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Lorenc-Koci E, Górny M, Chwatko G, Kamińska K, Iciek M, Rogóż Z. The effect of phencyclidine-mediated blockade of NMDA receptors in the early postnatal period on glutathione and sulfur amino acid levels in the rat brain as a potential causative factor of schizophrenia-like behavior in adulthood. Pharmacol Rep 2024; 76:863-877. [PMID: 38904712 PMCID: PMC11294273 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-024-00607-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phencyclidine, an NMDA receptor antagonist, is frequently used to model behavioral and neurochemical changes correlated with schizophrenia in laboratory animals. The present study aimed to examine the effects of repeated administration of phencyclidine during early postnatal development on the contents of glutathione and sulfur-containing amino acids, as well as the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the brain of 12-day-old rats, and schizophrenia-like symptoms in adulthood. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley pups were administered phencyclidine (10 mg/kg) or saline subcutaneously on the postnatal days p2, p6, p9 and p12. In 12-day-old pups, 4 h after the last dose of phencyclidine, the levels of glutathione, cysteine, methionine, and homocysteine, and the enzymatic activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione reductase (GR) were measured in the frontal cortex, hippocampus, and striatum. In 70-72-day-old rats, schizophrenia-like symptoms were assessed using behavioral tests. RESULTS Biochemical data showed that perinatal phencyclidine treatment significantly reduced glutathione and cysteine levels in all brain structures studied, methionine was diminished in the striatum, and homocysteine in both the frontal cortex and striatum. GR activity was increased in the frontal cortex while SODactivity was decreased in the hippocampus. Behaviorally, perinatal phencyclidine induced long-term deficits in social and cognitive function and a decrease in locomotor activity assessed as the time of walking. Finally, perinatal treatment with phencyclidine resulted in a significant reduction in body weight gain over time. CONCLUSION Our research provides further evidence for the usefulness of the phencyclidine-induced neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia for studying the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, 31-343, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Górny
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika Street, Kraków, 31-034, Poland
| | - Grażyna Chwatko
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Łódź, 163 Pomorska Street, Łódź, 90-236, Poland
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, 31-343, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Iciek
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika Street, Kraków, 31-034, Poland
| | - Zofia Rogóż
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, Kraków, 31-343, Poland
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De Lima DN, Frota IJ, Macedo DS, Sanders LLO. Alpha Lipoic Acid for Schizophrenia: Future Investigations With Low Doses and Treatment-Resistant Patients-Reply to Letter by Kishi and Colleagues. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2023; 43:478-479. [PMID: 37683248 DOI: 10.1097/jcp.0000000000001753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
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Palm D, Uzoni A, Kronenberg G, Thome J, Faltraco F. Human Derived Dermal Fibroblasts as in Vitro Research Tool to Study Circadian Rhythmicity in Psychiatric Disorders. PHARMACOPSYCHIATRY 2023; 56:87-100. [PMID: 37187177 DOI: 10.1055/a-1147-1552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A number of psychiatric disorders are defined by persistent or recurrent sleep-wake disturbances alongside disruptions in circadian rhythm and altered clock gene expression. Circadian rhythms are present not only in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus but also in peripheral tissues. In this respect, cultures of human derived dermal fibroblasts may serve as a promising new tool to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of mental illness. In this article, we discuss the advantages of fibroblast cultures to study psychiatric disease. More specifically, we provide an update on recent advances in modeling circadian rhythm disorders using human fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Palm
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Adriana Uzoni
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Golo Kronenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Johannes Thome
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Frank Faltraco
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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Cuenod M, Steullet P, Cabungcal JH, Dwir D, Khadimallah I, Klauser P, Conus P, Do KQ. Caught in vicious circles: a perspective on dynamic feed-forward loops driving oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1886-1897. [PMID: 34759358 PMCID: PMC9126811 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01374-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has emerged demonstrating a pathological link between oxidative stress and schizophrenia. This evidence identifies oxidative stress as a convergence point or "central hub" for schizophrenia genetic and environmental risk factors. Here we review the existing experimental and translational research pinpointing the complex dynamics of oxidative stress mechanisms and their modulation in relation to schizophrenia pathophysiology. We focus on evidence supporting the crucial role of either redox dysregulation, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor hypofunction, neuroinflammation or mitochondria bioenergetics dysfunction, initiating "vicious circles" centered on oxidative stress during neurodevelopment. These processes would amplify one another in positive feed-forward loops, leading to persistent impairments of the maturation and function of local parvalbumin-GABAergic neurons microcircuits and myelinated fibers of long-range macrocircuitry. This is at the basis of neural circuit synchronization impairments and cognitive, emotional, social and sensory deficits characteristic of schizophrenia. Potential therapeutic approaches that aim at breaking these different vicious circles represent promising strategies for timely and safe interventions. In order to improve early detection and increase the signal-to-noise ratio for adjunctive trials of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and NMDAR modulator drugs, a reverse translation of validated circuitry approach is needed. The above presented processes allow to identify mechanism based biomarkers guiding stratification of homogenous patients groups and target engagement required for successful clinical trials, paving the way towards precision medicine in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Cuenod
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Steullet
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Harry Cabungcal
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniella Dwir
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ines Khadimallah
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Klauser
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Conus
- Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Q Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Prilly, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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5
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Li Z, Liu M, Chen C, Pan Y, Cui X, Sun J, Zhao F, Cao Y. Simultaneous determination of serum homocysteine, cysteine and methionine in patients with schizophrenia by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5366. [PMID: 35274340 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric disorder affecting approximately 1% of the population worldwide. Disturbances of the homocysteine metabolism are important factors in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In this research, a novel validated LC-MS/MS quantification procedure was developed to investigate three significant compounds of homocysteine metabolism, homocysteine, cysteine and methionine in patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Sample preparation involved a reduction with dithiothreitol followed by protein precipitation, and the chromatographic runtime was 2 min. The LC-MS/MS method was validated according to CLSI C62-A and Chinese Guidance for Liquid Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Clinical Application. The performance of the method was excellent with a coefficient of variation for precision in the range 0.5%-6.9%, an accuracy from 90.4% to 101.6%. In addition, the practical applicability of the method was demonstrated by applying it in the routine sample analysis for the schizophrenic patient. Increased homocysteine levels and decreased cysteine levels were observed in the patient with schizophrenia. These results indicate that the activity of transsulfuration pathway may play a key role in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenguo Li
- The Second Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Mingli Liu
- Dalian Runsheng Kangtai Medical Lab Co. Ltd, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Chunwu Chen
- Shenyang Mental Health Center, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Yongqiang Pan
- Dalian Runsheng Kangtai Medical Lab Co. Ltd, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Xueting Cui
- Dalian Runsheng Kangtai Medical Lab Co. Ltd, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Jian Sun
- Dalian Runsheng Kangtai Medical Lab Co. Ltd, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Furong Zhao
- Dalian Runsheng Kangtai Medical Lab Co. Ltd, Dalian, P. R. China
| | - Yunfeng Cao
- Shanghai Institute for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technologies, Shanghai, P. R. China.,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P. R. China
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Effects of antipsychotics on antioxidant defence system in patients with schizophrenia: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Res 2022; 309:114429. [PMID: 35150976 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Theory of oxidative stress is suggested in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. To determine the cause of impaired antioxidant defense system in schizophrenia, a meta-analysis was performed by selecting studies published from 1964 to 2021 from Pubmed and Scopus databases. Data were analysed using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis version 2 and calculated effect sizes were compared between unmedicated and medicated patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. Heterogeneity, publication bias assessments and subgroup analyses of drug-free and drug-naïve patients, and patients treated with atypical and typical antipsychotics were conducted. Subgroup analysis of confounding factors including age, gender, illness duration and patient status was also conducted. We found that glutathione peroxidase (GPx) was significantly decreased in all patients. Significantly lower catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and albumin (ALB) were found in unmedicated patients only. Both groups showed significantly weakened non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity. Subgroup analyses indicated that weakened non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity may be associated with schizophrenia. Antioxidant status was more impaired in drug-free patients compared with other subgroups. This indicated that antipsychotics may improve antioxidant defense system. Although effect sizes were smaller, future studies may focus on the effect of antipsychotic discontinuation. In overall, schizophrenia was associated with impaired antioxidant defense system especially the non-enzymatic antioxidant system.
