1
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Sommer N, Franzen K, Andreas S, Pankow W, Kunstmann W, Hanewinkel R. [Harmful health effects of flavors in e-cigarettes]. Laryngorhinootologie 2024. [PMID: 38996433 DOI: 10.1055/a-2341-0544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost all e-cigarettes contain flavorings that make the product more attractive. In the evaluation of e-cigarettes on health, flavors have so far played a subordinate role. METHOD Selective literature search in PubMed, supplemented by legal regulations on the use of flavors in e-cigarettes. RESULTS Flavors make it easier to start using e-cigarettes and have a consumption-promoting effect. Deeper inhalation increases nicotine uptake and the absorption of toxic substances from the e-cigarette liquid. For some flavors, pathological effects have been demonstrated in addition to other toxic components of the e-cigarette. To date, no toxicological analyses are available for the vast majority of flavors contained in e-cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS The proven consumption-promoting effect and the health risks that can be extrapolated from preclinical data are significant for the political discussion of a ban on flavors for e-cigarettes, analogous to the ban on flavors in tobacco products already in force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Sommer
- Medizinische Klinik II, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Mitglied des Deutschen Zentrums für Lungenforschung (DZL), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
| | - Klaas Franzen
- Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Medizinische Klinik III, Pneumologie, Campus Lübeck, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL), Lübeck/Großhansdorf
| | - Stefan Andreas
- Lungenfachklinik Immenhausen, Immenhausen, Klinik für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung
| | - Wulf Pankow
- Philipps-Universität Marburg - Fachbereich Medizin
| | - Wilfried Kunstmann
- IFT-Nord gGmbH, Institut für Therapie- und Gesundheitsforschung, Kiel, Deutschland
| | - Reiner Hanewinkel
- IFT-Nord gGmbH, Institut für Therapie- und Gesundheitsforschung, Kiel, Deutschland
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2
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Liu Y, Cao J, Zhang J, Chen G, Luo C, Huang L. Research progress and prospect on the safety of heated tobacco products. Toxicology 2024; 505:153823. [PMID: 38705559 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, Heated tobacco products (HTP) have gradually entered the market and become more and more popular with consumers because of their low risk (compared with traditional cigarette). With the increasing popularity and proportion of HTP in the international market, people pay more and more attention to the safety evaluation of HTP, but there is still a lack of systematic review of HTP safety research. In this review, the harmful components of HTP, multi-organ functional programming effects (including respiratory system, cardiovascular system, etc.), and mechanism of the effect generation (including oxidative stress, inflammatory response, etc.) were systematically reviewed, the safety effects of HTP and traditional cigarettes were compared in detail, and the shortcomings and future research directions in the field of HTP safety were discussed. In summary, this review conforms to the general trend of contemporary "tobacco and health", helps people to understand and evaluate HTP more systematically, and provides a strong theoretical support and literature basis for the tobacco industry to carry out HTP risk assessment and exposure improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430040, China
| | - JiXue Cao
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430040, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430040, China
| | - Guang Chen
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430040, China
| | - ChengHao Luo
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430040, China.
| | - Long Huang
- China Tobacco Hubei Industrial Co., Ltd, Wuhan 430040, China.
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3
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Sommer N, Franzen K, Andreas S, Pankow W, Kunstmann W, Hanewinkel R. [Harmful health effects of flavors in e-cigarettes]. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2024; 149:646-653. [PMID: 38458230 DOI: 10.1055/a-2260-5003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Almost all e-cigarettes contain flavorings that make the product more attractive. In the evaluation of e-cigarettes on health, flavors have so far played a subordinate role. METHOD Selective literature search in PubMed, supplemented by legal regulations on the use of flavors in e-cigarettes. RESULTS Flavors make it easier to start using e-cigarettes and have a consumption-promoting effect. Deeper inhalation increases nicotine uptake and the absorption of toxic substances from the e-cigarette liquid. For some flavors, pathological effects have been demonstrated in addition to other toxic components of the e-cigarette. To date, no toxicological analyses are available for the vast majority of flavors contained in e-cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS The proven consumption-promoting effect and the health risks that can be extrapolated from preclinical data are significant for the political discussion of a ban on flavors for e-cigarettes, analogous to the ban on flavors in tobacco products already in force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Sommer
- Medizinische Klinik II, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Gießen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Mitglied des Deutschen Zentrums für Lungenforschung (DZL), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
| | - Klaas Franzen
- Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein, Medizinische Klinik III, Pneumologie, Campus Lübeck, Airway Research Center North (ARCN), Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung (DZL), Lübeck/Großhansdorf
| | - Stefan Andreas
- Lungenfachklinik Immenhausen, Immenhausen, Klinik für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung
| | - Wulf Pankow
- Philipps-Universität Marburg - Fachbereich Medizin
| | | | - Reiner Hanewinkel
- IFT-Nord gGmbH, Institut für Therapie- und Gesundheitsforschung, Kiel
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Rupp A, Sommer N, Andreas S, Pankow W, Hanewinkel R, Wienbergen H, Batra A, Sauerbruch T, Kardos P, Ulbricht S, Brinkmann F, Scheubel R, Vogelmeier C, Windisch W. [Medical societies in Germany call for a ban on flavors in e-cigarettes - A Position Paper of the German Respiratory Society (DGP) in cooperation with other professional associations and organizations]. Pneumologie 2024; 78:320-324. [PMID: 38503310 DOI: 10.1055/a-2282-9908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
E-cigarettes are primarily used by teenagers and young adults. Flavors in e-cigarettes increase their attractiveness and encourage young people and adults to start using them. This exposes young people in particular to the risk of nicotine addiction and various toxic substances from the aerosol of e-cigarettes. There are indications that various flavors in e-cigarettes are harmful to health, although toxicological studies are still lacking for the majority of flavors. There is a need for independent scientific investigations in this area. The scientific societies involved are calling for a ban on flavors in e-cigarettes, a ban on disposable e-cigarettes, effective regulation of the sale of e-cigarettes and effective control and implementation of the provisions for the protection of minors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rupp
- Pneumologische Praxis im Zentrum, Stuttgart, Mitglied der Arbeitsgruppe Tabakprävention und -entwöhnung der DGP, Leiter der Arbeitsgruppe Tabak im Bundesverband der Pneumologie, Schlaf- und Beatmungsmedizin, Stuttgart, Deutschland
| | - Natascha Sommer
- Medizinische Klinik II, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary Institute (CPI), Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Mitglied des Deutschen Zentrums für Lungenforschung (DZL), Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Gießen, Deutschland
| | - Stefan Andreas
- Lungenfachklinik Immenhausen, Klinik für Kardiologie und Pneumologie, Universitätsmedizin Göttingen, Deutsches Zentrum für Lungenforschung, Göttingen, Deutschland
| | - Wulf Pankow
- Vivantes-Institut für Tabakentwöhnung und Raucherprävention, Berlin, Deutschland
| | - Reiner Hanewinkel
- IFT-Nord gGmbH, Institut für Therapie- und Gesundheitsforschung, Kiel, Deutschland
| | - Harm Wienbergen
- Bremer Institut für Herz- und Kreislaufforschung, Klinikum Links der Weser Bremen, Universität zu Lübeck für die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Kardiologie - Herz- und Kreislaufforschung (DGK), Bremen, Deutschland
| | - Anil Batra
- Universitätsklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Universität Tübingen für die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, Psychosomatik und Nervenheilkunde (DGPPN), Tübingen, Deutschland
| | - Tilman Sauerbruch
- Universität Bonn für die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Innere Medizin (DGIM), Bonn, Deutschland
| | - Peter Kardos
- Lungenzentrum Maingau, Frankfurt a. M. für die Deutsche Atemwegsliga, Frankfurt, Deutschland
| | - Sabina Ulbricht
- Abteilung für Präventionsforschung und Sozialmedizin, Universitätsmedizin Greifswald für das Aktionsbündnis Nichtrauchen, Greifswald, Deutschland
| | - Folke Brinkmann
- Sektion Kinderpneumologie und Allergologie, Klinik für Kinder- und Jugendmedizin, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein Campus Lübeck für die Gesellschaft für pädiatrische Pneumologie (GPP), Lübeck, Deutschland
| | - Robert Scheubel
- Klinik für Thoraxchirurgie, Fachkliniken Wangen für die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Thoraxchirurgie, Wangen, Deutschland
| | - Claus Vogelmeier
- Abteilung Pneumologie im Universitätsklinikum Gießen und Marburg, Standort Marburg für die Deutsche Lungenstiftung, Marburg, Deutschland
| | - Wolfram Windisch
- Lungenklinik, Kliniken der Stadt Köln gGmbH, Lehrstuhl für Pneumologie Universität Witten/Herdecke für die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin, Köln, Deutschland
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5
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Li D, Xie Z, Shaikh SB, Rahman I. Abnormal expression profile of plasma exosomal microRNAs in exclusive electronic cigarette adult users. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3877316. [PMID: 38343804 PMCID: PMC10854321 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3877316/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Background Exposure to electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) aerosol has been linked to several health concerns, including DNA damage, elevated oxidative stress, the release of inflammatory cytokine, and dysfunctions in epithelial barriers. However, little is known about the effect of exclusive e-cigarette use on expression profiles of exosomal miRNAs, which play critical regulatory roles in many inflammatory responses and disease processes including cancer. We aim to compare the exosomal microRNA expression profile between exclusive e-cigarette users and normal controls without any tobacco product use (non-users). Methods Using plasma samples from 15 exclusive e-cigarette users and 15 non-users in the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Wave 1 study (2013-2014), we examined exosomal microRNAs expression levels through Illumina NextSeq 500/550 sequencing. The differential analyses between exclusive e-cigarette users and non-users were examined using the generalized linear model approach in the DESeq2 package in R/Bioconductor after adjusting the significant confounding effect from race. Gene enrichment analyses were conducted on target genes regulated by significant microRNAs in the differential analyses. Further, molecular-based techniques using the micro RNA mimics and inhibitors were applied for the validation of the expressions of the micro RNAs in vitro. Results We identified four microRNAs that have significantly higher expression levels in exclusive e-cigarette users than non-users including hsa-miR-100-5p, hsa-miR-125a-5p, hsa-miR-125b-5p, and hsa-miR-99a-5p. GO enrichment analysis on the target genes regulated by the four microRNAs showed that dysregulation of the four microRNAs in exclusive e-cigarette users involved in multiple cell processes such as protein kinase binding and miRNA metabolic process. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis found the four upregulated miRNAs in exclusive e-cigarette users involved in many cancer pathways such as the non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, p53 signaling pathway, Hippo signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway. Overexpression of miRNA hsa-miR-125b-5p was shown to promote DNA damage in bronchial epithelia cells. Conclusions Four plasma exosomal microRNAs involved in cancer development had higher expression levels in exclusive e-cigarette users than non-users, which might indicate a potentially elevated risk of cancer among exclusive e-cigarette users.
