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Li Y, Zhuang Y, Chen Y, Wang G, Tang Z, Zhong Y, Zhang Y, Wu L, Ji X, Zhang Q, Pan B, Luo Y. Euphorbia factor L2 alleviated gouty inflammation by specifically suppressing both the priming and activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112598. [PMID: 38981223 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Euphorbia L. is a traditionally used herb and contains many newly identified compounds with novel chemical structures. Euphorbia factor L2 (EFL2), a diterpenoid derived from Euphorbia seeds, is reported to alleviate acute lung injury and arthritis by exerting anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we aimed to test the therapeutic benefit and mechanisms of EFL2 in NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated gouty models and identified the potential molecular mechanism. A cell-based system was used to test the specific inhibitory effect of EFL2 on NLRP3-related inflammation. The gouty arthritis model and an air pouch inflammation model induced by monosodium urate monohydrate (MSU) crystals were used for in vivo experiments. Nlrp3-/- mice and in vitro studies were used for mechanistic exploration. Virtual molecular docking and biophysical assays were performed to identify the direct binding and regulatory target of EFL2. The inhibitory effect of EFL2 on inflammatory cell infiltration was determined by flow cytometry in vivo. The mechanism by which EFL2 activates the NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway was evaluated by immunological experiment and transmission electron microscopy. In vitro, EFL2 specifically reduced NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated IL-1β production and alleviated MSU crystal-induced arthritis, as well as inflammatory cell infiltration. EFL2 downregulated NF-κB phosphorylation and NLRP3 inflammasome expression by binding to glucocorticoid receptors. Moreover, EFL2 could specifically suppress the lysosome damage-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome activation process. It is expected that this work may be useful to accelerate the development of anti-inflammatory drugs originated from traditional herbs and improve therapeutics in gout and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Li
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology & Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuqing Zhuang
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology & Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuehong Chen
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology & Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Guan Wang
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology & Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/West China School of Nursing, Sichuan University, Chengdu 6a004a, Sichuan, China
| | - Zhigang Tang
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology & Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yutong Zhong
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology & Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Sichuan Institute of Food Inspection, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology & Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Xing Ji
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology & Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiuping Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology & Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Pan
- Shandong Peninsula Engineering Research Center of Comprehensive Brine Utilization, Weifang University of Science and Technology, Shouguang 262700, Shandong, China
| | - Yubin Luo
- Department of Rheumatology & Immunology, Laboratory of Rheumatology & Immunology, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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Zheng Z, Zhao M, Shan H, Fang D, Jin Z, Tang J, Liu Z, Hong L, Liu P, Li M. Noncanonical autophagy is a new strategy to inhibit HSV-1 through STING1 activation. Autophagy 2023; 19:3096-3112. [PMID: 37471002 PMCID: PMC10621258 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2237794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
STING1 (stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1) plays an essential role in immune responses for virus inhibition via inducing the production of type I interferon, inflammatory factors and macroautophagy/autophagy. In this study, we found that STING1 activation could induce not only canonical autophagy but also non-canonical autophagy (NCA) which is independent of the ULK1 or BECN1 complexes to form MAP1LC3/LC3-positive structures. Whether STING1-induced NCA has similar characters and physiological functions to canonical autophagy is totally unknown. Different from canonical autophagy, NCA could increase single-membrane structures and failed to degrade long-lived proteins, and could be strongly suppressed by interrupting vacuolar-type H+-translocating ATPase (V-ATPase) activity. Importantly, STING1-induced NCA could effectively inhibit DNA virus HSV-1 in cell model. Moreover, STING1 [1-340], a STING1 mutant lacking immunity and inflammatory response due to deletion of the tail end of STING1, could degrade virus through NCA alone, suggesting that the antiviral effect of activated STING1 could be separately mediated by inherent immunity, canonical autophagy, and NCA. In addition, the translocation and dimerization of STING1 do not rely on its immunity function and autophagy pathway. Similar to canonical autophagy, LC3-positive structures of NCA induced by STING1 could finally fuse with lysosomes, and the degradation of HSV-1 could be reverted by inhibition of lysosome function, suggesting that the elimination of DNA virus via NCA still requires the lysosome pathway. Collectively, we proved that besides its classical immunity function and canonical autophagy pathway, STING1-induced NCA is also an efficient antiviral pathway for the host cell.Abbreviations: ATG: autophagy related; Baf: bafilomycin A1; CASM: conjugation of LC3 to a single membrane; CGAS: cyclic GMP-AMP synthase; cGAMP: cyclic GMP-AMP; CQ: chloroquine; CTD: C-terminal domain; CTT: C-terminal tail; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERGIC: ER-Golgi intermediate compartment; HSV-1: herpes simplex virus 1; IRF3: interferon regulatory factor 3; IFNs: interferons; LAMP1: lysosomal associated membrane protein 1; LAP: LC3-associated phagocytosis; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MOI: multiplicity of infection; RB1CC1/FIP200: RB1 inducible coiled-coil 1; STING1: stimulator of interferon response cGAMP interactor 1; TBK1: TANK binding kinase 1; TGOLN2/TGN46: trans-golgi network protein 2; ULK1: unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1; V-ATPase: vacuolar-type H+-translocating ATPase; VSV: vesicular stomatitis virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihua Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Man Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Hao Shan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Dongmei Fang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zuyi Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiuge Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiping Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Hong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Min Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, National and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drugs Evaluation, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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3
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Lin H, Ao H, Guo G, Liu M. The Role and Mechanism of Metformin in Inflammatory Diseases. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:5545-5564. [PMID: 38026260 PMCID: PMC10680465 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s436147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin is a classical drug used to treat type 2 diabetes. With the development of research on metformin, it has been found that metformin also has several advantages aside from its hypoglycemic effect, such as anti-inflammatory, anti-aging, anti-cancer, improving intestinal flora, and other effects. The prevention of inflammation is critical because chronic inflammation is associated with numerous diseases of considerable public health. Therefore, there has been growing interest in the role of metformin in treating various inflammatory conditions. However, the precise anti-inflammatory mechanisms of metformin were inconsistent in the reported studies. Thus, this review aims to summarize various currently known possible mechanisms of metformin involved in inflammatory diseases and provide references for the clinical application of metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Lin
- Medical Center of Burn Plastic and Wound Repair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyong Ao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Nanobiomaterials & School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China Jiaotong University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guanghua Guo
- Medical Center of Burn Plastic and Wound Repair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingzhuo Liu
- Medical Center of Burn Plastic and Wound Repair, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, People’s Republic of China
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Pirmoradi L, Shojaei S, Ghavami S, Zarepour A, Zarrabi A. Autophagy and Biomaterials: A Brief Overview of the Impact of Autophagy in Biomaterial Applications. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2284. [PMID: 37765253 PMCID: PMC10536801 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy), a tightly regulated physiological process that obliterates dysfunctional and damaged organelles and proteins, has a crucial role when biomaterials are applied for various purposes, including diagnosis, treatment, tissue engineering, and targeted drug delivery. The unparalleled physiochemical properties of nanomaterials make them a key component of medical strategies in different areas, such as osteogenesis, angiogenesis, neurodegenerative disease treatment, and cancer therapy. The application of implants and their modulatory effects on autophagy have been known in recent years. However, more studies are necessary to clarify the interactions and all the involved mechanisms. The advantages and disadvantages of nanomaterial-mediated autophagy need serious attention in both the biological and bioengineering fields. In this mini-review, the role of autophagy after biomaterial exploitation and the possible related mechanisms are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Pirmoradi
- Department of Medical Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj 66177-13446, Iran;
| | - Shahla Shojaei
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada;
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Academy of Silesia, Faculty of Medicine, Rolna 43, 40-555 Katowice, Poland
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba-University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
- Children Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0V9, Canada
| | - Atefeh Zarepour
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Türkiye;