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Khadimallah I, Jenni R, Cabungcal JH, Cleusix M, Fournier M, Beard E, Klauser P, Knebel JF, Murray MM, Retsa C, Siciliano M, Spencer KM, Steullet P, Cuenod M, Conus P, Do KQ. Mitochondrial, exosomal miR137-COX6A2 and gamma synchrony as biomarkers of parvalbumin interneurons, psychopathology, and neurocognition in schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:1192-1204. [PMID: 34686767 PMCID: PMC9054672 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01313-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Early detection and intervention in schizophrenia requires mechanism-based biomarkers that capture neural circuitry dysfunction, allowing better patient stratification, monitoring of disease progression and treatment. In prefrontal cortex and blood of redox dysregulated mice (Gclm-KO ± GBR), oxidative stress induces miR-137 upregulation, leading to decreased COX6A2 and mitophagy markers (NIX, Fundc1, and LC3B) and to accumulation of damaged mitochondria, further exacerbating oxidative stress and parvalbumin interneurons (PVI) impairment. MitoQ, a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant, rescued all these processes. Translating to early psychosis patients (EPP), blood exosomal miR-137 increases and COX6A2 decreases, combined with mitophagy markers alterations, suggest that observations made centrally and peripherally in animal model were reflected in patients' blood. Higher exosomal miR-137 and lower COX6A2 levels were associated with a reduction of ASSR gamma oscillations in EEG. As ASSR requires proper PVI-related networks, alterations in miR-137/COX6A2 plasma exosome levels may represent a proxy marker of PVI cortical microcircuit impairment. EPP can be stratified in two subgroups: (a) a patients' group with mitochondrial dysfunction "Psy-D", having high miR-137 and low COX6A2 levels in exosomes, and (b) a "Psy-ND" subgroup with no/low mitochondrial impairment, including patients having miR-137 and COX6A2 levels in the range of controls. Psy-D patients exhibited more impaired ASSR responses in association with worse psychopathological status, neurocognitive performance, and global and social functioning, suggesting that impairment of PVI mitochondria leads to more severe disease profiles. This stratification would allow, with high selectivity and specificity, the selection of patients for treatments targeting brain mitochondria dysregulation and capture the clinical and functional efficacy of future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Khadimallah
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raoul Jenni
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Prilly Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan-Harry Cabungcal
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martine Cleusix
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Prilly Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Margot Fournier
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elidie Beard
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Paul Klauser
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Prilly Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Knebel
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662The LINE (Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology), Radiodiagnostic Service, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Sensory, Perceptual and Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Micah M. Murray
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662The LINE (Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology), Radiodiagnostic Service, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Sensory, Perceptual and Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.428685.50000 0004 0627 5427Ophthalmology Department, Fondation Asile des Aveugles and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chrysa Retsa
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662The LINE (Laboratory for Investigative Neurophysiology), Radiodiagnostic Service, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland ,grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Sensory, Perceptual and Cognitive Neuroscience Section, Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Milena Siciliano
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kevin M. Spencer
- grid.410370.10000 0004 4657 1992Neural Dynamics Laboratory, Research Service, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA USA ,grid.38142.3c000000041936754XDepartment of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| | - Pascal Steullet
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Cuenod
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Conus
- grid.9851.50000 0001 2165 4204Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne, Prilly Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Q. Do
- grid.8515.90000 0001 0423 4662Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Guler EM, Kurtulmus A, Gul AZ, Kocyigit A, Kirpinar I. Oxidative stress and schizophrenia: A comparative cross-sectional study of multiple oxidative markers in patients and their first-degree relatives. Int J Clin Pract 2021; 75:e14711. [PMID: 34370389 DOI: 10.1111/ijcp.14711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a chronic, disruptive mental disorder with unknown pathogenic mechanisms. Several studies evidenced that oxidative stress (OS) may be one of the causal factors to play a role in the pathophysiology of the disease. Our study aims to contribute to the SCZ research by investigating a possible relationship between the severity of illness (scored with "The Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS]") and OS biomarkers in patients. We additionally assess the "first-degree-relatives (FDRs)" oxidative status with multiple parameters to test the idea of oxidative imbalance leads to disease progression as a genetical susceptibility factor. METHODS This study included: 50 adult patients with SCZ, 50 unaffected FDRs, and 50 controls. OS biomarkers included myeloperoxidase (MPO), total oxidant status (TOS), total antioxidant status (TAS), total thiol (TT), native thiol (NT). Photometric methods were used to measure the parameters in the peripheral blood samples of participants. Disulphide (DS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) parameters were calculated. RESULTS TOS, DS, OSI levels were significantly higher, and TAS, TT, NT levels were significantly lower in both SCZ and FDRs than controls. In the SCZ group, MPO activity was significantly higher compared with other groups. Results in this study did not provide a strong correlation between the PANSS and selected biomarkers. There was a slightly negative correlation between TT and PANSS in the SCZ group (P = .041, r = -.297). CONCLUSION OS biomarkers increased significantly in the peripheral blood of SCZ patients compared with other groups indicates the presence of OS in the aetiology of the disease. Mid-levels of oxidative markers found in FDRs imply that unaffected first-degree relatives have an increased risk for turning up to the clinical presentation stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eray Metin Guler
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Hamidiye School of Medicine, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Haydarpasa Numune Health Application and Research Center, University of Health Sciences Turkey, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Kurtulmus
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Psychiatry, Istanbul Medeniyet University Goztepe Education Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Zehra Gul
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdurrahim Kocyigit
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ismet Kirpinar
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Ventriglio A, Bellomo A, Favale D, Bonfitto I, Vitrani G, Di Sabatino D, Cuozzo E, Di Gioia I, Mauro P, Giampaolo P, Alessandro V, De Berardis D. Oxidative Stress in the Early Stage of Psychosis. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 21:1457-1470. [PMID: 34218786 DOI: 10.2174/1568026621666210701105839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the past few decades, increasing evidence in the literature has appeared describing the role of the antioxidant defense system and redox signaling in the multifactorial pathophysiology of psychosis. It is of interest to clinicians and researchers alike that abnormalities of the antioxidant defense system are associated with alterations of cellular membranes, immune functions and neurotransmission, all of which have some clinical implications. METHODS This narrative review summarizes the evidence regarding oxidative stress in the early stages of psychosis. We included 136 peer-reviewed articles published from 2007 to 2020 on PubMed EMBASE, The Cochrane Library and Google Scholar. RESULTS Patients affected by psychotic disorders show a decreased level of non-enzymatic antioxidants, an increased level of lipid peroxides, nitric oxides, and a homeostatic imbalance of purine catabolism. In particular, a significantly reduced antioxidant defense has been described in the early onset first episode of psychosis, including reduced levels of glutathione. Also, it has been shown that a decreased basal low -antioxidant capacity correlates with cognitive deficits and negative symptoms, mostly related to glutamate-receptor hypofunction. In addition, atypical antipsychotic drugs seem to show significant antioxidant activity. These factors are critical in order to treat cases of first-onset psychosis effectively. CONCLUSION This systematic review indicates the importance that must be given to anti-oxidant defense systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Ventriglio
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Donato Favale
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Iris Bonfitto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Vitrani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Dario Di Sabatino
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Edwige Cuozzo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Gioia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Pettorruso Mauro
- Department of Neurosciences, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Univerity of Chieti, Italy
| | - Perna Giampaolo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
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Lech MA, Leśkiewicz M, Kamińska K, Rogóż Z, Lorenc-Koci E. Glutathione Deficiency during Early Postnatal Development Causes Schizophrenia-Like Symptoms and a Reduction in BDNF Levels in the Cortex and Hippocampus of Adult Sprague-Dawley Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126171. [PMID: 34201038 PMCID: PMC8229148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing body of evidence points to dysregulation of redox status in the brain as an important factor in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. The aim of our study was to evaluate the effects of l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), a glutathione (GSH) synthesis inhibitor, and 1-[2-Bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine dihydrochloride (GBR 12909), a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, given alone or in combination, to Sprague–Dawley pups during early postnatal development (p5–p16), on the time course of the onset of schizophrenia-like behaviors, and on the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and its protein in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP) during adulthood. BSO administered alone decreased the levels of BDNF mRNA and its protein both in the PFC and HIP. Treatment with the combination of BSO + GBR 12909 also decreased BDNF mRNA and its protein in the PFC, but in the HIP, only the level of BDNF protein was decreased. Schizophrenia-like behaviors in rats were assessed at three time points of adolescence (p30, p42–p44, p60–p62) and in early adulthood (p90–p92) using the social interaction test, novel object recognition test, and open field test. Social and cognitive deficits first appeared in the middle adolescence stage and continued to occur into adulthood, both in rats treated with BSO alone or with the BSO + GBR 12909 combination. Behavior corresponding to positive symptoms in humans occurred in the middle adolescence period, only in rats treated with BSO + GBR 12909. Only in the latter group, amphetamine exacerbated the existing positive symptoms in adulthood. Our data show that rats receiving the BSO + GBR 12909 combination in the early postnatal life reproduced virtually all symptoms observed in patients with schizophrenia and, therefore, can be considered a valuable neurodevelopmental model of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Anna Lech
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (M.A.L.); (K.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Monika Leśkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (M.A.L.); (K.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Zofia Rogóż
- Department of Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (M.A.L.); (K.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Department of Neuro-Psychopharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-126-623-272
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Topology predicts long-term functional outcome in early psychosis. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5335-5346. [PMID: 32632207 PMCID: PMC8589664 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-0826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Early intervention in psychosis is crucial to improving patient response to treatment and the functional deficits that critically affect their long-term quality of life. Stratification tools are needed to personalize functional deficit prevention strategies at an early stage. In the present study, we applied topological tools to analyze symptoms of early psychosis patients, and detected a clear stratification of the cohort into three groups. One of the groups had a significantly better psychosocial outcome than the others after a 3-year clinical follow-up. This group was characterized by a metabolic profile indicative of an activated antioxidant response, while that of the groups with poorer outcome was indicative of oxidative stress. We replicated in a second cohort the finding that the three distinct clinical profiles at baseline were associated with distinct outcomes at follow-up, thus validating the predictive value of this new stratification. This approach could assist in personalizing treatment strategies.
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Perkins DO, Jeffries CD, Do KQ. Potential Roles of Redox Dysregulation in the Development of Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 88:326-336. [PMID: 32560962 PMCID: PMC7395886 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Converging evidence implicates redox dysregulation as a pathological mechanism driving the emergence of psychosis. Increased oxidative damage and decreased capacity of intracellular redox modulatory systems are consistent findings in persons with schizophrenia as well as in persons at clinical high risk who subsequently developed frank psychosis. Levels of glutathione, a key regulator of cellular redox status, are reduced in the medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, and thalamus in schizophrenia. In humans with schizophrenia and in rodent models recapitulating various features of schizophrenia, redox dysregulation is linked to reductions of parvalbumin containing gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons and volumes of their perineuronal nets, white matter abnormalities, and microglia activation. Importantly, the activity of transcription factors, kinases, and phosphatases regulating diverse aspects of neurodevelopment and synaptic plasticity varies according to cellular redox state. Molecules regulating interneuron function under redox control include NMDA receptor subunits GluN1 and GluN2A as well as KEAP1 (regulator of transcription factor NRF2). In a rodent schizophrenia model characterized by impaired glutathione synthesis, the Gclm knockout mouse, oxidative stress activated MMP9 (matrix metalloprotease 9) via its redox-responsive regulatory sites, causing a cascade of molecular events leading to microglia activation, perineural net degradation, and impaired NMDA receptor function. Molecular pathways under redox control are implicated in the etiopathology of schizophrenia and are attractive drug targets for individualized drug therapy trials in the contexts of prevention and treatment of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana O. Perkins
- corresponding author: CB 7160, Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, Office: 919-962-1401, Cell: 919-360-1602,
| | - Clark D. Jeffries
- Renaissance Computing Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill NC
| | - Kim Q. Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital-CHUV, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
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Alterations in the Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in the Neurodevelopmental Rat Model of Schizophrenia Induced by Glutathione Deficiency during Early Postnatal Life. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9060538. [PMID: 32575563 PMCID: PMC7346228 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9060538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), a glutathione (GSH) synthesis inhibitor, and GBR 12909, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, administered alone or in combination to Sprague-Dawley rats during early postnatal development (p5-p16), on the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LP) and the activities of antioxidant enzymes: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione disulfide reductase (GR) in peripheral tissues (liver, kidney) and selected brain structures (prefrontal cortex, PFC; hippocampus, HIP; and striatum, STR) of 16-day-old rats. The studied parameters were analyzed with reference to the content of GSH and sulfur amino acids, methionine (Met) and cysteine (Cys) described in our previous study. This analysis showed that treatment with a BSO + GBR 12909 combination caused significant decreases in the lipid peroxidation levels in the PFC and HIP, in spite of there being no changes in ROS. The reduction of lipid peroxidation indicates a weakening of the oxidative power of the cells, and a shift in balance in favor of reducing processes. Such changes in cellular redox signaling in the PFC and HIP during early postnatal development may result in functional changes in adulthood.