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Mallek NM, Martin EM, Dailey LA, McCullough SD. Liquid application dosing alters the physiology of air-liquid interface (ALI) primary human bronchial epithelial cell/lung fibroblast co-cultures and in vitro testing relevant endpoints. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 5:1264331. [PMID: 38464699 PMCID: PMC10922929 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2023.1264331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Differentiated primary human bronchial epithelial cell (dpHBEC) cultures grown under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions exhibit key features of the human respiratory tract and are thus critical for respiratory research as well as efficacy and toxicity testing of inhaled substances (e.g., consumer products, industrial chemicals, and pharmaceuticals). Many inhalable substances (e.g., particles, aerosols, hydrophobic substances, reactive substances) have physiochemical properties that challenge their evaluation under ALI conditions in vitro. Evaluation of the effects of these methodologically challenging chemicals (MCCs) in vitro is typically conducted by "liquid application," involving the direct application of a solution containing the test substance to the apical, air-exposed surface of dpHBEC-ALI cultures. We report that the application of liquid to the apical surface of a dpHBEC-ALI co-culture model results in significant reprogramming of the dpHBEC transcriptome and biological pathway activity, alternative regulation of cellular signaling pathways, increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, and decreased epithelial barrier integrity. Given the prevalence of liquid application in the delivery of test substances to ALI systems, understanding its effects provides critical infrastructure for the use of in vitro systems in respiratory research as well as in the safety and efficacy testing of inhalable substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M. Mallek
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Martin
- Epigenetics and Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Lisa A. Dailey
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Shaun D. McCullough
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, United States Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Exposure and Protection, RTI International, Durham, NC, United States
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7
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Wang Q, Lucas JH, Pang C, Zhao R, Rahman I. Tobacco and menthol flavored nicotine-free electronic cigarettes induced inflammation and dysregulated repair in lung fibroblast and epithelium. Respir Res 2024; 25:23. [PMID: 38200492 PMCID: PMC10777495 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02537-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electronic cigarette (e-cig) vaping has increased in the past decade in the US, and e-cig use is misleadingly marketed as a safe cessation for quitting smoking. The main constituents in e-liquid are humectants, such as propylene glycol (PG) and vegetable glycerine (VG), but different flavoring chemicals are also used. However, the toxicology profile of flavored e-cigs in the pulmonary tract is lacking. We hypothesized that menthol and tobacco-flavored e-cig (nicotine-free) exposure results in inflammatory responses and dysregulated repair in lung fibroblast and epithelium. METHOD We exposed lung fibroblast (HFL-1) and epithelium (BEAS-2B) to Air, PG/VG, menthol flavored, or tobacco-flavored e-cig, and determined the cytotoxicity, inflammation, and wound healing ability in 2D cells and 3D microtissue chip models. RESULTS After exposure, HFL-1 showed decreased cell number with increased IL-8 levels in the tobacco flavor group compared to air. BEAS-2B also showed increased IL-8 secretion after PG/VG and tobacco flavor exposure, while menthol flavor exposure showed no change. Both menthol and tobacco-flavored e-cig exposure showed decreased protein abundance of type 1 collagen α 1 (COL1A1), α-smooth-muscle actin (αSMA), and fibronectin as well as decreased gene expression level of αSMA (Acta2) in HFL-1. After tobacco flavor e-cig exposure, HFL-1 mediated wound healing and tissue contractility were inhibited. Furthermore, BEAS-2B exposed to menthol flavor showed significantly decreased tight junction gene expressions, such as CDH1, OCLN, and TJP1. CONCLUSION Overall, tobacco-flavored e-cig exposure induces inflammation in both epithelium and fibroblasts, and tobacco-flavored e-cig inhibits wound healing ability in fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Wang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 850, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Joseph H Lucas
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 850, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Cortney Pang
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 850, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Ruogang Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 850, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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8
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Hussen E, Aakel N, Shaito AA, Al-Asmakh M, Abou-Saleh H, Zakaria ZZ. Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) as a Model for the Study of Developmental and Cardiovascular Toxicity of Electronic Cigarettes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:194. [PMID: 38203365 PMCID: PMC10779276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The increasing popularity of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) as an alternative to conventional tobacco products has raised concerns regarding their potential adverse effects. The cardiovascular system undergoes intricate processes forming the heart and blood vessels during fetal development. However, the precise impact of e-cigarette smoke and aerosols on these delicate developmental processes remains elusive. Previous studies have revealed changes in gene expression patterns, disruptions in cellular signaling pathways, and increased oxidative stress resulting from e-cigarette exposure. These findings indicate the potential for e-cigarettes to cause developmental and cardiovascular harm. This comprehensive review article discusses various aspects of electronic cigarette use, emphasizing the relevance of cardiovascular studies in Zebrafish for understanding the risks to human health. It also highlights novel experimental approaches and technologies while addressing their inherent challenges and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Hussen
- Biological Science Program, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Nada Aakel
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (N.A.); (M.A.-A.); (H.A.-S.)
| | - Abdullah A. Shaito
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Maha Al-Asmakh
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (N.A.); (M.A.-A.); (H.A.-S.)
| | - Haissam Abou-Saleh
- Biomedical Sciences Department, College of Health Sciences, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar; (N.A.); (M.A.-A.); (H.A.-S.)
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar;
| | - Zain Z. Zakaria
- Medical and Health Sciences Office, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha P.O. Box 2713, Qatar
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Strongin RM, Sharma E, Erythropel HC, El-Hellani A, Kassem NOF, Mikheev VB, Noël A, Peyton DH, Springer ML. Emerging ENDS products and challenges in tobacco control toxicity research. Tob Control 2023; 33:110-115. [PMID: 35715171 PMCID: PMC9758272 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2022-057268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) continue to rapidly evolve. Current products pose unique challenges and opportunities for researchers and regulators. This commentary aims to highlight research gaps, particularly in toxicity research, and provide guidance on priority research questions for the tobacco regulatory community. Disposable flavoured ENDS have become the most popular device class among youth and may contain higher nicotine levels than JUUL devices. They also exhibit enhanced harmful and potentially harmful constituents production, contain elevated levels of synthetic coolants and pose environmental concerns. Synthetic nicotine and flavour capsules are innovations that have recently enabled the circumvention of Food and Drug Administration oversight. Coil-less ENDS offer the promise of delivering fewer toxicants due to the absence of heating coils, but initial studies show that these products exhibit similar toxicological profiles compared with JUULs. Each of these topic areas requires further research to understand and mitigate their impact on human health, especially their risks to young users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Sharma
- Behavioral Health and Health Policy, Westat, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Hanno C Erythropel
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ahmad El-Hellani
- Center for Tobacco Research and the Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- Center for the Study of Tobacco Products, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Nada O F Kassem
- Division of Health Promotion and Behavioral Science, San Diego State University Research Foundation, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Vladimir B Mikheev
- Battelle Public Health Center for Tobacco Research, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Alexandra Noël
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - David H Peyton
- Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew L Springer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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10
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Pinkston R, Penn AL, Noël A. Increased oxidative stress responses in murine macrophages exposed at the air-liquid interface to third- and fourth-generation electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) aerosols. Toxicol Rep 2023; 11:40-57. [PMID: 37405056 PMCID: PMC10315815 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background New fourth generation electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) devices contain high levels of nicotine salt (up to 60 mg/mL), whose cellular and molecular effects on immune cells are currently unknown. Here, we used a physiologically-relevant in vitro air-liquid interface (ALI) exposure model to assess the toxicity of distinct ENDS, a 3rd-generation electronic-cigarette (e-cig) and two 4th-generation ENDS devices (JUUL and Posh Plus). Methods Murine macrophages (RAW 264.7) were exposed at the ALI to either air, Menthol or Crème Brûlée-flavored ENDS aerosols generated from those devices for 1-hour per day for 1 or 3 consecutive days. Cellular and molecular toxicity was evaluated 24 h post-exposure. Results 1-day of Menthol-flavored JUUL aerosol exposure significantly decreased cell viability and significantly increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels compared to air controls. Further, JUUL Menthol elicited significantly increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) production compared to air controls. Posh Crème Brûlée-flavored aerosols displayed significant cytotoxicity - decreased cell viability and increased LDH levels -after 1- and 3-day exposures, while the Crème Brûlée-flavored aerosol produced by the 3rd-generation e-cig device only displayed significant cytotoxicity after 3 days compared to air controls. Further, both Posh and third-generation e-cig Crème Brûlée flavored-aerosols elicited significantly increased ROS plus high levels of 8-isoprostane after 1 and 3 days compared to air controls, indicating increased oxidative stress. Posh and third-generation e-cig Crème Brûlée flavored-aerosols elicited reduction in NO levels after one day, but elicited increase in NO after 3 days. Genes in common dysregulated by both devices after 1 day included α7nAChR, Cyp1a1, Ahr, Mmp12, and iNos. Conclusion Our results suggest that ENDS Menthol and Crème Brûlée-flavored aerosol exposures from both 3rd- and 4th-generation ENDS devices are cytotoxic to macrophages and cause oxidative stress. This can translate into macrophage dysfunction. Although 4th-generation disposable ENDS devices have no adjustable operational settings and are considered low-powered ENDS devices, their aerosols can induce cellular toxicity compared to air-exposed control cells. This study provides scientific evidence for regulation of nicotine salt-based disposable ENDS products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakeysha Pinkston
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Southern University and A & M College, Baton Rouge, LA 70813, USA
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Arthur L Penn
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Alexandra Noël
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, 1909 Skip Bertman Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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11
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Sahu R, Shah K, Malviya R, Paliwal D, Sagar S, Singh S, Prajapati BG, Bhattacharya S. E-Cigarettes and Associated Health Risks: An Update on Cancer Potential. Adv Respir Med 2023; 91:516-531. [PMID: 37987300 PMCID: PMC10660480 DOI: 10.3390/arm91060038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The potential cancer risk associated with electronic-cigarette (e-cigarette) use is ongoing and remains a subject of debate. E-Cigarettes work by heating a liquid that usually contains nicotine, flavorings, and other chemicals. When the liquid is heated, users inhale an aerosol into their lungs. While e-cigarettes are generally considered less harmful than traditional tobacco products, they still contain potentially harmful chemicals, which can damage DNA and lead to cancer. Several studies have investigated the potential cancer risk associated with e-cigarette use, while other studies have suggested that e-cigarette aerosol may contain carcinogenic chemicals that could increase the risk of lung and bladder cancer in humans. However, these studies are limited in their scope and do not provide conclusive evidence. Overall, the long-term cancer risk associated with e-cigarette use remains uncertain, more research is needed to fully understand the potential risks and benefits of e-cigarettes. However, this review will allow the investigator to get more recent updates about e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Sahu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (R.M.); (D.P.); (S.S.)
