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Chen Y, Xiao L, Zhou M, Zhang H. The microbiota: a crucial mediator in gut homeostasis and colonization resistance. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1417864. [PMID: 39165572 PMCID: PMC11333231 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1417864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex and diverse community of microorganisms that colonizes the human gastrointestinal tract and influences various aspects of human health. These microbes are closely related to enteric infections. As a foreign entity for the host, commensal microbiota is restricted and regulated by the barrier and immune system in the gut and contributes to gut homeostasis. Commensals also effectively resist the colonization of pathogens and the overgrowth of indigenous pathobionts by utilizing a variety of mechanisms, while pathogens have developed strategies to subvert colonization resistance. Dysbiosis of the microbial community can lead to enteric infections. The microbiota acts as a pivotal mediator in establishing a harmonious mutualistic symbiosis with the host and shielding the host against pathogens. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms underlying host-microbiome and microbiome-pathogen interactions, highlighting the multi-faceted roles of the gut microbiota in preventing enteric infections. We also discuss the applications of manipulating the microbiota to treat infectious diseases in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiding Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Tianfu Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Center for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Wang Z, Chang Y, Sun H, Li Y, Tang T. Advances in molecular mechanisms of inflammatory bowel disease‑associated colorectal cancer (Review). Oncol Lett 2024; 27:257. [PMID: 38646499 PMCID: PMC11027113 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2024.14390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024] Open
Abstract
The link between inflammation and cancer is well documented and colonic inflammation caused by inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is thought to be a high-risk factor for the development of colorectal cancer (CRC). The complex crosstalk between epithelial and inflammatory cells is thought to underlie the progression from inflammation to cancer. The present review collates and summarises recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD-associated CRC (IBD-CRC), including the oncogenic mechanisms of the main inflammatory signalling pathways and genetic alterations induced by oxidative stress during colonic inflammation, and discusses the crosstalk between the tumour microenvironment, intestinal flora and host immune factors during inflammatory oncogenesis in colitis-associated CRC. In addition, the therapeutic implications of anti-inflammatory therapy for IBD-CRC were discussed, intending to provide new insight into improve clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Yu Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Haibo Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Yuqin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
| | - Tongyu Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130000, P.R. China
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Sangiorgio G, Calvo M, Migliorisi G, Campanile F, Stefani S. The Impact of Enterococcus spp. in the Immunocompromised Host: A Comprehensive Review. Pathogens 2024; 13:409. [PMID: 38787261 PMCID: PMC11124283 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13050409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The immunocompromised host is usually vulnerable to infectious diseases due to broad-spectrum treatments and immunological dysregulation. The Enterococcus genus consists of normal gut commensals, which acquire a leading role in infective processes among individuals with compromised immune systems. These microorganisms may express a potential virulence and resistance spectrum, enabling their function as severe pathogens. The Enterococcus spp. infections in immunocompromised hosts appear to be difficult to resolve due to the immunological response impairment and the possibility of facing antimicrobial-resistant strains. As regards the related risk factors, several data demonstrated that prior antibiotic exposure, medical device insertion, prolonged hospitalization and surgical interventions may lead to Enterococcus overgrowth, antibiotic resistance and spread among critical healthcare settings. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of Enterococcus spp. in the immunocompromised host, summarizing the available knowledge about virulence factors, antimicrobial-resistance mechanisms and host-pathogen interaction. The review ultimately yearns for more substantial support to further investigations about enterococcal infections and immunocompromised host response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Sangiorgio
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Maddalena Calvo
- U.O.C. Laboratory Analysis Unit, University Hospital Policlinico-San Marco, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Giuseppe Migliorisi
- U.O.C. Laboratory Analysis Unit, University Hospital Policlinico-San Marco, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.)
| | - Floriana Campanile
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.S.)
| | - Stefania Stefani
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy; (F.C.); (S.S.)
- U.O.C. Laboratory Analysis Unit, University Hospital Policlinico-San Marco, Via Santa Sofia 78, 95123 Catania, Italy; (M.C.); (G.M.)
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Wang X, Zhan P, Zhang Q, Li R, Fan H. Staphylococcus aureus acquires resistance to glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin via CXCL10. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 132:111780. [PMID: 38603853 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glycopeptide antibiotic vancomycin is a bactericidal antibiotic available for the infection to Staphylococcus aureus (SA), however, SA has a strong adaptive capacity and thereby acquires resistance to vancomycin. This study aims to illuminate the possible molecular mechanism of vancomycin resistance of SA based on the 16S rRNA sequencing data and microarray profiling data. METHODS 16S rRNA sequencing data of control samples and urinary tract infection samples were retrieved from the EMBL-EBI (European Molecular Biology Laboratory - European Bioinformatics Institute) database. Correlation of gut flora and clinical indicators was evaluated. The possible targets regulated by SA were predicted by microarray profiling and subjected to KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enrichment analysis. CXCL10 gene knockout and overexpression were introduced to evaluate the effect of CXCL10 on the virulence of SA and the resistance to vancomycin. SA strains were co-cultured with urethral epithelial cells in vitro. The presence of SA virulence factors was detected using PCR. Biofilm formation of SA strains was assessed using the microtiter plate method. Furthermore, the antibiotic sensitivity of SA strains was evaluated through vancomycin testing. RESULTS Gut flora and its species abundance had significant difference between urinary tract infection and control samples. SA was significantly differentially expressed in urinary tract infection samples. Resistance of SA to vancomycin mainly linked to the D-alanine metabolism pathway. SA may participate in the occurrence of urinary tract infection by upregulating CXCL10. In addition, CXCL10 mainly affected the SA resistance to vancomycin through the TLR signaling pathway. In vitro experimental results further confirmed that the overexpression of CXCL10 in SA increased SA virulence and decreased its susceptibility to vancomycin. In vitro experimental validation demonstrated that the knockout of CXCL10 in urethral epithelial cells enhanced the sensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus (SA) to vancomycin. CONCLUSION SA upregulates the expression of CXCL10 in urethral epithelial cells, thereby activating the TLR signaling pathway and promoting resistance to glycopeptide antibiotics in SA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Qiushuang Zhang
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Ranwei Li
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Haitao Fan
- Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130022, PR China.
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Melchior K, Gerner RR, Hossain S, Nuccio SP, Moreira CG, Raffatellu M. IL-22-dependent responses and their role during Citrobacter rodentium infection. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0009924. [PMID: 38557196 PMCID: PMC11075456 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00099-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium is utilized as a model organism for studying infections caused by the human pathogens enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) and to elucidate mechanisms of mucosal immunity. In response to C. rodentium infection, innate lymphoid cells and T cells secrete interleukin (IL)-22, a cytokine that promotes mucosal barrier function. IL-22 plays a pivotal role in enabling mice to survive and recover from C. rodentium infection, although the exact mechanisms involved remain incompletely understood. Here, we investigated whether particular components of the host response downstream of IL-22 contribute to the cytokine's protective effects during C. rodentium infection. In line with previous research, mice lacking the IL-22 gene (Il22-/- mice) were highly susceptible to C. rodentium infection. To elucidate the role of specific antimicrobial proteins modulated by IL-22, we infected the following knockout mice: S100A9-/- (calprotectin), Lcn2-/- (lipocalin-2), Reg3b-/- (Reg3β), Reg3g-/- (Reg3γ), and C3-/- (C3). All knockout mice tested displayed a considerable level of resistance to C. rodentium infection, and none phenocopied the lethality observed in Il22-/- mice. By investigating another arm of the IL-22 response, we observed that C. rodentium-infected Il22-/- mice exhibited an overall decrease in gene expression related to intestinal barrier integrity as well as significantly elevated colonic inflammation, gut permeability, and pathogen levels in the spleen. Taken together, these results indicate that host resistance to lethal C. rodentium infection may depend on multiple antimicrobial responses acting in concert, or that other IL-22-regulated processes, such as tissue repair and maintenance of epithelial integrity, play crucial roles in host defense to attaching and effacing pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Melchior
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Romana R. Gerner
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- School of Life Sciences, ZIEL – Institute for Food and Health, Freising-Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Suzana Hossain
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sean-Paul Nuccio
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Cristiano Gallina Moreira
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Manuela Raffatellu
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Center for Microbiome Innovation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Chiba University-UC San Diego Center for Mucosal Immunology, Allergy, and Vaccines (CU-UCSD cMAV), La Jolla, California, USA
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Maia AR, Cezard A, Fouquenet D, Vasseur V, Briard B, Sirard JC, Si-Tahar M, Hervé V. Preventive nasal administration of flagellin restores antimicrobial effect of gentamicin and protects against a multidrug-resistant strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0136123. [PMID: 38526073 PMCID: PMC11064517 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01361-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) is a significant concern for chronic respiratory disease exacerbations. Host-directed drugs, such as flagellin, an agonist of toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), have emerged as a promising solution. In this study, we evaluated the prophylactic intranasal administration of flagellin against a multidrug-resistant strain of PA (PAMDR) in mice and assessed the possible synergy with the antibiotic gentamicin (GNT). The results indicated that flagellin treatment before infection decreased bacterial load in the lungs, likely due to an increase in neutrophil recruitment, and reduced signs of inflammation, including proinflammatory cytokines. The combination of flagellin and GNT showed a synergistic effect, decreasing even more the bacterial load and increasing mice survival rates, in comparison to mice pre-treated only with flagellin. These findings suggest that preventive nasal administration of flagellin could restore the effect of GNT against MDR strains of PA, paving the way for the use of flagellin in vulnerable patients with chronic respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Raquel Maia
- INSERM, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Adeline Cezard
- INSERM, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Delphine Fouquenet
- INSERM, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Virginie Vasseur
- INSERM, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Benoit Briard
- INSERM, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- Université Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 – UMR8204 – CIIL – Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Mustapha Si-Tahar
- INSERM, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
| | - Virginie Hervé
- INSERM, Centre d’Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), UMR 1100, Tours, France
- Université de Tours, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
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Wu W, Pan Y, Zheng T, Sun H, Li X, Zhu H, Wang Z, Zhou X. Limonin alleviates high-fat diet-induced dyslipidemia by regulating the intestinal barrier via the microbiota-related ILC3-IL22-IL22R pathway. Food Funct 2024; 15:2679-2692. [PMID: 38375746 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo04530g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
High-fat diet (HFD)-induced dyslipidemia is frequently accompanied by gut microbiota dysbiosis and a compromised gut barrier. Enhancing the intestinal barrier function emerges as a potential therapeutic approach for dyslipidemia. The ILC3-IL22-IL22R pathway, which responds to dietary and microbial signals, has not only attracted attention for its crucial role in maintaining the intestinal barrier, but recent reports have also suggested its potential in regulating lipid metabolism. Limonin is derived from the Chinese herb Evodiae fructus, which has shown potential in ameliorating dysbiosis of serum lipids. However, its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Consequently, targeting the ILC3-IL22-IL22R pathway to enhance intestinal barrier function holds promise as a therapeutic approach for dyslipidemia. In this study, male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a 16-week HFD to induce dyslipidemia and concurrently administered oral limonin. We discovered that limonin supplementation dramatically reduced serum lipid profiles in HFD-fed mice, significantly curbing HFD-induced weight gain and epididymal fat accumulation. Ileal histopathological evaluation indicated limonin's ameliorative effects on HFD-induced intestinal barrier impairment. Limonin also moderated the intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, which is characterized by the elevation of Firmicutes in HFD mice, and notably amplified the abundance of probiotic Lactobacillus. In addition, supported by flow cytometry and other analyses, we observed that limonin upregulated the ILC3-IL22-IL22R pathway, enhancing phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3) in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), thereby reducing lipid transporter expression. In conclusion, our study revealed that limonin exerted a promising preventive effect against HFD-induced dyslipidemia by the mitigation of the intestinal barrier function and intestinal microbiota, and its mechanism was related to the upregulation of the ILC3-IL22-IL22R pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangling Wu
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Yingying Pan
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Tianyan Zheng
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Haoyi Sun
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Xia Li
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Haiyan Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Zheng Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
| | - Xin Zhou
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China.