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Górny M, Wnuk A, Kamińska A, Kamińska K, Chwatko G, Bilska-Wilkosz A, Iciek M, Kajta M, Rogóż Z, Lorenc-Koci E. Glutathione Deficiency and Alterations in the Sulfur Amino Acid Homeostasis during Early Postnatal Development as Potential Triggering Factors for Schizophrenia-Like Behavior in Adult Rats. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234253. [PMID: 31766654 PMCID: PMC6930621 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Impaired glutathione (GSH) synthesis and dopaminergic transmission are important factors in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Our research aimed to assess the effects of l-buthionine-(S,R)-sulfoximine (BSO), a GSH synthesis inhibitor, and GBR 12909, a dopamine reuptake inhibitor, administered alone or in combination, to Sprague–Dawley rats during early postnatal development (p5–p16), on the levels of GSH, sulfur amino acids, global DNA methylation, and schizophrenia-like behavior. GSH, methionine (Met), homocysteine (Hcy), and cysteine (Cys) contents were determined in the liver, kidney, and in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HIP) of 16-day-old rats. DNA methylation in the PFC and HIP and schizophrenia-like behavior were assessed in adulthood (p90–p93). BSO caused the tissue-dependent decreases in GSH content and alterations in Met, Hcy, and Cys levels in the peripheral tissues and in the PFC and HIP. The changes in these parameters were accompanied by alterations in the global DNA methylation in the studied brain structures. Parallel to changes in the global DNA methylation, deficits in the social behaviors and cognitive functions were observed in adulthood. Only BSO + GBR 12909-treated rats exhibited behavioral alterations resembling positive symptoms in schizophrenia patients. Our results suggest the usefulness of this neurodevelopmental model for research on the pathomechanism of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Górny
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika Street, 31–034 Kraków, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.-W.); (M.I.)
| | - Agnieszka Wnuk
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31–343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Adrianna Kamińska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Łódź, 163 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Łódź, Poland; (A.K.); (G.C.)
| | - Kinga Kamińska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31–343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Grażyna Chwatko
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, University of Łódź, 163 Pomorska Street, 90-236 Łódź, Poland; (A.K.); (G.C.)
| | - Anna Bilska-Wilkosz
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika Street, 31–034 Kraków, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.-W.); (M.I.)
| | - Małgorzata Iciek
- The Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika Street, 31–034 Kraków, Poland; (M.G.); (A.B.-W.); (M.I.)
| | - Małgorzata Kajta
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31–343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Zofia Rogóż
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31–343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.K.); (Z.R.)
| | - Elżbieta Lorenc-Koci
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smętna Street, 31–343 Kraków, Poland; (A.W.); (K.K.); (M.K.); (Z.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-126-623-272
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15
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Tsugawa S, Noda Y, Tarumi R, Mimura Y, Yoshida K, Iwata Y, Elsalhy M, Kuromiya M, Kurose S, Masuda F, Morita S, Ogyu K, Plitman E, Wada M, Miyazaki T, Graff-Guerrero A, Mimura M, Nakajima S. Glutathione levels and activities of glutathione metabolism enzymes in patients with schizophrenia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Psychopharmacol 2019; 33:1199-1214. [PMID: 31039654 DOI: 10.1177/0269881119845820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glutathione is among the important antioxidants to prevent oxidative stress. However, the relationships between abnormality in the glutathione system and pathophysiology of schizophrenia remain uncertain due to inconsistent findings on glutathione levels and/or glutathione-related enzyme activities in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS A systematic literature search was conducted using Embase, Medline, PsycINFO, and PubMed. Original studies, in which three metabolite levels (glutathione, glutathione disulfide, and total glutathione (glutathione+glutathione disulfide)) and five enzyme activities (glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutamate-cysteine ligase, glutathione synthetase, and glutathione S-transferase) were measured with any techniques in both patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls, were included. Standardized mean differences were calculated to determine the group differences in the glutathione levels with a random-effects model. RESULTS We identified 41, 9, 15, 38, and seven studies which examined glutathione, glutathione disulfide, total glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase, respectively. Patients with schizophrenia had lower levels of both glutathione and total glutathione and decreased activity of glutathione peroxidase compared to controls. Glutathione levels were lower in unmedicated patients with schizophrenia than those in controls while glutathione levels did not differ between patients with first-episode psychosis and controls. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that there may be glutathione deficits and abnormalities in the glutathione redox cycle in patients with schizophrenia. However, given the small number of studies examined the entire glutathione system, further studies are needed to elucidate a better understanding of disrupted glutathione function in schizophrenia, which may pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic strategies in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakiko Tsugawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Noda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Tarumi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yu Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunari Yoshida
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Pharmacogenetic Research Clinic, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yusuke Iwata
- Multimodal Imaging Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Muhammad Elsalhy
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Minori Kuromiya
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shin Kurose
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumi Masuda
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinji Morita
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kamiyu Ogyu
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eric Plitman
- Multimodal Imaging Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Masataka Wada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Miyazaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Multimodal Imaging Group, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The objective of this article is to highlight the potential role of the galantamine-memantine combination as a novel antioxidant treatment for schizophrenia. RECENT FINDINGS In addition to the well-known mechanisms of action of galantamine and memantine, these medications also have antioxidant activity. Furthermore, an interplay exists between oxidative stress, inflammation (redox-inflammatory hypothesis), and kynurenine pathway metabolites. Also, there is an interaction between brain-derived neurotrophic factor and oxidative stress in schizophrenia. Oxidative stress may be associated with positive, cognitive, and negative symptoms and impairments in white matter integrity in schizophrenia. The antipsychotic-galantamine-memantine combination may provide a novel strategy in schizophrenia to treat positive, cognitive, and negative symptoms. SUMMARY A "single antioxidant" may be inadequate to counteract the complex cascade of oxidative stress. The galantamine-memantine combination as "double antioxidants" is promising. Hence, randomized controlled trials are warranted with the antipsychotic-galantamine-memantine combination with oxidative stress and antioxidant biomarkers in schizophrenia.
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Tereshkina EB, Savushkina OK, Boksha IS, Prokhorova TA, Vorobyeva EA, Omel'chenko MA, Pomytkin AN, Kaleda VG, Burbaeva GS. [Glutathione reductase and glutathione-S-transferase in blood cells in schizophrenia and schizophrenia spectrum disorders]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 119:61-65. [PMID: 30874529 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201911902161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzymatic activities in blood cells (erythrocytes and platelets) of patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders and in the control group and to search for correlations of these biochemical parameters with clinical psychiatric assessments of the patient. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study included patients (97 men) with schizophrenia spectrum disorder (schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders) in an acute state of exacerbation of psychotic symptoms and 33 men without mental pathology. Symptom severity was measured with the PANSS before and after antipsychotic therapy. GR and GST activities were determined spectrophotometrically. RESULTS There were no significant between-group differences in the activities of erythrocyte GR and GST. In platelets, the GR activity was lower in all patients' groups than in controls, whereas the GST activity in patients with schizophrenia relapses and in patients with schizoaffective disorder (SD) was lower than in controls (p<0.05) both before and after treatment. Differences between subgroups of first-episode patients (schizophrenia and SD) and patients with schizophrenia relapses were found not only in the levels of erythrocyte and platelet GR and GST activities, but also in the changes of these enzymatic activity levels under antipsychotic treatment, as well as in links binding these enzymatic activities and PANSS scores. CONCLUSION The decreased level of GR and GST, the glutathione-dependent enzymes, contributes to the reduction of antioxidant defense in schizophrenia spectrum disorders. The correlations linking the basal levels of GR and GST activities with the results of clinical assessments after treatment allow us to consider these parameters as potential biomarkers for predicting treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - I S Boksha
- Mental Health Research Centre, Moscow, Russia; Gamaleya National Research Centre for Epidemiology and Microbiology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | - V G Kaleda
- Mental Health Research Centre, Moscow, Russia
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18
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Prokhorova TA, Tereshkina EB, Savushkina OK, Boksha IS, Vorobyeva EA, Omel'chenko MA, Pomytkin AN, Kaleda VG, Burbaeva GS. The activity of enzymes of glutathione metabolism in blood cells of patients with a high risk of manifestation of endogenous psychoses and patients with the first psychotic episode. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 119:47-54. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201911904147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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19
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Langbein K, Hesse J, Gussew A, Milleit B, Lavoie S, Amminger GP, Gaser C, Wagner G, Reichenbach JR, Hipler UC, Winter D, Smesny S. Disturbed glutathione antioxidative defense is associated with structural brain changes in neuroleptic-naïve first-episode psychosis patients. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 136:103-110. [PMID: 29111383 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant defense are reported in schizophrenia and are thought to be associated with disturbed neurodevelopment, brain structural alterations, glutamatergic imbalance, negative symptomatology, and cognitive impairment. To test some of these assumptions we investigated the glutathione (GSH) antioxidant defense system (AODS) and brain structural abnormalities in drug-naïve individuals with first acute episode of psychosis (FEP). METHOD The study involved 27 drug-naïve FEP patients and 31 healthy controls (HC). GSH AODS markers and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) were measured in blood plasma and erythrocytes. High-resolution T1-weighted 3T MRI were acquired from all subjects. To investigate brain structural abnormalities and effects of illness on interactions between GSH metabolites or enzyme activities and local grey matter density, voxel-based morphometry (VBM) with the computational anatomy toolbox (CAT12) was used. Symptomatology was assessed using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Symptom Checklist 1990 revised (SCL-90-R). RESULTS (i) In FEP patients, glutathione reductase activity (GSR) was lower than in the HC group. GSR activity in plasma was inversely correlated with SCL-90-R scores of depression and PANSS scores of the negative symptom subscale. (ii) A reduction of GM was observed in left inferior frontal, bilateral temporal, as well as parietal cortices of FEP patients. (iii) Interaction analyses revealed an influence of illness on GSR/GM associations in the left orbitofrontal cortex (BA 47). CONCLUSION Our findings support the notion of altered GSH antioxidative defense in untreated acute psychosis as a potential pathomechanism for localized brain structural abnormalities. This pathology relates to a key brain region of social cognition, affective motivation control and decision making, and is clinically accompanied by depressive and negative symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Langbein
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany.
