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Filaire F, Sécula A, Bessière P, Pagès-Homs M, Guérin JL, Violleau F, Till U. High and low pathogenicity avian influenza virus discrimination and prediction based on volatile organic compounds signature by SIFT-MS: a proof-of-concept study. Sci Rep 2024; 14:17051. [PMID: 39048690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67219-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
High and low pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIV, LPAIV) are the primary causes of poultry diseases worldwide. HPAIV and LPAIV constitute a major threat to the global poultry industry. Therefore, early detection and well-adapted surveillance strategies are of the utmost importance to control the spread of these viruses. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) released from living organisms have been investigated over the last decades as a diagnostic strategy. Mass spectrometry instruments can analyze VOCs emitted upon viral infection. Selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT-MS) enables direct analysis of cell headspace in less than 20 min. As a proof-of-concept study, we investigated the ability of a SIFT-MS coupled sparse Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis analytical workflow to discriminate IAV-infected cells. Supernatants of HPAIV, LPAIV, and control cells were collected from 1 to 72 h post-infection and analyzed using our analytical workflow. At each collection point, VOCs' signatures were first identified based on four independent experiments and then used to discriminate the infectious status of external samples. Our results indicate that the identified VOCs signatures successfully discriminate, as early as 1-h post-infection, infected cells from the control cells and differentiated the HPAIV from the LPAIV infection. These results suggest a virus-dependent VOCs signature. Overall, the external samples' status was identified with 96.67% sensitivity, 100% specificity, and 97.78% general accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Filaire
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France.
- Physiologie, Pathologie et Génétique Végétales PPGV, INP-PURPAN, Toulouse, France.
- THESEO France, Lanxess Biosecurity, LanXess Group, Laval, France.
| | - Aurélie Sécula
- IHAP, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, ENVT, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Marielle Pagès-Homs
- Physiologie, Pathologie et Génétique Végétales PPGV, INP-PURPAN, Toulouse, France.
| | | | - Frederic Violleau
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle, LCA, Université de Toulouse, INP-PURPAN, Toulouse, France
| | - Ugo Till
- THESEO France, Lanxess Biosecurity, LanXess Group, Laval, France
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2
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Chou H, Godbeer L, Allsworth M, Boyle B, Ball ML. Progress and challenges of developing volatile metabolites from exhaled breath as a biomarker platform. Metabolomics 2024; 20:72. [PMID: 38977623 PMCID: PMC11230972 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-024-02142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The multitude of metabolites generated by physiological processes in the body can serve as valuable biomarkers for many clinical purposes. They can provide a window into relevant metabolic pathways for health and disease, as well as be candidate therapeutic targets. A subset of these metabolites generated in the human body are volatile, known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which can be detected in exhaled breath. These can diffuse from their point of origin throughout the body into the bloodstream and exchange into the air in the lungs. For this reason, breath VOC analysis has become a focus of biomedical research hoping to translate new useful biomarkers by taking advantage of the non-invasive nature of breath sampling, as well as the rapid rate of collection over short periods of time that can occur. Despite the promise of breath analysis as an additional platform for metabolomic analysis, no VOC breath biomarkers have successfully been implemented into a clinical setting as of the time of this review. AIM OF REVIEW This review aims to summarize the progress made to address the major methodological challenges, including standardization, that have historically limited the translation of breath VOC biomarkers into the clinic. We highlight what steps can be taken to improve these issues within new and ongoing breath research to promote the successful development of the VOCs in breath as a robust source of candidate biomarkers. We also highlight key recent papers across select fields, critically reviewing the progress made in the past few years to advance breath research. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW VOCs are a set of metabolites that can be sampled in exhaled breath to act as advantageous biomarkers in a variety of clinical contexts.
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3
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Long GA, Xu Q, Sunkara J, Woodbury R, Brown K, Huang JJ, Xie Z, Chen X, Fu XA, Huang J. A comprehensive meta-analysis and systematic review of breath analysis in detection of COVID-19 through Volatile organic compounds. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 109:116309. [PMID: 38692202 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic had profound global impacts on daily lives, economic stability, and healthcare systems. Diagnosis of COVID-19 infection via RT-PCR was crucial in reducing spread of disease and informing treatment management. While RT-PCR is a key diagnostic test, there is room for improvement in the development of diagnostic criteria. Identification of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath provides a fast, reliable, and economically favorable alternative for disease detection. METHODS This meta-analysis analyzed the diagnostic performance of VOC-based breath analysis in detection of COVID-19 infection. A systematic review of twenty-nine papers using the grading criteria from Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) and PRISMA guidelines was conducted. RESULTS The cumulative results showed a sensitivity of 0.92 (95 % CI, 90 %-95 %) and a specificity of 0.90 (95 % CI 87 %-93 %). Subgroup analysis by variant demonstrated strong sensitivity to the original strain compared to the Omicron and Delta variant in detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection. An additional subgroup analysis of detection methods showed eNose technology had the highest sensitivity when compared to GC-MS, GC-IMS, and high sensitivity-MS. CONCLUSION Overall, these results support the use of breath analysis as a new detection method of COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Long
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Qian Xu
- Biometrics and Data Science, Fosun Pharma, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jahnavi Sunkara
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Reagan Woodbury
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Katherine Brown
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | | | - Zhenzhen Xie
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | - Xiao-An Fu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
| | - Jiapeng Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA..
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4
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Fitzgerald S, Holland L, Ahmed W, Piechulla B, Fowler SJ, Morrin A. Volatilomes of human infection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2024; 416:37-53. [PMID: 37843549 PMCID: PMC10758372 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04986-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
The human volatilome comprises a vast mixture of volatile emissions produced by the human body and its microbiomes. Following infection, the human volatilome undergoes significant shifts, and presents a unique medium for non-invasive biomarker discovery. In this review, we examine how the onset of infection impacts the production of volatile metabolites that reflects dysbiosis by pathogenic microbes. We describe key analytical workflows applied across both microbial and clinical volatilomics and emphasize the value in linking microbial studies to clinical investigations to robustly elucidate the metabolic species and pathways leading to the observed volatile signatures. We review the current state of the art across microbial and clinical volatilomics, outlining common objectives and successes of microbial-clinical volatilomic workflows. Finally, we propose key challenges, as well as our perspectives on emerging opportunities for developing clinically useful and targeted workflows that could significantly enhance and expedite current practices in infection diagnosis and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane Fitzgerald
- SFI Insight Centre for Data Analytics, School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Linda Holland
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Waqar Ahmed
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Birgit Piechulla
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stephen J Fowler
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to Infection and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Respiratory Medicine, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Aoife Morrin
- SFI Insight Centre for Data Analytics, School of Chemical Sciences, National Centre for Sensor Research, Dublin City University, Dublin, Ireland.
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5
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Kornbausch N, Mérignac-Lacombe J, Neiers F, Thomas-Danguin T, Heydel JM, Steinke M, Hackenberg S, Loos HM. Perspectives on Nasal Odorant Metabolism Research. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:16488-16492. [PMID: 37877768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c04662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Olfaction is a multi-step process. At a peripheral level, nasal odorant metabolism contributes to olfaction via signal termination, variation, and regulation. We summarize current techniques used to investigate nasal odorant metabolism and give an outlook on future approaches, such as nasal tissue models and their potential contributions in future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Kornbausch
- Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jeanne Mérignac-Lacombe
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabrice Neiers
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Thomas-Danguin
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Marie Heydel
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation (CSGA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation et l'Environnement (INRAE), Institut Agro, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Maria Steinke
- Chair of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, 97070 Würzburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), 97070 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Hackenberg
- Department of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology, Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Head and Neck Surgery, University Clinic Wuerzburg, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Helene M Loos
- Chair of Aroma and Smell Research, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV), 85354 Freising, Germany
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6
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Voit F, Erber J, Feuerherd M, Fries H, Bitterlich N, Diehl-Wiesenecker E, Gladis S, Lieb J, Protzer U, Schneider J, Geisler F, Somasundaram R, Schmid RM, Bauer W, Spinner CD. Rapid point-of-care detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection in exhaled breath using ion mobility spectrometry: a pilot study. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:318. [PMID: 37660038 PMCID: PMC10474630 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND An effective testing strategy is essential for pandemic control of the novel Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Breath gas analysis can expand the available toolbox for diagnostic tests by using a rapid, cost-beneficial, high-throughput point-of-care test. We conducted a bi-center clinical pilot study in Germany to evaluate breath gas analysis using multi-capillary column ion mobility spectrometry (MCC-IMS) to detect SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS Between September 23, 2020, and June 11, 2021, breath gas measurements were performed on 380 patients (SARS-CoV-2 real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) positive: 186; PCR negative: 194) presenting to the emergency department (ED) with respiratory symptoms. RESULTS Breath gas analysis using MCC-IMS identified 110 peaks; 54 showed statistically significant differences in peak intensity between the SARS-CoV-2 PCR-negative and PCR-positive groups. A decision tree analysis classification resulted in a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 86%, but limited robustness to dataset changes. Modest values for the sensitivity (74%) and specificity (52%) were obtained using linear discriminant analysis. A systematic search for peaks led to a sensitivity of 77% and specificity of 67%; however, validation by transferability to other data is questionable. CONCLUSIONS Despite identifying several peaks by MCC-IMS with significant differences in peak intensity between PCR-negative and PCR-positive samples, finding a classification system that allows reliable differentiation between the two groups proved to be difficult. However, with some modifications to the setup, breath gas analysis using MCC-IMS may be a useful diagnostic toolbox for SARS-CoV-2 infection. TRIAL REGISTRATION This study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov on September 21, 2020 (NCT04556318; Study-ID: HC-N-H-2004).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Voit
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - J Erber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - M Feuerherd
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Center Munich, TUM, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - H Fries
- B. Braun Melsungen AG, Melsungen, Germany
| | - N Bitterlich
- ABX-CRO Advanced Pharmaceutical Services Forschungsgesellschaft mbH, Dresden, Germany
| | - E Diehl-Wiesenecker
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - S Gladis
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - J Lieb
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - U Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Center Munich, TUM, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - J Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - F Geisler
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - R Somasundaram
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - R M Schmid
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - W Bauer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - C D Spinner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Rechts Der Isar, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
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7
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Shukla S, Nakano-Baker O, Godin D, MacKenzie D, Sarikaya M. iOBPdb A Database for Experimentally Determined Functional Characterization of Insect Odorant Binding Proteins. Sci Data 2023; 10:295. [PMID: 37208471 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02195-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Odorant binding proteins (OBPs) are extra-cellular proteins that solubilize and transport volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Thousands of OBPs have been identified through genome sequencing, and hundreds have been characterized by fluorescence ligand binding assays in individual studies. There is a limited understanding of the comparative structure-function relations of OBPs, primarily due to a lack of a centralized database that relates OBP binding affinity and structure. Combining 181 functional studies containing 382 unique OBPs from 91 insect species, we present a database, iOBPdb, of OBP binding affinities for 622 individual VOC targets. This initial database provides powerful search and associative capabilities for retrieving and analyzing OBP-VOC binding interaction data. We have validated this dataset using phylogenetic mapping to determine the authenticity of the collected sequences and whether they cluster according to their assigned subfamilies. Potential applications include developing molecular probes for biosensors, novel bioassays and drugs, targeted pesticides that inhibit VOC/OBP interactions, and understanding odor sensing and perception in the brain.