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Aghighi F, Salami M. What we need to know about the germ-free animal models. AIMS Microbiol 2024; 10:107-147. [PMID: 38525038 PMCID: PMC10955174 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2024007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota (GM), as a forgotten organ, refers to the microbial community that resides in the gastrointestinal tract and plays a critical role in a variety of physiological activities in different body organs. The GM affects its targets through neurological, metabolic, immune, and endocrine pathways. The GM is a dynamic system for which exogenous and endogenous factors have negative or positive effects on its density and composition. Since the mid-twentieth century, laboratory animals are known as the major tools for preclinical research; however, each model has its own limitations. So far, two main models have been used to explore the effects of the GM under normal and abnormal conditions: the isolated germ-free and antibiotic-treated models. Both methods have strengths and weaknesses. In many fields of host-microbe interactions, research on these animal models are known as appropriate experimental subjects that enable investigators to directly assess the role of the microbiota on all features of physiology. These animal models present biological model systems to either study outcomes of the absence of microbes, or to verify the effects of colonization with specific and known microbial species. This paper reviews these current approaches and gives advantages and disadvantages of both models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahmoud Salami
- Physiology Research Center, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, I. R. Iran
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Xu W, Fang Y, Zhu K. Enterococci facilitate polymicrobial infections. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:162-177. [PMID: 37550091 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Enterococci are ubiquitous members of the gut microbiota in human beings and animals and are among the most important nosocomial organisms. Due to their opportunistic pathogenicity, enterococci are referred to as pathobionts and play decisive roles in a diverse array of polymicrobial infections. Enterococci can promote the colonization, pathogenesis, and persistence of various pathogens, compromise the efficacy of drugs, and pose a severe threat to public health. Most current treatments tend to focus on the sole pathogenic bacteria, with insufficient attention to the driving role of enterococci. In this review, we summarize the characteristics of enterococci in infections, the factors facilitating their outgrowth, as well as the sites and types of enterococci-associated polymicrobial infections. We present an overview of the underlying mechanisms of enterococci-mediated pathogenesis in polymicrobial infections. Furthermore, we discuss alternative strategies and potential intervention approaches to restrict such infections, shedding light on the discovery and development of new therapies against polymicrobial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjiao Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Engineering Research Center of Animal Innovative Drugs and Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuwen Fang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Engineering Research Center of Animal Innovative Drugs and Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Kui Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health and Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Engineering Research Center of Animal Innovative Drugs and Safety Evaluation, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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He L, Liang Y, Yu X, Zhao Y, Zou Z, Dai Q, Wu J, Gan S, Lin H, Zhang Y, Lu D. UNC93B1 facilitates the localization and signaling of TLR5M in Epinephelus coioides. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 258:128729. [PMID: 38086430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), serving as a sensor of bacterial flagellin, mediates the innate immune response to actively engage in the host's immune processes against pathogen invasion. However, the mechanism underlying TLR5-mediated immune response in fish remains unclear. Despite the presumed cell surface expression of TLR5 member form (TLR5M), its trafficking dynamics remain elusive. Here, we have identified Epinephelus coioides TLR5M as a crucial mediator of Vibrio flagellin-induced cytokine expression in grouper cells. EcTLR5M facilitated the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway in response to flagellin stimulation and exerted a modest influence on the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) signaling. The trafficking chaperone Unc-93 homolog B1 (EcUNC93B1) participated in EcTLR5M-mediated NF-κB signaling activation and downstream cytokine expression. In addition, EcUNC93B1 combined with EcTLR5M to mediate its exit from the endoplasmic reticulum, and also affected its post-translational maturation. Collectively, these findings first discovered that EcTLR5M mediated the flagellin-induced cytokine expression primarily by regulating the NF-κB signaling pathway, and EcUNC93B1 mediated EcTLR5M function through regulating its trafficking and post-translational maturation. This research expanded the understanding of fish innate immunity and provided a novel concept for the advancement of anti-vibrio immunity technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangge He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Yaosi Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Xue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Yulin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Zhenjiang Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Qinxi Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China
| | - Jinhui Wu
- Agro-Tech Extension Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510145, PR China
| | - Songyong Gan
- Agro-Tech Extension Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510145, PR China
| | - Haoran Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; College of Ocean, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, PR China
| | - Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China; Guangdong South China Sea Key Laboratory of Aquaculture for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, PR China
| | - Danqi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol and School of Life Sciences, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Healthy Breeding of Important Economic Fish, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, PR China.
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11
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Tong L, Meng Y, Zhang L, Yu J, Dou Y. The distribution of intestinal flora after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children. Pediatr Transplant 2024; 28:e14678. [PMID: 38148707 DOI: 10.1111/petr.14678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This prospective study aimed to comprehensively understand the changes in intestinal flora at different stages after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in pediatric patients and to analyze the effect of intestinal flora on acute graft versus host disease (aGVHD), especially on gastrointestinal graft versus host disease (GI GVHD). METHODS A total of 32 children with primary diseases of primary immunodeficiency disease (PID) and thalassemia were included. 16S sequencing was used to characterize the microbiota layout at three time points peri-transplant including pre-transplant, Day +3, and Day +30. RESULTS By comparing the intestinal flora of children with GI GVHD and those without GI GVHD, it suggests that in children with GI GVHD, the distribution of intestinal flora after transplantation was more variable and more chaotic (chao1 index, Friedman test, p = .029). Besides, Veillonella and Ruminococcaceae were more abundant before transplantation, Bifidobacteriaceae and Bacillales were more abundant after transplantation. Comparing children with PID and thalassemia, it was found that the destruction of gut microbiota diversity was more significant in children with thalassemia after transplantation. The comparison of children with 0-I° aGVHD and II-III° aGVHD indicates that children with II-III° aGVHD had more Bilophila before transplantation than children with 0-I° aGVHD. Additionally, exploratory analyses to evaluate correlations between clinical characteristics (medications, immune cell recovery, etc.) and microbiome features were also performed. CONCLUSIONS This study has synthetically shown the distribution of intestinal flora after allo-HSCT, and some characteristic bacteria at different stages that may serve as potential biomarkers were screened out additionally, perhaps providing clues for the prevention and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Tong
- Department of Hematology Oncology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Department of Hematology Oncology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luying Zhang
- Department of Hematology Oncology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Hematology Oncology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ying Dou
- Department of Hematology Oncology Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Child Infection and Immunity, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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12
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Kemter AM, Patry RT, Arnold J, Hesser LA, Campbell E, Ionescu E, Mimee M, Wang S, Nagler CR. Commensal bacteria signal through TLR5 and AhR to improve barrier integrity and prevent allergic responses to food. Cell Rep 2023; 42:113153. [PMID: 37742185 PMCID: PMC10697505 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of food allergies has been linked to reduced commensal microbial diversity. In this article, we describe two features of allergy-protective Clostridia that contribute to their beneficial effects. Some Clostridial taxa bear flagella (a ligand for TLR5) and produce indole (a ligand for the aryl hydrocarbon receptor [AhR]). Lysates and flagella from a Clostridia consortium induced interleukin-22 (IL-22) secretion from ileal explants. IL-22 production is abrogated in explants from mice in which TLR5 or MyD88 signaling is deficient either globally or conditionally in CD11c+ antigen-presenting cells. AhR signaling in RORγt+ cells is necessary for the induction of IL-22. Mice deficient in AhR in RORγt+ cells exhibit increased intestinal permeability and are more susceptible to an anaphylactic response to food. Our findings implicate TLR5 and AhR signaling in a molecular mechanism by which commensal Clostridia protect against allergic responses to food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Kemter
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Robert T Patry
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jack Arnold
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Lauren A Hesser
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Evelyn Campbell
- Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Edward Ionescu
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mark Mimee
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Microbiology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Cathryn R Nagler
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA; Committee on Immunology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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13
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Shin JH, Bozadjieva-Kramer N, Seeley RJ. Reg3γ: current understanding and future therapeutic opportunities in metabolic disease. Exp Mol Med 2023; 55:1672-1677. [PMID: 37524871 PMCID: PMC10474034 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-023-01054-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Regenerating family member gamma, Reg3γ (the mouse homolog of human REG3A), belonging to the antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), functions as a part of the host immune system to maintain spatial segregation between the gut bacteria and the host in the intestine via bactericidal activity. There is emerging evidence that gut manipulations such as bariatric surgery, dietary supplementation or drug treatment to produce metabolic benefits alter the gut microbiome. In addition to changes in a wide range of gut hormones, these gut manipulations also induce the expression of Reg3γ in the intestine. Studies over the past decades have revealed that Reg3γ not only plays a role in the gut lumen but can also contribute to host physiology through interaction with the gut microbiota. Herein, we discuss the current knowledge regarding the biology of Reg3γ, its role in various metabolic functions, and new opportunities for therapeutic strategies to treat metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Shin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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14