| | - J Hesse
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - A Gussew
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - B Milleit
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - S Lavoie
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - G P Amminger
- Orygen, the National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - C Gaser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany; Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - G Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - J R Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - U-C Hipler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - D Winter
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - S Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Cattane N, Richetto J, Cattaneo A. Prenatal exposure to environmental insults and enhanced risk of developing Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorder: focus on biological pathways and epigenetic mechanisms. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 117:253-278. [PMID: 29981347 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
When considering neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs), Schizophrenia (SZ) and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) are considered to be among the most severe in term of prevalence, morbidity and impact on the society. Similar features and overlapping symptoms have been observed at multiple levels, suggesting common pathophysiological bases. Indeed, recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and epidemiological data report shared vulnerability genes and environmental triggers across the two disorders. In this review, we will discuss the possible biological mechanisms, including glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmissions, inflammatory signals and oxidative stress related systems, which are targeted by adverse environmental exposures and that have been associated with the development of SZ and ASD. We will also discuss the emerging role of the gut microbiome as possible interplay between environment, immune system and brain development. Finally, we will describe the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms in the maintenance of long-lasting effects of adverse environments early in life. This will allow us to better understand the pathophysiology of these NDDs, and also to identify novel targets for future treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Cattane
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli San Giovanni di Dio, via Pilastroni 4, Brescia, Italy
| | - Juliet Richetto
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich-Vetsuisse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annamaria Cattaneo
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Fatebenefratelli San Giovanni di Dio, via Pilastroni 4, Brescia, Italy; Stress, Psychiatry and Immunology Laboratory, Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, 125 Coldharbour Lane, SE5 9NU, London, UK.
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NMDA-receptor inhibition and oxidative stress during hippocampal maturation differentially alter parvalbumin expression and gamma-band activity. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9545. [PMID: 29934499 PMCID: PMC6015018 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27830-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons is thought to underlie the alterations of gamma-band oscillations observed in schizophrenia. Although the pathomechanisms of this disease remain unclear, oxidative stress induced by NMDA receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction and decreased glutathione (GSH) synthesizing capacity have been shown to lead to PV-loss and aberrant oscillatory activity. However, the individual contributions of NMDAR-inhibition and GSH-depletion to the developmental alterations observed in schizophrenia are largely unknown. We therefore investigated each condition in isolation using hippocampal slice cultures wherein interneuron maturation occurs entirely in vitro. Although both treatments caused oxidative stress, NMDAR-inhibition led to an immediate reduction in gamma oscillation frequency and a delayed loss of PV. In contrast, GSH-depletion immediately decreased PV expression and increased power, without affecting frequency. Hence, although disturbances of PV-expression and gamma oscillations coexist in schizophrenia, they can arise from separate pathological processes.
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Brilliantova VV, Smolina NV, Syreishchikova TI, Uzbekov MG, Dobretsov GE. The State of Albumin Thiol Groups in Patients with the First Episode of Schizophrenia. NEUROCHEM J+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712418010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Wang LJ, Lin PY, Lee Y, Huang YC, Wu CC, Hsu ST, Chen CC, Chong MY, Lin CH, Hung CF. Increased serum levels of cysteine in patients with schizophrenia: A potential marker of cognitive function preservation. Schizophr Res 2018; 192:391-397. [PMID: 28363347 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress has been implicated in the psychopathology of schizophrenia. Cysteine, a semi-essential amino acid, is the precursor of the antioxidant glutathione. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in serum levels of cysteine between patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. The relationships between levels of cysteine, psychopathology and cognitive function were also explored. METHODS We recruited 65 patients with schizophrenia and 65 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. Blood samples were collected to determine the serum levels of cysteine and plasma levels of metabolic parameters. The cognitive function of participants was assessed using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). The psychopathology of schizophrenic patients was evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. RESULTS Serum cysteine levels were significantly higher in schizophrenic patients than in controls (P<0.001). In patients with schizophrenia, serum levels of cysteine were positively correlated with cognitive function in terms of verbal memory (P=0.013), working memory (P=0.004), verbal fluency (P=0.027), attention and processing speed (P=0.025), executive function (P=0.024) and the composite score on the BACS (P=0.013). In healthy controls, no significant correlation was observed between cysteine level and cognitive function. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that oxidative stress may be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, and compensatory elevated levels of cysteine may serve as an indicator of cognition preservation. Further prospective studies are warranted to investigate the dynamic alterations in cysteine and the underlying pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang-Jen Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Institute for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chi Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ching Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Linkuo Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Su-Ting Hsu
- Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chih Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mian-Yoon Chong
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Hsin Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Fa Hung
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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Conus P, Seidman LJ, Fournier M, Xin L, Cleusix M, Baumann PS, Ferrari C, Cousins A, Alameda L, Gholam-Rezaee M, Golay P, Jenni R, Woo TUW, Keshavan MS, Eap CB, Wojcik J, Cuenod M, Buclin T, Gruetter R, Do KQ. N-acetylcysteine in a Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial: Toward Biomarker-Guided Treatment in Early Psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2018; 44:317-327. [PMID: 29462456 PMCID: PMC5815074 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Biomarker-guided treatments are needed in psychiatry, and previous data suggest oxidative stress may be a target in schizophrenia. A previous add-on trial with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) led to negative symptom reductions in chronic patients. We aim to study NAC's impact on symptoms and neurocognition in early psychosis (EP) and to explore whether glutathione (GSH)/redox markers could represent valid biomarkers to guide treatment. In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial in 63 EP patients, we assessed the effect of NAC supplementation (2700 mg/day, 6 months) on PANSS, neurocognition, and redox markers (brain GSH [GSHmPFC], blood cells GSH levels [GSHBC], GSH peroxidase activity [GPxBC]). No changes in negative or positive symptoms or functional outcome were observed with NAC, but significant improvements were found in favor of NAC on neurocognition (processing speed). NAC also led to increases of GSHmPFC by 23% (P = .005) and GSHBC by 19% (P = .05). In patients with high-baseline GPxBC compared to low-baseline GPxBC, subgroup explorations revealed a link between changes of positive symptoms and changes of redox status with NAC. In conclusion, NAC supplementation in a limited sample of EP patients did not improve negative symptoms, which were at modest baseline levels. However, NAC led to some neurocognitive improvements and an increase in brain GSH levels, indicating good target engagement. Blood GPx activity, a redox peripheral index associated with brain GSH levels, could help identify a subgroup of patients who improve their positive symptoms with NAC. Thus, future trials with antioxidants in EP should consider biomarker-guided treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Conus
- TIPP (Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis Program), Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Larry J Seidman
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel, Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA
| | - Margot Fournier
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lijing Xin
- Animal Imaging and Technology Core (AIT), Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martine Cleusix
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philipp S Baumann
- TIPP (Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis Program), Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carina Ferrari
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ann Cousins
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel, Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA
| | - Luis Alameda
- TIPP (Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis Program), Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mehdi Gholam-Rezaee
- TIPP (Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis Program), Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Golay
- TIPP (Treatment and Early Intervention in Psychosis Program), Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raoul Jenni
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - T -U Wilson Woo
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel, Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel, Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA
| | - Chin B Eap
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit of Pharmacogenetics and Clinical Psychopharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joanne Wojcik
- Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Public Psychiatry Division of the Beth Israel, Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Department of Psychiatry, Boston, MA
| | - Michel Cuenod
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Buclin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Q Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: +41-21-314-28-42, fax: +41-21-643-65-62, e-mail:
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Abstract
PURPOSE/BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests an involvement of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This offers a hypothesis-derived therapeutic approach to hinder oxidative damage and its clinical sequelae. α-Lipoic acid (ALA) is a powerful natural antioxidant indicated to treat diabetic neuropathy. METHODS/PROCEDURES In this pilot investigation, we administered ALA (100 mg/d) for 4 months, as an adjunct to antipsychotic medication, to 10 patients with schizophrenia. FINDINGS/RESULTS We found robust improvement in measures of psychopathology (63.9% reduction in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores), neurocognitive parameters, extrapyramidal symptoms, and decreased lipid peroxidation. IMPLICATIONS/CONCLUSIONS If larger, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies confirm these preliminary findings, ALA could prove useful as adjunctive therapy for schizophrenia.