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India;
| | - Kamal Shah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, India;
| | - Rishabha Malviya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (R.M.); (D.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Deepika Paliwal
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (R.M.); (D.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Sakshi Sagar
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (R.M.); (D.P.); (S.S.)
| | - Sudarshan Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand;
| | - Bhupendra G. Prajapati
- Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva 384012, India
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM’S NMIMS Deemed-to-Be University, Shirpur 425405, India;
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12
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Raduka A, Gao N, Chatburn RL, Rezaee F. Electronic cigarette exposure disrupts airway epithelial barrier function and exacerbates viral infection. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2023; 325:L580-L593. [PMID: 37698113 PMCID: PMC11068398 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00135.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs), especially among teenagers, has reached alarming and epidemic levels, posing a significant threat to public health. However, the short- and long-term effects of vaping on the airway epithelial barrier are unclear. Airway epithelial cells are the forefront protectors from viruses and pathogens. They contain apical junctional complexes (AJCs), which include tight junctions (TJs) and adherens junctions (AJs) formed between adjacent cells. Previously, we reported respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, the leading cause of acute lower respiratory infection-related hospitalization in children and high-risk adults, induces a "leaky airway" by disrupting the epithelial AJC structure and function. We hypothesized chemical components of e-cigs disrupt airway epithelial barrier and exacerbate RSV-induced airway barrier dysfunction. Using confluent human bronchial epithelial (16HBE) cells and well-differentiated normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells, we found that exposure to extract and aerosol e-cig nicotine caused a significant decrease in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and the structure of the AJC even at noncytotoxic concentrations. Western blot analysis of 16HBE cells exposed to e-cig nicotine extract did not reveal significant changes in AJC proteins. Exposure to aerosolized e-cig cinnamon or menthol flavors also induced barrier disruption and aggravated nicotine-induced airway barrier dysfunction. Moreover, preexposure to nicotine aerosol increased RSV infection and the severity of RSV-induced airway barrier disruption. Our findings demonstrate that e-cig exposure disrupts the airway epithelial barrier and exacerbates RSV-induced damage. Knowledge gained from this study will provide awareness of adverse e-cig respiratory effects and positively impact the mitigation of e-cig epidemic.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Electronic cigarette (e-cig) use, especially in teens, is alarming and at epidemic proportions, threatening public health. Our study shows that e-cig nicotine exposure disrupts airway epithelial tight junctions and increases RSV-induced barrier dysfunction. Furthermore, exposure to aerosolized flavors exaggerates e-cig nicotine-induced airway barrier dysfunction. Our study confirms that individual and combined components of e-cigs deleteriously impact the airway barrier and that e-cig exposure increases susceptibility to viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andjela Raduka
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Nannan Gao
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Robert L Chatburn
- Enterprise Respiratory Care Research Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
| | - Fariba Rezaee
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
- Center for Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Children's, Cleveland, Ohio, United States
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13
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Goros RA, Xu X, Li G, Zuo YY. Adverse Biophysical Impact of e-Cigarette Flavors on Pulmonary Surfactant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15882-15891. [PMID: 37824199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The attractiveness and abundance of flavors are primary factors eliciting youth to use e-cigarettes. Emerging studies in recent years revealed the adverse health impact of e-cigarette flavoring chemicals, including disruption of the biophysical function of pulmonary surfactants in the lung. Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of the biophysical impact of various flavoring chemicals is still lacking. We used constrained drop surfactometry as a new alternative method to study the biophysical impact of flavored e-cigarette aerosols on an animal-derived natural pulmonary surfactant. The dose of exposure to e-cigarette aerosols was quantified with a quartz crystal microbalance, and alterations to the ultrastructure of the surfactant film were visualized using atomic force microscopy. We have systematically studied eight representative flavoring chemicals (benzyl alcohol, menthol, maltol, ethyl maltol, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, ethyl acetate, and ethyl butyrate) and six popular recombinant flavors (coffee, vanilla, tobacco, cotton candy, menthol/mint, and chocolate). Our results suggested a flavor-dependent inhibitory effect of e-cigarette aerosols on the biophysical properties of the pulmonary surfactant. A qualitative phase diagram was proposed to predict the hazardous potential of various flavoring chemicals. These results provide novel implications in understanding the environmental, health, and safety impacts of e-cigarette aerosols and may contribute to better regulation of e-cigarette products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria A Goros
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Xiaojie Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Guangle Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Yi Y Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, John A. Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96826, United States
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14
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Rose JJ, Krishnan-Sarin S, Exil VJ, Hamburg NM, Fetterman JL, Ichinose F, Perez-Pinzon MA, Rezk-Hanna M, Williamson E. Cardiopulmonary Impact of Electronic Cigarettes and Vaping Products: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2023; 148:703-728. [PMID: 37458106 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000001160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Vaping and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use have grown exponentially in the past decade, particularly among youth and young adults. Cigarette smoking is a risk factor for both cardiovascular and pulmonary disease. Because of their more limited ingredients and the absence of combustion, e-cigarettes and vaping products are often touted as safer alternative and potential tobacco-cessation products. The outbreak of e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury in the United States in 2019, which led to >2800 hospitalizations, highlighted the risks of e-cigarettes and vaping products. Currently, all e-cigarettes are regulated as tobacco products and thus do not undergo the premarket animal and human safety studies required of a drug product or medical device. Because youth prevalence of e-cigarette and vaping product use was as high as 27.5% in high school students in 2019 in the United States, it is critical to assess the short-term and long-term health effects of these products, as well as the development of interventional and public health efforts to reduce youth use. The objectives of this scientific statement are (1) to describe and discuss e-cigarettes and vaping products use patterns among youth and adults; (2) to identify harmful and potentially harmful constituents in vaping aerosols; (3) to critically assess the molecular, animal, and clinical evidence on the acute and chronic cardiovascular and pulmonary risks of e-cigarette and vaping products use; (4) to describe the current evidence of e-cigarettes and vaping products as potential tobacco-cessation products; and (5) to summarize current public health and regulatory efforts of e-cigarettes and vaping products. It is timely, therefore, to review the short-term and especially the long-term implications of e-cigarettes and vaping products on cardiopulmonary health. Early molecular and clinical evidence suggests various acute physiological effects from electronic nicotine delivery systems, particularly those containing nicotine. Additional clinical and animal-exposure model research is critically needed as the use of these products continues to grow.
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15
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Richardson PIC, Burke A, Gotts N, Goodacre R. Quantifying PG : VG ratio and nicotine content in commercially available e-liquids using handheld Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2023; 148:4002-4011. [PMID: 37482759 PMCID: PMC10440798 DOI: 10.1039/d3an00888f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes are a popular nicotine consumption product that have risen in popularity as an alternative to cigarettes. However, their recent meteoric rise in market size and various controversies have resulted in the analyses of e-liquid ingredients to be focused on powerful laboratory-based slow methods such as chromatography and mass spectrometry. Here we present a complementary technology based on Raman spectroscopy combined with chemometrics as a fast, inexpensive, and highly portable screening tool to detect and quantify the propylene glycol : glycerol (PG : VG) ratio and nicotine content of e-cigarette liquids. Through this, the PG : VG ratio of 20 out of 23 commercial samples was quantified to within 3% of their stated value, while nicotine was successfully quantified to within 1 mg g-1 for 16 out of 23 samples without the need for accurate knowledge of flavonoid composition. High linearity was also achieved when flavours were kept constant. Finally, the limitations of Raman spectroscopy are discussed, and potential solutions are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul I C Richardson
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, BioSciences Building, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Adam Burke
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, BioSciences Building, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Nigel Gotts
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, BioSciences Building, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
| | - Royston Goodacre
- Centre for Metabolomics Research, Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, BioSciences Building, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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16
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Xu A, Duan K, Yang W, Feng G, Wu Z, Jiang X, Li M, Liu P, Chen J. The toxic effects of electronic cigarette aerosol and cigarette smoke on cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and renal systems in mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:12366. [PMID: 37524767 PMCID: PMC10390502 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-39201-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (EC) has been suggested to be less harmful than cigarette smoking, but the research on the full extent of their harm reduction potential is still lacking. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of EC aerosol and cigarette smoke (CS) on cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and renal functions in mice after prolonged exposure. Forty-eight C57BL/6J male mice were randomly grouped and then exposed to fresh air (control), mung bean-flavored EC aerosol with low and high dose (EC1L, 6 mg/kg; EC1H, 12 mg/kg), watermelon-flavored EC aerosol with low and high dose (EC2L, 6 mg/kg; EC2H, 12 mg/kg), and finally a cigarette smoke (CS, 6 mg/kg), respectively. After 10 weeks of exposure, the heart rate increased for both the EC and CS groups, and the effect of CS on blood oxygen saturation was significantly higher than that of the EC group (P < 0.01). Proteomic analysis of the heart tissue showed that the overlapped differential expression protein from the EC and CS exposures was Crip2. For the gastrointestinal system, oral mucosa was significantly damaged in CS group. Compare with CS, EC had significantly fewer negative effects on most of the indictors which focused on in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijing Xu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Kun Duan
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518101, China
| | - Wanchun Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Guodong Feng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zehong Wu
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518101, China
| | - Xingtao Jiang
- RELX Science Center, Shenzhen RELX Tech. Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, 518101, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jianwen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, China.
- National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Guangdong Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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17
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Ali N, Xavier J, Engur M, Pv M, Bernardino de la Serna J. The impact of e-cigarette exposure on different organ systems: A review of recent evidence and future perspectives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 457:131828. [PMID: 37320902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) is rapidly increasing worldwide and is promoted as a smoking cessation tool. The impact of traditional cigs on human health has been well-defined in both animal and human studies. In contrast, little is known about the adverse effects of e-cigs exposure on human health. This review summarizes the impact of e-cigs exposure on different organ systems based on the rapidly expanding recent evidence from experimental and human studies. A number of growing studies have shown the adverse effects of e-cigs exposure on various organ systems. The summarized data in this review indicate that while e-cigs use causes less adverse effects on different organs compared to traditional cigs, its long-term exposure may lead to serious health effects. Data on short-term organ effects are limited and there is no sufficient evidence on long-term organ effects. Moreover, the adverse effects of secondhand and third hand e-cigs vapour exposure have not been thoroughly investigated in previous studies. Although some studies demonstrated e-cigs used as a smoking cessation tool, there is a lack of strong evidence to support it. While some researchers suggested e-cigs as a safer alternative to tobacco smoking, their long-term exposure health effects remain largely unknown. Therefore, more epidemiological and prospective studies including mechanistic studies are needed to address the potential adverse health effects of e-cigs to draw a firm conclusion about their safe use. A wide variation in e-cigs products and the lack of standardized testing methods are the major barriers to evaluating the existing data. Specific regulatory guidelines for both e-cigs components and the manufacturing process may be effective to protect consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshad Ali
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet 3114, Bangladesh.
| | - Joseph Xavier
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
| | - Melih Engur
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Mohanan Pv
- Toxicology Division, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (Govt. of India), Poojapura, Trivandrum 695012, Kerala, India.