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Feng S, Zhang C, Chen S, He R, Chao G, Zhang S. TLR5 Signaling in the Regulation of Intestinal Mucosal Immunity. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:2491-2501. [PMID: 37337514 PMCID: PMC10276996 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s407521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) is a pattern recognition receptor that specifically recognizes flagellin and consequently plays a crucial role in the control of intestinal homeostasis by activating innate and adaptive immune responses. TLR5 overexpression, on the other hand, might disrupt the intestinal mucosal barrier, which serves as the first line of defense against harmful microbes. The intestine symbiotic bacteria, mucous layer, intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), adherens junctions (such as tight junctions and peripheral membrane proteins), the intestinal mucosal immune system, and cytokines make up the intestinal mucosal barrier. Impaired barrier function has been linked to intestinal illnesses such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is a persistent non-specific inflammatory illness of the digestive system with an unknown cause. It is now thought to be linked to infection, environment, genes, immune system, and the gut microbiota. The significance of immunological dysfunction in IBD has received more attention in recent years. The purpose of this paper is to explore TLR5's position in the intestinal mucosal barrier and its relevance to IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyan Feng
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310006, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruonan He
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310053, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanqun Chao
- Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310018, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, 310005, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Liu T, Sun Z, Yang Z, Qiao X. Microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids and modulation of host-derived peptides formation: Focused on host defense peptides. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 162:114586. [PMID: 36989711 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The byproducts of bacterial fermentation known as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are chemically comprised of a carboxylic acid component and a short hydrocarbon chain. Recent investigations have demonstrated that SCFAs can affect intestinal immunity by inducing endogenous host defense peptides (HDPs) and their beneficial effects on barrier integrity, gut health, energy supply, and inflammation. HDPs, which include defensins, cathelicidins, and C-type lectins, perform a significant function in innate immunity in gastrointestinal mucosal membranes. SCFAs have been demonstrated to stimulate HDP synthesis by intestinal epithelial cells via interactions with G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43), activation of the Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathways, and the cell growth pathways. Furthermore, SCFA butyrate has been demonstrated to enhance the number of HDPs released from macrophages. SCFAs promote monocyte-to-macrophage development and stimulate HDP synthesis in macrophages by inhibiting histone deacetylase (HDAC). Understanding the etiology of many common disorders might be facilitated by studies into the function of microbial metabolites, such as SCFAs, in the molecular regulatory processes of immune responses (e.g., HDP production). This review will focus on the current knowledge of the role and mechanism of microbiota-derived SCFAs in influencing the synthesis of host-derived peptides, particularly HDPs.
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16
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Ponce DM, Alousi AM, Nakamura R, Slingerland J, Calafiore M, Sandhu KS, Barker JN, Devlin S, Shia J, Giralt S, Perales MA, Moore G, Fatmi S, Soto C, Gomes A, Giardina P, Marcello L, Yan X, Tang T, Dreyer K, Chen J, Daley WL, Peled JU, van den Brink MRM, Hanash AM. A phase 2 study of interleukin-22 and systemic corticosteroids as initial treatment for acute GVHD of the lower GI tract. Blood 2023; 141:1389-1401. [PMID: 36399701 PMCID: PMC10163318 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2021015111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality following allogeneic hematopoietic transplantation. In experimental models, interleukin-22 promotes epithelial regeneration and induces innate antimicrobial molecules. We conducted a multicenter single-arm phase 2 study evaluating the safety and efficacy of a novel recombinant human interleukin-22 dimer, F-652, used in combination with systemic corticosteroids for treatment of newly diagnosed lower gastrointestinal acute GVHD. The most common adverse events were cytopenias and electrolyte abnormalities, and there were no dose-limiting toxicities. Out of 27 patients, 19 (70%; 80% confidence interval, 56%-79%) achieved a day-28 treatment response, meeting the prespecified primary endpoint. Responders exhibited a distinct fecal microbiota composition characterized by expansion of commensal anaerobes, which correlated with increased overall microbial α-diversity, suggesting improvement of GVHD-associated dysbiosis. This work demonstrates a potential approach for combining immunosuppression with tissue-supportive strategies to enhance recovery of damaged mucosa and promote microbial health in patients with gastrointestinal GVHD. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02406651.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris M. Ponce
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; New York, NY
| | - Amin M. Alousi
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Ryotaro Nakamura
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - John Slingerland
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Marco Calafiore
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Karamjeet S. Sandhu
- Hematologic Malignancies and Stem Cell Transplantation Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA
| | - Juliet N. Barker
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; New York, NY
| | - Sean Devlin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jinru Shia
- Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Sergio Giralt
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; New York, NY
| | - Miguel-Angel Perales
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; New York, NY
| | - Gillian Moore
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Samira Fatmi
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Cristina Soto
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Antonio Gomes
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Paul Giardina
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - LeeAnn Marcello
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Xiaoqiang Yan
- Evive Biotechnology (Shanghai) Ltd (formerly Generon [Shanghai] Corporation Ltd), Shanghai, China
| | - Tom Tang
- Evive Biotechnology (Shanghai) Ltd (formerly Generon [Shanghai] Corporation Ltd), Shanghai, China
| | - Kevin Dreyer
- Evive Biotechnology (Shanghai) Ltd (formerly Generon [Shanghai] Corporation Ltd), Shanghai, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Evive Biotechnology (Shanghai) Ltd (formerly Generon [Shanghai] Corporation Ltd), Shanghai, China
| | - William L. Daley
- Evive Biotechnology (Shanghai) Ltd (formerly Generon [Shanghai] Corporation Ltd), Shanghai, China
| | - Jonathan U. Peled
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; New York, NY
| | - Marcel R. M. van den Brink
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; New York, NY
- Department of Immunology, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Alan M. Hanash
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College; New York, NY
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
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17
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Zhang K, Chen L, Zhu C, Zhang M, Liang C. Current Knowledge of Th22 Cell and IL-22 Functions in Infectious Diseases. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020176. [PMID: 36839448 PMCID: PMC9965464 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
T helper 22 (Th22) cells, a newly defined CD4+ T-cell lineage, are characterized by their distinct cytokine profile, which primarily consists of IL-13, IL-22 and TNF-α. Th22 cells express a wide spectrum of chemokine receptors, such as CCR4, CCR6 and CCR10. The main effector molecule secreted by Th22 cells is IL-22, a member of the IL-10 family, which acts by binding to IL-22R and triggering a complex downstream signaling system. Th22 cells and IL-22 have been found to play variable roles in human immunity. In preventing the progression of infections such as HIV and influenza, Th22/IL-22 exhibited protective anti-inflammatory characteristics, and their deleterious proinflammatory activities have been demonstrated to exacerbate other illnesses, including hepatitis B and Helicobacter pylori infection. Herein, we review the current understanding of Th22 cells, including their definition, differentiation and mechanisms, and the effect of Th22/IL-22 on human infectious diseases. According to studies on Th22 cells, Th22/IL-22 may be a promising therapeutic target and an effective treatment strategy for various infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Chenyu Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (C.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-55162922034 (M.Z.); +86-55162922034 (C.L.)
| | - Chaozhao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (C.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-55162922034 (M.Z.); +86-55162922034 (C.L.)
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18
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Ahmed LA, Al-Massri KF. Gut Microbiota Modulation for Therapeutic Management of Various Diseases: A New Perspective Using Stem Cell Therapy. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2023; 16:43-59. [PMID: 35196976 DOI: 10.2174/1874467215666220222105004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dysbiosis has been linked to various diseases ranging from cardiovascular, neurologic, gastrointestinal, respiratory, and metabolic illnesses to cancer. Restoring of gut microbiota balance represents an outstanding clinical target for the management of various multidrug-resistant diseases. Preservation of gut microbial diversity and composition could also improve stem cell therapy which now has diverse clinical applications in the field of regenerative medicine. Gut microbiota modulation and stem cell therapy may be considered a highly promising field that could add up towards the improvement of different diseases, increasing the outcome and efficacy of each other through mutual interplay or interaction between both therapies. Importantly, more investigations are required to reveal the cross-talk between microbiota modulation and stem cell therapy to pave the way for the development of new therapies with enhanced therapeutic outcomes. This review provides an overview of dysbiosis in various diseases and their management. It also discusses microbiota modulation via antibiotics, probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplant to introduce the concept of dysbiosis correction for the management of various diseases. Furthermore, we demonstrate the beneficial interactions between microbiota modulation and stem cell therapy as a way for the development of new therapies in addition to limitations and future challenges regarding the applications of these therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamiaa A Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Khaled F Al-Massri
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Palestine, Gaza, Palestine
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19
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Matthewman C, Narin A, Huston H, Hopkins CE. Systems to model the personalized aspects of microbiome health and gut dysbiosis. Mol Aspects Med 2022; 91:101115. [PMID: 36104261 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2022.101115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The human gut microbiome is a complex and dynamic microbial entity that interacts with the environment and other parts of the body including the brain, heart, liver, and immune system. These multisystem interactions are highly conserved from invertebrates to humans, however the complexity and diversity of human microbiota compositions often yield a context that is unique to each individual. Yet commonalities remain across species, where a healthy gut microbiome will be rich in symbiotic commensal biota while an unhealthy gut microbiota will be experiencing abnormal blooms of pathobiont bacteria. In this review we discuss how omics technologies can be applied in a personalized approach to understand the microbial crosstalk and microbial-host interactions that affect the delicate balance between eubiosis and dysbiosis in an individual gut microbiome. We further highlight the strengths of model organisms in identifying and characterizing these conserved synergistic and/or pathogenic host-microbe interactions. And finally, we touch upon the growing area of personalized therapeutic interventions targeting gut microbiome.