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Fournier M, Monin A, Ferrari C, Baumann PS, Conus P, Do K. Implication of the glutamate-cystine antiporter xCT in schizophrenia cases linked to impaired GSH synthesis. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2017; 3:31. [PMID: 28924227 PMCID: PMC5603608 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-017-0035-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
xCT is the specific chain of the cystine/glutamate antiporter, which is widely reported to support anti-oxidant defenses in vivo. xCT is therefore at the crossroads between two processes that are involved in schizophrenia: oxidative stress and glutamatergic neurotransmission. But data from human studies implicating xCT in the illness and clarifying the upstream mechanisms of xCT imbalance are still scarce. Low glutathione (GSH) levels and genetic risk in GCLC (Glutamate–Cysteine Ligase Catalytic subunit), the gene of limiting synthesizing enzyme for GSH, are both associated with schizophrenia. In the present study, we aimed at determining if xCT regulation by the redox system is involved in schizophrenia pathophysiology. We assessed whether modulating GCLC expression impact on xCT expression and activity (i) in fibroblasts from patients and controls with different GCLC genotypes which are known to affect GCLC regulation and GSH levels; (ii) in rat brain glial cells, i.e., astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, with a knock-down of GCLC. Our results highlight that decreased GCLC expression leads to an upregulation of xCT levels in patients’ fibroblasts as well as in astrocytes. These results support the implication of xCT dysregulation in illness pathophysiology and further indicate that it can result from redox changes. Additionally, we showed that these anomalies may already take place at early stages of psychosis and be more prominent in a subgroup of patients with GCLC high-risk genotypes. These data add to the existing evidence identifying the inflammatory/redox systems as important targets to treat schizophrenia already at early stages. Deficit of antioxidant synthesis in schizophrenia leads to oxidative stress and changes in neurotransmitter transporter. Led by Kim Do, a team of researchers from Lausanne University in Switzerland investigated the role of the cell-surface transport protein xCT in schizophrenia. They found that an enzyme responsible for antioxidant production is disturbed in patients. This leads to decreased antioxidant levels and consequently to oxidative stress—i.e. the accumulation of reactive oxygen molecules, damaging the cells component and impairing cell functioning—which in turn affects the functioning of the antioxidant pathway, including xCT. xCT, which exports the neurotransmitter glutamate, is thus overproduced in schizophrenia. The resulting increase of neurotransmitter activity, alongside the increase in oxidative stress, is thought to play a major role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, including at early stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fournier
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland, Switzerland
| | - A Monin
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland, Switzerland
| | - C Ferrari
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland, Switzerland
| | - P S Baumann
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, Service of general psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland, Switzerland
| | - P Conus
- Department of Psychiatry, Service of general psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland, Switzerland
| | - K Do
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland, Switzerland.
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27
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Decreased NOX2 expression in the brain of patients with bipolar disorder: association with valproic acid prescription and substance abuse. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1206. [PMID: 28809856 PMCID: PMC5611741 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation and increased oxidative stress are believed to contribute to the development of psychiatric diseases. Animal studies have implicated NADPH oxidases (NOX) as relevant sources of reactive oxygen species in the brain. We have analyzed the expression of NOX isoforms in post-mortem brain samples from patients with psychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) and non-psychiatric subjects. Two collections from the Stanley Medical Research Institute were studied: the Array Collection (RNA, 35 individuals per group), and a neuropathology consortium collection (paraffin-embedded sections, 15 individuals per group). Quantitative PCR analysis revealed expression of NOX2 and NOX4 in prefrontal cortex. No impact of psychiatric disease on NOX4 levels was detected. Remarkably, the expression of NOX2 was specifically decreased in prefrontal and cingulate cortices of bipolar patients, as compared with controls and schizophrenic patients. NOX2 expression was not statistically associated with demographic parameters and post-mortem interval, but correlated with brain pH. Immunostaining demonstrated that NOX2 was predominantly expressed in microglia, which was corroborated by a decrease in the microglial markers CD68 and CD11b in the cingulate cortex of bipolar disorder patients. The analysis of potentially confounding parameters showed association of valproic acid prescription and heavy substance abuse with lower levels of NOX2. Taken together, we did not observe changes of NOX2 in schizophrenic patients, but a marked decrease of microglial markers and NOX2 in the brain of bipolar patients. This might be an underlying feature of bipolar disorder and/or a consequence of valproic acid treatment and substance abuse.
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28
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Corcoba A, Gruetter R, Do KQ, Duarte JMN. Social isolation stress and chronic glutathione deficiency have a common effect on the glutamine-to-glutamate ratio and myo-inositol concentration in the mouse frontal cortex. J Neurochem 2017; 142:767-775. [PMID: 28664650 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Environmental stress can interact with genetic predisposition to increase the risk of developing psychopathology. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that social isolation stress interacts with impaired glutathione synthesis and have cumulative effects on the neurochemical profile of the frontal cortex. A mouse model with chronic glutathione deficit induced by knockout (-/-) of the glutamate-cysteine ligase modulatory subunit (Gclm) was exposed to social isolation stress from weaning to post-natal day 65. Using magnetic resonance methods at high-field (14.1 T), we analysed the neurochemical profile in the frontal cortex, brain size and ventricular volume of adult animals. Glutathione deficit was accompanied by elevated concentrations of N-acetylaspartate, alanine, and glutamine, as well as the ratio of glutamine-to-glutamate (Gln/Glu), and by a reduction in levels of myo-inositol and choline-containing compounds in the frontal cortex of -/- animals with respect to wild-type littermates. Although there was no significant interaction between social isolation stress and glutathione deficiency, mice reared in isolation displayed lower myo-inositol concentration (-8.4%, p < 0.05) and larger Gln/Glu (+7.6%, p < 0.05), relative to those in group housing. Furthermore, glutathione deficiency caused a reduction in whole brain volume and enlargement of ventricles, but social isolation had no effect on these parameters. We conclude that social isolation caused neurochemical alterations that may add to those associated to impaired glutathione synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Corcoba
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Radiology, University of Geneva, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kim Q Do
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - João M N Duarte
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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29
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Thiol/disulfide homeostasis in untreated schizophrenia patients. Psychiatry Res 2017; 251:212-216. [PMID: 28214778 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKROUND The aim of the study was to investigate dynamic thiol/disulfide (SH/SS) homeostasis in untreated schizophrenia. METHODS Blood thiol/disulfide homeostasis status, which reflects native thiol-disulfide exchanges, was investigated in 87 untreated patients (52 males, 35 females), and the obtained results were compared with 86 healthy controls. Blood serum native thiol and total thiol (ToSH) concentrations were measured in a paired test. The half value of the difference between native thiol and ToSH concentrations was calculated as the disulfide bond amount. RESULTS SH and ToSH concentrations were found to be significantly lower (p<0.001 for both) in patients with untreated schizophrenia compared with the control group, whereas disulfide levels were significantly higher (p<0.001). Schizophrenia patients had significantly higher SS/ToSH and SS/SH ratios and a significantly lower SH/ToSH ratio compared to those of healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS SH and ToSH amounts were found to be insufficient in untreated schizophrenia patients. Additionally, according to the results of the study, thiol/disulfide homeostasis was also disturbed by a shift to the disulfide bond formation side. This might affect the neurotransmission processes, which are known to be related with many symptoms observed in schizophrenia. The replacement of the thiol gap and the reduction of excess SS amounts might have a positive effect in supporting therapy for schizophrenia patients.
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30
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Erythrocyte glutathione levels as long-term predictor of transition to psychosis. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1064. [PMID: 28323286 PMCID: PMC5416673 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A high proportion of individuals deemed at elevated risk for psychosis will actually never progress to develop the illness. Pharmaceutical intervention may not be necessary in these cases, and may in fact be damaging depending on the invasiveness of the treatment strategy. This highlights the need for biomarkers that are better able to reliably differentiate between at-risk individuals who will subsequently transition to psychosis and those who will not. Low glutathione (GSH) levels have been observed in schizophrenia and in patients with first-episode psychosis. The aim of this study was to determine the predictive value of erythrocyte GSH levels on the transition to psychosis in individuals at risk of developing the illness. Erythrocyte GSH levels were measured in 36 at-risk individuals, 15 of whom had transitioned to psychosis at the 7-year follow-up. Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that transition to psychosis at the 7-year time point was significantly associated with low GSH levels at baseline. The area under the receiving operating characteristic curve was 0.819, indicating that GSH can be considered a good predictor of outcome. Although these results need to be replicated, adding the criterion 'low erythrocyte GSH' to the set of criteria used to identify individuals at risk of psychosis may be indicated.
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31
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Raffa M, Jrad BBH, Khelil AH, Kerkeni A, Mechri A. Association of polymorphism in glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit gene with schizophrenia: A case-control study in a Tunisian population. GENE REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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32
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Xin L, Mekle R, Fournier M, Baumann PS, Ferrari C, Alameda L, Jenni R, Lu H, Schaller B, Cuenod M, Conus P, Gruetter R, Do KQ. Genetic Polymorphism Associated Prefrontal Glutathione and Its Coupling With Brain Glutamate and Peripheral Redox Status in Early Psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:1185-96. [PMID: 27069063 PMCID: PMC4988744 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and glutathione (GSH) metabolism dysregulation has been implicated in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. GAG-trinucleotide repeat (TNR) polymorphisms in the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic gene (GCLC), the rate-limiting enzyme for GSH synthesis, are associated with schizophrenia. In addition, GSH may serve as a reserve pool for neuronal glutamate (Glu) through the γ-glutamyl cycle. The aim of this study is to investigate brain [GSH] and its association with GCLC polymorphism, peripheral redox indices and brain Glu. METHODS Magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to measure [GSH] and [Glu] in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of 25 early-psychosis patients and 33 controls. GCLC polymorphism was genotyped, glutathione peroxidases (GPx) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities were determined in blood cells. RESULTS Significantly lower [GSHmPFC] in GCLC high-risk genotype subjects were revealed as compared to low-risk genotype subjects independent of disease status. In male subjects, [GSHmPFC] and blood GPx activities correlate positively in controls (P = .021), but negatively in patients (P = .039). In GCLC low-risk genotypes, [GlumPFC] are lower in patients, while it is not the case for high-risk genotypes. CONCLUSIONS GCLC high-risk genotypes are associated with low [GSHmPFC], highlighting that GCLC polymorphisms should be considered in pathology studies of cerebral GSH. Low brain GSH levels are related to low peripheral oxidation status in controls but with high oxidation status in patients, pointing to a dysregulated GSH homeostasis in early psychosis patients. GCLC polymorphisms and disease associated correlations between brain GSH and Glu levels may allow patients stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Xin
- Animal Imaging and Technology Core (AIT), Center for Biomedical Imaging (CIBM), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ralf Mekle
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin, Germany
| | - Margot Fournier
- Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philipp S. Baumann
- Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland;,Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carina Ferrari
- Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland;,Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luis Alameda
- Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland;,Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Raoul Jenni
- Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland;,Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Huanxiang Lu
- Institute of Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Benoit Schaller
- Laboratory of Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michel Cuenod
- Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Conus
- Service of General Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Kim Q. Do
- Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland;,*To whom correspondence should be addressed; Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Site de Cery, CH-1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland; tel: +41-(0)21-314-28-42, fax: +41-(0)21-643-65-62, e-mail:
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Steullet P, Cabungcal JH, Monin A, Dwir D, O'Donnell P, Cuenod M, Do KQ. Redox dysregulation, neuroinflammation, and NMDA receptor hypofunction: A "central hub" in schizophrenia pathophysiology? Schizophr Res 2016; 176:41-51. [PMID: 25000913 PMCID: PMC4282982 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence points to altered GABAergic parvalbumin-expressing interneurons and impaired myelin/axonal integrity in schizophrenia. Both findings could be due to abnormal neurodevelopmental trajectories, affecting local neuronal networks and long-range synchrony and leading to cognitive deficits. In this review, we present data from animal models demonstrating that redox dysregulation, neuroinflammation and/or NMDAR hypofunction (as observed in patients) impairs the normal development of both parvalbumin interneurons and oligodendrocytes. These observations suggest that a dysregulation of the redox, neuroimmune, and glutamatergic systems due to genetic and early-life environmental risk factors could contribute to the anomalies of parvalbumin interneurons and white matter in schizophrenia, ultimately impacting cognition, social competence, and affective behavior via abnormal function of micro- and macrocircuits. Moreover, we propose that the redox, neuroimmune, and glutamatergic systems form a "central hub" where an imbalance within any of these "hub" systems leads to similar anomalies of parvalbumin interneurons and oligodendrocytes due to the tight and reciprocal interactions that exist among these systems. A combination of vulnerabilities for a dysregulation within more than one of these systems may be particularly deleterious. For these reasons, molecules, such as N-acetylcysteine, that possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and can also regulate glutamatergic transmission are promising tools for prevention in ultra-high risk patients or for early intervention therapy during the first stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Steullet
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J H Cabungcal
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Monin
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Dwir
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P O'Donnell
- Neuroscience Research Unit, Pfizer, Inc., 700 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - M Cuenod
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Q Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, University of Lausanne, Site de Cery, 1008 Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland.
