe University Melbourne VIC Australia.,Department of Medical Biology The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Pradyot Dash
- Department of Immunology St Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis TN USA
| | - Katherine A Watson
- Immunology Division Walter and Eliza Hall Institute Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Zhongfang Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Angela Pizzolla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Thi Ho Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Martha Lappas
- Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology Mercy Hospital for Women University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC Australia
| | | | - Tom Loudovaris
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research Fitzroy VIC Australia
| | - Stuart I Mannering
- Immunology and Diabetes Unit St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research Fitzroy VIC Australia
| | - Glen P Westall
- Lung Transplant Unit Alfred Hospital Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Tom C Kotsimbos
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine The Alfred Hospital Melbourne VIC Australia.,Department of Medicine Central Clinical School The Alfred Hospital Melbourne Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Allen C Cheng
- School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine Monash University Melbourne VIC Australia.,Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology Unit Alfred Health Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Linda Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Peter C Doherty
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia.,Immunology Division Walter and Eliza Hall Institute Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology St Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis TN USA
| | - Liyen Loh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity Melbourne VIC Australia
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Schwaiger T, Sehl J, Karte C, Schäfer A, Hühr J, Mettenleiter TC, Schröder C, Köllner B, Ulrich R, Blohm U. Experimental H1N1pdm09 infection in pigs mimics human seasonal influenza infections. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222943. [PMID: 31539406 PMCID: PMC6754157 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are anatomically, genetically and physiologically comparable to humans and represent a natural host for influenza A virus (IAV) infections. Thus, pigs may represent a relevant biomedical model for human IAV infections. We set out to investigate the systemic as well as the local immune response in pigs upon two subsequent intranasal infections with IAV H1N1pdm09. We detected decreasing numbers of peripheral blood lymphocytes after the first infection. The simultaneous increase in the frequencies of proliferating cells correlated with an increase in infiltrating leukocytes in the lung. Enhanced perforin expression in αβ and γδ T cells in the respiratory tract indicated a cytotoxic T cell response restricted to the route of virus entry such as the nose, the lung and the bronchoalveolar lavage. Simultaneously, increasing frequencies of CD8αα expressing αβ T cells were observed rapidly after the first infection, which may have inhibited uncontrolled inflammation in the respiratory tract. Taking together, the results of this study demonstrate that experimental IAV infection in pigs mimics major characteristics of human seasonal IAV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Schwaiger
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Julia Sehl
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Claudia Karte
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Alexander Schäfer
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Jane Hühr
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schröder
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Bernd Köllner
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Blohm
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- * E-mail:
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46
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The Role of Innate Leukocytes during Influenza Virus Infection. J Immunol Res 2019; 2019:8028725. [PMID: 31612153 PMCID: PMC6757286 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8028725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infection is a serious threat to humans and animals, with the potential to cause severe pneumonia and death. Annual vaccination strategies are a mainstay to prevent complications related to influenza. However, protection from the emerging subtypes of influenza A viruses (IAV) even in vaccinated individuals is challenging. Innate immune cells are the first cells to respond to IAV infection in the respiratory tract. Virus replication-induced production of cytokines from airway epithelium recruits innate immune cells to the site of infection. These leukocytes, namely, neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and γδ T cells, become activated in response to IAV, to contain the virus and protect the airway epithelium while triggering the adaptive arm of the immune system. This review addresses different anti-influenza virus schemes of innate immune cells and how these cells fine-tune the balance between immunoprotection and immunopathology during IAV infection. Detailed understanding on how these innate responders execute anti-influenza activity will help to identify novel therapeutic targets to halt IAV replication and associated immunopathology.
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Dantzler KW, de la Parte L, Jagannathan P. Emerging role of γδ T cells in vaccine-mediated protection from infectious diseases. Clin Transl Immunology 2019; 8:e1072. [PMID: 31485329 PMCID: PMC6712516 DOI: 10.1002/cti2.1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are fascinating cells that bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems. They have long been known to proliferate rapidly following infection; however, the identity of the specific γδ T cell subsets proliferating and the role of this expansion in protection from disease have only been explored more recently. Several recent studies have investigated γδ T‐cell responses to vaccines targeting infections such as Mycobacterium, Plasmodium and influenza, and studies in animal models have provided further insight into the association of these responses with improved clinical outcomes. In this review, we examine the evidence for a role for γδ T cells in vaccine‐induced protection against various bacterial, protozoan and viral infections. We further discuss results suggesting potential mechanisms for protection, including cytokine‐mediated direct and indirect killing of infected cells, and highlight remaining open questions in the field. Finally, building on current efforts to integrate strategies targeting γδ T cells into immunotherapies for cancer, we discuss potential approaches to improve vaccines for infectious diseases by inducing γδ T‐cell activation and cytotoxicity.