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8
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Ahmed WM, Fenn D, White IR, Dixon B, Nijsen TME, Knobel HH, Brinkman P, Van Oort PMP, Schultz MJ, Dark P, Goodacre R, Felton T, Bos LDJ, Fowler SJ. Microbial Volatiles as Diagnostic Biomarkers of Bacterial Lung Infection in Mechanically Ventilated Patients. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:1059-1066. [PMID: 36310531 PMCID: PMC10029988 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early and accurate recognition of respiratory pathogens is crucial to prevent increased risk of mortality in critically ill patients. Microbial-derived volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) in exhaled breath could be used as noninvasive biomarkers of infection to support clinical diagnosis. METHODS In this study, we investigated the diagnostic potential of in vitro-confirmed mVOCs in the exhaled breath of patients under mechanical ventilation from the BreathDx study. Samples were analyzed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS Pathogens from bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cultures were identified in 45 of 89 patients and Staphylococcus aureus was the most commonly identified pathogen (n = 15). Of 19 mVOCs detected in the in vitro culture headspace of 4 common respiratory pathogens (S. aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli), 14 were found in exhaled breath samples. Higher concentrations of 2 mVOCs were found in the exhaled breath of patients infected with S. aureus compared to those without (3-methylbutanal: P < .01, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] = 0.81-0.87; and 3-methylbutanoic acid: P = .01, AUROC = 0.79-0.80). In addition, bacteria identified from BAL cultures that are known to metabolize tryptophan (E. coli, Klebsiella oxytoca, and Haemophilus influenzae) were grouped and found to produce higher concentrations of indole compared to breath samples with culture-negative (P = .034) and other pathogen-positive (P = .049) samples. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the capability of using mVOCs to detect the presence of specific pathogen groups with potential to support clinical diagnosis. Although not all mVOCs were found in patient samples within this small pilot study, further targeted and qualitative investigation is warranted using multicenter clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar M Ahmed
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Dominic Fenn
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anaesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iain R White
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Laboratory for Environmental and Life Science, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Breanna Dixon
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hugo H Knobel
- Eurofins Materials Science Netherlands BV, High Tech Campus, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Brinkman
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pouline M P Van Oort
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC Location VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus J Schultz
- Intensive Care, Amsterdam UMC Location AMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Affairs, Hamilton Medical AG, Chur, Switzerland
| | - Paul Dark
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Critical Care Unit, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Northern Care Alliance NHS Group, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Felton
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lieuwe D J Bos
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Amsterdam UMC-location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Experimental Intensive Care and Anaesthesiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Academic Medical Center (AMC), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Stephen J Fowler
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, and Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, United Kingdom
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9
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Ahmed W, Bardin E, Davis MD, Sermet-Gaudelus I, Grassin Delyle S, Fowler SJ. Volatile metabolites differentiate air-liquid interface cultures after infection with Staphylococcus aureus. Analyst 2023; 148:618-627. [PMID: 36597770 DOI: 10.1039/d2an01205g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Early detection of lung infection is critical to clinical diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring. Measuring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath has shown promise as a rapid and accurate method of evaluating disease metabolism and phenotype. However, further investigations of the role and function of VOCs in bacterial-host-stress response is required and this can only be realised through representative in vitro models. In this study we sampled VOCs from the headspace of A549 cells at an air-liquid interface (ALI). We hypothesised VOC sampling from ALI cultures could be used to profile potential biomarkers of S. aureus lung infection. VOCs were collected using thin film microextraction (TFME) and were analysed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. After optimising ALI cultures, we observed seven VOCs changed between A549 and media control samples. After infecting cells with S. aureus, supervised principal component-discriminant function analysis revealed 22 VOCs were found to be significantly changed in infected cells compared to uninfected cells (p < 0.05), five of which were also found in parallel axenic S. aureus cultures. We have demonstrated VOCs that could be used to identify S. aureus in ALI cultures, supporting further investigation of VOC analysis as a highly sensitive and specific test for S. aureus lung infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ahmed
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to infection & Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Emmanuelle Bardin
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et inflammation, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Michael D Davis
- Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Pediatric Pulmonology, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Isabelle Sermet-Gaudelus
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France.,Service de Pneumo-Pédiatrie, Université René Descartes, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Stanislas Grassin Delyle
- Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, INSERM, Infection et inflammation, Montigny le Bretonneux, France.,Hôpital Foch, Exhalomics, Département des maladies des voies respiratoires, Suresnes, France
| | - Stephen J Fowler
- Division of Immunology, Immunity to infection & Respiratory Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Education and Research Centre, W ythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, M23 9LT, UK.
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10
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Kwiatkowski A, Borys S, Sikorska K, Drozdowska K, Smulko JM. Clinical studies of detecting COVID-19 from exhaled breath with electronic nose. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15990. [PMID: 36163492 PMCID: PMC9512806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20534-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has attracted numerous research studies because of its impact on society and the economy. The pandemic has led to progress in the development of diagnostic methods, utilizing the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as the gold standard for coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 detection. Numerous tests can be used at home within 15 min or so but of with lower accuracy than PCR. There is still a need for point-of-care tests available for mass daily screening of large crowds in airports, schools, and stadiums. The same problem exists with fast and continuous monitoring of patients during their medical treatment. The rapid methods can use exhaled breath analysis which is non-invasive and delivers the result quite fast. Electronic nose can detect a cocktail of volatile organic com-pounds (VOCs) induced by virus infection and disturbed metabolism in the human body. In our exploratory studies, we present the results of COVID-19 detection in a local hospital by applying the developed electronic setup utilising commercial VOC gas sensors. We consider the technical problems noticed during the reported studies and affecting the detection results. We believe that our studies help to advance the proposed technique to limit the spread of COVID-19 and similar viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Kwiatkowski
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Sebastian Borys
- University Center of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Powstania Styczniowego 9B, 81-519, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sikorska
- University Center of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Powstania Styczniowego 9B, 81-519, Gdynia, Poland.,Division of Tropical and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdańsk, Powstania Styczniowego 9B, 81-519, Gdynia, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Drozdowska
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Janusz M Smulko
- Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland.
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11
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Sampling and Analysis of Low-Molecular-Weight Volatile Metabolites in Cellular Headspace and Mouse Breath. Metabolites 2022; 12:metabo12070599. [PMID: 35888722 PMCID: PMC9315489 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12070599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Volatile compounds, abundant in breath, can be used to accurately diagnose and monitor a range of medical conditions. This offers a noninvasive, low-cost approach with screening applications; however, the uptake of this diagnostic approach has been limited by conflicting published outcomes. Most published reports rely on large scale screening of the public, at single time points and without reference to ambient air. Here, we present a novel approach to volatile sampling from cellular headspace and mouse breath that incorporates multi-time-point analysis and ambient air subtraction revealing compound flux as an effective proxy of active metabolism. This approach to investigating breath volatiles offers a new avenue for disease biomarker discovery and diagnosis. Using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS), we focus on low molecular weight, metabolic substrate/by-product compounds and demonstrate that this noninvasive technique is sensitive (reproducible at ~1 µg cellular protein, or ~500,000 cells) and capable of precisely determining cell type, status and treatment. Isolated cellular models represent components of larger mammalian systems, and we show that stress- and pathology-indicative compounds are detectable in mice, supporting further investigation using this methodology as a tool to identify volatile targets in human patients.
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12
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Diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by canine olfaction. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268382. [PMID: 35648737 PMCID: PMC9159600 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, testing individuals remains a key action. One approach to rapid testing is to consider the olfactory capacities of trained detection dogs. Methods Prospective cohort study in two community COVID-19 screening centers. Two nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS), one saliva and one sweat samples were simultaneously collected. The dog handlers (and the dogs…) were blinded with regards to the Covid status. The diagnostic accuracy of non-invasive detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by canine olfaction was assessed as compared to nasopharyngeal RT-PCR as the reference standard, saliva RT-PCR and nasopharyngeal antigen testing. Results 335 ambulatory adults (143 symptomatic and 192 asymptomatic) were included. Overall, 109/335 participants tested positive on nasopharyngeal RT-PCR either in symptomatic (78/143) or in asymptomatic participants (31/192). The overall sensitivity of canine detection was 97% (95% CI, 92 to 99) and even reached 100% (95% CI, 89 to 100) in asymptomatic individuals compared to NPS RT-PCR. The specificity was 91% (95% CI, 72 to 91), reaching 94% (95% CI, 90 to 97) for asymptomatic individuals. The sensitivity of canine detection was higher than that of nasopharyngeal antigen testing (97% CI: 91 to 99 versus 84% CI: 74 to 90, p = 0.006), but the specificity was lower (90% CI: 84 to 95 versus 97% CI: 93 to 99, p = 0.016). Conclusions Non-invasive detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection by canine olfaction could be one alternative to NPS RT-PCR when it is necessary to obtain a result very quickly according to the same indications as antigenic tests in the context of mass screening.