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34
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Baumann PS, Griffa A, Fournier M, Golay P, Ferrari C, Alameda L, Cuenod M, Thiran JP, Hagmann P, Do KQ, Conus P. Impaired fornix-hippocampus integrity is linked to peripheral glutathione peroxidase in early psychosis. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e859. [PMID: 27459724 PMCID: PMC5545707 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Several lines of evidence implicate the fornix-hippocampus circuit in schizophrenia. In early-phase psychosis, this circuit has not been extensively investigated and the underlying mechanisms affecting the circuit are unknown. The hippocampus and fornix are vulnerable to oxidative stress at peripuberty in a glutathione (GSH)-deficient animal model. The purposes of the current study were to assess the integrity of the fornix-hippocampus circuit in early-psychosis patients (EP), and to study its relationship with peripheral redox markers. Diffusion spectrum imaging and T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) were used to assess the fornix and hippocampus in 42 EP patients compared with 42 gender- and age-matched healthy controls. Generalized fractional anisotropy (gFA) and volumetric properties were used to measure fornix and hippocampal integrity, respectively. Correlation analysis was used to quantify the relationship of gFA in the fornix and hippocampal volume, with blood GSH levels and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Patients compared with controls exhibited lower gFA in the fornix as well as smaller volume in the hippocampus. In EP, but not in controls, smaller hippocampal volume was associated with high GPx activity. Disruption of the fornix-hippocampus circuit is already present in the early stages of psychosis. Higher blood GPx activity is associated with smaller hippocampal volume, which may support a role of oxidative stress in disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Baumann
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Service of General Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Griffa
- Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS5), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Fournier
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Golay
- Department of Psychiatry, Service of General Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Service of Community Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Ferrari
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Alameda
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Psychiatry, Service of General Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Cuenod
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J-P Thiran
- Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS5), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Hagmann
- Signal Processing Laboratory (LTS5), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Radiology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Q Do
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Conus
- Department of Psychiatry, Service of General Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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Roy S, Dasgupta A, Banerjee U, Chowdhury P, Mukhopadhyay A, Saha G, Singh O. Role of membrane cholesterol and lipid peroxidation in regulating the Na +/K +-ATPase activity in schizophrenia. Indian J Psychiatry 2016; 58:317-325. [PMID: 28066011 PMCID: PMC5100125 DOI: 10.4103/0019-5545.192023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) activity is compromised in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Oxidative stress and membrane lipid composition play important roles in regulating NKA activity. AIMS The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of oxidative stress-induced membrane lipid damage and membrane cholesterol composition on NKA pump activity in schizophrenia. SETTINGS AND DESIGN It was a hospital-based, cross-sectional, observational study in 49 cases and 51 controls for 1 year. MATERIALS AND METHODS NKA pump activity in red blood cell membrane, serum levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), protein carbonyl (PC) adducts, and cholesterol were measured by standard spectrophotometric techniques in newly diagnosed schizophrenia patients by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision criteria. Membrane cholesterol was analyzed by chloroform and isopropanol extraction followed by measuring the cholesterol concentration by spectrophotometric technique. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS Mean values for NKA pump activity, membrane cholesterol level, and serum cholesterol levels were significantly lower in the case group (P < 0.001). The activity of NKA pump was found to be directly correlated to membrane cholesterol level rather than with the serum cholesterol values. Although the NKA pump activity showed inverse relationship with the serum values of TBARS and PC products both, on multiple linear regression analysis, it was found to be significantly positively dependent on the membrane cholesterol (β = 0.268, P = 0.01) and negatively dependent on the serum TBARS (β = -0.63, P < 0.001) levels only. CONCLUSION Reduced membrane cholesterol and oxidative stress-induced damage to membrane lipids play crucial roles in decreasing the NKA activity in schizophrenia. Hence, for a better prognosis and treatment, measures are required to maintain optimum levels of cholesterol in neuronal tissues along with a proper control on oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suparna Roy
- Department of Biochemistry, Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Anindya Dasgupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ushasi Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India; Department of Biochemistry, North Bengal Medical College, Susrutanagar, Darjeeling, West Bengal, India
| | - Piali Chowdhury
- Department of Biochemistry, Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ashis Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Psychiatry, Calcutta National Medical College and Hospital, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Gautam Saha
- Consultant Psychiatrist and Director, Clinic Brain, Barasat, West Bengal, India
| | - Omprakash Singh
- Department of Psychiatry, NRS Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Kálmán S, Garbett KA, Janka Z, Mirnics K. Human dermal fibroblasts in psychiatry research. Neuroscience 2016; 320:105-21. [PMID: 26855193 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to decipher the disease etiology, progression and treatment of multifactorial human brain diseases we utilize a host of different experimental models. Recently, patient-derived human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cultures have re-emerged as promising in vitro functional system for examining various cellular, molecular, metabolic and (patho)physiological states and traits of psychiatric disorders. HDF studies serve as a powerful complement to postmortem and animal studies, and often appear to be informative about the altered homeostasis in neural tissue. Studies of HDFs from patients with schizophrenia (SZ), depression, bipolar disorder (BD), autism, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric disorders have significantly advanced our understanding of these devastating diseases. These reports unequivocally prove that signal transduction, redox homeostasis, circadian rhythms and gene*environment (G*E) interactions are all amenable for assessment by the HDF model. Furthermore, the reported findings suggest that this underutilized patient biomaterial, combined with modern molecular biology techniques, may have both diagnostic and prognostic value, including prediction of response to therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kálmán
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, 57 Kálvária Sgt, Szeged 6725, Hungary.
| | - K A Garbett
- Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, 8128 MRB III, 465 21st Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
| | - Z Janka
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, 57 Kálvária Sgt, Szeged 6725, Hungary.