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Natural Sciences, Istinye University, Istanbul 34396, Türkiye;
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5
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Weel I, Ribeiro V, Romão-Veiga M, Fioratti E, Peraçoli J, Peraçoli M. Down-regulation of autophagy proteins is associated with higher mTOR expression in the placenta of pregnant women with preeclampsia. Braz J Med Biol Res 2023; 55:e12283. [PMID: 36629523 PMCID: PMC9828864 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2022e12283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradation pathway that removes protein aggregates and damaged organelles maintaining cellular integrity. It seems to be essential for cell survival during stress, starvation, hypoxia, and consequently to the placenta implantation and development. Preeclampsia (PE) is a multisystemic disorder characterized by the onset of hypertension associated or not with proteinuria and other maternal complications. Considering that the placenta seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis of PE, the objective of the present study was to evaluate protein levels of light chain protein (LC3), beclin-1, and the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) in the placenta of pregnant women with PE. Placental tissues collected from 20 women with PE and 20 normotensive (NT) pregnant women were evaluated for LC3, beclin-1, and mTOR expression by qPCR and immunohistochemistry. The mRNA for LC3 and beclin-1 were significantly lower, while mTOR gene expression was significantly higher in the placenta of pregnant women with PE than in the NT group. Placentas of PE women showed significantly decreased protein expression of LC3-II and beclin-1, whereas mTOR was significantly increased compared with the NT pregnant women. There was a negative correlation between protein expression of mTOR and LC3-II in the placental tissue of PE women. In conclusion, the results showed autophagy deficiency suggesting that failure in this degradation process may contribute to the pathogenesis of PE; however, new studies involving cross-talk between autophagy and inflammatory molecular mechanisms might help to better understand the autophagy process in this obstetric pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.C. Weel
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - V.R. Ribeiro
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - M. Romão-Veiga
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - E.G. Fioratti
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - J.C. Peraçoli
- Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
| | - M.T.S. Peraçoli
- Departamento de Ciências Químicas e Biológicas, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil,Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brasil
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D'Onofrio N, Prattichizzo F, Marfella R, Sardu C, Martino E, Scisciola L, Marfella L, Grotta RL, Frigé C, Paolisso G, Ceriello A, Balestrieri ML. SIRT3 mediates the effects of PCSK9 inhibitors on inflammation, autophagy, and oxidative stress in endothelial cells. Theranostics 2023; 13:531-542. [PMID: 36632236 PMCID: PMC9830434 DOI: 10.7150/thno.80289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Proprotein convertase subtilisin-kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors (i) are a class of lipid-lowering drugs suggested to hold a plethora of beneficial effects independent of their LDL cholesterol-lowering properties. However, the mechanism underlying such observations is debated. Methods: Human aortic endothelial cells (TeloHAEC) were pre-treated with 100 µg/mL of the PCSK9i evolocumab and then exposed to 20 ng/mL of IL-6, a major driver of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), in both naïve state and after siRNA-mediated suppression of the NAD-dependent deacetylase sirtuin-3 (SIRT3). Inflammation, autophagy, and oxidative stress were assessed through Western Blots, ELISAs, and/or immunofluorescence coupled by flow cytometry. To explore the human relevance of the findings, we also evaluated the expression of IL-6, SIRT3, IL-1β, the ratio LC3B II/I, and PCSK9 within the plaques of patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy (n=277), testing possible correlations between these proteins. Results: PCSK9i improved a range of phenotypes including the activation of inflammatory pathways, oxidative stress, and autophagy. Indeed, treatment with PCSK9i was able to counteract the IL-6 induced increase in inflammasome activation, the accrual of autophagic cells, and mitochondrial ROS accumulation. Of note, silencing of SIRT3 reverted the beneficial effects observed with PCSK9i treatment on all these phenomena. In atheroma specimens, the expression of PCSK9 was inversely related to that of SIRT3 while positively correlating with IL-6, IL-1β, and the ratio LC3B II/I. Conclusions: Overall, these data suggest that PCSK9i bear intrinsic anti-inflammatory, anti-autophagic, and antioxidant properties in endothelial cells, and that these pleiotropic effects might be mediated, at least in part, by SIRT3. These results provide an additional mechanism supporting the emerging knowledge relative to the benefit of PCSK9i on CVD beyond LDL-lowering and uncover SIRT3 as a putative mediator of such pleiotropy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia D'Onofrio
- Department of Precision Medicine, the University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Italy
| | | | - Raffaele Marfella
- Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122, Naples, Italy
| | - Celestino Sardu
- Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Elisa Martino
- Department of Precision Medicine, the University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Italy
| | - Lucia Scisciola
- Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Lorenza Marfella
- Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Frigé
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Fantoli 16/15, 20138, Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Paolisso
- Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy.,Mediterranea Cardiocentro, 80122, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Ceriello
- IRCCS MultiMedica, Via Fantoli 16/15, 20138, Milan, Italy.,✉ Corresponding authors: Maria Luisa Balestrieri, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy. E-mail: ; Antonio Ceriello, IRCCS MultiMedica, PST, Via Fantoli 16/15, 20138, Milan, Italy. E-mail:
| | - Maria Luisa Balestrieri
- Department of Precision Medicine, the University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli” Italy.,✉ Corresponding authors: Maria Luisa Balestrieri, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138, Naples, Italy. E-mail: ; Antonio Ceriello, IRCCS MultiMedica, PST, Via Fantoli 16/15, 20138, Milan, Italy. E-mail:
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Arif A, Khawar MB, Mehmood R, Abbasi MH, Sheikh N. Dichotomous role of autophagy in cancer. ASIAN BIOMED 2022; 16:111-120. [PMID: 37551378 PMCID: PMC10321184 DOI: 10.2478/abm-2022-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionary conserved catabolic process that plays physiological and pathological roles in a cell. Its effect on cellular metabolism, the proteome, and the number and quality of organelles, diversely holds the potential to alter cellular functions. It acts paradoxically in cancer as a tumor inhibitor as well as a tumor promoter. In the early stage of tumorigenesis, it prevents tumor initiation by the so-called "quality control mechanism" and suppresses cancer progression. For late-staged tumors that are exposed to stress, it acts as a vibrant process of degradation and recycling that promotes cancer by facilitating metastasis. Despite this dichotomy, the crucial role of autophagy is evident in cancer, and associated with mammalian targets of rapamycin (mTOR), p53, and Ras-derived major cancer networks. Irrespective of the controversy regarding autophagic manipulation, promotion and suppression of autophagy act as potential therapeutic targets in cancer treatment and may provide various anticancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Arif
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Babar Khawar
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore54000, Pakistan
- Department of Zoology, University of Narowal, Narowal51750, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Mehmood
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore54000, Pakistan
| | - Muddasir Hassan Abbasi
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore54000, Pakistan
- Department of Zoology, University of Okara, Okara56130, Pakistan
| | - Nadeem Sheikh
- Institute of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore54000, Pakistan
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Hou W, Hao Y, Sun L, Zhao Y, Zheng X, Song L. The dual roles of autophagy and the GPCRs-mediating autophagy signaling pathway after cerebral ischemic stroke. Mol Brain 2022; 15:14. [PMID: 35109896 PMCID: PMC8812204 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00899-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke, caused by a lack of blood supply in brain tissues, is the third leading cause of human death and disability worldwide, and usually results in sensory and motor dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and in severe cases, even death. Autophagy is a highly conserved lysosome-dependent process in which eukaryotic cells removal misfolded proteins and damaged organelles in cytoplasm, which is critical for energy metabolism, organelle renewal, and maintenance of intracellular homeostasis. Increasing evidence suggests that autophagy plays important roles in pathophysiological mechanisms under ischemic conditions. However, there are still controversies about whether autophagy plays a neuroprotective or damaging role after ischemia. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), one of the largest protein receptor superfamilies in mammals, play crucial roles in various physiological and pathological processes. Statistics show that GPCRs are the targets of about one-fifth of drugs known in the world, predicting potential values as targets for drug research. Studies have demonstrated that nutritional deprivation can directly or indirectly activate GPCRs, mediating a series of downstream biological processes, including autophagy. It can be concluded that there are interactions between autophagy and GPCRs signaling pathway, which provides research evidence for regulating GPCRs-mediated autophagy. This review aims to systematically discuss the underlying mechanism and dual roles of autophagy in cerebral ischemia, and describe the GPCRs-mediated autophagy, hoping to probe promising therapeutic targets for ischemic stroke through in-depth exploration of the GPCRs-mediated autophagy signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichen Hou
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yulei Hao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiangyu Zheng
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Lei Song
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Center for Pathogen Biology and Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Transplantation of the Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 71#, Changchun, 130021, China.