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13
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Guest C, Dewhirst SY, Lindsay SW, Allen DJ, Aziz S, Baerenbold O, Bradley J, Chabildas U, Chen-Hussey V, Clifford S, Cottis L, Dennehy J, Foley E, Gezan SA, Gibson T, Greaves CK, Kleinschmidt I, Lambert S, Last A, Morant S, Parker JEA, Pickett J, Quilty BJ, Rooney A, Shah M, Somerville M, Squires C, Walker M, Logan JG. Using trained dogs and organic semi-conducting sensors to identify asymptomatic and mild SARS-CoV-2 infections: an observational study. J Travel Med 2022; 29:taac043. [PMID: 35325195 PMCID: PMC9047163 DOI: 10.1093/jtm/taac043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A rapid, accurate, non-invasive diagnostic screen is needed to identify people with SARS-CoV-2 infection. We investigated whether organic semi-conducting (OSC) sensors and trained dogs could distinguish between people infected with asymptomatic or mild symptoms, and uninfected individuals, and the impact of screening at ports-of-entry. METHODS Odour samples were collected from adults, and SARS-CoV-2 infection status confirmed using RT-PCR. OSC sensors captured the volatile organic compound (VOC) profile of odour samples. Trained dogs were tested in a double-blind trial to determine their ability to detect differences in VOCs between infected and uninfected individuals, with sensitivity and specificity as the primary outcome. Mathematical modelling was used to investigate the impact of bio-detection dogs for screening. RESULTS About, 3921 adults were enrolled in the study and odour samples collected from 1097 SARS-CoV-2 infected and 2031 uninfected individuals. OSC sensors were able to distinguish between SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals and uninfected, with sensitivity from 98% (95% CI 95-100) to 100% and specificity from 99% (95% CI 97-100) to 100%. Six dogs were able to distinguish between samples with sensitivity ranging from 82% (95% CI 76-87) to 94% (95% CI 89-98) and specificity ranging from 76% (95% CI 70-82) to 92% (95% CI 88-96). Mathematical modelling suggests that dog screening plus a confirmatory PCR test could detect up to 89% of SARS-CoV-2 infections, averting up to 2.2 times as much transmission compared to isolation of symptomatic individuals only. CONCLUSIONS People infected with SARS-CoV-2, with asymptomatic or mild symptoms, have a distinct odour that can be identified by sensors and trained dogs with a high degree of accuracy. Odour-based diagnostics using sensors and/or dogs may prove a rapid and effective tool for screening large numbers of people.Trial Registration NCT04509713 (clinicaltrials.gov).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Y Dewhirst
- Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Dagenham, UK
| | | | - David J Allen
- Department of Infection Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Oliver Baerenbold
- Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - John Bradley
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Unnati Chabildas
- Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Dagenham, UK
| | - Vanessa Chen-Hussey
- Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Dagenham, UK
| | - Samuel Clifford
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Luke Cottis
- Hampden Veterinary Hospital, Anchor Ln, Aylesbury, UK
| | - Jessica Dennehy
- Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Dagenham, UK
| | - Erin Foley
- Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Dagenham, UK
| | - Salvador A Gezan
- Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Dagenham, UK
| | | | - Courtenay K Greaves
- Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Dagenham, UK
| | - Immo Kleinschmidt
- MRC International Statistics and Epidemiology Group, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Anna Last
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Josephine E A Parker
- Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Dagenham, UK
| | | | - Billy J Quilty
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Ann Rooney
- Lomond Veterinary Clinic, Helensburgh, UK
| | - Manil Shah
- Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Dagenham, UK
| | | | - Chelci Squires
- Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Dagenham, UK
| | - Martin Walker
- Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hatfield, UK
| | - James G Logan
- Arctech Innovation, The Cube, Londoneast-uk Business and Technical Park, Dagenham, UK
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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14
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Cortes-Ramirez J, Michael RN, Knibbs LD, Bambrick H, Haswell MR, Wraith D. The association of wildfire air pollution with COVID-19 incidence in New South Wales, Australia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151158. [PMID: 34695471 PMCID: PMC8532327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The 2020 COVID-19 outbreak in New South Wales (NSW), Australia, followed an unprecedented wildfire season that exposed large populations to wildfire smoke. Wildfires release particulate matter (PM), toxic gases and organic and non-organic chemicals that may be associated with increased incidence of COVID-19. This study estimated the association of wildfire smoke exposure with the incidence of COVID-19 in NSW. A Bayesian mixed-effect regression was used to estimate the association of either the average PM10 level or the proportion of wildfire burned area as proxies of wildfire smoke exposure with COVID-19 incidence in NSW, adjusting for sociodemographic risk factors. The analysis followed an ecological design using the 129 NSW Local Government Areas (LGA) as the ecological units. A random effects model and a model including the LGA spatial distribution (spatial model) were compared. A higher proportional wildfire burned area was associated with higher COVID-19 incidence in both the random effects and spatial models after adjustment for sociodemographic factors (posterior mean = 1.32 (99% credible interval: 1.05-1.67) and 1.31 (99% credible interval: 1.03-1.65), respectively). No evidence of an association between the average PM10 level and the COVID-19 incidence was found. LGAs in the greater Sydney and Hunter regions had the highest increase in the risk of COVID-19. This study identified wildfire smoke exposures were associated with increased risk of COVID-19 in NSW. Research on individual responses to specific wildfire airborne particles and pollutants needs to be conducted to further identify the causal links between SARS-Cov-2 infection and wildfire smoke. The identification of LGAs with the highest risk of COVID-19 associated with wildfire smoke exposure can be useful for public health prevention and or mitigation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Cortes-Ramirez
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; Centre for Data Science, Queensland University of Technology, Australia.
| | - R N Michael
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Australia; Cities Research Institute, Griffith University, Australia
| | - L D Knibbs
- School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - H Bambrick
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
| | - M R Haswell
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Australia; Office of the Deputy Vice Chancellor (Indigenous Strategy and Services), The University of Sydney, Australia; School of Geosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Australia
| | - D Wraith
- School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Australia
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15
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ten Hagen NA, Twele F, Meller S, Jendrny P, Schulz C, von Köckritz-Blickwede M, Osterhaus A, Ebbers H, Pink I, Welte T, Manns MP, Illig T, Fathi A, Addo MM, Nitsche A, Puyskens A, Michel J, Krause E, Ehmann R, von Brunn A, Ernst C, Zwirglmaier K, Wölfel R, Nau A, Philipp E, Engels M, Schalke E, Volk HA. Discrimination of SARS-CoV-2 Infections From Other Viral Respiratory Infections by Scent Detection Dogs. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:749588. [PMID: 34869443 PMCID: PMC8636992 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.749588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Testing of possibly infected individuals remains cornerstone of containing the spread of SARS-CoV-2. Detection dogs could contribute to mass screening. Previous research demonstrated canines' ability to detect SARS-CoV-2-infections but has not investigated if dogs can differentiate between COVID-19 and other virus infections. Methods: Twelve dogs were trained to detect SARS-CoV-2 positive samples. Three test scenarios were performed to evaluate their ability to discriminate SARS-CoV-2-infections from viral infections of a different aetiology. Naso- and oropharyngeal swab samples from individuals and samples from cell culture both infected with one of 15 viruses that may cause COVID-19-like symptoms were presented as distractors in a randomised, double-blind study. Dogs were either trained with SARS-CoV-2 positive saliva samples (test scenario I and II) or with supernatant from cell cultures (test scenario III). Results: When using swab samples from individuals infected with viruses other than SARS-CoV-2 as distractors (test scenario I), dogs detected swab samples from SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals with a mean diagnostic sensitivity of 73.8% (95% CI: 66.0-81.7%) and a specificity of 95.1% (95% CI: 92.6-97.7%). In test scenario II and III cell culture supernatant from cells infected with SARS-CoV-2, cells infected with other coronaviruses and non-infected cells were presented. Dogs achieved mean diagnostic sensitivities of 61.2% (95% CI: 50.7-71.6%, test scenario II) and 75.8% (95% CI: 53.0-98.5%, test scenario III), respectively. The diagnostic specificities were 90.9% (95% CI: 87.3-94.6%, test scenario II) and 90.2% (95% CI: 81.1-99.4%, test scenario III), respectively. Conclusion: In all three test scenarios the mean specificities were above 90% which indicates that dogs can distinguish SARS-CoV-2-infections from other viral infections. However, compared to earlier studies our scent dogs achieved lower diagnostic sensitivities. To deploy COVID-19 detection dogs as a reliable screening method it is therefore mandatory to include a variety of samples from different viral respiratory tract infections in dog training to ensure a successful discrimination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nele Alexandra ten Hagen
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Friederike Twele
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sebastian Meller
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paula Jendrny
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Claudia Schulz
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Maren von Köckritz-Blickwede
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ab Osterhaus
- Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Hans Ebbers
- KynoScience Unternehmergesellschaft, Hörstel, Germany
| | - Isabell Pink
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tobias Welte
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Thomas Illig
- Hannover Unified Biobank, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Anahita Fathi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck- Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marylyn Martina Addo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University Medical-Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department for Clinical Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck- Borstel-Riems, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Nitsche
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS) 1, Highly Pathogenic Viruses, World Health Organisation Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Puyskens
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS) 1, Highly Pathogenic Viruses, World Health Organisation Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Michel
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS) 1, Highly Pathogenic Viruses, World Health Organisation Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eva Krause
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens (ZBS) 1, Highly Pathogenic Viruses, World Health Organisation Reference Laboratory for SARS-CoV-2 and World Health Organisation Collaborating Centre for Emerging Infections and Biological Threats, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosina Ehmann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Albrecht von Brunn
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Virology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Roman Wölfel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandra Nau
- Bundeswehr Medical Service Headquarters, Koblenz, Germany
| | - Eva Philipp
- Military Medical Center, Fürstenfeldbruck, Germany
| | - Michael Engels
- Bundeswehr School of Dog Handling, Gräfin-Maltzan-Kaserne, Ulmen, Germany
| | - Esther Schalke
- Bundeswehr School of Dog Handling, Gräfin-Maltzan-Kaserne, Ulmen, Germany
| | - Holger Andreas Volk
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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16
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A proof of concept study for the differentiation of SARS-CoV-2, hCoV-NL63, and IAV-H1N1 in vitro cultures using ion mobility spectrometry. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20143. [PMID: 34635788 PMCID: PMC8505652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99742-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Rapid, high-throughput diagnostic tests are essential to decelerate the spread of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. While RT-PCR tests performed in centralized laboratories remain the gold standard, rapid point-of-care antigen tests might provide faster results. However, they are associated with markedly reduced sensitivity. Bedside breath gas analysis of volatile organic compounds detected by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) may enable a quick and sensitive point-of-care testing alternative. In this proof-of-concept study, we investigated whether gas analysis by IMS can discriminate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) from other respiratory viruses in an experimental set-up. Repeated gas analyses of air samples collected from the headspace of virus-infected in vitro cultures were performed for 5 days. A three-step decision tree using the intensities of four spectrometry peaks correlating to unidentified volatile organic compounds allowed the correct classification of SARS-CoV-2, human coronavirus-NL63, and influenza A virus H1N1 without misassignment when the calculation was performed with data 3 days post infection. The forward selection assignment model allowed the identification of SARS-CoV-2 with high sensitivity and specificity, with only one of 231 measurements (0.43%) being misclassified. Thus, volatile organic compound analysis by IMS allows highly accurate differentiation of SARS-CoV-2 from other respiratory viruses in an experimental set-up, supporting further research and evaluation in clinical studies.