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18
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Addicott MA, Sutfin EL, Reynolds LM, Donny E, Matich EK, Hsu PC. Biochemical validation of self-reported electronic nicotine delivery system and tobacco heaviness of use. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 31:715-723. [PMID: 36107700 PMCID: PMC10184506 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Research on tobacco use disorder relies on a combination of self-reported use (e.g., cigarettes per day) and biochemical validation to quantify heaviness of use. However, electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) users may be unaware of how much they have vaped per day. The aim of this study was to test the relationship between self-reported heaviness of ENDS/tobacco use and nicotine biomarkers. Young adults (n = 30) who currently use ENDS and other tobacco products completed a detailed tobacco use history, timeline follow-back, and an ENDS topography session. We evaluated the self-reports of own-brand ENDS use and tested correlations to determine which self-report measures of own-brand use, and which self-reported measures of puff topography, had the strongest correlations with urine and/or blood biomarkers of nicotine use. Participants reported using a variety of different ENDS devices and had a range of usage. The sum of the self-reported number of occasions or hours of ENDS use, along with the number of cigarettes and other tobacco products used, over the past 24 hr was significantly correlated with plasma cotinine levels. Puff topography measures correlated with increased nicotine concentrations, although participants underestimated the number of puffs they took during the topography session. This study provides preliminary evidence that summing together the hours of ENDS use, or the number of occasions of ENDS use, in addition to the number of other tobacco products used (i.e., cigarettes) based on self-report may be an accurate method of quantification. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Merideth A. Addicott
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Erin L. Sutfin
- Department of Social Sciences and Health Policy, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Lindsay M. Reynolds
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Eric Donny
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Eryn K. Matich
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Ping-Ching Hsu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Fay W. Boozman College of Public Health, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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19
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Chhor M, Tulpar E, Nguyen T, Cranfield CG, Gorrie CA, Chan YL, Chen H, Oliver BG, McClements L, McGrath KC. E-Cigarette Aerosol Condensate Leads to Impaired Coronary Endothelial Cell Health and Restricted Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076378. [PMID: 37047355 PMCID: PMC10094580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a leading cause of mortality worldwide, with cigarette smoking being a major preventable risk factor. Smoking cessation can be difficult due to the addictive nature of nicotine and the withdrawal symptoms following cessation. Electronic cigarettes (e-Cigs) have emerged as an alternative smoking cessation device, which has been increasingly used by non-smokers; however, the cardiovascular effects surrounding the use of e-Cigs remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of e-Cig aerosol condensate (EAC) (0 mg and 18 mg nicotine) in vitro on human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAEC) and in vivo on the cardiovascular system using a mouse model of ‘e-vaping’. In vitro results show a decrease in cell viability of HCAEC when exposed to EAC either directly or after exposure to conditioned lung cell media (p < 0.05 vs. control). Reactive oxygen species were increased in HCAEC when exposed to EAC directly or after exposure to conditioned lung cell media (p < 0.0001 vs. control). ICAM-1 protein expression levels were increased after exposure to conditioned lung cell media (18 mg vs. control, p < 0.01). Ex vivo results show an increase in the mRNA levels of anti-angiogenic marker, FKBPL (p < 0.05 vs. sham), and endothelial cell adhesion molecule involved in barrier function, ICAM-1 (p < 0.05 vs. sham) in murine hearts following exposure to electronic cigarette aerosol treatment containing a higher amount of nicotine. Immunohistochemistry also revealed an upregulation of FKBPL and ICAM-1 protein expression levels. This study showed that despite e-Cigs being widely used for tobacco smoking cessation, these can negatively impact endothelial cell health with a potential to lead to the development of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Chhor
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.C.); (E.T.); (T.N.); (C.G.C.); (C.A.G.); (Y.L.C.); (H.C.); (B.G.O.)
| | - Esra Tulpar
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.C.); (E.T.); (T.N.); (C.G.C.); (C.A.G.); (Y.L.C.); (H.C.); (B.G.O.)
| | - Tara Nguyen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.C.); (E.T.); (T.N.); (C.G.C.); (C.A.G.); (Y.L.C.); (H.C.); (B.G.O.)
| | - Charles G. Cranfield
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.C.); (E.T.); (T.N.); (C.G.C.); (C.A.G.); (Y.L.C.); (H.C.); (B.G.O.)
| | - Catherine A. Gorrie
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.C.); (E.T.); (T.N.); (C.G.C.); (C.A.G.); (Y.L.C.); (H.C.); (B.G.O.)
| | - Yik Lung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.C.); (E.T.); (T.N.); (C.G.C.); (C.A.G.); (Y.L.C.); (H.C.); (B.G.O.)
| | - Hui Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.C.); (E.T.); (T.N.); (C.G.C.); (C.A.G.); (Y.L.C.); (H.C.); (B.G.O.)
| | - Brian G. Oliver
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.C.); (E.T.); (T.N.); (C.G.C.); (C.A.G.); (Y.L.C.); (H.C.); (B.G.O.)
| | - Lana McClements
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.C.); (E.T.); (T.N.); (C.G.C.); (C.A.G.); (Y.L.C.); (H.C.); (B.G.O.)
- Institute for Biomedical Materials and Devices, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (K.C.M.)
| | - Kristine C. McGrath
- School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia; (M.C.); (E.T.); (T.N.); (C.G.C.); (C.A.G.); (Y.L.C.); (H.C.); (B.G.O.)
- Correspondence: (L.M.); (K.C.M.)
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20
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Staal YCM, Li Y, Gerber LS, Fokkens P, Cremers H, Cassee FR, Talhout R, Westerink RHS, Heusinkveld HJ. Neuromodulatory and neurotoxic effects of e-cigarette vapor using a realistic exposure method. Inhal Toxicol 2023; 35:76-85. [PMID: 36053669 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2022.2118911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The most direct effects of inhaled harmful constituents are the effects on the airways. However, inhaled compounds can be rapidly absorbed and subsequently result in systemic effects. For example, e-cigarette vapor has been shown to evoke local effects in the lung, although little is known about subsequent effects in secondary target organs such as the brain. Traditionally, such effects are tested using in vivo models. As an alternative, we have combined two in vitro systems, which are Air-Liquid-Interface (ALI) cultured alveolar cells (A549) and rat primary cortical cultures grown on multi-well microelectrode arrays. This allows us to assess the neurological effects of inhaled compounds. We have used exposure to e-cigarette vapor, containing nicotine, menthol, or vanillin to test the model. Our results show that ALI cultured A549 cells respond to the exposure with the production of cytokines (IL8 and GROalpha). Furthermore, nicotine, menthol, and vanillin were found on the basolateral side of the cell culture, which indicates their translocation. Upon transfer of the basolateral medium to the primary cortical culture, exposure-related changes in spontaneous electrical activity were observed correlating with the presence of e-liquid components in the medium. These clear neuromodulatory effects demonstrate the feasibility of combining continuous exposure of ALI cultured cells with subsequent exposure of neuronal cells to assess neurotoxicity. Although further optimization steps are needed, such a combination of methods is important to assess the neurotoxic effects of inhaled compounds realistically. As such, an approach like this could play a role in future mechanism-based risk assessment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne C M Staal
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Yixuan Li
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Lora-Sophie Gerber
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Paul Fokkens
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Hans Cremers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Reinskje Talhout
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Remco H S Westerink
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Harm J Heusinkveld
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, Netherlands
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Mallek NM, Martin EM, Dailey LA, McCullough SD. Liquid Application Dosing Alters the Physiology of Air-Liquid Interface Primary Bronchial Epithelial Cultures and In vitro Testing Relevant Endpoints. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-2570280. [PMID: 36865279 PMCID: PMC9980280 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2570280/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
Differentiated Primary human bronchial epithelial cell (dpHBEC) cultures grown under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions exhibit key features of the human respiratory tract and are thus critical for respiratory research as well as efficacy and toxicity testing of inhaled substances (e.g., consumer products, industrial chemicals, and pharmaceuticals). Many inhalable substances (e.g., particles, aerosols, hydrophobic substances, reactive substances) have physiochemical properties that challenge their evaluation under ALI conditions in vitro. Evaluation of the effects of these methodologically challenging chemicals (MCCs) in vitro is typically conducted by "liquid application," involving the direct application of a solution containing the test substance to the apical, air-exposed surface of dpHBEC-ALI cultures. We report that the application of liquid to the apical surface of a dpHBEC-ALI co-culture model results in significant reprogramming of the dpHBEC transcriptome and biological pathway activity, alternative regulation of cellular signaling pathways, increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors, and decreased epithelial barrier integrity. Given the prevalence of liquid application in the delivery of test substances to ALI systems, understanding its effects provides critical infrastructure for the use of in vitro systems in respiratory research as well as in the safety and efficacy testing of inhalable substances.
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Alhadyan SK, Sivaraman V, Onyenwoke RU. E-cigarette Flavors, Sensory Perception, and Evoked Responses. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:2194-2209. [PMID: 36480683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The chemosensory experiences evoked by flavors encompass a number of unique sensations that include olfactory stimuli (smell), gustatory stimuli (taste, i.e., salty, sweet, sour, bitter, and umami (also known as "savoriness")), and chemesthesis (touch). As such, the responses evoked by flavors are complex and, as briefly stated above, involve multiple perceptive mechanisms. The practice of adding flavorings to tobacco products dates back to the 17th century but is likely much older. More recently, the electronic cigarette or "e-cigarette" and its accompanying flavored e-liquids emerged on to the global market. These new products contain no combustible tobacco but often contain large concentrations (reported from 0 to more than 50 mg/mL) of nicotine as well as numerous flavorings and/or flavor chemicals. At present, there are more than 400 e-cigarette brands available along with potentially >15,000 different/unique flavored products. However, surprisingly little is known about the flavors/flavor chemicals added to these products, which can account for >1% by weight of some e-liquids, and their resultant chemosensory experiences, and the US FDA has done relatively little, until recently, to regulate these products. This article will discuss e-cigarette flavors and flavor chemicals, their elicited responses, and their sensory effects in some detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatha K Alhadyan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Vijay Sivaraman
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
| | - Rob U Onyenwoke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States.,Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise (BRITE), North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina 27707, United States
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Williams M, Luo W, McWhirter K, Ikegbu O, Talbot P. Chemical Elements, Flavor Chemicals, and Nicotine in Unused and Used Electronic Cigarettes Aged 5-10 Years and Effects of pH. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16931. [PMID: 36554813 PMCID: PMC9778798 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of elements/metals, nicotine, flavor chemicals and acids were compared in the e-liquids of unused and used first-generation electronic cigarettes (ECs) that were stored for 5-10 years. Metal analysis was performed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy; nicotine and flavor chemical analyses were performed using gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy. Of the 22 elements analyzed, 10 (aluminum, chromium, copper, iron, lead, nickel, selenium, silicon, tin, zinc) were often found in the e-liquids. Five elements had the highest average concentrations: copper (1161.6 mg/L), zinc (295.8 mg/L), tin (287.6 mg/L), nickel (71.1 mg/L), and lead (50.3 mg/L). Nicotine concentrations were always lower than label concentrations indicated. Of the 181 flavor chemicals analyzed, 11 were detected in at least one sample, with hydroxyacetone being present in all samples. In used products, some flavor chemicals appeared to be by-products of heating. E-liquids with the highest concentrations of acids and the lowest pH levels also had the highest concentrations of elements/metals. Metal concentrations in e-liquids increased after use in some products, and some metal concentrations, such as nickel, were high enough to be a health concern. Leachates from discarded ECs could contribute toxic metals/chemicals to the environment, supporting the need for better regulation of atomizer design, composition, and disposal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Williams
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Kevin McWhirter
- Department of Chemistry, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97207, USA
| | - Omeka Ikegbu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Noël A, Ghosh A. Carbonyl Profiles of Electronic Nicotine Delivery System (ENDS) Aerosols Reflect Both the Chemical Composition and the Numbers of E-Liquid Ingredients-Focus on the In Vitro Toxicity of Strawberry and Vanilla Flavors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16774. [PMID: 36554655 PMCID: PMC9779252 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Propylene glycol (PG) and glycerin (G) are the most widely used humectants in electronic nicotine delivery system (ENDS) devices. Carbonyls are present in aerosols produced when ENDS devices heat PG and G. Whether aerosolized PG and G are innocuous to the lungs has not been established. Here, we determined the chemical profiles of ENDS aerosols containing three humectant ratios (30/70, 50/50 and 70/30, PG/VG), for three flavors (strawberry, vanilla and Catalan cream) containing either 12 or 18 mg/mL of nicotine. Additionally, we examined the in vitro toxicity of the strawberry- and vanilla-flavored ENDS aerosol in human lung epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) exposed at the air-liquid interface for 1 h. For strawberry- and vanilla-flavored aerosols produced by a 3rd-generation ENDS device with the same PG/G ratio, the e-liquid nicotine content of 12 and 18 mg/mL did not transfer to the aerosol with substantial differences in concentrations. Our data also indicate the presence of carbonyls in all three flavored e-cig aerosols analyzed, with levels exceeding 1 µg/puff for acetone, butyraldehyde, and acetaldehyde, in strawberry-, vanilla, and Catalan cream-flavored e-cig aerosols, respectively. Furthermore, closed-system ENDS of the fourth generation emitted trace levels of carbonyls in the aerosols (<0.3 µg/puff), while open-system tank-style ENDS of the third generation produced elevated levels of harmful chemicals, including acrolein (>1 µg/puff), formaldehyde (>5 µg/puff), and m- & p-tolualdehyde (>4 µg/puff). Moreover, under non-cytotoxic conditions, BEAS-2B cells exposed to strawberry-flavored aerosols exhibited significantly increased reactive oxygen and nitric oxide species (ROS/NOS) levels in cell media compared to air controls, while vanilla-flavored ENDS aerosols up-regulated the expression of pro-inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. Our data suggest (a) that ENDS aerosol chemical composition will vary based upon the presence and concentration of the initial e-liquid ingredients, with a pronounced impact of the flavoring components; and (b) short-term exposures to flavored ENDS aerosols may impair lung cells' redox signaling in a flavor-specific manner.