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9
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The Role of Macroautophagy and Chaperone-Mediated Autophagy in the Pathogenesis and Management of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14030760. [PMID: 35159028 PMCID: PMC8833636 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14030760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major health problem with the second highest mortality among all cancers and a continuous increase worldwide. HCC is highly resistant to available chemotherapeutic agents, leaving patients with no effective therapeutic option and a poor prognosis. Although an increasing number of studies have elucidated the potential role of autophagy underlying HCC, the complete regulation is far from understood. The different forms of autophagy constitute important cell survival mechanisms that could prevent hepatocarcinogenesis by limiting hepatocyte death and the associated hepatitis and fibrosis at early stages of chronic liver diseases. On the other hand, at late stages of hepatocarcinogenesis, they could support the malignant transformation of (pre)neoplastic cells by facilitating their survival. Abstract Hepatocarcinogenesis is a long process with a complex pathophysiology. The current therapeutic options for HCC management, during the advanced stage, provide short-term survival ranging from 10–14 months. Autophagy acts as a double-edged sword during this process. Recently, two main autophagic pathways have emerged to play critical roles during hepatic oncogenesis, macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy. Mounting evidence suggests that upregulation of macroautophagy plays a crucial role during the early stages of carcinogenesis as a tumor suppressor mechanism; however, it has been also implicated in later stages promoting survival of cancer cells. Nonetheless, chaperone-mediated autophagy has been elucidated as a tumor-promoting mechanism contributing to cancer cell survival. Moreover, the autophagy pathway seems to have a complex role during the metastatic stage, while induction of autophagy has been implicated as a potential mechanism of chemoresistance of HCC cells. The present review provides an update on the role of autophagy pathways in the development of HCC and data on how the modulation of the autophagic pathway could contribute to the most effective management of HCC.
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Zhou W, Xiao D, Zhao Y, Tan B, Long Z, Yu L, He G. Enhanced Autolysosomal Function Ameliorates the Inflammatory Response Mediated by the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:629891. [PMID: 33708103 PMCID: PMC7940192 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.629891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) involves activation of many NLRP3 inflammatory bodies, which may be related to amyloid β peptide and aggregation of misfolded proteins. Autophagy is an important regulator of inflammatory bodies. However, autophagy shows dynamic changes in the development of AD, and its role in inflammation remains controversial. In this study, the key link between autophagic disorders and the NLRP3 inflammasome in AD was investigated. APP/PS1 double transgenic mice and C57 mice with Aβ25–35 injected into the lateral ventricle were used as two animal models of AD. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blot analysis showed that NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins and inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, and TNF-α, were increased and microglia were activated in the brains of both AD animal models. Endogenous overexpression of the APPswe gene and exogenous addition of Aβ25–35 increased the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins, while exogenous Aβ25–35 intervention more significantly activated inflammation. Furthermore, LC3 was increased in the AD animal and cell models, and the level of Lamp1 decreased. After overexpression of the primary regulator of lysosomal biogenesis, TFEB, the lysosome protein Lamp1 was increased, and LC3 and inflammatory protein expression were decreased. These results suggest that the NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammatory response is activated in AD animal and cell models, which may be related to the decline in autolysosome function. Overexpression of the TFEB protein can reduce the inflammatory response by improving autolysosome function in AD model cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhou
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Deng Xiao
- Department of Neurorehabilitation, The Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yueyang Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Botao Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhimin Long
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lehua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Guiqiong He
- Department of Anatomy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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11
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La Rosa F, Saresella M, Marventano I, Piancone F, Ripamonti E, Al-Daghri N, Bazzini C, Zoia CP, Conti E, Ferrarese C, Clerici M. Stavudine Reduces NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Modulates Amyloid-β Autophagy. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 72:401-412. [PMID: 31594217 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) within senile plaques in the brain and neuroinflammation, possibly driven by the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) hamper the NLRP3 inflammasome assembly. OBJECTIVE We utilized an in vitro model reproducing the Aβ-driven inflammation seen in AD to analyze whether stavudine (D4T), a prototypical NRTI, modulates Aβ-mediated inflammasome activation and the ability of macrophages to eliminate Aβ via phagocytosis and autophagy. METHODS THP-1-derived macrophages were stimulated in vitro with Aβ42 or with Aβ42 after LPS-priming in the presence/absence of D4T. NLRP3 and TREM2 expression was analyzed by RT-PCR; phagocytosis, as well as ASC-Speck formation, was analyzed by Amnis FlowSight Imaging; NLRP3-produced cytokines were quantified by ELISA and, finally, autophagy was analyzed by measuring p-ERK1/2, p-AKT, beclin, p70-S6Kinase, and Lamp by ELISA and western blot. RESULTS IL-1β, IL-18, and caspase-1 were increased whereas Aβ phagocytosis and TREM2 were reduced in LPS+Aβ42-stimulated cells. D4T reduced NLRP3 assembly as well as IL-18 and caspase-1 production, but did not affect IL-1β production and TREM2 expression. Notably, whereas D4T reduced Aβ phagocytosis, Aβ autophagy by macrophages was stimulated by D4T, as witnessed by the down-modulation of ERK1/2 and AKT phosphorylation and the upregulation of beclin, LAMP, and p70-S6K, their downstream targets. CONCLUSION In this in vitro model of AD, D4T reduces NLRP3 inflammasome-associated inflammation and stimulates Aβ autophagy by macrophages. It will be interesting to verify the possibly beneficial effects of D4T in the clinical scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca La Rosa
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy.,Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Saresella
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy.,Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Federica Piancone
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy.,Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | | | - Nasser Al-Daghri
- Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases, Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chiara Bazzini
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Medicine and Surgery, Monza, Italy.,Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Paola Zoia
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Medicine and Surgery, Monza, Italy.,Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Conti
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Medicine and Surgery, Monza, Italy.,Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Ferrarese
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Medicine and Surgery, Monza, Italy.,Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, S. Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy.,Department of Physiopathology and Transplants, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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12
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Daiber A, Kuntic M, Hahad O, Delogu LG, Rohrbach S, Di Lisa F, Schulz R, Münzel T. Effects of air pollution particles (ultrafine and fine particulate matter) on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress - Implications for cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2020; 696:108662. [PMID: 33159890 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2020.108662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is a major cause of global mortality and burden of disease. All chemical pollution forms together may be responsible for up to 12 million annual excess deaths as estimated by the Lancet Commission on pollution and health as well as the World Health Organization. Ambient air pollution by particulate matter (PM) and ozone was found to be associated with an all-cause mortality rate of up to 9 million in the year 2015, with the majority being of cerebro- and cardiovascular nature (e.g. stroke and ischemic heart disease). Recent evidence suggests that exposure to airborne particles and gases contributes to and accelerates neurodegenerative diseases. Especially, airborne toxic particles contribute to these adverse health effects. Whereas it is well established that air pollution in the form of PM may lead to dysregulation of neurohormonal stress pathways and may trigger inflammation as well as oxidative stress, leading to secondary damage of cardiovascular structures, the mechanistic impact of PM-induced mitochondrial damage and dysfunction is not well established. With the present review we will discuss similarities between mitochondrial damage and dysfunction observed in the development and progression of cardiovascular disease and neurodegeneration as well as those adverse mitochondrial pathomechanisms induced by airborne PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Daiber
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany.