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17
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Berna AZ, Akaho EH, Harris RM, Congdon M, Korn E, Neher S, M’Farrej M, Burns J, Odom John AR. Reproducible Breath Metabolite Changes in Children with SARS-CoV-2 Infection. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2596-2603. [PMID: 34319698 PMCID: PMC8353987 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
![]()
SARS-CoV-2
infection is diagnosed through detection of specific viral nucleic
acid or antigens from respiratory samples. These techniques are relatively
expensive, slow, and susceptible to false-negative results. A rapid
noninvasive method to detect infection would be highly advantageous.
Compelling evidence from canine biosensors and studies of adults with
COVID-19 suggests that infection reproducibly alters human volatile
organic compound (VOC) profiles. To determine whether pediatric infection
is associated with VOC changes, we enrolled SARS-CoV-2 infected and
uninfected children admitted to a major pediatric academic medical
center. Breath samples were collected from children and analyzed through
state-of-the-art GCxGC-ToFMS. Isolated features included 84 targeted
VOCs. Candidate biomarkers that were correlated with infection status
were subsequently validated in a second, independent cohort of children.
We thus find that six volatile organic compounds are significantly
and reproducibly increased in the breath of SARS-CoV-2 infected children.
Three aldehydes (octanal, nonanal, and heptanal) drew special attention,
as aldehydes are also elevated in the breath of adults with COVID-19.
Together, these biomarkers demonstrate high accuracy for distinguishing
pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection and support the ongoing development
of novel breath-based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Z. Berna
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Elikplim H. Akaho
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Rebecca M. Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Morgan Congdon
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Emilie Korn
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Samuel Neher
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mirna M’Farrej
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Julianne Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Audrey R. Odom John
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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18
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Borras E, McCartney MM, Thompson CH, Meagher RJ, Kenyon NJ, Schivo M, Davis CE. Exhaled breath biomarkers of influenza infection and influenza vaccination. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 34343985 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac1a61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections are considered a major public health threat, and breath metabolomics can provide new ways to detect and understand how specific viruses affect the human pulmonary system. In this pilot study, we characterized the metabolic composition of human breath for an early diagnosis and differentiation of influenza viral infection, as well as other types of upper respiratory viral infections. We first studied the non-specific effects of planned seasonal influenza vaccines on breath metabolites in healthy subjects after receiving the immunization. We then investigated changes in breath content from hospitalized patients with flu-like symptoms and confirmed upper respiratory viral infection. The exhaled breath was sampled using a custom-made breath condenser, and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) samples were analysed using liquid chromatography coupled to quadruplole-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (LC-qTOF). All metabolomic data was analysed using both targeted and untargeted approaches to detect specific known biomarkers from inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers, as well as new molecules associated with specific infections. We were able to find clear differences between breath samples collected before and after flu vaccine administration, together with potential biomarkers that are related to inflammatory processes and oxidative stress. Moreover, we were also able to discriminate samples from patients with flu-related symptoms that were diagnosed with confirmatory respiratory viral panels (RVP). RVP positive and negative differences were identified, as well as differences between specific viruses defined. These results provide very promising information for the further study of the effect of influenza A and other viruses in human systems by using a simple and non-invasive specimen like breath.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Borras
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Davis, California, 95616, UNITED STATES
| | - Mitchell M McCartney
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California - Davis, Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Davis, California, 95616, UNITED STATES
| | - Cai Hugo Thompson
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, UC Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California, 95616, UNITED STATES
| | - Robert J Meagher
- Sandia National Laboratories California, 7011 East Avenue, Livermore, California, 94551-0969, UNITED STATES
| | - Nicholas J Kenyon
- Sacramento Medical Center, UC Davis Health System, Sacramento, CA 795187, USA, Sacramento, California, 95616, UNITED STATES
| | - Michael Schivo
- Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis Health System, 4150 V Street, Suite 3100, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA, Sacramento, 95616, UNITED STATES
| | - Cristina E Davis
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California - Davis, Davis, USA, Davis, California, 95616, UNITED STATES
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19
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Rodríguez-Aguilar M, Díaz de León-Martínez L, Zamora-Mendoza BN, Comas-García A, Guerra Palomares SE, García-Sepúlveda CA, Alcántara-Quintana LE, Díaz-Barriga F, Flores-Ramírez R. Comparative analysis of chemical breath-prints through olfactory technology for the discrimination between SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and controls. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 519:126-132. [PMID: 33901429 PMCID: PMC8064814 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We identified a global chemical pattern of volatile organic compounds in exhaled breath capable of discriminating between COVID-19 patients and controls (without infection) using an electronic nose. METHODS The study focused on 42 SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR positive subjects as well as 42 negative subjects. Principal component analysis indicated a separation of the study groups and provides a cumulative percentage of explanation of the variation of 98.3%. RESULTS The canonical analysis of principal coordinates model shows a separation by the first canonical axis CAP1 (r2 = 0.939 and 95.23% of correct classification rate), the cut-off point of 0.0089; 100% sensitivity (CI 95%:91.5-100%) and 97.6% specificity (CI 95%:87.4-99.9%). The predictive model usefulness was tested on 30 open population subjects without prior knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR status. Of these 3 subjects exhibited COVID-19 suggestive breath profiles, all asymptomatic at the time, two of which were later shown to be SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR positive. An additional subject had a borderline breath profile and SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR positive. The remaining 27 subjects exhibited healthy breath profiles as well as SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR test results. CONCLUSIONS In all, the use of olfactory technologies in communities with high transmission rates as well as in resource-limited settings where targeted sampling is not viable represents a practical COVID-19 screening approach capable of promptly identifying COVID-19 suspect patients and providing useful epidemiological information to guide community health strategies in the context of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorena Díaz de León-Martínez
- Faculty of Medicine-Center for Applied Research on Environment and Health (CIAAS), Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Blanca Nohemí Zamora-Mendoza
- Faculty of Medicine-Center for Applied Research on Environment and Health (CIAAS), Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Andreu Comas-García
- Center for Research in Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of San Luis Potosi, San Luis Potosi, SLP, Mexico
| | | | | | - Luz Eugenia Alcántara-Quintana
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordination for Innovation and Application of Science and Technology (CIACYT), Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Fernando Díaz-Barriga
- Faculty of Medicine-Center for Applied Research on Environment and Health (CIAAS), Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
| | - Rogelio Flores-Ramírez
- CONACYT Research Fellow, Coordination for Innovation and Application of Science and Technology (CIACYT), Autonomous University of San Luis Potosí, Avenida Sierra Leona No. 550, CP 78210, Colonia Lomas Segunda Sección, San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico,Corresponding author at: Av. Venustiano Carranza 2405, CP 78210 San Luis Potosí, SLP, Mexico
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20
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Kamal F, Kumar S, Edwards MR, Veselkov K, Belluomo I, Kebadze T, Romano A, Trujillo-Torralbo MB, Shahridan Faiez T, Walton R, Ritchie AI, Wiseman DJ, Laponogov I, Donaldson G, Wedzicha JA, Johnston SL, Singanayagam A, Hanna GB. Virus-induced Volatile Organic Compounds are Detectable in Exhaled Breath During Pulmonary Infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 204:1075-1085. [PMID: 34319857 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202103-0660oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a condition punctuated by acute exacerbations commonly triggered by viral and/or bacterial infection. Early identification of exacerbation trigger is important to guide appropriate therapy but currently available tests are slow and imprecise. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be detected in exhaled breath and have the potential to be rapid tissue-specific biomarkers of infection aetiology. METHODS We used serial sampling within in vitro and in vivo studies to elucidate the dynamic changes that occur in VOC production during acute respiratory viral infection. Highly sensitive gas-chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques were used to measure VOC production from infected airway epithelial cell cultures and in exhaled breath samples of healthy subjects experimentally challenged with rhinovirus A16 and COPD subjects with naturally-occurring exacerbations. RESULTS We identified a novel VOC signature comprising of decane and other related long chain alkane compounds that is induced during rhinovirus infection of cultured airway epithelial cells and is also increased in the exhaled breath of healthy subjects experimentally challenged with rhinovirus and of COPD patients during naturally-occurring viral exacerbations. These compounds correlated with magnitude of anti-viral immune responses, virus burden and exacerbation severity but were not induced by bacterial infection, suggesting they represent a specific virus-inducible signature. CONCLUSION Our study highlights the potential for measurement of exhaled breath VOCs as rapid, non-invasive biomarkers of viral infection. Further studies are needed to determine whether measurement of these signatures could be used to guide more targeted therapy with antibiotic/antiviral agents for COPD exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faisal Kamal
- Imperial College London, 4615, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sacheen Kumar
- Imperial College, London, Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Michael R Edwards
- Imperial College London, Airway Disease Infection, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kirill Veselkov
- Imperial College, London, Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ilaria Belluomo
- Imperial College, London, Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Tatiana Kebadze
- National Heart & Lung and Wright Felming Institute of Infection & Immunity, Respiratory Medicine, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Andrea Romano
- Imperial College London, 4615, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Maria-Belen Trujillo-Torralbo
- Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Tasnim Shahridan Faiez
- Imperial College London, 4615, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ross Walton
- Imperial College London, 4615, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Andrew I Ritchie
- Imperial College London, Airway Disease Infection, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Dexter J Wiseman
- Imperial College London, Airway Diseases Section, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Ivan Laponogov
- Imperial College London, 4615, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Gavin Donaldson
- Imperial College London, Airways Disease Section, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Jadwiga A Wedzicha
- Imperial College London, National Heart and Lung Institute, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sebastian L Johnston
- National Heart & Lung and Wright Felming Institute of Infection & Immunity, Respiratory Medicine, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Aran Singanayagam
- Imperial College, London, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - George B Hanna
- Imperial College London, 4615, London, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland;
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21
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Hasan MR, Suleiman M, Pérez-López A. Metabolomics in the Diagnosis and Prognosis of COVID-19. Front Genet 2021; 12:721556. [PMID: 34367265 PMCID: PMC8343128 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.721556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic triggered an unprecedented global effort in developing rapid and inexpensive diagnostic and prognostic tools. Since the genome of SARS-CoV-2 was uncovered, detection of viral RNA by RT-qPCR has played the most significant role in preventing the spread of the virus through early detection and tracing of suspected COVID-19 cases and through screening of at-risk population. However, a large number of alternative test methods based on SARS-CoV-2 RNA or proteins or host factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection have been developed and evaluated. The application of metabolomics in infectious disease diagnostics is an evolving area of science that was boosted by the urgency of COVID-19 pandemic. Metabolomics approaches that rely on the analysis of volatile organic compounds exhaled by COVID-19 patients hold promise for applications in a large-scale screening of population in point-of-care (POC) setting. On the other hand, successful application of mass-spectrometry to detect specific spectral signatures associated with COVID-19 in nasopharyngeal swab specimens may significantly save the cost and turnaround time of COVID-19 testing in the diagnostic microbiology and virology laboratories. Active research is also ongoing on the discovery of potential metabolomics-based prognostic markers for the disease that can be applied to serum or plasma specimens. Several metabolic pathways related to amino acid, lipid and energy metabolism were found to be affected by severe disease with COVID-19. In particular, tryptophan metabolism via the kynurenine pathway were persistently dysregulated in several independent studies, suggesting the roles of several metabolites of this pathway such as tryptophan, kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine as potential prognostic markers of the disease. However, standardization of the test methods and large-scale clinical validation are necessary before these tests can be applied in a clinical setting. With rapidly expanding data on the metabolic profiles of COVID-19 patients with varying degrees of severity, it is likely that metabolomics will play an important role in near future in predicting the outcome of the disease with a greater degree of certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rubayet Hasan