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20
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Zou M, Yang Z, Fan Y, Gong L, Han Z, Ji L, Hu X, Wu D. Gut microbiota on admission as predictive biomarker for acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:988326. [PMID: 36105818 PMCID: PMC9466706 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.988326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute necrotizing pancreatitis (NP), a severe form of acute pancreatitis (AP), has higher mortality and worse outcome than non-necrotizing pancreatitis (non-NP). Infected NP is a devastating subgroup of NP. To date neither NP nor infected NP has robust prediction strategies, which may delay early recognition and timely intervention. Recent studies revealed correlations between disturbed gut microbiota and AP severity. Some features of intestinal microbiota have the potential to become biomarkers for NP prediction. Methods We performed 16S rRNA sequencing to analyze gut microbiota features in 20 healthy controls (HC), and 58 AP patients on hospital admission. The AP patients were later classified into NP and non-NP groups based on subsequent diagnostic imaging features. Random forest regression model and ROC curve were applied for NP and infected NP prediction. PIRCUSt2 was used for bacterial functional pathway prediction analysis. Results We found that the three groups (HC, NP, and non-NP) had distinct microorganism composition. NP patients had reduced microbial diversity, higher abundance of Enterobacteriales, but lower abundance of Clostridiales and Bacteroidales compared with the non-NP group. Correlation analyses displayed that intestine bacterial taxonomic alterations were related to severity, ICU admission, and prognosis. By pathway prediction, species more abundant in NP patients had positive correlation with synthesis and degradation of ketone bodies, and benzoate degradation. Enterococcus faecium (ASV2) performed best in discriminating NP and non-NP patients. Finegoldia magna (ASV3) showed the maximal prediction capacity among all ASVs and had comparable accuracy with Balthazar CT to detect patients with infected NP. Conclusions Our study suggests that NP patients have distinct intestinal microbiota on admission compared to non-NP patients. Dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota might influence NP progression through ketone body or benzoate metabolism. Enterococcus faecium and Finegoldia magna are potential predictors for NP and infected NP. Our findings explore biomarkers which may inform clinical decision-making in AP and shed light on further studies on NP pathophysiology and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglian Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Zihan Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Fan
- Department of Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Gong
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ziying Han
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Li Ji
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Hu
- Department of Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dong Wu, ; Xiaomin Hu,
| | - Dong Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Dong Wu, ; Xiaomin Hu,
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21
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Gleason B, Chisari E, Parvizi J. Osteoarthritis Can Also Start in the Gut: The Gut-Joint Axis. Indian J Orthop 2022; 56:1150-1155. [PMID: 35813544 PMCID: PMC9232669 DOI: 10.1007/s43465-021-00473-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Osteoarthritis is a common cause of pain and disability with an increasing prevalence among the global population (Hunter and Bierma-Zeinstra in Lancet 393(10182):1745-1759, 2019; Zhang and Jordan in Clinics in Geriatric Medicine 26(3):355-369, 2010). Altered immune responses and low-grade systemic inflammation driven by gut dysbiosis are being increasingly recognized as contributing factors to the pathophysiology of OA (Tan et al. in International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases. https://doi.org/10.1111/1756-185X.14123, 2021; Binvignat et al. in Joint, Bone, Spine 88(5):105203, 2021; Ramasamy et al. in Nutrients 13(4):1272, 2021), which increased the interest in the so-called "gut-joint axis". The various microbiota in the gastrointestinal tract is commonly referred to as the gut microbiome. The gut microbiome is affected by age, sex, and immune system activity as well as medications, environment, and diet (Arumugam in Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09944, 2011). The microbiome is pivotal to maintain host health and contributes to nutrition, host defense, and immune development (Nishida et al. in Clinical Journal of Gastroenterology 11:1-10, 2018). Alterations in this microbiome can induce dysbiosis, which is associated with many human disease states including allergies, autoimmune disease, diabetes, and cancer (Lin and Zhang in BMC Immunology 18(1):2, 2017). A gut-joint axis is proposed as a link involving the gastrointestinal microbiome, the immune response that it induces, and joint health. Results Emerging evidence has shown that there are specific changes in the microbiome that are associated with osteoarthritis, including increased Firmicutes/Bacteroides ratio, Streptococcus spp. prevalence, and local inflammation (Collins in Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2015.03.014, 2015; Rios in Science and Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-40601-x, 2019; Schott in JCI insight. https://doi.org/10.1172/jci.insight.95997, 2018; Boer et al. in Nature Communications 10:4881, 2019). Both the innate and adaptive immune systems are affected by the gut microbiome and can become dysregulated in dysbiosis which ultimately triggers events associated with joint OA. Conclusions The gut is an intriguing and novel target for OA therapy. Dietary modification or supplementation with fiber, probiotics, or prebiotics could provide a positive impact on the gut joint axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan Gleason
- Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, 125 S 9th St. Ste 1000, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Emanuele Chisari
- Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, 125 S 9th St. Ste 1000, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Javad Parvizi
- Rothman Orthopaedic Institute at Thomas Jefferson University, 125 S 9th St. Ste 1000, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
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22
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George S, Aguilera X, Gallardo P, Farfán M, Lucero Y, Torres JP, Vidal R, O'Ryan M. Bacterial Gut Microbiota and Infections During Early Childhood. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:793050. [PMID: 35069488 PMCID: PMC8767011 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.793050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota composition during the first years of life is variable, dynamic and influenced by both prenatal and postnatal factors, such as maternal antibiotics administered during labor, delivery mode, maternal diet, breastfeeding, and/or antibiotic consumption during infancy. Furthermore, the microbiota displays bidirectional interactions with infectious agents, either through direct microbiota-microorganism interactions or indirectly through various stimuli of the host immune system. Here we review these interactions during childhood until 5 years of life, focusing on bacterial microbiota, the most common gastrointestinal and respiratory infections and two well characterized gastrointestinal diseases related to dysbiosis (necrotizing enterocolitis and Clostridioides difficile infection). To date, most peer-reviewed studies on the bacterial microbiota in childhood have been cross-sectional and have reported patterns of gut dysbiosis during infections as compared to healthy controls; prospective studies suggest that most children progressively return to a "healthy microbiota status" following infection. Animal models and/or studies focusing on specific preventive and therapeutic interventions, such as probiotic administration and fecal transplantation, support the role of the bacterial gut microbiota in modulating both enteric and respiratory infections. A more in depth understanding of the mechanisms involved in the establishment and maintenance of the early bacterial microbiota, focusing on specific components of the microbiota-immunity-infectious agent axis is necessary in order to better define potential preventive or therapeutic tools against significant infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio George
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ximena Aguilera
- School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Gallardo
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Farfán
- Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Yalda Lucero
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Roberto del Río Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Torres
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Surgery, Dr. Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Roberto Vidal
- Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,ANID - Millennium Science Initiative Program - Millennium Nucleus in the Biology of Intestinal Microbiota, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel O'Ryan
- Host-Pathogen Interaction Laboratory, Microbiology and Mycology Program, ICBM, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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23
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Scheithauer TPM, Bakker GJ, Winkelmeijer M, Davids M, Nieuwdorp M, van Raalte DH, Herrema H. Compensatory intestinal immunoglobulin response after vancomycin treatment in humans. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1-14. [PMID: 33475461 PMCID: PMC7833805 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1875109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal immunoglobulins (Ig) are abundantly secreted antibodies that bind bacteria and bacterial components in the gut. This binding is considered to accelerate bacterial transit time and prevent the interaction of potentially immunogenic compounds with intestinal immune cells. Ig secretion is regulated by alterations in gut microbiome composition, an event rarely mapped in an intervention setting in humans. Here, we determined the intestinal and systemic Ig response to a major intervention in gut microbiome composition. Healthy humans and humans with metabolic syndrome received oral vancomycin 500 mg four times per day for 7 days. Coinciding with a vancomycin-induced increase in Gram-negative bacteria, fecal levels of the immunogenic bacterial components lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and flagellin drastically increased. Intestinal antibodies (IgA and IgM) significantly increased, whereas peripheral antibodies (IgG, IgA, and IgM) were mostly unaffected by vancomycin treatment. Bacterial cell sorting followed by 16S rRNA sequencing revealed that the majority of Gram-negative bacteria, including opportunistic pathogens, were IgA-coated after the intervention. We suggest that the intestinal Ig response after vancomycin treatment prevents the intrusion of pathogens and bacterial components into systemic sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten P. M. Scheithauer
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,CONTACT Torsten P. M. Scheithauer Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC, Meibergdreef 9, Room G1-115, Amsterdam1105 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Guido J. Bakker
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maaike Winkelmeijer
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Davids
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Max Nieuwdorp
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniël H. van Raalte
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands,Department of Internal Medicine, Diabetes Center, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hilde Herrema
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Amsterdam UMC, Location AMC at University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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24
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Khan I, Bai Y, Zha L, Ullah N, Ullah H, Shah SRH, Sun H, Zhang C. Mechanism of the Gut Microbiota Colonization Resistance and Enteric Pathogen Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:716299. [PMID: 35004340 PMCID: PMC8733563 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.716299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian gut microbial community, known as the gut microbiota, comprises trillions of bacteria, which co-evolved with the host and has an important role in a variety of host functions that include nutrient acquisition, metabolism, and immunity development, and more importantly, it plays a critical role in the protection of the host from enteric infections associated with exogenous pathogens or indigenous pathobiont outgrowth that may result from healthy gut microbial community disruption. Microbiota evolves complex mechanisms to restrain pathogen growth, which included nutrient competition, competitive metabolic interactions, niche exclusion, and induction of host immune response, which are collectively termed colonization resistance. On the other hand, pathogens have also developed counterstrategies to expand their population and enhance their virulence to cope with the gut microbiota colonization resistance and cause infection. This review summarizes the available literature on the complex relationship occurring between the intestinal microbiota and enteric pathogens, describing how the gut microbiota can mediate colonization resistance against bacterial enteric infections and how bacterial enteropathogens can overcome this resistance as well as how the understanding of this complex interaction can inform future therapies against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israr Khan
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Diagnosis, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Cuiying Biomedical Research Centre, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanrui Bai
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Diagnosis, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Cuiying Biomedical Research Centre, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lajia Zha
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Diagnosis, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Cuiying Biomedical Research Centre, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Naeem Ullah