| | - Marin Kuntic
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany
| | - Omar Hahad
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany
| | - Lucia G Delogu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Susanne Rohrbach
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Fabio Di Lisa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University, Germany; German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Rhine-Main, Mainz, Germany.
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13
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Rivers E, Rai R, Lötscher J, Hollinshead M, Markelj G, Thaventhiran J, Worth A, Cavazza A, Hess C, Bajaj-Elliott M, Thrasher AJ. Wiskott Aldrich syndrome protein regulates non-selective autophagy and mitochondrial homeostasis in human myeloid cells. eLife 2020; 9:55547. [PMID: 33135633 PMCID: PMC7673780 DOI: 10.7554/elife.55547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The actin cytoskeletal regulator Wiskott Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) has been implicated in maintenance of the autophagy-inflammasome axis in innate murine immune cells. Here, we show that WASp deficiency is associated with impaired rapamycin-induced autophagosome formation and trafficking to lysosomes in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). WASp reconstitution in vitro and in WAS patients following clinical gene therapy restores autophagic flux and is dependent on the actin-related protein complex ARP2/3. Induction of mitochondrial damage with CCCP, as a model of selective autophagy, also reveals a novel ARP2/3-dependent role for WASp in formation of sequestrating actin cages and maintenance of mitochondrial network integrity. Furthermore, mitochondrial respiration is suppressed in WAS patient MDMs and unable to achieve normal maximal activity when stressed, indicating profound intrinsic metabolic dysfunction. Taken together, we provide evidence of new and important roles of human WASp in autophagic processes and immunometabolic regulation, which may mechanistically contribute to the complex WAS immunophenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Rivers
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rajeev Rai
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonas Lötscher
- Department of Biomedicine, Immunobiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Gasper Markelj
- Department of Allergy, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Children's Hospital, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - James Thaventhiran
- Medical Research Council-Toxicology Unit, School of Biological Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Austen Worth
- Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alessia Cavazza
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Hess
- Department of Biomedicine, Immunobiology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mona Bajaj-Elliott
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Programme, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Immunology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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14
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Rimessi A, Pozzato C, Carparelli L, Rossi A, Ranucci S, De Fino I, Cigana C, Talarico A, Wieckowski MR, Ribeiro CMP, Trapella C, Rossi G, Cabrini G, Bragonzi A, Pinton P. Pharmacological modulation of mitochondrial calcium uniporter controls lung inflammation in cystic fibrosis. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaax9093. [PMID: 32494695 PMCID: PMC7202873 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax9093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria physically associate with the endoplasmic reticulum to coordinate interorganelle calcium transfer and regulate fundamental cellular processes, including inflammation. Deregulated endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria cross-talk can occur in cystic fibrosis, contributing to hyperinflammation and disease progression. We demonstrate that Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection increases endoplasmic reticulum-mitochondria associations in cystic fibrosis bronchial cells by stabilizing VAPB-PTPIP51 (vesicle-associated membrane protein-associated protein B-protein tyrosine phosphatase interacting protein 51) tethers, affecting autophagy. Impaired autophagy induced mitochondrial unfolding protein response and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, contributing to hyperinflammation. The mechanism by which VAPB-PTPIP51 tethers regulate autophagy in cystic fibrosis involves calcium transfer via mitochondrial calcium uniporter. Mitochondrial calcium uniporter inhibition rectified autophagy and alleviated the inflammatory response in vitro and in vivo, resulting in a valid therapeutic strategy for cystic fibrosis pulmonary disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Rimessi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Center of research on Innovative Therapies for Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Chiara Pozzato
- Department of Medical Sciences and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Carparelli
- Department of Medical Sciences and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alice Rossi
- Infections and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Serena Ranucci
- Infections and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Ida De Fino
- Infections and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Cristina Cigana
- Infections and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Talarico
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mariusz R. Wieckowski
- Laboratory of Mitochondrial Biology and Metabolism, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Carla M. P. Ribeiro
- Department of Medicine/Pulmonary Division, Marsico Lung Institute and Cystic Fibrosis Center, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7248, USA
| | - Claudio Trapella
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Macerata, Italy
| | - Giulio Cabrini
- Center of research on Innovative Therapies for Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Neurosurgery, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, 37126 Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bragonzi
- Infections and Cystic Fibrosis Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences and Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA), University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Center of research on Innovative Therapies for Cystic Fibrosis, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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15
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Li X, He S, Ma B. Autophagy and autophagy-related proteins in cancer. Mol Cancer 2020; 19:12. [PMID: 31969156 PMCID: PMC6975070 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-020-1138-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 793] [Impact Index Per Article: 198.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, as a type II programmed cell death, plays crucial roles with autophagy-related (ATG) proteins in cancer. Up to now, the dual role of autophagy both in cancer progression and inhibition remains controversial, in which the numerous ATG proteins and their core complexes including ULK1/2 kinase core complex, autophagy-specific class III PI3K complex, ATG9A trafficking system, ATG12 and LC3 ubiquitin-like conjugation systems, give multiple activities of autophagy pathway and are involved in autophagy initiation, nucleation, elongation, maturation, fusion and degradation. Autophagy plays a dynamic tumor-suppressive or tumor-promoting role in different contexts and stages of cancer development. In the early tumorigenesis, autophagy, as a survival pathway and quality-control mechanism, prevents tumor initiation and suppresses cancer progression. Once the tumors progress to late stage and are established and subjected to the environmental stresses, autophagy, as a dynamic degradation and recycling system, contributes to the survival and growth of the established tumors and promotes aggressiveness of the cancers by facilitating metastasis. This indicates that regulation of autophagy can be used as effective interventional strategies for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Li
- Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.,Henan Eye Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.,People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China.,People's Hospital of Henan University, Zhengzhou, 450003, China
| | - Shikun He
- Ophthalmology Optometry Centre, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Retinal and Choroid Diseases, Beijing, 100044, China.,Department of Pathology and Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Binyun Ma
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA. .,Department of Medicine/Hematology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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16