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Andrés Pérez-López
- Department of Pathology, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
- Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Doha, Qatar
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22
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Berna AZ, Akaho EH, Harris RM, Congdon M, Korn E, Neher S, M’Farrej M, Burns J, John ARO. Reproducible breath metabolite changes in children with SARS-CoV-2 infection. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2020.12.04.20230755. [PMID: 33330891 PMCID: PMC7743102 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.04.20230755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection is diagnosed through detection of specific viral nucleic acid or antigens from respiratory samples. These techniques are relatively expensive, slow, and susceptible to false-negative results. A rapid non-invasive method to detect infection would be highly advantageous. Compelling evidence from canine biosensors and studies of adults with COVID-19 suggests that infection reproducibly alters human volatile organic compounds (VOCs) profiles. To determine whether pediatric infection is associated with VOC changes, we enrolled SARS-CoV-2-infected and -uninfected children admitted to a major pediatric academic medical center. Breath samples were collected from children and analyzed through state-of-the-art GCxGC-ToFMS. Isolated features included 84 targeted VOCs. Candidate biomarkers that were correlated with infection status were subsequently validated in a second, independent cohort of children. We thus find that six volatile organic compounds are significantly and reproducibly increased in the breath of SARS-CoV-2-infected children. Three aldehydes (octanal, nonanal, and heptanal) drew special attention, as aldehydes are also elevated in the breath of adults with COVID-19. Together, these biomarkers demonstrate high accuracy for distinguishing pediatric SARS-CoV-2 infection and support the ongoing development of novel breath-based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amalia Z. Berna
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elikplim H. Akaho
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Harris
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Morgan Congdon
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Emilie Korn
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Samuel Neher
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Mirna M’Farrej
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julianne Burns
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Audrey R. Odom John
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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23
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Giovannini G, Haick H, Garoli D. Detecting COVID-19 from Breath: A Game Changer for a Big Challenge. ACS Sens 2021; 6:1408-1417. [PMID: 33825440 PMCID: PMC8043202 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is probably the most commonly heard word of the last 12 months. The outbreak of this virus (SARS-CoV-2) is strongly compromising worldwide healthcare systems, social behavior, and everyone's lives. The early diagnosis of COVID-19 and isolation of positive cases has proven to be fundamental in containing the spread of the infection. Even though the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based methods remain the gold standard for SARS-CoV-2 detection, the urgent demand for rapid and wide-scale diagnosis precipitated the development of alternative diagnostic approaches. The millions of tests performed every day worldwide are still insufficient to achieve the desired goal, that of screening the population during daily life. Probably the most appealing approach to consistently monitor COVID-19 spread is the direct detection of SARS-CoV-2 from exhaled breath. For instance, the challenging incorporation of reliable, highly sensitive, and cost-efficient detection methods in masks could represent a breakthrough in the development of portable and noninvasive point-of-care diagnosis for COVID-19. In this perspective paper, we discuss the critical technical aspects related to the application of breath analysis in the diagnosis of viral infection. We believe that, if achieved, it could represent a game-changer in containing the pandemic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Giovannini
- Empa,
Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Laboratory for Biomimetic Membranes and Textiles, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, CH-9014, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Hossam Haick
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Biomedical Engineering
& The Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI) Technion
− Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000003, Israel
| | - Denis Garoli
- Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, I-16163, Genova, Italy
- Faculty
of Science and Technology, Free University
of Bozen, Piazza Università
5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
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24
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Lomonaco T, Salvo P, Ghimenti S, Biagini D, Vivaldi F, Bonini A, Fuoco R, Di Francesco F. Stability of volatile organic compounds in sorbent tubes following SARS-CoV-2 inactivation procedures. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 33752195 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abf0b4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 is a highly transmissible respiratory illness that has rapidly spread all over the world causing more than 115 million cases and 2.5 million deaths. Most epidemiological projections estimate that the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus causing the infection will circulate in the next few years and raise enormous economic and social issues. COVID-19 has a dramatic impact on health care systems and patient management, and is delaying or stopping breath research activities due to the risk of infection to the operators following contact with patients, potentially infected samples or contaminated equipment. In this scenario, we investigated whether virus inactivation procedures, based on a thermal treatment (60 °C for 1 h) or storage of tubes at room temperature for 72 h, could be used to allow the routine breath analysis workflow to carry on with an optimal level of safety during the pandemic. Tests were carried out using dry and humid gaseous samples containing about 100 representative chemicals found in exhaled breath and ambient air. Samples were collected in commercially available sorbent tubes, i.e. Tenax GR and a combination of Tenax TA, Carbograph 1TD and Carboxen 1003. Our results showed that all compounds were stable at room temperature up to 72 h and that sample humidity was the key factor affecting the stability of the compounds upon thermal treatment. Tenax GR-based sorbent tubes were less impacted by the thermal treatment, showing variations in the range 20%-30% for most target analytes. A significant loss of aldehydes and sulphur compounds was observed using carbon molecular sieve-based tubes. In this case, a dry purge step before inactivation at 60 °C significantly reduced the loss of the target analytes, whose variations were comparable to the method variability. Finally, a breath analysis workflow including a SARS-CoV-2 inactivation treatment is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Lomonaco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Pietro Salvo
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, CNR, Pisa, Italy
| | - Silvia Ghimenti
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Denise Biagini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federico Vivaldi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Bonini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roger Fuoco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabio Di Francesco
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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25
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McCartney MM, Linderholm AL, Yamaguchi MS, Falcon AK, Harper RW, Thompson GR, Ebeler SE, Kenyon NJ, Davis CE, Schivo M. Predicting influenza and rhinovirus infections in airway cells utilizing volatile emissions. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:1742-1750. [PMID: 33858010 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Respiratory viral infections are common and potentially devastating to patients with underlying lung disease. Diagnosing viral infections often requires invasive sampling, and interpretation often requires specialized laboratory equipment. Here, we test the hypothesis that a breath test could diagnose influenza and rhinovirus infections using an in vitro model of the human airway. METHODS Cultured primary human tracheobronchial epithelial cells were infected with either Influenza A H1N1 or Rhinovirus 1B and compared with healthy control cells. Headspace volatile metabolite measurements of cell cultures were made at 12 h timepoints post-infection using a thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method. RESULTS Based on 54 compounds, statistical models distinguished VOC profiles of influenza- and rhinovirus-infected cells from healthy counterparts. Area under the curve values were 0.94 for influenza, 0.90 for rhinovirus, and 0.75 for controls. A regression analysis predicted how many hours prior cells became infected with a root mean square error of 6.35 h for influenza- and 3.32 h for rhinovirus-infected cells. CONCLUSIONS Volatile biomarkers released by bronchial epithelial cells could not only be used to diagnose whether cells were infected, but also the timing of infection. Our model supports the hypothesis that a breath test could serve to diagnose viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell M McCartney
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America.,VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA, United States of America
| | - Angela L Linderholm
- VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA, United States of America.,Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Mei S Yamaguchi
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Alexandria K Falcon
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Richart W Harper
- VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA, United States of America.,Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America.,Department of Internal Medicine, 4150 V Street, Suite 3400, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - George R Thompson
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - Susan E Ebeler
- Viticulture and Enology, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J Kenyon
- VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA, United States of America.,Department of Internal Medicine, 4150 V Street, Suite 3400, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Cristina E Davis
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America.,VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael Schivo
- VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA, United States of America.,Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America.,Department of Internal Medicine, 4150 V Street, Suite 3400, University of California-Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
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26
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Sakr R, Ghsoub C, Rbeiz C, Lattouf V, Riachy R, Haddad C, Zoghbi M. COVID-19 detection by dogs: from physiology to field application-a review article. Postgrad Med J 2021; 98:212-218. [PMID: 33574179 DOI: 10.1136/postgradmedj-2020-139410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For years, the dog, man's best friend, was the most widely employed scent-detector tool for civilian and military purposes. Recently, many studies highlighted the role of canine olfactory ability in the medical field, specifically in detecting different infectious, metabolic and neoplastic conditions. The objective of this literature review is to clarify the rationale behind dog's ability to detect diseases, to assess the possible application for COVID-19 detection and to discuss the evidence available on the matter. Available evidence shows that properly trained disease-detector dogs are an efficient tool for identification of specific disease-associated volatile organic compounds marker profiles for a particular disease. And since COVID-19 positive persons have a specific volatilome different from non-infected persons, they can be recognised by the dogs, by sniffing different body fluids consequently aiding in the diagnosis of COVID-19. Possible applications of dogs as COVID-19 detectors will be an easy real-time mobile diagnostic aid with low cost and good performance. More evidence is needed to be able to describe standardised measures concerning the best fluid to test, testing procedure, time of possible detection according to disease evolution, risks associated with the dog exposure and to translate the good results in study setting into the real-life operational one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Sakr
- Family Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Cedra Ghsoub
- Family Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | | | - Rachelle Riachy
- Family Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Chadia Haddad
- Psychiatric Hospital of the Cross, Jal el Dib, Mont-Liban, Lebanon.,CH Esquirol, Limoges, Limousin, France
| | - Marouan Zoghbi
- Family Medicine, Saint Joseph University, Beirut, Lebanon
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27
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Davis CE, Schivo M, Kenyon NJ. A breath of fresh air - the potential for COVID-19 breath diagnostics. EBioMedicine 2021; 63:103183. [PMID: 33418507 PMCID: PMC7785417 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina E Davis
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States; VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA 95655, United States; UC Davis Lung Center, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States.