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Habib Ullah
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Cuiying Biomedical Research Centre, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Syed Rafiq Hussain Shah
- Department of Microecology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Centre, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Chunjiang Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,Gansu Key Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Diagnosis, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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25
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Role of TLR5 in the Translocation and Dissemination of Commensal Bacteria in the Intestine after Traumatic Hemorrhagic Shock. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:6417658. [PMID: 34840990 PMCID: PMC8626180 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6417658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterogenous infection is a major cause of death during traumatic hemorrhagic shock (THS). It has been reported that Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) plays an integral role in regulating mucosal immunity and intestinal homeostasis of the microbiota. However, the roles played by TLR5 on intestinal barrier maintenance and commensal bacterial translocation post-THS are poorly understood. In this research, we established THS models in wild-type (WT) and Tlr5-/- (genetically deficient in TLR5 expression) mice. We found that THS promoted bacterial translocation, while TLR5 deficiency played a protective role in preventing commensal bacteria dissemination after THS. Furthermore, intestinal microbiota analysis uncovered that TLR5 deficiency enhanced the mucosal biological barrier by decreasing RegIIIγ-mediated bactericidal activity against G+ anaerobic bacteria. We then sorted small intestinal TLR5+ lamina propria dendritic cells (LPDCs) and analyzed TH1 differentiation in the intestinal lamina propria and a coculture system consisting of LPDCs and naïve T cells. Although TLR5 deficiency attenuated the regulation of TH1 polarization by LPDCs, it conferred stability to the cells during THS. Moreover, retinoic acid (RA) released from TLR5+ LPDCs could play a key role in modulating TH1 polarization. We also found that gavage administration of RA alleviated bacterial translocation in THS-treated WT mice. In summary, we documented that TLR5 signaling plays a pivotal role in regulating RegIIIγ-induced killing of G+ anaerobic bacteria, and LPDCs mediated TH1 differentiation via RA. These processes prevent intestinal bacterial translocation and enterogenous infection after THS, suggesting that therapeutically targeting LPDCs or gut microbiota can interfere with bacterial translocation after THS.
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26
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Wang L, Quan Y, Zhu Y, Xie X, Wang Z, Wang L, Wei X, Che F. The regenerating protein 3A: a crucial molecular with dual roles in cancer. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 49:1491-1500. [PMID: 34811636 PMCID: PMC8825409 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction REG3A, a member of the third subclass of the Reg family, has been found in a variety of tissues but is not detected in immune cells. In the past decade, it has been determined that REG3A expression is regulated by injury, infection, inflammatory stimuli, and pro-cytokines via different signaling pathways, and it acts as a tissue-repair, bactericidal, and anti-inflammatory molecule in human diseases. Recently, the role of REG3A in cancer has received increasing attention. The present article aims to investigate the structure, expression, regulation, function of REG3A, and to highlight the potential role of REG3A in tumors. Methods A detailed literature search and data organization were conducted to find information about the role of REG3A in variety of physiological functions and tumors. Results Contradictory roles of REG3A have been reported in different tumor models. Some studies have demonstrated that high expression of REG3A in cancers can be oncogenic. Other studies have shown decreased REG3A expression in cancer cells as well as suppressed tumor growth. Conclusions Taken together, better understanding of REG3A may lead to new insights that make it a potentially useful target for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Wang
- Department of Clinlical Medicine, Weifang Medical College, Weifang, China.,Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Yanchun Quan
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China.
| | - Yanxi Zhu
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoli Xie
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Long Wang
- Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China.,Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China
| | - Xiuhong Wei
- Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, Shandong, China
| | - Fengyuan Che
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China. .,Central Laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China. .,Key Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong, China.
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27
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Ghosh S, Pramanik S. Structural diversity, functional aspects and future therapeutic applications of human gut microbiome. Arch Microbiol 2021; 203:5281-5308. [PMID: 34405262 PMCID: PMC8370661 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-021-02516-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The research on human gut microbiome, regarded as the black box of the human body, is still at the stage of infancy as the functional properties of the complex gut microbiome have not yet been understood. Ongoing metagenomic studies have deciphered that the predominant microbial communities belong to eubacterial phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and archaebacterial phylum Euryarchaeota. The indigenous commensal microbial flora prevents opportunistic pathogenic infection and play undeniable roles in digestion, metabolite and signaling molecule production and controlling host's cellular health, immunity and neuropsychiatric behavior. Besides maintaining intestinal health via short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) production, gut microbes also aid in neuro-immuno-endocrine modulatory molecule production, immune cell differentiation and glucose and lipid metabolism. Interdependence of diet and intestinal microbial diversity suggests the effectiveness of pre- and pro-biotics in maintenance of gut and systemic health. Several companies worldwide have started potentially exploiting the microbial contribution to human health and have translated their use in disease management and therapeutic applications. The present review discusses the vast diversity of microorganisms playing intricate roles in human metabolism. The contribution of the intestinal microbiota to regulate systemic activities including gut-brain-immunity crosstalk has been focused. To the best of our knowledge, this review is the first of its kind to collate and discuss the companies worldwide translating the multi-therapeutic potential of human intestinal microbiota, based on the multi-omics studies, i.e. metagenomics and metabolomics, as ready solutions for several metabolic and systemic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Ghosh
- Kolkata Zonal Center, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, i-8 Sector-C, East Kolkata Township, Kolkata, 700107, India.
| | - Sreemanta Pramanik
- Kolkata Zonal Center, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, i-8 Sector-C, East Kolkata Township, Kolkata, 700107, India
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28
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Maguire PT, Loughran ST, Harvey R, Johnson PA. A TLR5 mono-agonist restores inhibited immune responses to Streptococcus pneumoniae during influenza virus infection in human monocytes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258261. [PMID: 34644311 PMCID: PMC8513880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) predisposes individuals to often more severe secondary bacterial infections with Streptococcus pneumonia (S. pneumoniae). The outcomes of these infections may be made worse with the increase in antimicrobial resistance and a lack of new treatments to combat this. Th17 responses are crucial in clearing S. pneumoniae from the lung. We previously demonstrated that early IAV infection of human monocytes significantly reduced levels of S. pneumoniae-driven cytokines involved in the Th17 response. Here, we have further identified that IAV targets specific TLRs (TLR2, TLR4, TLR9) involved in sensing S. pneumoniae infection resulting, in a reduction in TLR agonist-induced IL-23 and TGF-β. The effect of IAV is more profound on the TLR2 and TLR9 pathways. We have established that IAV-mediated inhibition of TLR9-induction is related to a downregulation of RORC, a Th17 specific transcription factor. Other studies using mouse models demonstrated that TLR5 agonism improved the efficacy of antibiotics in the treatment of IAV/S. pneumoniae co-infections. Therefore, we investigated if TLR5 agonism could restore inhibited Th17 responses in human monocytes. Levels of pneumococcus-driven cytokines, which had previously been inhibited by IAV were not reduced in the presence of the TLR5 mono-agonist, suggesting that such treatment may overcome IAV inhibition of Th17 responses. The importance of our research is in demonstrating the IAV directly targets S. pneumoniae-associated TLR pathways. Additionally, the IAV-inhibition of Th17 responses can be restored by TLR5 agonism, which indicates that there may be a different Th17 signalling pathway which is not affected by IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula T Maguire
- Viral Immunology Laboratory, School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sinéad T Loughran
- Department of Applied Science, Dundalk Institute of Technology, County Louth, Ireland
| | - Ruth Harvey
- National Institute for Biological Standards and Controls, Potters Bar, Herts, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia A Johnson
- Viral Immunology Laboratory, School of Nursing, Psychotherapy and Community Health, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
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29
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Bokoliya SC, Dorsett Y, Panier H, Zhou Y. Procedures for Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Murine Microbiome Studies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:711055. [PMID: 34621688 PMCID: PMC8490673 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.711055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) has been widely recognized as an approach to determine the microbiome’s causal role in gut dysbiosis-related disease models and as a novel disease-modifying therapy. Despite potential beneficial FMT results in various disease models, there is a variation and complexity in procedural agreement among research groups for performing FMT. The viability of the microbiome in feces and its successful transfer depends on various aspects of donors, recipients, and lab settings. This review focuses on the technical practices of FMT in animal studies. We first document crucial factors required for collecting, handling, and processing donor fecal microbiota for FMT. Then, we detail the description of gut microbiota depletion methods, FMT dosages, and routes of FMT administrations in recipients. In the end, we describe assessments of success rates of FMT with sustainability. It is critical to work under the anaerobic condition to preserve as much of the viability of bacteria. Utilization of germ- free mice or depletion of recipient gut microbiota by antibiotics or polyethylene glycol are two common recipient preparation approaches to achieve better engraftment. Oral-gastric gavage preferred by most researchers for fast and effective administration of FMT in mice. Overall, this review highlights various methods that may lead to developing the standard and reproducible protocol for FMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh C Bokoliya
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Yair Dorsett
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Hunter Panier
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Yanjiao Zhou
- Department of Medicine, University of Connecticut (UConn) Health, Farmington, CT, United States
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30
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Zeng XY, Li M. Looking into key bacterial proteins involved in gut dysbiosis. World J Methodol 2021; 11:130-143. [PMID: 34322365 PMCID: PMC8299906 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v11.i4.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal microbiota plays a pivotal role in health and has been linked to many diseases. With the rapid accumulation of pyrosequencing data of the bacterial composition, the causal-effect relationship between specific dysbiosis features and diseases is now being explored. The aim of this review is to describe the key functional bacterial proteins and antigens in the context of dysbiosis related-diseases. We subjectively classify the key functional proteins into two categories: Primary key proteins and secondary key proteins. The primary key proteins mainly act by themselves and include biofilm inhibitors, toxin degraders, oncogene degraders, adipose metabolism modulators, anti-inflammatory peptides, bacteriocins, host cell regulators, adhesion and invasion molecules, and intestinal barrier regulators. The secondary key proteins mainly act by eliciting host immune responses and include flagellin, outer membrane proteins, and other autoantibody-related antigens. Knowledge of key bacterial proteins is limited compared to the rich microbiome data. Understanding and focusing on these key proteins will pave the way for future mechanistic level cause-effect studies of gut dysbiosis and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yu Zeng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
- Laboratory of Translational Gastroenterology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
- Robot Engineering Laboratory for Precise Diagnosis and Therapy of GI Tumors, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, Shandong Province, China
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31