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Michon M, Mercier C, Petit C, Leclerc L, Bertoletti L, Pourchez J, Forest V. In Vitro Biological Effects of E-Cigarette on the Cardiovascular System-Pro-Inflammatory Response Enhanced by the Presence of the Cinnamon Flavor. TOXICS 2022; 10:784. [PMID: 36548617 PMCID: PMC9782467 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The potential cardiovascular effects of e-cigarettes remain largely unidentified and poorly understood. E-liquids contain numerous chemical compounds and can induce exposure to potentially toxic ingredients (e.g., nicotine, flavorings, etc.). Moreover, the heating process can also lead to the formation of new thermal decomposition compounds that may be also hazardous. Clinical as well as in vitro and in vivo studies on e-cigarette toxicity have reported potential cardiovascular damages; however, results remain conflicting. The aim of this study was to assess, in vitro, the toxicity of e-liquids and e-cigarette aerosols on human aortic smooth muscle cells. To that purpose, cells were exposed either to e-liquids or to aerosol condensates obtained using an e-cigarette device at different power levels (8 W or 25 W) to assess the impact of the presence of: (i) nicotine, (ii) cinnamon flavor, and (iii) thermal degradation products. We observed that while no cytotoxicity and no ROS production was induced, a pro-inflammatory response was reported. In particular, the production of IL-8 was significantly enhanced at a high power level of the e-cigarette device and in the presence of the cinnamon flavor (confirming the suspected toxic effect of this additive). Further investigations are required, but this study contributes to shedding light on the biological effects of vaping on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Michon
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Clément Mercier
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Claudie Petit
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Lara Leclerc
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Laurent Bertoletti
- Service de Médecine Vasculaire et Thérapeutique, CHU de Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
- INSERM, UMR1059, Equipe Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Université Jean-Monnet, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
- INSERM, CIC-1408, CHU Saint-Etienne, 42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Jérémie Pourchez
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Valérie Forest
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, 42023 Saint-Etienne, France
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Page MK, Block AC, Santiago AL, Leigh NJ, Kaiser LM, Martin CD, Schurr BE, O'Connor RJ, Goniewicz ML. Changes in product labelling practices and the use of flavouring chemical additives in vaping products after enactment of statewide flavour legislation. Tob Control 2022; 31:s223-s229. [PMID: 36328467 PMCID: PMC9664102 DOI: 10.1136/tc-2022-057469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION On 18 May 2020, New York State enacted legislation banning the sale of vaping products with distinguishable flavours (other than tobacco). According to this new statute, vaping products are deemed flavoured if they include a statement, whether expressed or implied, that have distinguishable tastes or aromas other than tobacco. This study aimed to determine how manufacturers responded. METHODS We collected 555 vaping products from daily vapers (238 preban and 317 postban). We compared preban and postban labelling of products for expressed and implied flavour descriptions, graphics and colours. Flavouring chemicals and concentrations were identified using chromatography methods and were compared preban and postban. RESULTS Analysis of the labels preban and postban did not reveal a change in products with expressed flavoured descriptors (45.8% vs 44.2%) and a minimal decrease in implied descriptors (22.3% vs 14.5%). An increase in products without any descriptors was observed (28.2% vs 37.2%) notably within products from a popular pod brand. The average concentration of eight popular flavourings identified preban was 1.4±2.7 compared with 2.3±3.5 mg/mL (p<0.001) postban. No significant changes between individual flavouring concentrations in the most popular refill solutions and pods were found. CONCLUSION While a majority of products appeared to remain non-compliant, this study suggests that enactment of legislation on vaping products making expressed or implied flavour claims may result in some manufacturer changes to product labelling including removal of flavour descriptors. However, use of flavouring additives in vaping products appeared not to be impacted by the ban.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Page
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ashleigh C Block
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Angel L Santiago
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Noel J Leigh
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Lisa M Kaiser
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Connor D Martin
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Bradley E Schurr
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
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27
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Effah F, Taiwo B, Baines D, Bailey A, Marczylo T. Pulmonary effects of e-liquid flavors: a systematic review. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2022; 25:343-371. [PMID: 36154615 PMCID: PMC9590402 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2022.2124563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes (ECs) are purported to be tobacco harm-reduction products whose degree of harm has been highly debated. EC use is considered less hazardous than smoking but is not expected to be harmless. Following the banning of e-liquid flavors in countries such as the US, Finland, Ukraine, and Hungary, there are growing concerns regarding the safety profile of e-liquid flavors used in ECs. While these are employed extensively in the food industry and are generally regarded as safe (GRAS) when ingested, GRAS status after inhalation is unclear. The aim of this review was to assess evidence from 38 reports on the adverse effects of flavored e-liquids on the respiratory system in both in vitro and in vivo studies published between 2006 and 2021. Data collected demonstrated greater detrimental effects in vitro with cinnamon (9 articles), strawberry (5 articles), and menthol (10 articles), flavors than other flavors. The most reported effects among these investigations were perturbations of pro-inflammatory biomarkers and enhanced cytotoxicity. There is sufficient evidence to support the toxicological impacts of diacetyl- and cinnamaldehyde-containing e-liquids following human inhalation; however, safety profiles on other flavors are elusive. The latter may result from inconsistencies between experimental approaches and uncertainties due to the contributions from other e-liquid constituents. Further, the relevance of the concentration ranges to human exposure levels is uncertain. Evidence indicates that an adequately controlled and consistent, systematic toxicological investigation of a broad spectrum of e-liquid flavors may be required at biologically relevant concentrations to better inform public health authorities on the risk assessment following exposure to EC flavor ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Effah
- Pharmacology Section, St George’s University of London, London, UK
- Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Didcot, UK
| | - Benjamin Taiwo
- Physiology Section, St George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Deborah Baines
- Infection and Immunity Institute, St George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Alexis Bailey
- Pharmacology Section, St George’s University of London, London, UK
| | - Tim Marczylo
- Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards, UK Health Security Agency, Didcot, UK
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28
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Yang JJ, Lin HC, Ou TS, Tong Z, Li R, Piper ME, Buu A. The situational contexts and subjective effects of co-use of electronic cigarettes and alcohol among college students: An ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study. Drug Alcohol Depend 2022; 239:109594. [PMID: 35988530 PMCID: PMC10232334 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Understanding the co-use of e-cigarettes and alcohol, including the situational contexts and subjective effects associated with co-use in real-time is necessary for validating this behavior and informing intervention. Yet, the sparse literature has built upon retrospective data. METHODS This study recruited 686 college students who were currently using e-cigarettes from three campuses in the Midwest and South of U.S in Fall 2019-Fall 2021. An on-line survey was conducted to measure e-cigarette use patterns, GPA, e-cigarette and alcohol dependence symptoms, and respiratory symptoms. A 7-day ecological momentary assessment was used to collect real-time data on e-cigarette and alcohol use, situational contexts and subjective effects. RESULTS Frequent drinking e-cigarette users reported more high-risk use behavior including consuming 6 + drinks/occasion and simultaneous use, and reported more e-cigarettes and alcohol related dependence symptoms and respiratory symptoms, compared to infrequent/non-drinker e-cigarette users. Alcohol quantity was positively associated with e-cigarette quantity among the high frequency drinking group. This study identified important use contexts that were associated with higher e-cigarette consumption including use of menthol or fruit flavored e-cigarettes, being in a car, and the presence of others. E-cigarette use and alcohol use both increased the levels of positive affect, physiological sensation, and craving for e-cigarettes, whereas only alcohol use significantly decreased negative affect. No interaction effects between e-cigarette use and alcohol use were found. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlight the addiction and health risks associated with frequent co-use of e-cigarettes and alcohol, and also call for regulations on nontobacco flavorings in e-cigarette products.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Yang
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, University of Texas Health Science Center, 1200 Pressler St., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Hsien-Chang Lin
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University-Bloomington, 1025 E. 7th Street, SPH 116, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Tzung-Shiang Ou
- Department of Applied Health Science, School of Public Health, Indiana University-Bloomington, 1025 E. 7th Street, SPH 116, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Zhaoxue Tong
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, 413 Thomas Building, University Park, PA 16802-2111, USA.
| | - Runze Li
- Department of Statistics, Pennsylvania State University, 413 Thomas Building, University Park, PA 16802-2111, USA.
| | - Megan E Piper
- Center for Tobacco Research & Intervention, Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, 1930 Monroe Street, Suite 200, Madison, WI 53711, USA.