| | - Michael Schivo
- VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA 95655, United States; UC Davis Lung Center, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of California-Davis, 4150V Street, Suite 3400, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Nicholas J Kenyon
- VA Northern California Health Care System, 10535 Hospital Way, Mather, CA 95655, United States; UC Davis Lung Center, University of California-Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, United States; Department of Internal Medicine, University of California-Davis, 4150V Street, Suite 3400, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
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28
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Steppert C, Steppert I, Bollinger T, Sterlacci W. Rapid non-invasive detection of Influenza-A-infection by multicapillary column coupled ion mobility spectrometry. J Breath Res 2020. [PMID: 33089824 DOI: 10.1101/2020.06.04.20099259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Infectious pathogens are a global issue. Global air travel offers an easy and fast opportunity not only for people but also for infectious diseases to spread around the world within a few days. Also, large public events facilitate increasing infection numbers. Therefore, rapid on-site screening for infected people is urgently needed. Due to the small size and easy handling, ion mobility spectrometry coupled with a multicapillary column (MCC-IMS) is a very promising, sensitive method for the on-site identification of infectious pathogens based on scents, representing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The purpose of this study was to prospectively assess whether identification of Influenza-A-infection based on VOCs by MCC-IMS is possible in breath. Nasal breath was investigated in 24 consecutive persons with and without Influenza-A-infection by MCC-IMS. In 14 Influenza-A-infected patients, infection was proven by PCR of nasopharyngeal swabs. Four healthy staff members and six patients with negative PCR result served as controls. For picking up relevant VOCs in MCC-IMS spectra, software based on cluster analysis followed by multivariate statistical analysis was applied. With only four VOCs canonical discriminant analysis was able to distinguish Influenza-A-infected patients from those not infected with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. This present proof-of-concept-study yields encouraging results showing a rapid diagnosis of viral infections in nasal breath within 5 min by MCC-IMS. The next step is to validate the results with a greater number of patients with Influenza-A-infection as well as other viral diseases, especially COVID-19. Registration number at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04282135.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Steppert
- Department of Pulmonology and Thoracic Oncology, Bayreuth General Hospital, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Isabel Steppert
- Institute for Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Germany
| | - Thomas Bollinger
- Institute for Microbiology and Laboratory Medicine, Bayreuth General Hospital, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - William Sterlacci
- Institute for Pathology, Bayreuth General Hospital, Bayreuth, Germany
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Steppert C, Steppert I, Bollinger T, Sterlacci W. Rapid non-invasive detection of Influenza-A-infection by multicapillary column coupled ion mobility spectrometry. J Breath Res 2020; 15:011001. [PMID: 33089824 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abb762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Infectious pathogens are a global issue. Global air travel offers an easy and fast opportunity not only for people but also for infectious diseases to spread around the world within a few days. Also, large public events facilitate increasing infection numbers. Therefore, rapid on-site screening for infected people is urgently needed. Due to the small size and easy handling, ion mobility spectrometry coupled with a multicapillary column (MCC-IMS) is a very promising, sensitive method for the on-site identification of infectious pathogens based on scents, representing volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The purpose of this study was to prospectively assess whether identification of Influenza-A-infection based on VOCs by MCC-IMS is possible in breath. Nasal breath was investigated in 24 consecutive persons with and without Influenza-A-infection by MCC-IMS. In 14 Influenza-A-infected patients, infection was proven by PCR of nasopharyngeal swabs. Four healthy staff members and six patients with negative PCR result served as controls. For picking up relevant VOCs in MCC-IMS spectra, software based on cluster analysis followed by multivariate statistical analysis was applied. With only four VOCs canonical discriminant analysis was able to distinguish Influenza-A-infected patients from those not infected with 100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. This present proof-of-concept-study yields encouraging results showing a rapid diagnosis of viral infections in nasal breath within 5 min by MCC-IMS. The next step is to validate the results with a greater number of patients with Influenza-A-infection as well as other viral diseases, especially COVID-19. Registration number at ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04282135.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claus Steppert
- Department of Pulmonology and Thoracic Oncology, Bayreuth General Hospital, Bayreuth, Germany
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McCartney MM, Thompson CJ, Klein LR, Ngo JH, Seibel JD, Fabia F, Simms LA, Borras E, Young BS, Lara J, Turnlund MW, Nguyen AP, Kenyon NJ, Davis CE. Breath carbonyl levels in a human population of seven hundred participants. J Breath Res 2020; 14:046005. [PMID: 32272460 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab8865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is associated with numerous health conditions and disorders, and aldehydes are known biomarkers of oxidative stress that can be non-invasively measured in exhaled human breath. Few studies report breath aldehyde levels in human populations, and none claim participant numbers in the hundreds or more. Further, the breath community must first define the existing aldehyde concentration variance in a normal population to understand when these levels are significantly perturbed by exogenous stressors or health conditions. In this study, we collected breath samples from 692 participants and quantified C4-C10 straight chain aldehyde levels. C9 aldehyde was the most abundant in breath, followed by C6. C4 and C5 appear to have bimodal distributions. Post hoc, we mined our dataset for other breath carbonyls captured by our assay, which involves elution of breath samples onto a solid phase extraction cartridge, derivatization and liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (LC-qTOF). We found a total of 21 additional derivatized compounds. Using self-reported demographic factors from our participants, we found no correlation between these breath carbonyls and age, gender, body mass index (BMI), ethnicity or smoking habit (tobacco and marijuana). This work was preceded by a small confounders study, which was intended to refine our breath collection procedure. We found that breath aldehyde levels can be affected by participants' using scented hygiene products such as lotions and mouthwashes, while collecting consecutive breath samples, rinsing the mouth with water, and filtering inspired air did not have an effect. Using these parameters to guide our sampling, subjects were instructed to avoid the prior conditions to provide a breath sample for our study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell M McCartney
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
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31
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Lamote K, Janssens E, Schillebeeckx E, Lapperre TS, De Winter BY, van Meerbeeck JP. The scent of COVID-19: viral (semi-)volatiles as fast diagnostic biomarkers? J Breath Res 2020; 14:042001. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aba105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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32
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Fabrication of SnO 2 Composite Nanofiber-Based Gas Sensor using the Electrospinning Method for Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Detection. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11020190. [PMID: 32059535 PMCID: PMC7074642 DOI: 10.3390/mi11020190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the development of a metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) sensor for the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) which are of great importance in many applications involving either control of hazardous chemicals or noninvasive diagnosis. In this study, the sensor is fabricated based on tin dioxide (SnO2) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) using electrospinning. The sensitivity of the proposed sensor is further improved by calcination and gold doping. The gold doping of composite nanofibers is achieved using sputtering, and the calcination is performed using a high-temperature oven. The performance of the sensor with different doping thicknesses and different calcination temperatures is investigated to identify the optimum fabrication parameters resulting in high sensitivity. The optimum calcination temperature and duration are found to be 350 °C and 4 h, respectively and the optimum thickness of the gold dopant is found to be 10 nm. The sensor with the optimum fabrication process is then embedded in a microchannel coated with several metallic and polymeric layers. The performance of the sensor is compared with that of a commercial sensor. The comparison is performed for methanol and a mixture of methanol and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) which is the primary psychoactive constituent of cannabis. It is shown that the proposed sensor outperforms the commercial sensor when it is embedded inside the channel.