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Owen AM, Fults JB, Patil NK, Hernandez A, Bohannon JK. TLR Agonists as Mediators of Trained Immunity: Mechanistic Insight and Immunotherapeutic Potential to Combat Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:622614. [PMID: 33679711 PMCID: PMC7930332 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.622614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in critical care medicine, infection remains a significant problem that continues to be complicated with the challenge of antibiotic resistance. Immunocompromised patients are highly susceptible to development of severe infection which often progresses to the life-threatening condition of sepsis. Thus, immunotherapies aimed at boosting host immune defenses are highly attractive strategies to ward off infection and protect patients. Recently there has been mounting evidence that activation of the innate immune system can confer long-term functional reprogramming whereby innate leukocytes mount more robust responses upon secondary exposure to a pathogen for more efficient clearance and host protection, termed trained immunity. Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists are a class of agents which have been shown to trigger the phenomenon of trained immunity through metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic modifications which drive profound augmentation of antimicrobial functions. Immunomodulatory TLR agonists are also highly beneficial as vaccine adjuvants. This review provides an overview on TLR signaling and our current understanding of TLR agonists which show promise as immunotherapeutic agents for combating infection. A brief discussion on our current understanding of underlying mechanisms is also provided. Although an evolving field, TLR agonists hold strong therapeutic potential as immunomodulators and merit further investigation for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Owen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jessica B Fults
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Naeem K Patil
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Antonio Hernandez
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Julia K Bohannon
- Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States.,Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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Liao ZQ, Ji QF, Zhou BJ. Strategies for inflammatory bowel disease drug research by targeting gut microbiota. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2020; 28:1112-1120. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v28.i22.1112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is complex, which may be associated with genetic factors, environmental factors, intestinal mucosal barrier function, immune response, and gut microbiota. At present, there is no cure for IBD, and therefore there is an urgent need to develop therapeutic drugs. Gut microbiota is considered an important factor in the pathogenesis of IBD and is thus an important target for IBD drug research, with the function of regulating the vital activities of host, modulating the immune response, and protecting against intestinal flora disorders. This paper briefly discusses the strategies for IBD drug research by targeting gut microbiota. Fecal transplantation and human microbiota-associated model are effective ways to elucidate the mechanism of IBD therapeutic drugs. Drugs that can enrich probiotics or inhibit harmful bacteria have great potential for the treatment of IBD. Exploring the causal relationship between the changes in gut microbiota and IBD therapeutic drugs through multiple molecular techniques is the focus of IBD drug research in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Qiong Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518017, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qui-Feng Ji
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518017, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ben-Jie Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518017, Guangdong Province, China
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The Gut Microbiota: How Does It Influence the Development and Progression of Liver Diseases. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110501. [PMID: 33207562 PMCID: PMC7697996 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut–liver axis plays important roles in both the maintenance of a healthy liver and the pathogenesis of liver diseases, where the gut microbiota acts as a major determinant of this relationship. Gut bacteria-derived metabolites and cellular components are key molecules that affect the function of the liver and modulate the pathology of liver diseases. Accumulating evidence showed that gut microbiota produces a myriad of molecules, including lipopolysaccharide, lipoteichoic acid, peptidoglycan, and DNA, as well as short-chain fatty acids, bile acids, trimethylamine, and indole derivatives. The translocation of these components to the liver exerts beneficial or pathogenic effects by interacting with liver immune cells. This is a bidirectional relationship. Therefore, the existence of crosstalk between the gut and liver and its implications on host health and diseases are essential for the etiology and treatment of diseases. Several mechanisms have been proposed for the pathogenesis of liver diseases, but still, the mechanisms behind the pathogenic role of gut-derived components on liver pathogenesis remain elusive and not understandable. This review discusses the current progress on the gut microbiota and its components in terms of the progression of liver diseases, and in turn, how liver diseases indirectly affect the intestinal function and induce intestinal inflammation. Moreover, this paper highlights the current therapeutic and preventive strategies used to restore the gut microbiota composition and improve host health.
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Kalfopoulou E, Huebner J. Advances and Prospects in Vaccine Development against Enterococci. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112397. [PMID: 33147722 PMCID: PMC7692742 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are the second most common Gram-positive pathogen responsible for nosocomial infections. Due to the limited number of new antibiotics that reach the medical practice and the resistance of enterococci to the current antibiotic options, passive and active immunotherapies have emerged as a potential prevention and/or treatment strategy against this opportunistic pathogen. In this review, we explore the pathogenicity of these bacteria and their interaction with the host immune response. We provide an overview of the capsular polysaccharides and surface-associated proteins that have been described as potential antigens in anti-enterococcal vaccine formulations. In addition, we describe the current status in vaccine development against enterococci and address the importance and the current advances toward the development of well-defined vaccines with broad coverage against enterococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ermioni Kalfopoulou
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany;
| | - Johannes Huebner
- Division of Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Dr. von Hauner Children’s Hospital, Ludwig Maximilians University, 80337 Munich, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-89-44005-7970
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Bajic D, Niemann A, Hillmer AK, Mejias-Luque R, Bluemel S, Docampo M, Funk MC, Tonin E, Boutros M, Schnabl B, Busch DH, Miki T, Schmid RM, van den Brink MRM, Gerhard M, Stein-Thoeringer CK. Gut Microbiota-Derived Propionate Regulates the Expression of Reg3 Mucosal Lectins and Ameliorates Experimental Colitis in Mice. J Crohns Colitis 2020; 14:1462-1472. [PMID: 32227170 PMCID: PMC8921751 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjaa065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Regenerating islet-derived protein type 3 [Reg3] lectins are antimicrobial peptides at mucosal surfaces of the gut, whose expression is regulated by pathogenic gut microbes via interleukin-22- or Toll-like receptor signalling. In addition to antimicrobial effects, tissue protection is hypothesized, but has been poorly investigated in the gut. METHODS We applied antibiotic-induced microbiota perturbations, gnotobiotic approaches and a dextran-sodium sulfate [DSS] colitis model to assess microbial Reg3 regulation in the intestines and its role in colitis. We also used an intestinal organoid model to investigate this axis in vitro. RESULTS First, we studied whether gut commensals are involved in Reg3 expression in mice, and found that antibiotic-mediated reduction of Clostridia downregulated intestinal Reg3B. A loss in Clostridia was accompanied by a significant reduction of short-chain fatty acids [SCFAs], and knock-out [KO] mice for SCFA receptors GPR43 and GPR109 expressed less intestinal Reg3B/-G. Propionate was found to induce Reg3 in intestinal organoids and in gnotobiotic mice colonized with a defined, SCFA-producing microbiota. Investigating the role of Reg3B as a protective factor in colitis, we found that Reg3B-KO mice display increased inflammation and less crypt proliferation in the DSS colitis model. Propionate decreased colitis and increased proliferation. Treatment of organoids exposed to DSS with Reg3B or propionate reversed the chemical injury with a loss of expression of the stem-cell marker Lgr5 and Olfm4. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that Clostridia can regulate Reg3-associated epithelial homeostasis through propionate signalling. We also provide evidence that the Reg3-propionate axis may be an important mediator of gut epithelial regeneration in colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danica Bajic
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Techn. Univ. Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adrian Niemann
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Techn. Univ. Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna-Katharina Hillmer
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Techn. Univ. Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Raquel Mejias-Luque
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Techn. Univ. Munich, Munich, Germany
- University Hospital Zurich, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sena Bluemel
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, San Diego, USA
- University Hospital Zurich, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Melissa Docampo
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, Immunology Program, New York, USA
| | - Maja C Funk
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elena Tonin
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Boutros
- Division Signaling and Functional Genomics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) and Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bernd Schnabl
- UC San Diego School of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, San Diego, USA
| | - Dirk H Busch
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Techn. Univ. Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tsuyoshi Miki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Roland M Schmid
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Techn. Univ. Munich, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Markus Gerhard
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Techn. Univ. Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph K Stein-Thoeringer
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Techn. Univ. Munich, Munich, Germany
- Division Microbiome and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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NOD2 receptor is crucial for protecting against the digestive form of Chagas disease. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008667. [PMID: 32986710 PMCID: PMC7553797 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive and cardiodigestive forms of Chagas’ disease are observed in 2% to 27% of the patients, depending on their geographic location, Trypanosoma cruzi strain and immunopathological responses. The aim of this work was to evaluate the role of NOD2 innate immune receptor in the pathogenesis of the digestive system in Chagas’ disease. Patients with digestive form of the disease showed lower mRNA expression of NOD2, higher expression of RIP2 and α-defensin 6, compared to indeterminate form, detected by Real-time PCR in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In addition, there was a negative correlation between the expression of NOD2 and the degree of dilation of the esophagus, sigmoid and rectum in those patients. The infection of NOD2-/- mice with T. cruzi strain isolated from the digestive patient induced a decrease in intestinal motility. Histopathological analysis of the colon and jejunum of NOD2-/- and wild type C57BL/6 animals revealed discrete inflammatory foci during the acute phase of infection. Interestingly, during the chronic phase of the infection there was inflammation and hypertrophy of the longitudinal and circular muscular layer more pronounced in the colon and jejunum from NOD2-/- animals, when compared to wild type C57BL/6 mice. Together, our results suggest that NOD2 plays a protective role against the development of digestive form of Chagas’ disease. Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, during the chronic phase of infection 2–27% of patients develop digestive form of the disease (megaesophagus and megacolon) that contributes to patient morbidity and mortality, generating costs for public health services, and especially affecting significantly the life quality of the patients. Although is known that many factors inherent of the parasite (tropism, genetics, virulence and antigenicity), host (age, gender, nutritional status, genetics and immune response) and geographical distribution may influence the development of the different clinical forms of Chagas disease, the exact mechanism that leads to megacolon and megaesophagus development are unknown. Here we showed that patients with digestive form of Chagas’ disease do not express the innate immune receptor NOD2. By isolating a parasite from a digestive patient and infecting NOD2-deficient mice we observed a reduced intestinal motility, chronic development of colon and jejunum wall thickness associated with increased inflammatory mediators in the organ, when compared to wild type animals. Our results indicate that the NOD2 receptor protects against the development of the digestive form of Chagas disease and could be used as a biomarker for the development of gastrointestinal changes during T. cruzi infection in patients.