| | - K Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Szeged, 57 Kálvária Sgt, Szeged 6725, Hungary; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, 8128 MRB III, 465 21st Avenue, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Smesny S, Milleit B, Schaefer MR, Hipler UC, Milleit C, Wiegand C, Hesse J, Klier CM, Holub M, Holzer I, Berk M, McGorry PD, Sauer H, Amminger GP. Effects of omega-3 PUFA on the vitamin E and glutathione antioxidant defense system in individuals at ultra-high risk of psychosis. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 101:15-21. [PMID: 26260538 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidative stress and impaired antioxidant defenses are reported in schizophrenia and are associated with disturbed neurodevelopment, brain structural alterations, glutamatergic imbalance, increased negative symptoms, and cognitive impairment. There is evidence that oxidative stress predates the onset of acute psychotic illness. Here, we investigate the effects of omega-3 PUFA on the vitamin E and glutathione antioxidant defense system (AODS). METHOD In 64 help-seeking UHR-individuals (13-25 years of age), vitamin E levels and glutathione were investigated before and after 12 weeks of treatment with either 1.2g/d omega-3 (PUFA-E) or saturated fatty acids (SFA-E), with each condition also containing 30.4mg/d alpha-tocopherol to ensure absorption without additional oxidative risk. RESULTS In multivariate tests, the effects on the AODS (alpha-tocopherol, total glutathione) were not significantly different (p=0.13, p=0.11, respectively) between treatment conditions. According to univariate findings, only PUFA-E caused a significant alpha-tocopherol increase, while PUFA-E and SFA-E caused a significant gamma- and delta-tocopherol decrease. Total glutathione (GSHt) was decreased by PUFA-E supplementation. CONCLUSION Effects of the PUFA-E condition on the vitamin E and glutathione AODS could be mechanisms underlying its clinical effectiveness. In terms of the vitamin E protection system, PUFA-E seems to directly support the antioxidative defense at membrane level. The effect of PUFA-E on GSHt is not yet fully understood, but could reflect antioxidative effects, resulting in decreased demand for glutathione. It is still necessary to further clarify which type of PUFA/antioxidant combination, and in which dose, is effective at each stage of psychotic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Smesny
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Jena, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Berko Milleit
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Jena, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Thueringen-Kliniken GmbH, Rainweg 68, 07318 Saalfeld/Saale, Germany
| | - Miriam R Schaefer
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, 35 Poplar Road Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Uta-Christina Hipler
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Erfurter Straße 35, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christine Milleit
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Jena, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany; Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Erfurter Straße 35, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Wiegand
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Erfurter Straße 35, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Hesse
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Jena, Erfurter Straße 35, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Claudia M Klier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Magdalena Holub
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingrid Holzer
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Berk
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, 35 Poplar Road Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Victoria, Australia; IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University of Melbourne, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick D McGorry
- Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, 35 Poplar Road Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heinrich Sauer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Jena, Philosophenweg 3, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - G Paul Amminger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical University Vienna, Währingergürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health and Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, The University of Melbourne, Locked Bag 10, 35 Poplar Road Parkville, Melbourne 3052, Victoria, Australia
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Monin A, Baumann PS, Griffa A, Xin L, Mekle R, Fournier M, Butticaz C, Klaey M, Cabungcal JH, Steullet P, Ferrari C, Cuenod M, Gruetter R, Thiran JP, Hagmann P, Conus P, Do KQ. Glutathione deficit impairs myelin maturation: relevance for white matter integrity in schizophrenia patients. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:827-38. [PMID: 25155877 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia pathophysiology implies both abnormal redox control and dysconnectivity of the prefrontal cortex, partly related to oligodendrocyte and myelin impairments. As oligodendrocytes are highly vulnerable to altered redox state, we investigated the interplay between glutathione and myelin. In control subjects, multimodal brain imaging revealed a positive association between medial prefrontal glutathione levels and both white matter integrity and resting-state functional connectivity along the cingulum bundle. In early psychosis patients, only white matter integrity was correlated with glutathione levels. On the other side, in the prefrontal cortex of peripubertal mice with genetically impaired glutathione synthesis, mature oligodendrocyte numbers, as well as myelin markers, were decreased. At the molecular levels, under glutathione-deficit conditions induced by short hairpin RNA targeting the key glutathione synthesis enzyme, oligodendrocyte progenitors showed a decreased proliferation mediated by an upregulation of Fyn kinase activity, reversed by either the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine or Fyn kinase inhibitors. In addition, oligodendrocyte maturation was impaired. Interestingly, the regulation of Fyn mRNA and protein expression was also impaired in fibroblasts of patients deficient in glutathione synthesis. Thus, glutathione and redox regulation have a critical role in myelination processes and white matter maturation in the prefrontal cortex of rodent and human, a mechanism potentially disrupted in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Monin
- 1] Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P S Baumann
- 1] Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland [3] Service of General Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - A Griffa
- 1] Signal Processing Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - L Xin
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R Mekle
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Berlin, Germany
| | - M Fournier
- 1] Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Butticaz
- 1] Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Klaey
- 1] Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J H Cabungcal
- 1] Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Steullet
- 1] Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Ferrari
- 1] Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - M Cuenod
- 1] Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - R Gruetter
- 1] Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - J P Thiran
- 1] Signal Processing Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Hagmann
- 1] Signal Processing Laboratory, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Department of Radiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - P Conus
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Service of General Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - K Q Do
- 1] Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland [2] Department of Psychiatry, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne (CHUV-UNIL), Prilly-Lausanne, Switzerland
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Leza JC, García-Bueno B, Bioque M, Arango C, Parellada M, Do K, O'Donnell P, Bernardo M. Inflammation in schizophrenia: A question of balance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 55:612-26. [PMID: 26092265 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, there has been renewed interest in immune/inflammatory changes and their associated oxidative/nitrosative consequences as key pathophysiological mechanisms in schizophrenia and related disorders. Both brain cell components (microglia, astrocytes, and neurons) and peripheral immune cells have been implicated in inflammation and the resulting oxidative/nitrosative stress (O&NS) in schizophrenia. Furthermore, down-regulation of endogenous antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms has been identified in biological samples from patients, although the degree and progression of the inflammatory process and the nature of its self-regulatory mechanisms vary from early onset to full-blown disease. This review focuses on the interactions between inflammation and O&NS, their damaging consequences for brain cells in schizophrenia, the possible origins of inflammation and increased O&NS in the disorder, and current pharmacological strategies to deal with these processes (mainly treatments with anti-inflammatory or antioxidant drugs as add-ons to antipsychotics).
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan C Leza
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Borja García-Bueno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria (IIS) Hospital 12 de Octubre (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Bioque
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, IIS Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Mara Parellada
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, IIS Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IISGM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Kim Do
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Miguel Bernardo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Complutense University, Madrid, Spain; Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic Barcelona, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
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Klen J, Goričar K, Janež A, Dolžan V. Common polymorphisms in antioxidant genes are associated with diabetic nephropathy in Type 2 diabetes patients. Per Med 2015; 12:187-198. [PMID: 29771645 DOI: 10.2217/pme.14.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate if antioxidative genes' polymorphisms influence the risk for Type 2 diabetes (T2D) complications. MATERIALS & METHODS In total, 181 T2D patients were genotyped for SOD2, CAT, GPX1, GSTP1, GSTM1*0, GSTT1*0, GCLC and GCLM. RESULTS After adjustment for duration of T2D, CAT rs1001179 and GSTP1 rs1138272 showed strongest association with risk for end-stage kidney failure (p = 0.005 and p = 0.049, respectively). In patients without end-stage kidney failure CAT rs1001179 influenced urea levels (p = 0.003), while GSTP1 rs1695 and GSTP1 haplotypes influenced the risk of moderately increased albuminuria (p = 0.024 and p = 0.014, respectively). CONCLUSION Common CAT and GSTP1 polymorphisms could be used to identify T2D patients at an increased risk for developing end-stage kidney failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasna Klen
- General Hospital Trbovlje, Rudarska cesta 9, 1420 Trbovlje, Slovenia
| | - Katja Goričar
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Janež
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center Ljubljana, Zaloška cesta 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Dietrich-Muszalska A. Oxidative Stress in Schizophrenia. OXIDATIVE STRESS IN APPLIED BASIC RESEARCH AND CLINICAL PRACTICE 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0440-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Fournier M, Ferrari C, Baumann PS, Polari A, Monin A, Bellier-Teichmann T, Wulff J, Pappan KL, Cuenod M, Conus P, Do KQ. Impaired metabolic reactivity to oxidative stress in early psychosis patients. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:973-83. [PMID: 24687046 PMCID: PMC4133680 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbu053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Because increasing evidence point to the convergence of environmental and genetic risk factors to drive redox dysregulation in schizophrenia, we aim to clarify whether the metabolic anomalies associated with early psychosis reflect an adaptation to oxidative stress. Metabolomic profiling was performed to characterize the response to oxidative stress in fibroblasts from control individuals (n = 20) and early psychosis patients (n = 30), and in all, 282 metabolites were identified. In addition to the expected redox/antioxidant response, oxidative stress induced a decrease of lysolipid levels in fibroblasts from healthy controls that were largely muted in fibroblasts from patients. Most notably, fibroblasts from patients showed disrupted extracellular matrix- and arginine-related metabolism after oxidative stress, indicating impairments beyond the redox system. Plasma membrane and extracellular matrix, 2 regulators of neuronal activity and plasticity, appeared as particularly susceptible to oxidative stress and thus provide novel mechanistic insights for pathophysiological understanding of early stages of psychosis. Statistically, antipsychotic medication at the time of biopsy was not accounting for these anomalies in the metabolism of patients' fibroblasts, indicating that they might be intrinsic to the disease. Although these results are preliminary and should be confirmed in a larger group of patients, they nevertheless indicate that the metabolic signature of reactivity to oxidative stress may provide reliable early markers of psychosis. Developing protective measures aimed at normalizing the disrupted pathways should prevent the pathological consequences of environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Fournier
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carina Ferrari
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland;,Department of Psychiatry, Service of General Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philipp S. Baumann
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland;,Department of Psychiatry, Service of General Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Polari
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland;,Department of Psychiatry, Service of General Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aline Monin
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Bellier-Teichmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Michel Cuenod
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Conus
- Department of Psychiatry, Service of General Psychiatry, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland;,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Kim Q. Do
- Department of Psychiatry, Unit for Research in Schizophrenia, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland;,These authors contributed equally to this work