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Ghosh C, Singh V, Grandy J, Pawliszyn J. Recent advances in breath analysis to track human health by new enrichment technologies. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:226-240. [PMID: 31826324 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Detection of biomarkers in exhaled breath has been gaining increasing attention as a tool for diagnosis of specific diseases. However, rapid and accurate quantification of biomarkers associated with specific diseases requires the use of analytical methods capable of fast sampling and preconcentration from breath matrix. In this regard, solid phase microextraction and needle trap technology are becoming increasingly popular in the field of breath analysis due to the unique benefits imparted by such methods, such as the integration of sampling, extraction, and preconcentration in a single step. This review discusses recent advances in breath analysis using these sample preparation techniques, providing a summary of recent developments of analytical methods based on breath volatile organic compounds analysis, including the successful identification of various biomarkers related to human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiranjit Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, 200 University Avenue West, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Varoon Singh
- Department of Chemistry, 200 University Avenue West, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathan Grandy
- Department of Chemistry, 200 University Avenue West, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, 200 University Avenue West, University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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McCartney MM, Yamaguchi MS, Bowles PA, Gratch YS, Iyer RK, Linderholm AL, Ebeler SE, Kenyon NJ, Schivo M, Harper RW, Goodwin P, Davis CE. Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions of CHO and T cells correlate to their expansion in bioreactors. J Breath Res 2019; 14:016002. [PMID: 31430743 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab3d23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions were measured from Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell and T cell bioreactor gas exhaust lines with the goal of non-invasively metabolically profiling the expansion process. Measurements of cellular 'breath' were made directly from the gas exhaust lines using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-coated magnetic stir bars, which underwent subsequent thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) analysis. Baseline VOC profiles were observed from bioreactors filled with only liquid media. After inoculation, unique VOC profiles correlated to cell expansion over the course of 8 d. Partial least squares (PLS) regression models were built to predict cell culture density based on VOC profiles of CHO and T cells (R 2 = 0.671 and R 2 = 0.769, respectively, based on a validation data set). T cell runs resulted in 47 compounds relevant to expansion while CHO cell runs resulted in 45 compounds; the 20 most relevant compounds of each cell type were putatively identified. On the final experimental days, sorbent-covered stir bars were placed directly into cell-inoculated media and into media controls. Liquid-based measurements from spent media containing cells could be distinguished from media-only controls, indicating soluble VOCs excreted by the cells during expansion. A PLS-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) was performed, and 96 compounds differed between T cell-inoculated media and media controls with 72 compounds for CHO cells; the 20 most relevant compounds of each cell line were putatively identified. This work demonstrates that the volatilome of cell cultures can be exploited by chemical detectors in bioreactor gas and liquid waste lines to non-invasively monitor cellular health and could possibly be used to optimize cell expansion conditions 'on-the-fly' with appropriate control loop systems. Although the basis for statistical models included compounds without certain identification, this work provides a foundation for future research of bioreactor emissions. Future studies must move towards identifying relevant compounds for understanding of underlying biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell M McCartney
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, One Shields Avenue, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America
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Chau-Etchepare F, Hoerger JL, Kuhn BT, Zeki AA, Haczku A, Louie S, Kenyon NJ, Davis CE, Schivo M. Viruses and non-allergen environmental triggers in asthma. J Investig Med 2019; 67:1029-1041. [PMID: 31352362 PMCID: PMC7428149 DOI: 10.1136/jim-2019-001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is a complex inflammatory disease with many triggers. The best understood asthma inflammatory pathways involve signals characterized by peripheral eosinophilia and elevated immunoglobulin E levels (called T2-high or allergic asthma), though other asthma phenotypes exist (eg, T2-low or non-allergic asthma, eosinophilic or neutrophilic-predominant). Common triggers that lead to poor asthma control and exacerbations include respiratory viruses, aeroallergens, house dust, molds, and other organic and inorganic substances. Increasingly recognized non-allergen triggers include tobacco smoke, small particulate matter (eg, PM2.5), and volatile organic compounds. The interaction between respiratory viruses and non-allergen asthma triggers is not well understood, though it is likely a connection exists which may lead to asthma development and/or exacerbations. In this paper we describe common respiratory viruses and non-allergen triggers associated with asthma. In addition, we aim to show the possible interactions, and potential synergy, between viruses and non-allergen triggers. Finally, we introduce a new clinical approach that collects exhaled breath condensates to identify metabolomics associated with viruses and non-allergen triggers that may promote the early management of asthma symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Chau-Etchepare
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Joshua L Hoerger
- Internal Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Brooks T Kuhn
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Amir A Zeki
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Angela Haczku
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Samuel Louie
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Nicholas J Kenyon
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Cristina E Davis
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael Schivo
- Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
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Filipiak W, Bojko B. SPME in clinical, pharmaceutical, and biotechnological research – How far are we from daily practice? Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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37
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Wallace MAG, Pleil JD. Evolution of clinical and environmental health applications of exhaled breath research: Review of methods and instrumentation for gas-phase, condensate, and aerosols. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1024:18-38. [PMID: 29776545 PMCID: PMC6082128 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Human breath, along with urine and blood, has long been one of the three major biological media for assessing human health and environmental exposure. In fact, the detection of odor on human breath, as described by Hippocrates in 400 BC, is considered the first analytical health assessment tool. Although less common in comparison to contemporary bio-fluids analyses, breath has become an attractive diagnostic medium as sampling is non-invasive, unlimited in timing and volume, and does not require clinical personnel. Exhaled breath, exhaled breath condensate (EBC), and exhaled breath aerosol (EBA) are different types of breath matrices used to assess human health and disease state. Over the past 20 years, breath research has made many advances in assessing health state, overcoming many of its initial challenges related to sampling and analysis. The wide variety of sampling techniques and collection devices that have been developed for these media are discussed herein. The different types of sensors and mass spectrometry instruments currently available for breath analysis are evaluated as well as emerging breath research topics, such as cytokines, security and airport surveillance, cellular respiration, and canine olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ariel Geer Wallace
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
| | - Joachim D Pleil
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, National Exposure Research Laboratory, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27711, USA.
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38
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Yamaguchi MS, McCartney MM, Linderholm AL, Ebeler SE, Schivo M, Davis CE. Headspace sorptive extraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method to measure volatile emissions from human airway cell cultures. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1090:36-42. [PMID: 29783172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The human respiratory tract releases volatile metabolites into exhaled breath that can be utilized for noninvasive health diagnostics. To understand the origin of this metabolic process, our group has previously analyzed the headspace above human epithelial cell cultures using solid phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS). In the present work, we improve our model by employing sorbent-covered magnetic stir bars for headspace sorptive extraction (HSSE). Sorbent-coated stir bar analyte recovery increased by 52 times and captured 97 more compounds than SPME. Our data show that HSSE is preferred over liquid extraction via stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE), which failed to distinguish volatiles unique to the cell samples compared against media controls. Two different cellular media were also compared, and we found that Opti-MEM® is preferred for volatile analysis. We optimized HSSE analytical parameters such as extraction time (24 h), desorption temperature (300 °C) and desorption time (7 min). Finally, we developed an internal standard for cell culture VOC studies by introducing 842 ng of deuterated decane per 5 mL of cell medium to account for error from extraction, desorption, chromatography and detection. This improved model will serve as a platform for future metabolic cell culture studies to examine changes in epithelial VOCs caused by perturbations such as viral or bacterial infections, opening opportunities for improved, noninvasive pulmonary diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei S Yamaguchi
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mitchell M McCartney
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Angela L Linderholm
- Center for Comparative Respiratory Biology and Medicine, UC Davis Medical School, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Susan E Ebeler
- Viticulture and Enology, University of California Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael Schivo
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Cristina E Davis
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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Purcaro G, Stefanuto PH, Franchina FA, Beccaria M, Wieland-Alter WF, Wright PF, Hill JE. SPME-GC×GC-TOF MS fingerprint of virally-infected cell culture: Sample preparation optimization and data processing evaluation. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1027:158-167. [PMID: 29866265 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Untargeted metabolomics study of volatile organic compounds produced by different cell cultures is a field that has gained increasing attention over the years. Solid-phase microextraction has been the sampling technique of choice for most of the applications mainly due to its simplicity to implement. However, a careful optimization of the analytical conditions is necessary to obtain the best performances, which are highly matrix-dependent. In this work, five different solid-phase microextraction fibers were compared for the analysis of the volatiles produced by cell culture infected with the human respiratory syncytial virus. A central composite design was applied to determine the best time-temperature combination to maximize the extraction efficiency and the salting-out effect was evaluated as well. The linearity of the optimized method, along with limits of detection and quantification and repeatability was assessed. Finally, the effect of i) different normalization techniques (i.e. z-score and probabilistic quotient normalization), ii) data transformation (i.e. in logarithmic scale), and iii) different feature selection algorithms (i.e. Fisher ratio and random forest) on the capability of discriminating between infected and not-infected cell culture was evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Purcaro
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States.