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Wang X, Mou W, Han W, Xi Y, Chen X, Zhang H, Qin H, Wang H, Ma X, Gui J. Diminished cytolytic activity of γδ T cells with reduced DNAM-1 expression in neuroblastoma patients. Clin Immunol 2019; 203:63-71. [PMID: 30999035 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma is one of the children's malignant tumors with poor prognosis, as well as high recurrence and metastasis rates after surgical removal and chemotherapy. γδ T-cell based immunotherapy receives increasing attention thanks to the strong cytolytic activity to tumor cells. Our previous data revealed a significant increase in circulating γδ T-cell frequency in NB patients. In the present study, we found that beside a reduction of IFN-γ in serum of NB patients, DNAM-1 expression decreased in both circulating and PAM-expanded NB γδ T cells. Upon PAM stimulation, NB γδ T cells showed a reduced level of cell proliferation. In addition, the cytolytic activity of NB γδ T cells to NB cell lines was proved to be attenuated in a co-culture system. The fact that DNAM-1 neutralizing antibody abolished the tumor cell killing accentuates the indispensable role of DNAM-1 molecule in γδ T-cell cytolytic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Major Disease in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China; Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Center for Medical Genetics, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Wenjun Mou
- Key Laboratory of Major Disease in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China; Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Center for Medical Genetics, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Yue Xi
- Key Laboratory of Major Disease in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China; Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Center for Medical Genetics, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Major Disease in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China; Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Center for Medical Genetics, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Major Disease in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China; Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Center for Medical Genetics, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Hong Qin
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Huanmin Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Xiaoli Ma
- Hematology Oncology Center, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Jingang Gui
- Key Laboratory of Major Disease in Children, Ministry of Education, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China; Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Genetics of Birth Defects, MOE Key Laboratory of Major Diseases in Children, Center for Medical Genetics, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing 100045, China.
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49
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Belkina AC, Starchenko A, Drake KA, Proctor EA, Pihl RMF, Olson A, Lauffenburger DA, Lin N, Snyder-Cappione JE. Multivariate Computational Analysis of Gamma Delta T Cell Inhibitory Receptor Signatures Reveals the Divergence of Healthy and ART-Suppressed HIV+ Aging. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2783. [PMID: 30568654 PMCID: PMC6290897 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Even with effective viral control, HIV-infected individuals are at a higher risk for morbidities associated with older age than the general population, and these serious non-AIDS events (SNAEs) track with plasma inflammatory and coagulation markers. The cell subsets driving inflammation in aviremic HIV infection are not yet elucidated. Also, whether ART-suppressed HIV infection causes premature induction of the inflammatory events found in uninfected elderly or if a novel inflammatory network ensues when HIV and older age co-exist is unclear. In this study we measured combinational expression of five inhibitory receptors (IRs) on seven immune cell subsets and 16 plasma markers from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and plasma samples, respectively, from a HIV and Aging cohort comprised of ART-suppressed HIV-infected and uninfected controls stratified by age (≤35 or ≥50 years old). For data analysis, multiple multivariate computational algorithms [cluster identification, characterization, and regression (CITRUS), partial least squares regression (PLSR), and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA)] were used to determine if immune parameter disparities can distinguish the subject groups and to investigate if there is a cross-impact of aviremic HIV and age on immune signatures. IR expression on gamma delta (γδ) T cells exclusively separated HIV+ subjects from controls in CITRUS analyses and secretion of inflammatory cytokines and cytotoxic mediators from γδ T cells tracked with TIGIT expression among HIV+ subjects. Also, plasma markers predicted the percentages of TIGIT+ γδ T cells in subjects with and without HIV in PSLR models, and a PLS-DA model of γδ T cell IR signatures and plasma markers significantly stratified all four of the subject groups (uninfected younger, uninfected older, HIV+ younger, and HIV+ older). These data implicate γδ T cells as an inflammatory driver in ART-suppressed HIV infection and provide evidence of distinct “inflamm-aging” processes with and without ART-suppressed HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna C Belkina
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alina Starchenko
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | - Elizabeth A Proctor
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Riley M F Pihl
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alex Olson
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Douglas A Lauffenburger
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Nina Lin
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer E Snyder-Cappione
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
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50
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Dong P, Ju X, Yan Y, Zhang S, Cai M, Wang H, Chen H, Hu Y, Cui L, Zhang J, He W. γδ T Cells Provide Protective Function in Highly Pathogenic Avian H5N1 Influenza A Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2812. [PMID: 30564234 PMCID: PMC6288289 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the high mortality rate (>50%) and potential danger of intrapersonal transmission, highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 epidemics still pose a significant threat to humans. γδ T cells, which participate on the front line of the host immune defense, demonstrate both innate, and adaptive characteristics in their immune response and have potent antiviral activity against various viruses. However, the roles of γδ T cells in HPAI H5N1 viral infection remain unclear. In this study, we found that γδ T cells provided a crucial protective function in the defense against HPAI H5N1 viral infection. HPAI H5N1 viruses could directly activate γδ T cells, leading to enhanced CD69 expression and IFN-γ secretion. Importantly, we found that the trimer but not the monomer of HPAI H5N1 virus hemagglutinin (HA) proteins could directly activate γδ T cells. HA-induced γδ T cell activation was dependent on both sialic acid receptors and HA glycosylation, and this activation could be inhibited by the phosphatase calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporin A but not by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3-K) inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002. Our findings provide a further understanding the mechanism underlying γδ T cell-mediated innate and adoptive immune responses against HPAI H5N1 viral infection, which helps to develop novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of H5N1 infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, 4th Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangwu Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yiwu Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Siya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Menghua Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Huaishan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lianxian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Immunology, Research Center on Pediatric Development and Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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