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Rashidi A, Weisdorf DJ. Microbiota-based approaches to mitigate infectious complications of intensive chemotherapy in patients with acute leukemia. Transl Res 2020; 220:167-181. [PMID: 32275896 PMCID: PMC7605891 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in antimicrobial treatments, infection remains a common complication of intensive chemotherapy in patients with acute leukemia. It has become progressively apparent that the current antimicrobial focus has shortcomings that result from disruption of the commensal microbial communities of the gut. These effects, collectively known as dysbiosis, have been increasingly associated worldwide with growing complications such as Clostridioides difficile infection, systemic infections, and antibiotic resistance. A revision of the current practice is overdue. Several innovative concepts have been proposed and tested in animal models and humans, with the overarching goal of preventing damage to the microbiota and facilitating its recovery. In this review, we discuss these approaches, examine critical knowledge gaps, and explore how they may be filled in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Rashidi
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | - Daniel J Weisdorf
- Division of Hematology, Oncology, and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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38
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Blyth GAD, Connors L, Fodor C, Cobo ER. The Network of Colonic Host Defense Peptides as an Innate Immune Defense Against Enteropathogenic Bacteria. Front Immunol 2020; 11:965. [PMID: 32508838 PMCID: PMC7251035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Host defense peptides, abundantly secreted by colonic epithelial cells and leukocytes, are proposed to be critical components of an innate immune response in the colon against enteropathogenic bacteria, including Shigella spp., Salmonella spp., Clostridium difficile, and attaching and effacing Escherichia coli and Citrobacter rodentium. These short cationic peptides are bactericidal against both Gram-positive and -negative enteric pathogens, but may also exert killing effects on intestinal luminal microbiota. Simultaneously, these peptides modulate numerous cellular responses crucial for gut defenses, including leukocyte chemotaxis and migration, wound healing, cytokine production, cell proliferation, and pathogen sensing. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of expression, mechanisms of action and microbicidal and immunomodulatory functions of major colonic host defense peptides, namely cathelicidins, β-defensins, and members of the Regenerating islet-derived protein III (RegIII) and Resistin-like molecule (RELM) families. In a theoretical framework where these peptides work synergistically, aspects of pathogenesis of infectious colitis reviewed herein uncover roles of host defense peptides aimed to promote epithelial defenses and prevent pathogen colonization, mediated through a combination of direct antimicrobial function and fine-tuning of host immune response and inflammation. This interactive host defense peptide network may decode how the intestinal immune system functions to quickly clear infections, restore homeostasis and avoid damaging inflammation associated with pathogen persistence during infectious colitis. This information is of interest in development of host defense peptides (either alone or in combination with reduced doses of antibiotics) as antimicrobial and immunomodulatory therapeutics for controlling infectious colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham A D Blyth
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Liam Connors
- Bachelor of Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Cristina Fodor
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Eduardo R Cobo
- Department of Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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Microbial Stimulation Reverses the Age-Related Decline in M Cells in Aged Mice. iScience 2020; 23:101147. [PMID: 32454449 PMCID: PMC7251786 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging has a profound effect on the immune system, termed immunosenescence, resulting in increased incidence and severity of infections and decreased efficacy of vaccinations. We previously showed that immunosurveillance in the intestine, achieved primarily through antigen sampling M cells in the follicle associated epithelium (FAE) of Peyer's patches, was compromised during aging due to a decline in M cell functional maturation. The intestinal microbiota also changes significantly with age, but whether this affects M cell maturation was not known. We show that housing of aged mice on used bedding from young mice, or treatment with bacterial flagellin, were each sufficient to enhance the functional maturation of M cells in Peyer's patches. An understanding of the mechanisms underlying the influence of the intestinal microbiota on M cells has the potential to lead to new methods to enhance the efficacy of oral vaccination in aged individuals.
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40
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Keir ME, Yi T, Lu TT, Ghilardi N. The role of IL-22 in intestinal health and disease. J Exp Med 2020; 217:e20192195. [PMID: 32997932 PMCID: PMC7062536 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20192195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytokine interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a critical regulator of epithelial homeostasis. It has been implicated in multiple aspects of epithelial barrier function, including regulation of epithelial cell growth and permeability, production of mucus and antimicrobial proteins (AMPs), and complement production. In this review, we focus specifically on the role of IL-22 in the intestinal epithelium. We summarize recent advances in our understanding of how IL-22 regulates homeostasis and host defense, and we discuss the IL-22 pathway as a therapeutic target in diseases of the intestine, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Keir
- Biomarker Discovery, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Tangsheng Yi
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
| | - Timothy T. Lu
- Early Clinical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA
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Gut Microbiota, Antibiotic Therapy and Antimicrobial Resistance: A Narrative Review. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020269. [PMID: 32079318 PMCID: PMC7074698 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a major concern. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated direct relationships between antibiotic consumption and emergence/dissemination of resistant strains. Within the last decade, authors confounded spectrum activity and ecological effects and did not take into account several other factors playing important roles, such as impact on anaerobic flora, biliary elimination and sub-inhibitory concentration. The ecological impact of antibiotics on the gut microbiota by direct or indirect mechanisms reflects the breaking of the resistance barrier to colonization. To limit the impact of antibiotic therapy on gut microbiota, consideration of the spectrum of activity and route of elimination must be integrated into the decision. Various strategies to prevent (antimicrobial stewardship, action on residual antibiotics at colonic level) or cure dysbiosis (prebiotic, probiotic and fecal microbiota transplantation) have been introduced or are currently being developed.
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Gestal MC, Howard LK, Dewan K, Johnson HM, Barbier M, Bryant C, Soumana IH, Rivera I, Linz B, Blas-Machado U, Harvill ET. Enhancement of immune response against Bordetella spp. by disrupting immunomodulation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20261. [PMID: 31889098 PMCID: PMC6937331 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56652-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-adapted pathogens must evade clearance by the host immune system and the study of how they do this has revealed myriad complex strategies and mechanisms. Classical bordetellae are very closely related subspecies that are known to modulate adaptive immunity in a variety of ways, permitting them to either persist for life or repeatedly infect the same host. Exploring the hypothesis that exposure to immune cells would cause bordetellae to induce expression of important immunomodulatory mechanisms, we identified a putative regulator of an immunomodulatory pathway. The deletion of btrS in B. bronchiseptica did not affect colonization or initial growth in the respiratory tract of mice, its natural host, but did increase activation of the inflammasome pathway, and recruitment of inflammatory cells. The mutant lacking btrS recruited many more B and T cells into the lungs, where they rapidly formed highly organized and distinctive Bronchial Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT) not induced by any wild type Bordetella species, and a much more rapid and strong antibody response than observed with any of these species. Immunity induced by the mutant was measurably more robust in all respiratory organs, providing completely sterilizing immunity that protected against challenge infections for many months. Moreover, the mutant induced sterilizing immunity against infection with other classical bordetellae, including B. pertussis and B. parapertussis, something the current vaccines do not provide. These findings reveal profound immunomodulation by bordetellae and demonstrate that by disrupting it much more robust protective immunity can be generated, providing a pathway to greatly improve vaccines and preventive treatments against these important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Gestal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.
| | - Laura K Howard
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Kalyan Dewan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Hannah M Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mariette Barbier
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States of America
- Vaccine Development Center at West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, West Virginia, United States of America
| | - Clare Bryant
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, United Kingdom
| | - Illiassou Hamidou Soumana
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Israel Rivera
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Bodo Linz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Uriel Blas-Machado
- Department of Pathology, Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eric T Harvill
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.