| | | | - Flavio A Franchina
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States
| | - Marco Beccaria
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States
| | | | - Peter F Wright
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States; Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, United States
| | - Jane E Hill
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States; Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States
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40
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Purcaro G, Rees CA, Wieland-Alter WF, Schneider MJ, Wang X, Stefanuto PH, Wright PF, Enelow RI, Hill JE. Volatile fingerprinting of human respiratory viruses from cell culture. J Breath Res 2018; 12:026015. [PMID: 29199638 PMCID: PMC5912890 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/aa9eef] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Volatile metabolites are currently under investigation as potential biomarkers for the detection and identification of pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Unlike bacteria and fungi, which produce distinct volatile metabolic signatures associated with innate differences in both primary and secondary metabolic processes, viruses are wholly reliant on the metabolic machinery of infected cells for replication and propagation. In the present study, the ability of volatile metabolites to discriminate between respiratory cells infected and uninfected with virus, in vitro, was investigated. Two important respiratory viruses, namely respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza A virus (IAV), were evaluated. Data were analyzed using three different machine learning algorithms (random forest (RF), linear support vector machines (linear SVM), and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA)), with volatile metabolites identified from a training set used to predict sample classifications in a validation set. The discriminatory performances of RF, linear SVM, and PLS-DA were comparable for the comparison of IAV-infected versus uninfected cells, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curves (AUROCs) between 0.78 and 0.82, while RF and linear SVM demonstrated superior performance in the classification of RSV-infected versus uninfected cells (AUROCs between 0.80 and 0.84) relative to PLS-DA (0.61). A subset of discriminatory features were assigned putative compound identifications, with an overabundance of hydrocarbons observed in both RSV- and IAV-infected cell cultures relative to uninfected controls. This finding is consistent with increased oxidative stress, a process associated with viral infection of respiratory cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Purcaro
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States of America,
| | - Christiaan A Rees
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States of America
| | - Wendy F Wieland-Alter
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States of America
| | - Mark J Schneider
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States of America
| | - Xi Wang
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States of America
| | - Pierre-Hugues Stefanuto
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States of America,
| | - Peter F Wright
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States of America
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, United States of America
| | - Richard I Enelow
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States of America
- Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, 03756, United States of America
| | - Jane E Hill
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States of America,
- Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 03755, United States of America
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41
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Filipiak W, Mochalski P, Filipiak A, Ager C, Cumeras R, Davis CE, Agapiou A, Unterkofler K, Troppmair J. A Compendium of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Released By Human Cell Lines. Curr Med Chem 2017; 23:2112-31. [PMID: 27160536 PMCID: PMC5086670 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160510122913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) offer unique insights into ongoing biochemical processes in healthy and diseased humans. Yet, their diagnostic use is hampered by the limited understanding of their biochemical or cellular origin and their frequently unclear link to the underlying diseases. Major advancements are expected from the analyses of human primary cells, cell lines and cultures of microorganisms. In this review, a database of 125 reliably identified VOCs previously reported for human healthy and diseased cells was assembled and their potential origin is discussed. The majority of them have also been observed in studies with other human matrices (breath, urine, saliva, feces, blood, skin emanations). Moreover, continuing improvements of qualitative and quantitative analyses, based on the recommendations of the ISO-11843 guidelines, are suggested for the necessary standardization of analytical procedures and better comparability of results. The data provided contribute to arriving at a more complete human volatilome and suggest potential volatile biomarkers for future validation. Dedication: This review is dedicated to the memory of Prof. Dr. Anton Amann, who sadly passed away on January 6, 2015. He was motivator and motor for the field of breath research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jakob Troppmair
- Daniel Swarovski Research Laboratory, Department of Visceral-, Transplant- and Thoracic Surgery, Innsbruck Medical University, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Novel Isoprene Sensor for a Flu Virus Breath Monitor. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17010199. [PMID: 28117692 PMCID: PMC5298772 DOI: 10.3390/s17010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A common feature of the inflammatory response in patients who have actually contracted influenza is the generation of a number of volatile products of the alveolar and airway epithelium. These products include a number of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitric oxide (NO). These may be used as biomarkers to detect the disease. A portable 3-sensor array microsystem-based tool that can potentially detect flu infection biomarkers is described here. Whether used in connection with in-vitro cell culture studies or as a single exhale breathalyzer, this device may be used to provide a rapid and non-invasive screening method for flu and other virus-based epidemics.
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Angle C, Waggoner LP, Ferrando A, Haney P, Passler T. Canine Detection of the Volatilome: A Review of Implications for Pathogen and Disease Detection. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:47. [PMID: 27446935 PMCID: PMC4919317 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The volatilome is the entire set of volatile organic compounds (VOC) produced by an organism. The accumulation of VOC inside and outside of the body reflects the unique metabolic state of an organism. Scientists are developing technologies to non-invasively detect VOC for the purposes of medical diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, disease outbreak containment, and disease prevention. Detection dogs are proven to be a valuable real-time mobile detection technology for the detection of VOC related to explosives, narcotics, humans, and many other targets of interests. Little is known about what dogs are detecting when searching for biological targets. It is important to understand where biological VOC originates and how dogs might be able to detect biological targets. This review paper discusses the recent scientific literature involving VOC analysis and postulates potential biological targets for canine detection. Dogs have shown their ability to detect pathogen and disease-specific VOC. Future research will determine if dogs can be employed operationally in hospitals, on borders, in underserved areas, on farms, and in other operational environments to give real-time feedback on the presence of a biological target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Angle
- Canine Performance Sciences Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA
| | - Lowell Paul Waggoner
- Canine Performance Sciences Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA
| | - Arny Ferrando
- Center for Translational Research in Aging and Longevity, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock, AR , USA
| | - Pamela Haney
- Canine Performance Sciences Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA
| | - Thomas Passler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA
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Gao J, Zou Y, Wang Y, Wang F, Lang L, Wang P, Zhou Y, Ying K. Breath analysis for noninvasively differentiating Acinetobacter baumannii ventilator-associated pneumonia from its respiratory tract colonization of ventilated patients. J Breath Res 2016; 10:027102. [PMID: 27272697 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/2/027102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A number of multiresistant pathogens including Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) place a heavy burden on ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) patients in intensive care units (ICU). It is critically important to differentiate between bacterial infection and colonization to avoid prescribing unnecessary antibiotics. Quantitative culture of lower respiratory tract (LRT) specimens, however, requires invasive procedures. Nowadays, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been studied in vitro and in vivo to identify pathogen-derived biomarkers. Therefore, an exploratory pilot study was conceived for a proof of concept that the appearance and level of A. baumannii-derived metabolites might be correlated with the presence of the pathogen and its ecological niche (i.e. the infection and colonization states) in ICU ventilated patients. Twenty patients with A. baumannii VAP (infection group), 20 ventilated patients with LRT A. baumannii colonization (colonization group) and 20 ventilated patients with neurological disorders, but without pneumonia or A. baumannii colonization (control group) were enrolled in the in vivo pilot study. A clinical isolate of A. baumannii strains was used for the in vitro culture experiment. The adsorptive preconcentration (solid-phase microextraction fiber and Tenax(®) TA) and analysis technique of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were applied in the studies. Breath profiles could be visually differentiated between A. baumannii cultivation in vitro and culture medium, and among in vivo groups. In the in vitro experiment, nine compounds of interest (2,5-dimethyl-pyrazine, 1-undecene, isopentyl 3-methylbutanoate, decanal, 1,3-naphthalenediol, longifolene, tetradecane, iminodibenzyl and 3-methyl-indene) in the headspace were found to be possible A. baumannii derivations. While there were eight target VOCs (1-undecene, nonanal, decanal, 2,6,10-trimethyl-dodecane, 5-methyl-5-propyl-nonane, longifolene, tetradecane and 2-butyl-1-octanol) exhibiting characteristics of A. baumannii VAP derivations. The selected VOC profile in vivo could be adopted to efficiently differentiate the presence of LRT A. baumannii from its absence, and LRT A. baumannii infection from its colonization (AUC = 0.89 and 0.88, respectively). It is not feasible to simply transfer the metabolic biomarkers from the in vitro condition to in vivo. The direct detection of exhaled A. baumannii-derived VOCs may be adopted for an early alert of the LRT bacterial presence in ventilated ICU patients, and even in different parasitic states of A. baumannii (i.e. infection and colonization). However, further refinement and validation are required before its clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Gao
- Critical Care Department, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Pleil JD, Isaacs KK. High-resolution mass spectrometry: basic principles for using exact mass and mass defect for discovery analysis of organic molecules in blood, breath, urine and environmental media. J Breath Res 2016; 10:012001. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/1/012001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Angle TC, Passler T, Waggoner PL, Fischer TD, Rogers B, Galik PK, Maxwell HS. Real-Time Detection of a Virus Using Detection Dogs. Front Vet Sci 2016; 2:79. [PMID: 26779494 PMCID: PMC4705269 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2015.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections are ubiquitous in humans, animals, and plants. Real-time methods to identify viral infections are limited and do not exist for use in harsh or resource-constrained environments. Previous research identified that tissues produce unique volatile organic compounds (VOC) and demonstrated that VOC concentrations change during pathologic states, including infection, neoplasia, or metabolic disease. Patterns of VOC expression may be pathogen specific and may be associated with an odor that could be used for disease detection. We investigated the ability of two trained dogs to detect cell cultures infected with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and to discriminate BVDV-infected cell cultures from uninfected cell cultures and from cell cultures infected with bovine herpes virus 1 (BHV 1) and bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV 3). Dogs were trained to recognize cell cultures infected with two different biotypes of BVDV propagated in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells using one of three culture media. For detection trials, one target and seven distractors were presented on a scent wheel by a dog handler unaware of the location of targets and distractors. Detection of BVDV-infected cell cultures by Dog 1 had a diagnostic sensitivity of 0.850 (95% CI: 0.701-0.942), which was lower than Dog 2 (0.967, 95% CI: 0.837-0.994). Both dogs exhibited very high diagnostic specificity (0.981, 95% CI: 0.960-0.993) and (0.993, 95% CI: 0.975-0.999), respectively. These findings demonstrate that trained dogs can differentiate between cultured cells infected with BVDV, BHV1, and BPIV3 and are a realistic real-time mobile pathogen sensing technology for viral pathogens. The ability to discriminate between target and distractor samples plausibly results from expression of unique VOC patterns in virus-infected and -uninfected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Craig Angle
- Canine Performance Sciences Program, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA
| | - Thomas Passler
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA
| | - Paul L Waggoner
- Canine Performance Sciences Program, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA
| | - Terrence D Fischer
- Canine Performance Sciences Program, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA
| | - Bart Rogers
- Canine Performance Sciences Program, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA
| | | | - Herris S Maxwell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University , Auburn, AL , USA
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