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Olcum M, Tastan B, Kiser C, Genc S, Genc K. Microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation in multiple sclerosis. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2019; 119:247-308. [PMID: 31997770 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune and neuroinflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) mediated by autoreactive T cells directed against myelin antigens. Although the crucial role of adaptive immunity is well established in MS, the contribution of innate immunity has only recently been appreciated. Microglia are the main innate immune cells of the CNS. Similar to other myeloid cells, microglia recognize both exogenous and host-derived endogenous danger signals through pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) localized on their cell surface such as Toll Like receptor 4, or in the cytosol such as NLRP3. The second one is the sensor protein of the multi-molecular NLRP3 inflammasome complex in activated microglia that promotes the maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin-1β and interleukin-18. Overactivation of microglia and aberrant activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome have been implicated in the pathogenesis of MS. Indeed, experimental data, together with post-mortem and clinical studies have revealed an increased expression of NLRP3 inflammasome complex elements in microglia and other immune cells. In this review, we focus on microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation in MS. First, we overview the basic knowledge about MS, microglia and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Then, we summarize studies about microglial NLRP3 inflammasome activation in MS and its animal models. We also highlight experimental therapeutic approaches that target different steps of NLRP inflammasome activation. Finally, we discuss future research avenues and new methods in this rapidly evolving area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melis Olcum
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bora Tastan
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus Balcova, Izmir, Turkey; Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cagla Kiser
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus Balcova, Izmir, Turkey; Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Sermin Genc
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus Balcova, Izmir, Turkey; Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute (iBG-Izmir), Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey; Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health and Science, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kursad Genc
- Department of Neuroscience, Institute of Health and Science, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Balcova, Izmir, Turkey
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17
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Pu Q, Lin P, Wang Z, Gao P, Qin S, Cui L, Wu M. Interaction among inflammasome, autophagy and non-coding RNAs: new horizons for drug. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2019; 2:166-182. [PMID: 31598387 PMCID: PMC6770284 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbz019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and inflammasomes are shown to interact in various situations including
infectious disease, cancer, diabetes and neurodegeneration. Since multiple layers of
molecular regulators contribute to the interplay between autophagy and inflammasome
activation, the detail of such interplay remains largely unknown. Non-coding RNAs
(ncRNAs), which have been implicated in regulating an expanding list of cellular processes
including immune defense against pathogens and inflammatory response in cancer and
metabolic diseases, may join in the crosstalk between inflammasomes and autophagy in
physiological or disease conditions. In this review, we summarize the latest research on
the interlink among ncRNAs, inflammasomes and autophagy and discuss the emerging role of
these three in multiple signaling transduction pathways involved in clinical conditions.
By analyzing these intriguing interconnections, we hope to unveil the mechanism
inter-regulating these multiple processes and ultimately discover potential drug targets
for some refractory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinqin Pu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ping Lin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Zhihan Wang
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Pan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shugang Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Luqing Cui
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND 58203, USA
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18
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Mitochondria: the indispensable players in innate immunity and guardians of the inflammatory response. J Cell Commun Signal 2019; 13:303-318. [PMID: 30719617 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-019-00507-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria, the dynamic organelles and power house of eukaryotic cells function as metabolic hubs of cells undergoing continuous cycles of fusion and fission. Recent findings have made it increasingly apparent that mitochondria essentially involved in energy production have evolved as principal intracellular signaling platforms regulating not only innate immunity but also inflammatory responses. Perturbations in mitochondrial dynamics, including fusion/fission, electron transport chain (ETC) architecture and cristae organization have now been actively correlated to modulate metabolic activity and immune function of innate and adaptive immune cells. Several newly identified mitochondrial proteins in mitochondrial outer membrane such as mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and with mitochondrial DNA acting as danger-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) and mitochondrial ROS generated from mitochondrial sources have potentially established mitochondria as key signaling platforms in antiviral immunity in vertebrates and thereby orchestrating adaptive immune cell activations respectively. A thorough understanding of emerging and intervening role of mitochondria in toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune responses and NLRP3 inflammasome complex activation has gained lucidity in recent years that advocates the imposing functions of mitochondria in innate immunity. Fascinatingly, also how the signals stemming from the endoplasmic reticulum co-operate with the mitochondria to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome is now looked ahead as a stage to unravel as to how different mitochondrial and associated organelle stress responses co-operate to bring about inflammatory consequences. This has also opened avenues of research for revealing mitochondrial targets that could be exploited for development of novel therapeutics to treat various infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune disorders. Thus, this review explores our current understanding of intricate interplay between mitochondria and other cellular processes like autophagy in controlling mitochondrial homeostasis and regulation of innate immunity and inflammatory responses.
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19
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Xia Y, Liu N, Xie X, Bi G, Ba H, Li L, Zhang J, Deng X, Yao Y, Tang Z, Yin B, Wang J, Jiang K, Li Z, Choi Y, Gong F, Cheng X, O'Shea JJ, Chae JJ, Laurence A, Yang XP. The macrophage-specific V-ATPase subunit ATP6V0D2 restricts inflammasome activation and bacterial infection by facilitating autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Autophagy 2019; 15:960-975. [PMID: 30681394 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1569916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a conserved ubiquitous pathway that performs diverse roles in health and disease. Although many key, widely expressed proteins that regulate autophagosome formation followed by lysosomal fusion have been identified, the possibilities of cell-specific elements that contribute to the autophagy fusion machinery have not been explored. Here we show that a macrophage-specific isoform of the vacuolar ATPase protein ATP6V0D2/subunit d2 is dispensable for lysosome acidification, but promotes the completion of autophagy via promotion of autophagosome-lysosome fusion through its interaction with STX17 and VAMP8. Atp6v0d2-deficient macrophages have augmented mitochondrial damage, enhanced inflammasome activation and reduced clearance of Salmonella typhimurium. The susceptibility of atp6v0d2 knockout mice to DSS-induced colitis and Salmonella typhimurium-induced death, highlights the in vivo significance of ATP6V0D2-mediated autophagosome-lysosome fusion. Together, our data identify ATP6V0D2 as a key component of macrophage-specific autophagosome-lysosome fusion machinery maintaining macrophage organelle homeostasis and, in turn, limiting both inflammation and bacterial infection. Abbreviations: ACTB/β-actin: actin, beta; ATG14: autophagy related 14; ATG16L1: autophagy related 16-like 1 (S. cerevisiae); ATP6V0D1/2: ATPase, H+ transporting, lysosomal V0 subunit D1/2; AIM2: absent in melanoma 2; BMDM: bone marrow-derived macrophage; CASP1: caspase 1; CGD: chronic granulomatous disease; CSF1/M-CSF: colony stimulating factor 1 (macrophage); CTSB: cathepsin B; DSS: dextran sodium sulfate; IL1B: interleukin 1 beta; IL6: interleukin 6; IRGM: immunity-related GTPase family M member; KO: knockout; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; LPS: lipo-polysaccaride; NLRP3: NLR family, pyrin domain containing 3; PYCARD/ASC: PYD and CARD domain containing; SNARE: soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor; SNAP29: synaptosomal-associated protein 29; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; STX17: syntaxin 17; TLR: toll-like receptor; TNF: tumor necrosis factor ; TOMM20: translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20; ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1; VAMP8: vesicle-associated membrane protein 8; WT: wild type; 3-MA: 3-methyladenine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- a Department of Immunology , School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Na Liu