| | - Anne Buu
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7000 Fannin St.., Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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29
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Card JW, Scaife KM, Haighton LA. Review of evidence relating to occupational exposure limits for alpha-diketones and acetoin, and considerations for deriving an occupational exposure limit for 2,3-pentanedione. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:715-730. [PMID: 36803409 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2023.2168175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Alpha-diketones, notably diacetyl, have been used as flavoring agents. When airborne in occupational settings, exposures to diacetyl have been associated with serious respiratory disease. Other α-diketones, such as 2,3-pentanedione, and analogues such as acetoin (a reduced form of diacetyl), require evaluation, particularly, in light of recently available toxicological studies. The current work reviewed mechanistic, metabolic, and toxicology data available for α-diketones. Data were most available for diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione, and a comparative assessment of their pulmonary effects was performed, and an occupational exposure limit (OEL) was proposed for 2,3-pentanedione. Previous OELs were reviewed and an updated literature search was performed. Respiratory system histopathology data from 3-month toxicology studies were evaluated with benchmark dose (BMD) modelling of sensitive endpoints. This demonstrated comparable responses at concentrations up to 100 ppm, with no consistent overall pattern of greater sensitivity to either diacetyl or 2,3-pentanedione. In contrast, based on draft raw data, no adverse respiratory effects were observed in comparable 3-month toxicology studies that evaluated exposure to acetoin at up to 800 ppm (highest tested concentration), indicating that acetoin does not present the same inhalation hazard as diacetyl or 2,3-pentanedione. To derive an OEL for 2,3-pentanedione, BMD modelling was conducted for the most sensitive endpoint from 90-day inhalation toxicity studies, namely, hyperplasia of nasal respiratory epithelium. On the basis of this modelling, an 8-hour time-weighted average OEL of 0.07 ppm is proposed to be protective against respiratory effects that may be associated with chronic workplace exposure to 2,3-pentanedione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Card
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kevin M Scaife
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., Mississauga, Ontario, Canada
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30
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Wong ET, Luettich K, Cammack L, Chua CS, Sciuscio D, Merg C, Corciulo M, Piault R, Ashutosh K, Smith C, Leroy P, Moine F, Glabasnia A, Diana P, Chia C, Tung CK, Ivanov N, Hoeng J, Peitsch M, Lee KM, Vanscheeuwijck P. Assessment of inhalation toxicity of cigarette smoke and aerosols from flavor mixtures: 5-week study in A/J mice. J Appl Toxicol 2022; 42:1701-1722. [PMID: 35543240 PMCID: PMC9545811 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Most flavors used in e-liquids are generally recognized as safe for oral consumption, but their potential effects when inhaled are not well characterized. In vivo inhalation studies of flavor ingredients in e-liquids are scarce. A structure-based grouping approach was used to select 38 flavor group representatives (FGR) on the basis of known and in silico-predicted toxicological data. These FGRs were combined to create prototype e-liquid formulations and tested against cigarette smoke (CS) in a 5-week inhalation study. Female A/J mice were whole-body exposed for 6 h/day, 5 days/week, for 5 weeks to air, mainstream CS, or aerosols from (1) test formulations containing propylene glycol (PG), vegetable glycerol (VG), nicotine (N; 2% w/w), and flavor (F) mixtures at low (4.6% w/w), medium (9.3% w/w), or high (18.6% w/w) concentration or (2) base formulation (PG/VG/N). Male A/J mice were exposed to air, PG/VG/N, or PG/VG/N/F-high under the same exposure regimen. There were no significant mortality or in-life clinical findings in the treatment groups, with only transient weight loss during the early exposure adaptation period. While exposure to flavor aerosols did not cause notable lung inflammation, it caused only minimal adaptive changes in the larynx and nasal epithelia. In contrast, exposure to CS resulted in lung inflammation and moderate-to-severe changes in the epithelia of the nose, larynx, and trachea. In summary, the study evaluates an approach for assessing the inhalation toxicity potential of flavor mixtures, thereby informing the selection of flavor exposure concentrations (up to 18.6%) for a future chronic inhalation study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ee Tsin Wong
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte LtdSingapore
| | | | - Lydia Cammack
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte LtdSingapore
| | - Chin Suan Chua
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte LtdSingapore
| | | | - Celine Merg
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S.ANeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | | | - Romain Piault
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S.ANeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Patrice Leroy
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S.ANeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | - Fabian Moine
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S.ANeuchâtelSwitzerland
| | | | | | - Cecilia Chia
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte LtdSingapore
| | - Ching Keong Tung
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris International Research Laboratories Pte LtdSingapore
| | | | - Julia Hoeng
- PMI R&DPhilip Morris Products S.ANeuchâtelSwitzerland
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31
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Manevski M, Yogeswaran S, Rahman I, Devadoss D, Chand HS. E-cigarette synthetic cooling agent WS-23 and nicotine aerosols differentially modulate airway epithelial cell responses. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1823-1830. [PMID: 36518432 PMCID: PMC9742947 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarette (e-cig) aerosol exposures are strongly associated with pulmonary dysfunctions, and the airway epithelial cells (AECs) of respiratory passages play a pivotal role in understanding this association. However, not much is known about the effect of synthetic cooling agents such as WS-23 on AECs. WS-23 is a synthetic menthol-like cooling agent widely used to enhance the appeal of e-cigs and to suppress the harshness and bitterness of other e-cig constituents. Using primary human AECs, we compared the effects of aerosolized WS-23 with propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin (PG/VG) vehicle control and nicotine aerosol exposures. AECs treated with 3 % WS-23 aerosols showed a significant increase in viable cell numbers compared to PG/VG-vehicle aerosol exposed cells and cell growth was comparable following 2.5 % nicotine aerosol exposure. AEC inflammatory factors, IL-6 and ICAM-1 levels were significantly suppressed by WS-23 aerosols compared to PG/VG-controls. When differentiated AECs were challenged with WS-23 aerosols, there was a significant increase in secretory mucin MUC5AC expression with no discernible change in airway inflammatory SCGB1A1 expression. Compared to PG/VG-controls, WS-23 or nicotine aerosols presented with increased MUC5AC expression, but there was no synergistic effect of WS-23 + nicotine combination exposure. Thus, WS-23 and nicotine aerosols modulate the AEC responses and induce goblet cell hyperplasia, which could impact the airway physiology and susceptibility to respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Manevski
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Shaiesh Yogeswaran
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Dinesh Devadoss
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Hitendra S. Chand
- Department of Immunology and NanoMedicine, Herbert Wertheim College of Medicine, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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Hassan NH, El-Wafaey DI. Histopathological Scoring System Role in Evaluation of Electronic Cigarette’s Impact on Respiratory Pathway in Albino Rat: Biochemical, Histo-morphometric and Ultrastructural Study. Tissue Cell 2022; 79:101945. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Benowitz NL, Goniewicz ML, Halpern-Felsher B, Krishnan-Sarin S, Ling PM, O'Connor RJ, Pentz MA, Robertson RM, Bhatnagar A. Tobacco product use and the risks of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19: current understanding and recommendations for future research. THE LANCET. RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2022; 10:900-915. [PMID: 35985357 PMCID: PMC9381032 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(22)00182-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneity in the clinical presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 progression underscores the urgent need to identify individual-level susceptibility factors that affect infection vulnerability and disease severity. Tobacco product use is a potential susceptibility factor. In this Personal View, we provide an overview of the findings of peer-reviewed, published studies relating tobacco product use to SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 outcomes, with most studies focusing on cigarette smoking in adults. Findings pertaining to the effects of tobacco product use on the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection are inconsistent. However, evidence supports a role for cigarette smoking in increasing the risk of poor COVID-19 outcomes, including hospital admission, progression in disease severity, and COVID-19-related mortality. We discuss the potential effects of tobacco use behaviour on SARS-CoV-2 transmission and infection, and highlight the pathophysiological changes associated with cigarette smoking that could promote SARS-CoV-2 infection and increased disease severity. We consider the biological mechanisms by which nicotine and other tobacco product constituents might affect immune and inflammatory responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Finally, we identify current knowledge gaps and suggest priorities for research to address acute and post-acute health outcomes of COVID-19 during and after the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal L Benowitz
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Pamela M Ling
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Richard J O'Connor
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Mary Ann Pentz
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rose Marie Robertson
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Aruni Bhatnagar
- Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Pipe AL, Mir H. E-Cigarettes Reexamined: Product Toxicity. Can J Cardiol 2022; 38:1395-1405. [PMID: 36089290 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of e-cigarettes, or electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), has been accompanied by controversy regarding their safety and effectiveness as a cessation aid and by an explosion in their use by youth. Their use does not involve the combustion of tobacco and the creation of harmful combustion products; they have been seen as a "harm reduction" tool that may be of assistance in promoting smoking cessation. Recognition that ENDS can deliver an array of chemicals and materials with known adverse consequences has spurred more careful examination of these products. Nicotine, nitrosamines, carbonyl compounds, heavy metals, free radicals, reactive oxygen species, particulate matter, and "emerging chemicals of concern" are among the constituents of the heated chemical aerosol that is inhaled when ENDS are used. They raise concerns for cardiovascular and respiratory health that merit the attention of clinicians and regulatory agencies. Frequently cited concerns include evidence of disordered respiratory function, altered hemodynamics, endothelial dysfunction, vascular reactivity, and enhanced thrombogenesis. The absence of evidence of the consequences of their long-term use is of additional concern. Their effectiveness as cessation aids and beneficial impact on health outcomes continue to be examined. It is important to ensure that their production and availability are thoughtfully regulated to optimise their safety and permit their use as harm reduction devices and potentially as smoking-cessation aids. It is equally vital to effectively prevent them from becoming ubiquitous consumer products with the potential to rapidly induce nicotine addiction among large numbers of youth. Clinicians should understand the nature of these products and the implications of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Pipe
- Division of Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Hassan Mir
- Division of Cardiac Prevention and Rehabilitation, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Electronic Cigarette and Atherosclerosis: A Comprehensive Literature Review of Latest Evidences. Int J Vasc Med 2022; 2022:4136811. [PMID: 36093338 PMCID: PMC9453087 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4136811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery diseases (CAD), also known as coronary heart disease (CHD), are the world’s leading cause of death. The basis of coronary artery disease is the narrowing of the heart coronary artery lumen due to atherosclerosis. The use of electronic cigarettes has increased significantly over the years. However, harmful effects of electronic cigarettes are still not firm. The aim of this article is to review the impact of electronic cigarette and its role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis from recent studies. The results showed that several chemical compounds, such as nicotine, propylene glycol, particulate matters, heavy metals, and flavorings, in electronic cigarette induce atherosclerosis with each molecular mechanism that lead to atherosclerosis progression by formation of ROS, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation. Further research is still needed to determine the exact mechanism and provide more clinical evidence.