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Ocansey DKW, Wang L, Wang J, Yan Y, Qian H, Zhang X, Xu W, Mao F. Mesenchymal stem cell-gut microbiota interaction in the repair of inflammatory bowel disease: an enhanced therapeutic effect. Clin Transl Med 2019; 8:31. [PMID: 31872304 PMCID: PMC6928179 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-019-0251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several investigations affirm that, patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) exhibit dysbiosis characterized by restricted biodiversity and imbalanced bacterial composition intertwined with immune dysregulation. The interaction between stem cells and gut microbiota is a novel and highly promising field that could add up to a better understanding of the gut physiology, as well as therapeutic improvement towards diseases like IBD. Through direct contact or release of products and/or metabolites, gut bacteria regulate gut homeostasis, damage repair, regeneration and differentiation of stem cells. In the same way, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) produce similar effects including restoration of gut-microbiome composition. BODY: We reviewed the anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, pathogenic bacterial clearance, proliferation and tissue remodeling effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) as separate transplants in IBD, and the outcome of the interaction between MSCs and gut microbiota. CONCLUSION The two therapies share several points of connection in therapeutics with enhanced functionalities in their interaction with each other. Focused investigations of MSC-gut bacteria interactions could lead to a novel discovery in therapeutics. We also anticipate an improved clinical remission rate in a combined FMT-MSC transplantation approach in IBD than the current single FMT or MSC approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dickson Kofi Wiredu Ocansey
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Directorate of University Health Services, University of Cape Coast, Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Li Wang
- Huai'an Maternity and Children Hospital, Huaian, 223002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongmin Yan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Qian
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenrong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine of Jiangsu Province, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Gestal MC, Johnson HM, Harvill ET. Immunomodulation as a Novel Strategy for Prevention and Treatment of Bordetella spp. Infections. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2869. [PMID: 31921136 PMCID: PMC6923730 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-adapted pathogens have evolved to survive the many challenges of a robust immune response. Defending against all host antimicrobials simultaneously would be exceedingly difficult, if not impossible, so many co-evolved organisms utilize immunomodulatory tools to subvert, distract, and/or evade the host immune response. Bordetella spp. present many examples of the diversity of immunomodulators and an exceptional experimental system in which to study them. Recent advances in this experimental system suggest strategies for interventions that tweak immunity to disrupt bacterial immunomodulation, engaging more effective host immunity to better prevent and treat infections. Here we review advances in the understanding of respiratory pathogens, with special focus on Bordetella spp., and prospects for the use of immune-stimulatory interventions in the prevention and treatment of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica C Gestal
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Hannah M Johnson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Eric T Harvill
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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45
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Burrows K, Chiaranunt P, Ngai L, Mortha A. Rapid isolation of mouse ILCs from murine intestinal tissues. Methods Enzymol 2019; 631:305-327. [PMID: 31948554 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tissue-resident immune cells like innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) are regulators of local immunity and tissue homeostasis. Similar to Natural Killer (NK) cells, ILCs express germline-encoded natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) that facilitate the rapid execution of effector functions. Recent advances using transgenic animal models have further uncovered the developmental, transcriptional, epigenetic, and functional differences between members of the ILC family. Isolation of ILCs, which are particularly enriched in non-lymphoid tissues, can often be challenging and time consuming. Here, we provide a simple and rapid protocol for the isolation of NK cells and ILCs from murine intestinal tissues. This protocol is suitable for Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting (FACS) and intracellular analysis of cytokine and transcription factor expression using flow and mass cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Burrows
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Pailin Chiaranunt
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Louis Ngai
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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46
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Lebreton F, Valentino MD, Schaufler K, Earl AM, Cattoir V, Gilmore MS. Transferable vancomycin resistance in clade B commensal-type Enterococcus faecium. J Antimicrob Chemother 2019; 73:1479-1486. [PMID: 29462403 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dky039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium is a leading cause of MDR hospital infection. Two genetically definable populations of E. faecium have been identified: hospital-adapted MDR isolates (clade A) and vancomycin-susceptible commensal strains (clade B). VanN-type vancomycin resistance was identified in two isolates of E. faecium recovered from blood and faeces of an immunocompromised patient. To understand the genomic context in which VanN occurred in the hospitalized patient, the risk it posed for transmission in the hospital and its origins, it was of interest to determine where these strains placed within the E. faecium population structure. Methods We obtained the genome sequence of the VanN isolates and performed comparative and functional genomics of the chromosome and plasmid content. Results We show that, in these strains, VanN occurs in a genetic background that clusters with clade B E. faecium, which is highly unusual. We characterized the chromosome and the conjugative plasmid that carries VanN resistance in these strains, pUV24. This plasmid exhibits signatures of in-host selection on the vanN operon regulatory system, which are associated with a constitutive expression of vancomycin resistance. VanN resistance in clade B strains may go undetected by current methods. Conclusions We report a case of vancomycin resistance in a commensal lineage of E. faecium responsible for an atypical bacteraemia in an immunocompromised patient. A reservoir of transferable glycopeptide resistance in the community could pose a concern for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Lebreton
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael D Valentino
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Katharina Schaufler
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ashlee M Earl
- Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vincent Cattoir
- Université de Caen Basse-Normandie, EA4655 U2RM (équipe 'Antibio-résistance'), Caen, France.,CHU de Caen, Service de Microbiologie, Caen, France
| | - Michael S Gilmore
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Infectious Disease & Microbiome Program, The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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47
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Georgel AF, Cayet D, Pizzorno A, Rosa-Calatrava M, Paget C, Sencio V, Dubuisson J, Trottein F, Sirard JC, Carnoy C. Toll-like receptor 5 agonist flagellin reduces influenza A virus replication independently of type I interferon and interleukin 22 and improves antiviral efficacy of oseltamivir. Antiviral Res 2019; 168:28-35. [PMID: 31078648 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2018] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Influenza infections remain a burden on health care systems despite vaccination programs and marketed antiviral drugs. Immunomodulation through activation of innate sensors could represent innovative approaches to fight the flu. This study evaluated the ability of flagellin, agonist of Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5), to control the replication of influenza A virus (IAV) in mice. First, we showed that systemic or intranasal administration of flagellin activated transcription of anti-viral genes in lung tissue. Prophylactic and therapeutic flagellin administration resulted in decreased levels of viral RNA and infectious virus in the lungs of H3N2 IAV-infected mice. The effect of the flagellin on viral replication was also observed in Ifnar-/- and Il22-/- IAV-infected mice, suggesting a mechanism independent of type I interferon and interleukin 22 signaling. In addition, a combination therapy associating the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir and flagellin was more effective than standalone treatments in reducing pulmonary viral replication. Thus, this study highlights the therapeutic potential of the flagellin to control the replication of the influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-France Georgel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France; Groupement des Hôpitaux de l'Institut Catholique de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Delphine Cayet
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Andrés Pizzorno
- Laboratoire Virologie et Pathologie Humaine - VirPath Team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Manuel Rosa-Calatrava
- Laboratoire Virologie et Pathologie Humaine - VirPath Team, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie (CIRI), Inserm U1111, CNRS UMR5308, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France; VirNext, Faculté de Médecine RTH Laennec, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, 69008, France
| | - Christophe Paget
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France; INSERM U1100, Centre d'Etude des Pathologies Respiratoires (CEPR), Université de Tours, France
| | - Valentin Sencio
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean Dubuisson
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - François Trottein
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Claude Sirard
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.
| | - Christophe Carnoy
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019-UMR8204, CIIL-Center for Infection and Immunity of Lille, Lille, France.
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Bernshtein B, Curato C, Ioannou M, Thaiss CA, Gross-Vered M, Kolesnikov M, Wang Q, David E, Chappell-Maor L, Harmelin A, Elinav E, Thakker P, Papayannopoulos V, Jung S. IL-23-producing IL-10Rα-deficient gut macrophages elicit an IL-22-driven proinflammatory epithelial cell response. Sci Immunol 2019; 4:eaau6571. [PMID: 31201258 PMCID: PMC6697185 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aau6571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines maintain intestinal health, but precise intercellular communication networks remain poorly understood. Macrophages are immune sentinels of the intestinal tissue and are critical for gut homeostasis. Here, we show that in a murine inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) model based on macrophage-restricted interleukin-10 (IL-10) receptor deficiency (Cx3cr1Cre:Il10rafl/fl mice), proinflammatory mutant gut macrophages cause severe spontaneous colitis resembling the condition observed in children carrying IL-10R mutations. We establish macrophage-derived IL-23 as the driving factor of this pathology. Specifically, we report that Cx3cr1Cre:Il10rafl/fl:Il23afl/fl mice harboring macrophages deficient for both IL-10R and IL-23 are protected from colitis. By analyzing the epithelial response to proinflammatory macrophages, we provide evidence that T cells of colitic animals produce IL-22, which induces epithelial chemokine expression and detrimental neutrophil recruitment. Collectively, we define macrophage-specific contributions to the induction and pathogenesis of colitis, as manifested in mice harboring IL-10R deficiencies and human IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biana Bernshtein
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Caterina Curato
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Christoph A Thaiss
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Mor Gross-Vered
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Masha Kolesnikov
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Qian Wang
- Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Eyal David
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | - Alon Harmelin
- Department of Veterinary Resources, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Paresh Thakker
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 777 Old Saw Mill River, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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Abstract
C-type lectins of the Reg3 family belong to antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which function as a barrier to protect body surfaces against microorganisms. Reg3 mainly expressed throughout the small intestine modulate host defense process via bactericidal activity. A wide range of studies indicate that Reg3 family plays an important role in the physical segregation of microbiota from host as well as the immune response induced by enteric pathogens. In this review, we review a growing literature on the potential metabolic functions of Reg3 proteins and their potential to act as important gut hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Shin
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Surgery, Internal Medicine and Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Correspondence: Randy J. Seeley, PhD, Department of Surgery, Internal Medicine and Nutritional Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109. E-mail:
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Pathogen Colonization Resistance in the Gut and Its Manipulation for Improved Health. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:1300-1310. [PMID: 31100210 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammals have coevolved with a large community of symbiotic, commensal, and some potentially pathogenic microbes. The trillions of bacteria and hundreds of species in our guts form a relatively stable community that resists invasion by outsiders, including pathogens. This powerful protective force is referred to as colonization resistance. We discuss the variety of proposed or demonstrated mechanisms that can mediate colonization resistance and some potential ways to manipulate them for improved human health. Instances in which certain bacterial pathogens can overcome colonization resistance are also discussed.
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