- a Department of Immunology , School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Xiuxiu Xie
- a Department of Immunology , School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Guoyu Bi
- a Department of Immunology , School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Hongping Ba
- a Department of Immunology , School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Lin Li
- a Department of Immunology , School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Jinxia Zhang
- a Department of Immunology , School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Xiaofei Deng
- a Department of Immunology , School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Yao Yao
- b Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Zhaohui Tang
- b Department of Surgery, Tongji Hospital , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Binjiao Yin
- a Department of Immunology , School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Jing Wang
- a Department of Immunology , School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Kan Jiang
- c Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section , NIAMS, NIH , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Zhuoya Li
- a Department of Immunology , School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Yongwon Choi
- d Perelman School of Medicine , University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Feili Gong
- a Department of Immunology , School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - Xiang Cheng
- e Laboratory of Cardiovascular Immunology, Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital , Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
| | - John J O'Shea
- c Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section , NIAMS, NIH , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Jae Jin Chae
- f Inflammatory Disease Section , NHGRI, NIH , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Arian Laurence
- g Translational Gastroentology Unit, Nuffield department of medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital , University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
| | - Xiang-Ping Yang
- a Department of Immunology , School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , China
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20
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McWherter C, Choi YJ, Serrano RL, Mahata SK, Terkeltaub R, Liu-Bryan R. Arhalofenate acid inhibits monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammatory responses through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling. Arthritis Res Ther 2018; 20:204. [PMID: 30189890 PMCID: PMC6127987 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-018-1699-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Arhalofenate acid, the active acid form of arhalofenate, is a non-agonist peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) ligand, with uricosuric activity via URAT1 inhibition. Phase II studies revealed decreased acute arthritis flares in arhalofenate-treated gout compared with allopurinol alone. Hence, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of arhalofenate and its active acid form for responses to monosodium urate (MSU) crystals. Methods We assessed in-vivo responses to MSU crystals in murine subcutaneous air pouches and in-vitro responses in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), SDS-PAGE/Western blot, immunostaining, and transmission electron microscopy analyses. Results Oral administration of arhalofenate (250 mg/kg) blunted total leukocyte ingress, neutrophil influx, and air pouch fluid interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and CXCL1 in response to MSU crystal injection (p < 0.05 for each). Arhalofenate acid (100 μM) attenuated MSU crystal-induced IL-1β production in BMDMs via inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In addition, arhalofenate acid dose-dependently increased activation (as assessed by phosphorylation) of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Studying AMPKα1 knockout mice, we elucidated that AMPK mediated the anti-inflammatory effects of arhalofenate acid. Moreover, arhalofenate acid attenuated the capacity of MSU crystals to suppress AMPK activity, regulated expression of multiple downstream AMPK targets that modulate mitochondrial function and oxidative stress, preserved intact mitochondrial cristae and volume density, and promoted anti-inflammatory autophagy flux in BMDMs. Conclusions Arhalofenate acid is anti-inflammatory and acts via AMPK activation and its downstream signaling in macrophages. These effects likely contribute to a reduction of gout flares. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13075-018-1699-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ramon L Serrano
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.,University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sushil K Mahata
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.,University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Robert Terkeltaub
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA.,University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Ru Liu-Bryan
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA. .,University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA.
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21
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AIM2 is a potential therapeutic target in human renal carcinoma and suppresses its invasion and metastasis via enhancing autophagy induction. Exp Cell Res 2018; 370:561-570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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22
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Triggering of inflammasome by impaired autophagy in response to acute experimental Parkinson's disease: involvement of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Neuroreport 2018; 28:996-1007. [PMID: 28902711 PMCID: PMC5610561 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that the inflammasome activation is involved in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. However, the relation between Parkinson's disease (PD) and the inflammasome is still unclear. This study was designed to assess the involvement of inflammasome in acute experimental PD. Specifically, acute PD was induced in C57BL/6 mice by an injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). At seven days from MPTP induction, mice were euthanized and the midbrains were sampled to carry out immunohistochemical evaluations and western blot analysis. Our results show the activation of Nod-like receptor-3 inflammasome in acute MPTP mice, as suggested by the increase of nuclear factor-κB expression, which represents the first signal for inflammasome induction. The Nod-like receptor-3 assembly induces the activation of caspase-1, which in turn activates interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 production, as confirmed by our evaluations. A dysregulation of autophagy system was also found in acute MPTP mice by looking at the expression of Beclin-1, LC-3, and Bcl-2, chosen as markers of autophagy. Thus, in an effort to identify the molecular mechanism underlying the well-known crosstalk between autophagy and the inflammasome, we evaluated the involvement of the phosphoinositide-3 kinase/protein kinase-B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) pathway, which plays a key role in autophagy. Our results showed a clear upregulation of this signaling after MPTP induction. Taken together, our findings suggest that the triggering of inflammasome could be linked to impaired autophagy because of aberrant upstream activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Finally, our results propose the inflammasome as a new potential therapeutic target in the management of PD.
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23
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Li L, Yang R, Feng M, Guo Y, Wang Y, Guo J, Lu X. Rig-I is involved in inflammation through the IPS-1/TRAF 6 pathway in astrocytes under chemical hypoxia. Neurosci Lett 2018; 672:46-52. [PMID: 29474875 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I) is a crucial cytoplasmic pathogen recognition receptor involved in neuroinflammation in degenerative diseases. In the present study, in vitro human astrocytes were subjected to a chemical hypoxia model using cobalt chloride pretreatment. Chemical hypoxia induces the up-regulation of RIG-I in astrocytes and results in the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in an NF-κB dependent manner. Elevated RIG-I modulates the interaction of interferon-β promoter stimulator-1 (IPS-1) and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) following chemical hypoxia. Inhibition of IPS-1 or TRAF6 suppresses RIG-I-induced NF-κB activation and inflammatory cytokines in response to chemical hypoxia. These data suggest that chemical hypoxia leads to RIG-I activation and the expression of inflammatory cytokines through the NF-κB pathway. Blocking IPS-1/TRAF6 pathway relieves RIG-I-induced neuroinflammation in astrocytes subjected to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, Jiangsu, China; Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Rongli Yang
- Department of Geriatrics, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221002, China
| | - Meijiang Feng
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, Jiangsu, China
| | - YiChen Guo
- School of medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - YuXuan Wang
- School of medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Guo
- School of medicine and Life Sciences, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiang Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210011, Jiangsu, China.