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Lamb T, Muthumalage T, Meehan-Atrash J, Rahman I. Nose-Only Exposure to Cherry- and Tobacco-Flavored E-Cigarettes Induced Lung Inflammation in Mice in a Sex-Dependent Manner. TOXICS 2022; 10:471. [PMID: 36006150 PMCID: PMC9413458 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10080471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Flavoring chemicals in electronic nicotine delivery systems have been shown to cause cellular inflammation; meanwhile, the effects of fruit and tobacco flavors on lung inflammation by nose-only exposures to mice are relatively unknown. We hypothesized that exposure to flavored e-cigarettes would cause lung inflammation in C57BL/6 J mice. The mice were exposed to air, propylene glycol/vegetable glycerin, and flavored e-liquids: Apple, Cherry, Strawberry, Wintergreen, and Smooth & Mild Tobacco, one hour per day for three days. Quantification of flavoring chemicals by proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR), differential cell counts by flow cytometry, pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines by ELISA, and matrix metalloproteinase levels by western blot were performed. Exposure to PG/VG increased neutrophil cell count in lung bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). KC and IL6 levels were increased by PG/VG exposure and female mice exposed to Cherry flavored e-cigarettes, in lung homogenate. Mice exposed to PG/VG, Apple, Cherry, and Wintergreen increased MMP2 levels. Our results revealed flavor- and sex-based e-cigarette effects in female mice exposed to cherry-flavored e-liquids and male mice exposed to tobacco-flavored e-liquids, namely, increased lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
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Vivarelli F, Granata S, Rullo L, Mussoni M, Candeletti S, Romualdi P, Fimognari C, Cruz-Chamorro I, Carrillo-Vico A, Paolini M, Canistro D. On the toxicity of e-cigarettes consumption: Focus on pathological cellular mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 2022; 182:106315. [PMID: 35724819 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking remains without a doubt one of the leading causes of premature death worldwide. In combination with conventional protocols for smoking cessation, e-cigarettes have been proposed as a useful tool to quit smoking. Advertised as almost free of toxic effects, e-cigarettes have rapidly increased their popularity, becoming a sought-after device, especially among young people. Recently some health concerns about e-cigarette consumption are being raised. It is well known that they can release several toxic compounds, some of which are carcinogenic to humans, and emerging results are now outlining the risks related to the onset of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases and even cancer. The present review shows the emerging evidence about the role of technical components of the devices, the e-liquid composition as well as customization by consumers. The primary topics we discuss are the main toxicological aspects associated with e-cigarette consumption, focusing on the molecular pathways involved. Here it will be shown how exposure to e-cigarette aerosol induces stress/mitochondrial toxicity, DNA breaks/fragmentation following the same pathological pathways triggered by tobacco smoke, including the deregulation of molecular signalling axis associated with cancer progression and cell migration. Risk to fertility and pregnancy, as well as cardiovascular risk associated with e-cigarette use, have also been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Vivarelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Silvia Granata
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery - University of Milano - Bicocca
| | - Laura Rullo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Matilde Mussoni
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Sanzio Candeletti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Romualdi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Carmela Fimognari
- Department for Life Quality Studies, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
| | - Ivan Cruz-Chamorro
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS (Universidad de Sevilla, HUVR, Junta de Andalucía, CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Carrillo-Vico
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, IBiS (Universidad de Sevilla, HUVR, Junta de Andalucía, CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain; Departamento de Bioquímica Médica y Biología Molecular e Inmunología, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Seville, Spain
| | - Moreno Paolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Donatella Canistro
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Virgili F, Nenna R, Ben David S, Mancino E, Di Mattia G, Matera L, Petrarca L, Midulla F. E-cigarettes and youth: an unresolved Public Health concern. Ital J Pediatr 2022; 48:97. [PMID: 35701844 PMCID: PMC9194784 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-022-01286-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarette) and vaping devices started as a potential aid for cessation and reducing the harmful consequences of cigarette smoking, mainly in the adult population. Today e-cigarette use is highly increasing in vulnerable populations, especially young and pregnant women, due to the misconception of its harmless use. Despite the growing acknowledgment in e-cigarette as a potential harmful device, and due to mixed information found concerning its beneficial aid for smokers, along with an insufficient clinical study done in human models, it is important to further evaluate the possible benefits and risks of non-combusting, vaping nicotine or non-nicotine delivery devices. In this review we tried to summarize the latest updated information found in the literature, concentrating mainly in the variety of adverse effects of e-cigarette use and its contribution for recent and future health concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Virgili
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Raffaella Nenna
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
| | - Shira Ben David
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrica Mancino
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Greta Di Mattia
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Matera
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Petrarca
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Midulla
- Department of Maternal Infantile and Urological Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Raja A, Zelikoff JT, Jaimes EA. A contemporary review of nephrotoxicity and e-cigarette use. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2022.100361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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40
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Sinha I, Goel R, Bitzer ZT, Trushin N, Liao J, Sinha R. Evaluating electronic cigarette cytotoxicity and inflammatory
responses in vitro. Tob Induc Dis 2022; 20:45. [PMID: 35611070 PMCID: PMC9081552 DOI: 10.18332/tid/147200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Indu Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, United States
| | - Reema Goel
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, United States
| | - Zachary T. Bitzer
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, United States
| | - Neil Trushin
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, United States
| | - Jason Liao
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Penn State College of Medicine, United States
| | - Raghu Sinha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State College of Medicine, United States
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41
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Attfield KR, Zalay M, Zwack LM, Glassford EK, LeBouf RF, Materna BL. Assessment of worker chemical exposures in California vape shops. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2022; 19:197-209. [PMID: 35156905 PMCID: PMC8989644 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2022.2036341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
E-cigarettes are battery-operated devices that heat a liquid mixture to make an aerosol that is inhaled, or vaped, by the user. Vape shops are retail environments designed to fulfill customer demand for diverse e-liquid flavors and hardware options, which create unique worker exposure concerns. To characterize exposures to vape shop workers, especially to flavoring chemicals associated with known respiratory toxicity, this study recruited vape shops from the San Francisco Bay Area. In six shops, we measured air concentrations for volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde, flavoring chemicals, and nicotine in personal and/or area samples; analyzed components of e-liquids vaped during field visits; and assessed metals on surface wipe samples. Interviews and observations were conducted over the course of a workday in the same six shops and interviews were performed in an additional six where sampling was not conducted. Detections of the alpha-diketone butter flavoring chemicals diacetyl and/or 2,3-pentanedione were common: in the headspace of purchased e-liquids (18 of 26 samples), in personal air samples (5 of 16), and in area air samples (2 of 6 shops). Two exceedances of recommended exposure limits for 2,3-pentanedione (a short-term exposure limit and an 8-hr time-weighted average) were measured in personal air samples. Other compounds detected in the area and personal air samples included substitutes for diacetyl and 2,3-pentanedione (acetoin and 2,3-hexanedione) and compounds that may be contaminants or impurities. Furthermore, a large variety (82) of other flavoring chemicals were detected in area air samples. None of the 12 shops interviewed had a health and safety program. Six shops reported no use of any personal protective equipment (PPE) (e.g., gloves, chemical resistant aprons, eye protection) and the others stated occasional use; however, no PPE use was observed during any field investigation day. Recommendations were provided to shops that included making improvements to ventilation, hygiene, use of personal protective equipment, and, if possible, avoidance of products containing the alpha-diketone flavoring chemicals. Future research is needed to evaluate the long-term health risks among workers in the vape shop retail industry and for e-cigarette use generally. Specific areas include further characterizing e-liquid constituents and emissions, evaluating ingredient health risks, evaluating the contributions of different routes of exposure (dermal, inhalation, and ingestion), and determining effective exposure mitigation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen R Attfield
- Environmental Health Investigations Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California
| | | | - Leonard M Zwack
- Hazard Evaluations and Technical Assistance Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Eric K Glassford
- Hazard Evaluations and Technical Assistance Branch, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Ryan F LeBouf
- Field Studies Branch, Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Barbara L Materna
- Occupational Health Branch, California Department of Public Health, Richmond, California
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Zutrauen S, Do MT, Ghandour L, Moore-Hepburn C, Beno S, Richmond SA, Chadi N. Acute injury or illness related to the inhalation of vaping aerosols among children and adolescents across Canada: A cross-sectional survey of Canadian paediatricians. Paediatr Child Health 2022; 27:43-49. [DOI: 10.1093/pch/pxab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Vaping prevalence rates have increased among Canadian youth. Evidence suggests that vaping poses significant health risks to children and adolescents.
Objectives
The objectives of the study were to investigate epidemiological characteristics of acute injury/illness cases due to the inhalation of vaping aerosols among children and adolescents across Canada and to explore factors contributing to severe cases.
Methods
Data from the 2019 Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program cross-sectional survey on vaping-related injury/illness were used. Analyses focused on injury/illness cases (n=71) among children and adolescents aged 0 to 17 years who presented to participating paediatricians for a harm related to the inhalation of vaping aerosols. We conducted descriptive analyses and performed logistic regression to explore associations between severe presentations requiring hospitalization or intensive care unit (ICU) admission and selected case characteristics.
Results
Of the 71 reported injury/illness cases related to inhalation of vaping aerosols, 56% of patients were male, and 68% were aged 15 to 17 years. Nicotine vaping was reported in 42% of cases, and cannabis vaping in 24%. Fifty-four per cent presented with respiratory distress, 18% with symptoms of nicotine toxicity, and 41% required hospitalization and/or admission to the ICU. Cases presenting with respiratory distress were more likely to be hospitalized/admitted to the ICU (odds ratio [OR]=5.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.76 to 16.39).
Conclusions
The inhalation of vaping aerosols among children and adolescents may contribute to acute injury/illness. Clear associations between study variables and severe cases could not be established due to a small sample size. Additional research is needed to determine predictors and preventable risk factors of severe vaping-related injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Zutrauen
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Minh T Do
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Consumer and Hazardous Products Safety Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lina Ghandour
- Consumer and Hazardous Products Safety Directorate, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charlotte Moore-Hepburn
- Division of Paediatric Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Suzanne Beno
- Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah A Richmond
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicholas Chadi
- Division of Adolescent Medicine, Department of Paediatrics, Sainte-Justine University Hospital Centre, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Telocytes reduce oxidative stress by downregulating DUOX2 expression in inflamed lungs of mice. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2022; 54:574-582. [PMID: 35607956 PMCID: PMC9828416 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2022017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs), a novel type of interstitial cells, have been found to participate in tissue protection and repair. In this study, we investigated the antioxidative effects of TCs in inflamed lungs of mice. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) mice were used as models of inflamed lungs of mice. Gene sequencing was used to screen the differentially expressed miRNAs in TCs after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. AntagomiR-146a-5p-pretreated TCs were first injected into mice, and antioxidant activity of TCs was estimated. TCs, RAW264.7 cells, and MLE-12 cells were collected for the detection of expressions of NOX1-4, DUOX1-2, SOD1-3, GPX1-2, CAT, Nrf2, miR-146a-5p, and miR-21a-3p after LPS stimulation. Silencing miRNAs were delivered to examine the involved signaling pathways. Oxidative stress was examined by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. We found that microRNA-146a-5p and microRNA-21a-3p were upregulated in TCs after LPS stimulation. ARDS mice that were preinfused with TCs had lower lung tissue injury scores, lung wet-dry ratios, white blood cell counts in alveolar lavage fluid and lower MDA concentrations in lung tissue. However, in antagomiR-146a-5p-pretreated ARDS mice, the infusion of TCs caused no corresponding changes. After LPS stimulation, DUOX2 and MDA concentrations were downregulated in TCs, while DUOX2 was restored by antagomiR-146a-5p in TCs. Dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed that CREB1 was downregulated by miR-146a-5p, while DUOX2 was downregulated by CREB1, which was confirmed by treating TCs with a specific CREB1 inhibitor. This study demonstrates that LPS stimulation upregulates miR-146a-5p in TCs, which downregulates the CREB1/DUOX2 pathway, resulting in a decrease in oxidative stress in cultured TCs. TCs reduce LPS-induced oxidative stress by decreasing DUOX2 in inflamed lungs of mice.