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Nishi A, Numata S, Tajima A, Kinoshita M, Kikuchi K, Shimodera S, Tomotake M, Ohi K, Hashimoto R, Imoto I, Takeda M, Ohmori T. Meta-analyses of blood homocysteine levels for gender and genetic association studies of the MTHFR C677T polymorphism in schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2014; 40:1154-63. [PMID: 24535549 PMCID: PMC4133669 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbt154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that elevated blood homocysteine levels and the methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T polymorphism are risk factors for schizophrenia. However, the effects of gender and MTHFR C677T genotypes on blood homocysteine levels in schizophrenia have not been consistent. We first investigated whether plasma total homocysteine levels were higher in patients with schizophrenia than in controls with stratification by gender and by the MTHFR C677T genotypes in a large cohort (N = 1379). Second, we conducted a meta-analysis of association studies between blood homocysteine levels and schizophrenia separately by gender (N = 4714). Third, we performed a case-control association study between the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and schizophrenia (N = 4998) and conducted a meta-analysis of genetic association studies based on Japanese subjects (N = 10 378). Finally, we assessed the effect of plasma total homocysteine levels on schizophrenia by a mendelian randomization approach. The ANCOVA after adjustment for age demonstrated a significant effect of diagnosis on the plasma total homocysteine levels in all strata, and the subsequent meta-analysis for gender demonstrated elevated blood homocysteine levels in both male and female patients with schizophrenia although antipsychotic medication might influence the outcome. The meta-analysis of the Japanese genetic association studies demonstrated a significant association between the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and schizophrenia. The mendelian randomization analysis in the Japanese populations yielded an OR of 1.15 for schizophrenia per 1-SD increase in plasma total homocysteine. Our study suggests that increased plasma total homocysteine levels may be associated with an increased risk of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Nishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Course of Integrated Brain Sciences, Medical Informatics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shusuke Numata
- Department of Psychiatry, Course of Integrated Brain Sciences, Medical Informatics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan;
| | - Atsushi Tajima
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Makoto Kinoshita
- Department of Psychiatry, Course of Integrated Brain Sciences, Medical Informatics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Course of Integrated Brain Sciences, Medical Informatics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shinji Shimodera
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kochi Medical School, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Masahito Tomotake
- Department of Mental Health, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate school of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate school of Medicine, Osaka, Japan;,Molecular Research Center for Children’s Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Issei Imoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Takeda
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate school of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Ohmori
- Department of Psychiatry, Course of Integrated Brain Sciences, Medical Informatics, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Current and emergent treatments for symptoms and neurocognitive impairment in schizophrenia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 1:107-120. [PMID: 26301175 DOI: 10.1007/s40501-014-0010-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Wood PL. Mass spectrometry strategies for clinical metabolomics and lipidomics in psychiatry, neurology, and neuro-oncology. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:24-33. [PMID: 23842599 PMCID: PMC3857645 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metabolomics research has the potential to provide biomarkers for the detection of disease, for subtyping complex disease populations, for monitoring disease progression and therapy, and for defining new molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. These potentials are far from being realized because of a number of technical, conceptual, financial, and bioinformatics issues. Mass spectrometry provides analytical platforms that address the technical barriers to success in metabolomics research; however, the limited commercial availability of analytical and stable isotope standards has created a bottleneck for the absolute quantitation of a number of metabolites. Conceptual and financial factors contribute to the generation of statistically under-powered clinical studies, whereas bioinformatics issues result in the publication of a large number of unidentified metabolites. The path forward in this field involves targeted metabolomics analyses of large control and patient populations to define both the normal range of a defined metabolite and the potential heterogeneity (eg, bimodal) in complex patient populations. This approach requires that metabolomics research groups, in addition to developing a number of analytical platforms, build sufficient chemistry resources to supply the analytical standards required for absolute metabolite quantitation. Examples of metabolomics evaluations of sulfur amino-acid metabolism in psychiatry, neurology, and neuro-oncology and of lipidomics in neurology will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul L Wood
- Metabolomics Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Math and Science 435, Harrogate, TN 37752, USA
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Jiang Z, Cowell RM, Nakazawa K. Convergence of genetic and environmental factors on parvalbumin-positive interneurons in schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2013; 7:116. [PMID: 24027504 PMCID: PMC3759852 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia etiology is thought to involve an interaction between genetic and environmental factors during postnatal brain development. However, there is a fundamental gap in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which environmental factors interact with genetic susceptibility to trigger symptom onset and disease progression. In this review, we summarize the most recent findings implicating oxidative stress as one mechanism by which environmental insults, especially early life social stress, impact the development of schizophrenia. Based on a review of the literature and the results of our own animal model, we suggest that environmental stressors such as social isolation render parvalbumin-positive interneurons (PVIs) vulnerable to oxidative stress. We previously reported that social isolation stress exacerbates many of the schizophrenia-like phenotypes seen in a conditional genetic mouse model in which NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are selectively ablated in half of cortical and hippocampal interneurons during early postnatal development (Belforte et al., 2010). We have since revealed that this social isolation-induced effect is caused by impairments in the antioxidant defense capacity in the PVIs in which NMDARs are ablated. We propose that this effect is mediated by the down-regulation of PGC-1α, a master regulator of mitochondrial energy metabolism and anti-oxidant defense, following the deletion of NMDARs (Jiang et al., 2013). Other potential molecular mechanisms underlying redox dysfunction upon gene and environmental interaction will be discussed, with a focus on the unique properties of PVIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Jiang
- Unit on Genetics of Cognition and Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, NIH Bethesda, MD, USA
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Lutgen V, Qualmann K, Resch J, Kong L, Choi S, Baker DA. Reduction in phencyclidine induced sensorimotor gating deficits in the rat following increased system xc⁻ activity in the medial prefrontal cortex. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 226:531-40. [PMID: 23192314 PMCID: PMC3595356 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2926-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Aspects of schizophrenia, including deficits in sensorimotor gating, have been linked to glutamate dysfunction and/or oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortex. System xc(-), a cystine-glutamate antiporter, is a poorly understood mechanism that contributes to both cellular antioxidant capacity and glutamate homeostasis. OBJECTIVES Our goal was to determine whether increased system xc(-) activity within the prefrontal cortex would normalize a rodent measure of sensorimotor gating. METHODS In situ hybridization was used to map messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of xCT, the active subunit of system xc(-), in the prefrontal cortex. Prepulse inhibition was used to measure sensorimotor gating; deficits in prepulse inhibition were produced using phencyclidine (0.3-3 mg/kg, sc). N-Acetylcysteine (10-100 μM) and the system xc(-) inhibitor (S)-4-carboxyphenylglycine (CPG, 0.5 μM) were used to increase and decrease system xc(-) activity, respectively. The uptake of (14)C-cystine into tissue punches obtained from the prefrontal cortex was used to assay system xc(-) activity. RESULTS The expression of xCT mRNA in the prefrontal cortex was most prominent in a lateral band spanning primarily the prelimbic cortex. Although phencyclidine did not alter the uptake of (14)C-cystine in prefrontal cortical tissue punches, intraprefrontal cortical infusion of N-acetylcysteine (10-100 μM) significantly reduced phencyclidine- (1.5 mg/kg, sc) induced deficits in prepulse inhibition. N-Acetylcysteine was without effect when coinfused with CPG (0.5 μM), indicating an involvement of system xc(-). CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that phencyclidine disrupts sensorimotor gating through system xc(-) independent mechanisms, but that increasing cystine-glutamate exchange in the prefrontal cortex is sufficient to reduce behavioral deficits produced by phencyclidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Lutgen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Suite 446, 561 N. 15St, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| | - Krista Qualmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Suite 446, 561 N. 15St, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| | - Jon Resch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Suite 446, 561 N. 15St, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| | - Linghai Kong
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Suite 446, 561 N. 15St, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| | - SuJean Choi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Suite 446, 561 N. 15St, Milwaukee, WI 53233
| | - David A. Baker
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Marquette University, Suite 446, 561 N. 15St, Milwaukee, WI 53233
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Cabungcal JH, Steullet P, Kraftsik R, Cuenod M, Do KQ. Early-life insults impair parvalbumin interneurons via oxidative stress: reversal by N-acetylcysteine. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:574-82. [PMID: 23140664 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A hallmark of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia is a dysfunction of parvalbumin-expressing fast-spiking interneurons, which are essential for the coordination of neuronal synchrony during sensory and cognitive processing. Oxidative stress as observed in schizophrenia affects parvalbumin interneurons. However, it is unknown whether the deleterious effect of oxidative stress is particularly prevalent during specific developmental time windows. METHODS We used mice with impaired synthesis of glutathione (Gclm knockout [KO] mice) to investigate the effect of redox dysregulation and additional insults applied at various periods of postnatal development on maturation and long-term integrity of parvalbumin interneurons in the anterior cingulate cortex. RESULTS A redox dysregulation, as in Gclm KO mice, renders parvalbumin interneurons but not calbindin or calretinin interneurons vulnerable and prone to exhibit oxidative stress. A glutathione deficit delays maturation of parvalbumin interneurons, including their perineuronal net. Moreover, an additional oxidative challenge in preweaning or pubertal but not in young adult Gclm KO mice reduces the number of parvalbumin-immunoreactive interneurons. This effect persists into adulthood and can be prevented with the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. CONCLUSIONS In Gclm KO mice, early-life insults inducing oxidative stress are detrimental to immature parvalbumin interneurons and have long-term consequences. In analogy, individuals carrying genetic risks to redox dysregulation would be potentially vulnerable to early-life environmental insults, during the maturation of parvalbumin interneurons. Our data support the need to develop novel therapeutic approaches based on antioxidant and redox regulator compounds such as N-acetylcysteine, which could be used preventively in young at-risk subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Harry Cabungcal
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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49
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Powell SB, Sejnowski TJ, Behrens MM. Behavioral and neurochemical consequences of cortical oxidative stress on parvalbumin-interneuron maturation in rodent models of schizophrenia. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:1322-31. [PMID: 21315745 PMCID: PMC3106123 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 01/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress, in response to the activation of the superoxide-producing enzyme Nox2, has been implicated in the schizophrenia-like behavioral dysfunction that develops in animals that were subject to either neonatal NMDA receptor-antagonist treatment or social isolation. In both of these animal models of schizophrenia, an environmental insult occurring during the period of active maturation of the fast-spiking parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneuronal circuit leads to a diminished expression of parvalbumin in GABA-inhibitory neurons when animals reach adulthood. The loss of PV+ interneurons in animal models had been tentatively attributed to the death of these neurons. However, present results show that for the perinatal NMDA-R antagonist model these interneurons are still alive when animals are 5-6 weeks of age even though they have lost their phenotype and no longer express parvalbumin. Alterations in parvalbumin expression and sensory-evoked gamma-oscillatory activity, regulated by PV+ interneurons, are consistently observed in schizophrenia. We propose that cortical networks consisting of faulty PV+ interneurons interacting with pyramidal neurons may be responsible for the aberrant oscillatory activity observed in schizophrenia. Thus, oxidative stress during the maturation window for PV+ interneurons by alteration of normal brain development, leads to the emergence of schizophrenia-like behavioral dysfunctions when subjects reach early adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B. Powell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, MC0804, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804
| | - Terrence J. Sejnowski
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute. The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093
| | - M. Margarita Behrens
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute. The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037
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50
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Yao JK, Reddy R. Oxidative stress in schizophrenia: pathogenetic and therapeutic implications. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:1999-2002. [PMID: 21194354 PMCID: PMC3159103 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Over a century, a wide-ranging variety of pathophysiological models and causal hypotheses have been conceptualized for schizophrenia. One among these is the role for free radical-mediated pathology in schizophrenia, indicating impaired antioxidant defense system (AODS) and presence of oxidative stress in patients with schizophrenia. For the past two decades, the whole investigative domain of AODS and oxidative stress has broadened to include the wider AODS components, direct central nervous system assays of AODS, chemical imaging studies, proteomics, genetics of AODS, and, of importance to sufferers of schizophrenia, antioxidant therapeutics. These are some of the perspectives that are reviewed by several articles in this Forum. Overall, there has been growing recognition of the importance of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and in treatment-related side effects. The totality of the evidence from biochemistry, metabolomics, proteomics, genetics, and in vivo brain imaging points to the presence of multifarious abnormalities in the AODS and redox signaling in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Yao
- Medical Research Service, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System,7180 Highland Drive, Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA.
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