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24
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Disruption of metabolic homeostasis is universal in the critically ill. Macronutrients and micronutrients are major environmental regulators of metabolite production through their gene regulation effects. The study of large numbers of circulating metabolites is beginning to emerge through the comprehensive profiling of the critically ill. In the critically ill, metabolomic studies consistently show that changes in fatty acids, lipids and tryptophan metabolite pathways are common and are associated with disease state and outcomes. RECENT FINDINGS Metabolomics is now being applied in research studies to determine the critical illness response to nutrient deficiency and delivery. Nutritional metabolomics approaches in nutrient deficiency, malnutrition and nutrient delivery have included single time point studies and dynamic studies of critically ill patients over time. Integration of metabolomics and clinical outcome data may create a more complete understanding of the control of metabolism in critical illness. SUMMARY The integration of metabolomic profiling with transcription and genomic data may allow for a unique window into the mechanism of how nutrient deficiency and delivery alters cellular homeostasis during critical illness and modulates the regain of cellular homeostasis during recovery. The progress and the challenges of the study of nutritional metabolomics are reviewed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth B Christopher
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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25
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Novel Role of vBcl2 in the Virion Assembly of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00914-17. [PMID: 29167347 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00914-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The viral Bcl-2 homolog (vBcl2) of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) displays efficient antiapoptotic and antiautophagic activity through its central BH3 domain, which functions to prolong the life span of virus-infected cells and ultimately enhances virus replication and latency. Independent of its antiapoptotic and antiautophagic activity, vBcl2 also plays an essential role in KSHV lytic replication through its amino-terminal amino acids (aa) 11 to 20. Here, we report a novel molecular mechanism of vBcl2-mediated regulation of KSHV lytic replication. vBcl2 specifically bound the tegument protein open reading frame 55 (ORF55) through its amino-terminal aa 11 to 20, allowing their association with virions. Consequently, the vBcl2 peptide derived from vBcl2 aa 11 to 20 effectively disrupted the interaction between vBcl2 and ORF55, inhibiting the incorporation of the ORF55 tegument protein into virions. This study provides new insight into vBcl2's function in KSHV virion assembly that is separable from its inhibitory role in host apoptosis and autophagy.IMPORTANCE KSHV, an important human pathogen accounting for a large percentage of virally caused cancers worldwide, has evolved a variety of stratagems for evading host immune responses to establish lifelong persistent infection. Upon viral infection, infected cells can go through programmed cell death, including apoptosis and autophagy, which plays an effective role in antiviral responses. To counter the host response, KSHV vBcl2 efficiently blocks apoptosis and autophagy to persist for the life span of virus-infected cells. Besides its anti-programmed-cell-death activity, vBcl2 also interacts with the ORF55 tegument protein for virion assembly in infected cells. Interestingly, the vBcl2 peptide disrupts the vBcl2-ORF55 interaction and effectively inhibits KSHV virion assembly. This study indicates that KSHV vBcl2 harbors at least three genetically separable functions to modulate both host cell death signaling and virion production and that the vBcl2 peptide can be developed as an anti-KSHV therapeutic application.
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26
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Sachdev U, Lotze MT. Perpetual change: autophagy, the endothelium, and response to vascular injury. J Leukoc Biol 2017; 102:221-235. [PMID: 28626046 PMCID: PMC6608075 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru1116-484rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Current studies of vascular health, aging, and autophagy emphasize how the endothelium adapts to stress and contributes to disease. The endothelium is far from an inert barrier to blood-borne cells, pathogens, and chemical signals; rather, it actively translates circulating mediators into tissue responses, changing rapidly in response to physiologic stressors. Macroautophagy-the cellular ingestion of effete organelles and protein aggregates to provide anabolic substrates to fuel bioenergetics in times of stress-plays an important role in endothelial cell homeostasis, vascular remodeling, and disease. These roles include regulating vascular tone, sustaining or limiting cell survival, and contributing to the development of atherosclerosis secondary to infection, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Autophagy modulates these critical functions of the endothelium in a dynamic and perpetual response to tissue and intravascular cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulka Sachdev
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael T Lotze
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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27
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Wenzel P, Kossmann S, Münzel T, Daiber A. Redox regulation of cardiovascular inflammation - Immunomodulatory function of mitochondrial and Nox-derived reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 109:48-60. [PMID: 28108279 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a major hallmark of cardiovascular diseases although a causal link was so far not proven by large clinical trials. However, there is a close association between oxidative stress and inflammation and increasing evidence for a causal role of (low-grade) inflammation for the onset and progression of cardiovascular diseases, which may serve as the missing link between oxidative stress and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. With the present review we would like to highlight the multiple redox regulated pathways in inflammation, discuss the sources of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that are of interest for these processes and finally discuss the importance of angiotensin II (AT-II) as a trigger of cardiovascular inflammation and the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Wenzel
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Center of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Mainz, Germany
| | - Sabine Kossmann
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Center of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thomas Münzel
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Center of Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Mainz, Germany
| | - Andreas Daiber
- Center for Cardiology, Cardiology 1, Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany; Partner Site Rhine-Main, German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Mainz, Germany.
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28
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Jin HS, Suh HW, Kim SJ, Jo EK. Mitochondrial Control of Innate Immunity and Inflammation. Immune Netw 2017; 17:77-88. [PMID: 28458619 PMCID: PMC5407986 DOI: 10.4110/in.2017.17.2.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key organelles involved in energy production, functioning as the metabolic hubs of cells. Recent findings emphasize the emerging role of the mitochondrion as a key intracellular signaling platform regulating innate immune and inflammatory responses. Several mitochondrial proteins and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species have emerged as central players orchestrating the innate immune responses to pathogens and damaging ligands. This review explores our current understanding of the roles played by mitochondria in regulation of innate immunity and inflammatory responses. Recent advances in our understanding of the relationship between autophagy, mitochondria, and inflammasome activation are also briefly discussed. A comprehensive understanding of mitochondrial role in toll-like receptor-mediated innate immune responses and NLRP3 inflammasome complex activation, will facilitate development of novel therapeutics to treat various infectious, inflammatory, and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Sun Jin
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.,Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Suh
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.,Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
| | - Seong-Jun Kim
- Center for Convergent Research of Emerging Virus Infection, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea.,Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015, Korea
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29
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Li H, Wu J, Shen H, Yao X, Liu C, Pianta S, Han J, Borlongan CV, Chen G. Autophagy in hemorrhagic stroke: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 163-164:79-97. [PMID: 28414101 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence advances the critical role of autophagy in brain pathology after stroke. Investigations employing autophagy induction or inhibition using pharmacological tools or autophagy-related gene knockout mice have recently revealed the biological significance of intact and functional autophagy in stroke. Most of the reported cases attest to a pro-survival role for autophagy in stroke, by facilitating removal of damaged proteins and organelles, which can be recycled for energy generation and cellular defenses. However, these observations are difficult to reconcile with equally compelling evidence demonstrating stroke-induced upregulation of brain cell death index that parallels enhanced autophagy. This begs the question of whether drug-induced autophagy during stroke culminates in improved or worsened pathological outcomes. A corollary fascinating hypothesis, but presents as a tricky conundrum, involves the effects of autophagy on cell death and inflammation, which are two main culprits in the disease progression of stroke-induced brain injury. Evidence has extended the roles of autophagy in inflammation via cytokine regulation in an unconventional secretion manner or by targeting inflammasomes for degradation. Moreover, in the recently concluded Vancouver Autophagy Symposium (VAS) held in 2014, the potential of selective autophagy for clinical treatment has been recognized. The role of autophagy in ischemic stroke has been reviewed previously in detail. Here, we evaluate the strength of laboratory and clinical evidence by providing a comprehensive summary of the literature on autophagy, and thereafter we offer our perspectives on exploiting autophagy as a drug target for cerebral ischemia, especially in hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiyang Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chenglin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - S Pianta
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine,12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - J Han
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine,12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - C V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine,12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China.