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Abstract
Since the spread of tobacco from the Americas hundreds of years ago, tobacco cigarettes and, more recently, alternative tobacco products have become global products of nicotine addiction. Within the evolving alternative tobacco product space, electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) vaping has surpassed conventional cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults in the United States and beyond. This review describes the experimental and clinical evidence of e-cigarette toxicity and deleterious health effects. Adverse health effects related to e-cigarette aerosols are influenced by several factors, including e-liquid components, physical device factors, chemical changes related to heating, and health of the e-cigarette user (e.g., asthmatic). Federal, state, and local regulations have attempted to govern e-cigarette flavors, manufacturing, distribution, and availability, particularly to underaged youths. However, the evolving e-cigarette landscape continues to impede timely toxicological studies and hinder progress made toward our understanding of the long-term health consequence of e-cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Gordon
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Emma Karey
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA;
| | - Meghan E Rebuli
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Yael-Natalie H Escobar
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
| | - Lung Chi Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY 10010, USA;
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Khachatoorian C, McWhirter KJ, Luo W, Pankow JF, Talbot P. Tracing the movement of electronic cigarette flavor chemicals and nicotine from refill fluids to aerosol, lungs, exhale, and the environment. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 286:131494. [PMID: 34392198 PMCID: PMC8787941 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given the high concentrations of nicotine and flavor chemicals in EC (electronic cigarette) fluids, it is important to determine how efficiently they transfer to aerosols, how well they are retained by users (exposure), and if they are exhaled into the environment where they settle of surfaces forming ECEAR (EC exhaled aerosol residue). OBJECTIVES To quantify the flavor chemicals and nicotine in refill fluids, inhaled aerosols, and exhaled aerosols. Then deduce their retention and contribution to ECEAR. METHODS Flavor chemicals and nicotine were identified and quantified by GC-MS in two refill fluids, smoking machine-generated aerosols, and aerosols exhaled by 10 human participants (average age 21; 7 males). Machine generated aerosols were made with varying puff durations and two wattages (40 and 80). Participants generated exhale ad libitum; their exhale was quantified, and chemical retention and contribution to ECEAR was modeled. RESULTS "Dewberry Cream" had five dominant (≥1 mg/mL) flavor chemicals (maltol, ethyl maltol, vanillin, ethyl vanillin, furaneol), while "Cinnamon Roll" had one (cinnamaldehyde). Nicotine transferred well to aerosols irrespective of topography; however, transfer efficiencies of flavor chemicals depended on the chemical, puff volume, puff duration, pump head, and EC power. Participants could be classified as "mouth inhalers" or "lung inhalers" based on their exhale of flavor chemicals and nicotine and retention. Lung inhalers had high retention and exhaled low concentrations of EC chemicals. Only mouth inhalers exhaled sufficient concentrations of flavor chemicals/nicotine to contribute to chemical deposition on environmental surfaces (ECEAR). CONCLUSION These data help distinguish two types of EC users, add to our knowledge of chemical exposure during vaping, and provide information useful in regulating EC use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Careen Khachatoorian
- Cell, Molecular, and Developmental Biology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Kevin J McWhirter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - James F Pankow
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Prue Talbot
- Department of Molecular, Cell & Systems Biology University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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Optimal Design Approach Applied to Headspace GC for the Monitoring of Diacetyl Concentration, Spectrophotometric Assessment of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Potential in Different Fermentation Processes of Barley. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app12010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to validate a control method on the gas chromatography system (GC) based on the experimental design strategy, to examine the changes and correlation between the fermentation process and the quality of alcoholic and non-alcoholic beer product, especially the formation of diacetyl. On the other hand, spectrophotometric methods were applied to the determination of polyphenols content and the potential antioxidant activity of beer during different fermentation processes. with this aim, three modes of barley fermentation were used, specifically classical fermentation, stopped fermentation and thermal process. The results showed that the different fermentation modes had a major impact on diacetyl production. The highest concentration was obtained using stopped fermentation 0.36 mg/L, the lowest concentration value 0.07 mg/L was detected using the thermal process. Monitoring the increase of oxygen concentration between fermentation, filtration, and filling of the final product (32, 107, 130 ppm, respectively) has a significant impact on the concentration of diacetyl. The obtained results of spectrophotometric analysis showed that the total antioxidant activity changed during beer fermentation process and demonstrate that the extend of the antioxidant activity was very much dependent on the total polyphenolic content with a higher value in Hopped wort (13.41%, 65 mg GAE 100 mL−1, 28 mg CE 100 mL−1) for antioxidant potential, total phenolic content, and total flavonoids content, respectively, whereas the lowest values was detected in Non-alcoholic beer using thermal process (7.24%, 35 mg GAE 100 mL−1, 10 mg CE 100 mL−1) for antioxidant potential, total phenolic contents, and total flavonoids contents, respectively. Based on the results achieved, we reveal the impact of the fermentation process on the nutritional value of the final product.
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Abaricia JO, Whitehead AJ, Kandalam S, Shah AH, Hotchkiss KM, Morandini L, Olivares-Navarrete R. E-cigarette Aerosol Mixtures Inhibit Biomaterial-Induced Osseointegrative Cell Phenotypes. MATERIALIA 2021; 20:101241. [PMID: 34778733 PMCID: PMC8589285 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtla.2021.101241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Smoking is a known contributor to the failure of dental implants. Despite a decline in cigarette use, the popularity of e-cigarettes has exploded. However, little is known about how e-cigarettes affect the biologic response to implants. This study examines the effect of e-cigarette aerosol mixtures (ecig-AM) on macrophage activation and osteoblastogenesis of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in response to titanium (Ti) implant surfaces. METHODS Ecig-AMs were prepared by bubbling aerosol through PBS. Human-derived MSCs or murine-derived macrophages were plated on smooth, rough-hydrophobic, or rough-hydrophilic Ti surfaces in media supplemented with ecig-AM. In macrophages, expression of inflammatory markers was measured by qPCR and macrophage immunophenotype characterized by flow cytometry after 24 hours of exposure. In MSCs, expression of osteogenic markers and inflammatory cytokines was measured by qPCR and ELISA, while alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) was determined by colorimetric assay. RESULTS Ecig-AM polarized primary macrophages into a pro-inflammatory state with higher effect on ecig-AM with flavorants and nicotine. Metabolic activity of MSCs decreased in a concentration dependent fashion and was stronger in ecig-AM containing nicotine. MSCs reduced expression of osteogenic markers in response to ecig-AM, but increased RANKL secretion, particularly at the highest ecig-AM concentrations. The effect of ecig-AM exposure was lessened when macrophages or MSCs were cultured on rough-hydrophilic substrates. SIGNIFICANCE Ecig-AM activated macrophages into a pro-inflammatory phenotype and impaired MSC-to-osteoblast differentiation in response to Ti implant surfaces. These effects were potentiated by flavorants and nicotine, suggesting that e-cigarette use may compromise the osseointegration of dental implants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Suraj Kandalam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Arth H. Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Kelly M Hotchkiss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Lais Morandini
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
| | - Rene Olivares-Navarrete
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA
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Snoderly HT, Nurkiewicz TR, Bowdridge EC, Bennewitz MF. E-Cigarette Use: Device Market, Study Design, and Emerging Evidence of Biological Consequences. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12452. [PMID: 34830344 PMCID: PMC8619996 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic cigarettes are frequently viewed as a safer alternative to conventional cigarettes; however, evidence to support this perspective has not materialized. Indeed, the current literature reports that electronic cigarette use is associated with both acute lung injury and subclinical dysfunction to the lung and vasculature that may result in pathology following chronic use. E-cigarettes can alter vascular dynamics, polarize innate immune populations towards a proinflammatory state, compromise barrier function in the pulmonary endothelium and epithelium, and promote pre-oncogenic phenomena. This review will summarize the variety of e-cigarette products available to users, discuss current challenges in e-cigarette study design, outline the range of pathologies occurring in cases of e-cigarette associated acute lung injury, highlight disease supporting tissue- and cellular-level changes resulting from e-cigarette exposure, and briefly examine how these changes may promote tumorigenesis. Continued research of the mechanisms by which e-cigarettes induce pathology benefit users and clinicians by resulting in increased regulation of vaping devices, informing treatments for emerging diseases e-cigarettes produce, and increasing public awareness to reduce e-cigarette use and the onset of preventable disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hunter T. Snoderly
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (T.R.N.); (E.C.B.)
| | - Timothy R. Nurkiewicz
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (T.R.N.); (E.C.B.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Elizabeth C. Bowdridge
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (T.R.N.); (E.C.B.)
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Margaret F. Bennewitz
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA;
- Center for Inhalation Toxicology, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; (T.R.N.); (E.C.B.)
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Page MK, Goniewicz ML. New Analytical Method for Quantifying Flavoring Chemicals of Potential Respiratory Health Risk Concerns in e-Cigarette Liquids. Front Chem 2021; 9:763940. [PMID: 34778213 PMCID: PMC8581464 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.763940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous flavoring chemicals are added to e-cigarette liquids to create various flavors. Flavorings provide sensory experience to users and increase product appeal; however, concerns have been raised about their potential inhalation toxicity. Estimating potential health risk of inhaling these chemicals has been challenging since little is known about their actual concentrations in e-cigarette products. To date, a limited number of analytical methods exist to measure the concentrations of flavoring chemicals in e-cigarette products. We have developed an analytical method that accurately and precisely measures the concentrations of 20 flavoring chemicals of potential inhalation risk concerns: 2,3,5-trimethylpyrazine, acetoin, benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, butanoic acid, dl-limonene, ethyl maltol, ethyl salicylate, ethyl vanillin, eucalyptol, eugenol, furaneol, isovanillin, l-menthol, maltol, methyl salicylate, pulegone, trans-cinnamaldehyde, triacetin, and vanillin. Calibration and QC solutions were prepared in 50:50 propylene glycol (PG):vegetable glycerin (VG) and 5% H2O and flavoring concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 10.00 mg/ml. Samples of commercial e-cigarette liquids, calibration and QC solutions were combined with 30 µL of an internal standard mix (benzene-d6, pyridine-d5, chlorobenzene-d5, naphthalene-d8 and acenaphthene-d10; 1 mg/ml each) and were diluted 100-fold into methanol. Analysis was performed on an Agilent 7890B/7250 GC/Q-TOF using a DB-624UI column (30 m x 0.25 mmID x 1.4 μm film thickness), with a total runtime of 13.5 min. Calibration curves were fit using a weighted quadratic model and correlations of determination (r2) values exceeded 0.990 for all chemicals. Bias and precision tests yielded values less than 20% and lower limits of quantitation (LLOQ) ranged from 0.02 to 0.63 mg/ml. Over 200 commercially available products, purchased or collected from adult e-cigarette users and spanning a range of flavor categories, were evaluated with this method. Concentrations of pulegone, a suspected carcinogen, varied from below limit of quantitation (BLOQ) to 0.32 mg/ml, while acetoin and vanillin, known precursors to more cytotoxic byproducts, ranged from BLOQ to 1.52 mg/ml and from BLOQ to 16.22 mg/ml, respectively. This method features a wide dynamic working range and allows for a rapid routine analysis of flavoring additives in commercial e-cigarette liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Page
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Maciej L Goniewicz
- Department of Health Behavior, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, United States
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50
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Su WC, Lin YH, Wong SW, Chen JY, Lee J, Buu A. Estimation of the dose of electronic cigarette chemicals deposited in human airways through passive vaping. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2021; 31:1008-1016. [PMID: 34239037 PMCID: PMC8595527 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-021-00362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing studies on the health effects of e-cigarettes focused on e-cigarette users themselves. To study the corresponding effects on passive vapers, it is crucial to quantify e-cigarette chemicals deposited in their airways. OBJECTIVE This study proposed an innovative approach to estimate the deposited dose of e-cigarette chemicals in the passive vapers' airways. The effect of the distance between active and passive vapers on the deposited dose was also examined. METHODS The chemical constituent analysis was conducted to detect Nicotine and flavoring agents in e-cigarette aerosol. The Mobile Aerosol Lung Deposition Apparatus (MALDA) was employed to conduct aerosol respiratory deposition experiments in real-life settings to generate real-time data. RESULTS For e-cigarette aerosol in the ultrafine particle regime, the deposited doses in the alveolar region were on average 3.2 times higher than those in the head-to-TB airways, and the deposited dose in the passive vaper's airways increased when being closer to the active vaper. SIGNIFICANCE With prolonged exposure and close proximity to active vapers, passive vapers may be at risk for potential health effects of harmful e-cigarette chemicals. The methodology developed in this study has laid the groundwork for future research on exposure assessment and health risk analysis for passive vaping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chung Su
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Ying-Hsuan Lin
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Su-Wei Wong
- Department of Health Promotion & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jin Y Chen
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jinho Lee
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anne Buu
- Department of Health Promotion & Behavioral Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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