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30
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Debye B, Schmülling L, Zhou L, Rune G, Beyer C, Johann S. Neurodegeneration and NLRP3 inflammasome expression in the anterior thalamus of SOD1(G93A) ALS mice. Brain Pathol 2017; 28:14-27. [PMID: 27880990 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is considered as a multisystem disorder, characterized by a primary degeneration of motor neurons as well as neuropathological changes in non-motor regions. Neurodegeneration in subcortical areas, such as the thalamus, are believed to contribute to cognitive and behavioral abnormalities in ALS patients. In the present study, we investigated neurodegenerative changes including neuronal loss and glia pathology in the anterodorsal thalamic nucleus (AD) of SOD1(G93A) mice, a widely used animal model for ALS. We detected massive dendrite swelling and neuronal loss in SOD1(G93A) animals, which was accompanied by a mild gliosis. Furthermore, misfolded SOD1 protein and autophagy markers were accumulating in the AD. Since innate immunity and activation inflammasomes seem to play a crucial role in ALS, we examined protein expression of Nod-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase-1 recruitment domain (ASC) and the cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL1β) in AD glial cells and neurons. NLRP3 and ASC were significantly up-regulated in the AD of SOD1(G93A) mice. Finally, co-localization studies revealed expression of NLRP3, ASC and IL1β in neurons. Our study yielded two main findings: (i) neurodegenerative changes already occur at an early symptomatic stage in the AD and (ii) increased inflammasome expression may contribute to neuronal cell death. In conclusion, neurodegeneration in the anterior thalamus may critically account for cognitive changes in ALS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Debye
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Wendlingweg 2, Germany
| | - Lena Schmülling
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Wendlingweg 2, Germany
| | - Lepu Zhou
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, Germany
| | - Gabriele Rune
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Martinistraße 52, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Wendlingweg 2, Germany
| | - Sonja Johann
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Wendlingweg 2, Germany
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Chloroquine improves the response to ischemic muscle injury and increases HMGB1 after arterial ligation. J Vasc Surg 2017; 67:910-921. [PMID: 28259568 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have previously shown that exogenous administration of the nuclear protein high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) improves angiogenesis after tissue ischemia. Antagonizing HMGB1 prolongs muscle necrosis and deters regeneration. In this study, we evaluated HMGB1 expression in peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and the mechanisms that promote its release in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia. Specifically, we investigated how chloroquine (CQ), a commonly employed disease-modifying antirheumatic drug, promotes HMGB1 release from muscle. We hypothesized that CQ could increase HMGB1 locally and systemically, allowing it to mediate recovery from ischemic injury. METHODS Muscle biopsies were performed on patients undergoing lower extremity surgery for non-PAD-related disease as well as for claudication and critical limb ischemia. Clinical symptoms and ankle-brachial indices were recorded for each patient. HMGB1 was detected in muscle sections using immunohistochemical staining. Unilateral femoral artery ligation was performed on both wild-type and inducible HMGB1 knockout mice. Wild-type mice were administered intraperitoneal CQ 2 weeks before and after femoral artery ligation. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging was used to determine perfusion recovery. Serum and tissue levels of HMGB1 were measured at designated time points. In vitro, cultured C2C12 myoblasts were treated with increasing doses of CQ. HMGB1, autophagosome formation, p62/SQSTM1 accumulation, caspase-1 expression and activity, and lactate dehydrogenase levels were measured in supernatants and cell lysates. RESULTS Nuclear expression of HMGB1 was prominent in patients with claudication and critical limb ischemia (P < .05) compared with controls. CQ-treated mice had elevated serum HMGB1 and diffuse HMGB1 staining in muscle (P < .01). In wild-type mice, CQ treatment resulted in higher laser Doppler perfusion imaging ratios in the ischemic limb at 7 days (P < .03) and less fat replacement after 2 weeks (P < .03). In cultured myoblasts, CQ induced autophagosome accumulation, inhibited p62/SQSTM-1 degradation, and activated caspase-1. CONCLUSIONS HMGB1 is prominently expressed in PAD muscle but mostly confined to the nucleus. Our in vivo data suggest that HMGB1 mobilization into the sarcoplasm and serum can be increased with CQ, possibly through caspase-1-mediated pathways. Whereas HMGB1 can be released by many cell types, these studies suggest that the muscle may be an important additional source that is relevant in PAD.
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Roles of Mitochondrial DNA Signaling in Immune Responses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1038:39-53. [PMID: 29178068 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-6674-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) plays an important role in immune responses during the evolution. The present chapter systemically describes its role on immune-related diseases and its interaction on immune responses. It is important to explore the main function and mechanisms of mtDNA in immune responses by which mtDNA regulates the signaling pathways of Toll-like receptor 9, autophagy, and STING. There are potentials to discover therapeutic targets of mtDNA in immune diseases and inflammation. It will be more exciting if the CRISPR-Cas9 method can be applied for mtDNA gene editing to cure diseases and provide a novel insight of mtDNA in immune responses as well as new therapies.
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Chen RJ, Lee YH, Yeh YL, Wang YJ, Wang BJ. The Roles of Autophagy and the Inflammasome during Environmental Stress-Triggered Skin Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E2063. [PMID: 27941683 PMCID: PMC5187863 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory skin diseases are the most common problem in dermatology. The induction of skin inflammation by environmental stressors such as ultraviolet radiation (UVR), hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) and TiO₂/ZnO/Ag nanoparticles (NPs) has been demonstrated previously. Recent studies have indicated that the inflammasome is often wrongly activated by these environmental irritants, thus inducing massive inflammation and resulting in the development of inflammatory diseases. The regulation of the inflammasome with respect to skin inflammation is complex and is still not completely understood. Autophagy, an intracellular degradation system that is associated with the maintenance of cellular homeostasis, plays a key role in inflammasome inactivation. As a housekeeping pathway, cells utilize autophagy to maintain the homeostasis of the organ structure and function when exposed to environmental stressors. However, only a few studies have examined the effect of autophagy and/or the inflammasome on skin pathogenesis. Here we review recent findings regarding the involvement of autophagy and inflammasome activation during skin inflammation. We posit that autophagy induction is a novel mechanism inter-modulating environmental stressor-induced skin inflammation. We also attempt to highlight the role of the inflammasome and the possible underlying mechanisms and pathways reflecting the pathogenesis of skin inflammation induced by UVR, Cr(VI) and TiO₂/ZnO/Ag NPs. A more profound understanding about the crosstalk between autophagy and the inflammasome will contribute to the development of prevention and intervention strategies against human skin disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jane Chen
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
| | - Ya-Ling Yeh
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Jan Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| | - Bour-Jr Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan 70428, Taiwan.
- Department of Cosmetic Science and Institute of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan.
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Gao H, Song Y, Liu C, Liang Q. KSHV strategies for host dsDNA sensing machinery. Virol Sin 2016; 31:466-471. [PMID: 27933565 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-016-3877-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system utilizes pattern recognition receptors cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) to sense cytosolic double-stranded (ds) DNA and initiate type 1 interferon signaling and autophagy pathway, which collaborate to limit pathogen infections as well as alarm the adaptive immune response. The genomes of herpesviruses are large dsDNA, which represent a major class of pathogen signatures recognized by cellular DNA sensor cGAS. However, to successfully establish the persistent infection, herpesviruses have evolved their viral genes to modulate different aspects of host immune signaling. This review summarizes the evasion strategies of host cGAS DNA sensing pathway by Kaposi's Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV) and their contributions to KSHV life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Gao
- Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Yanyan Song
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130041, China
| | - Chengrong Liu
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Qiming Liang
- Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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Peckham D, Scambler T, Savic S, McDermott MF. The burgeoning field of innate immune-mediated disease and autoinflammation. J Pathol 2016; 241:123-139. [PMID: 27682255 DOI: 10.1002/path.4812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Immune-mediated autoinflammatory diseases are occupying an increasingly prominent position among the pantheon of debilitating conditions that afflict humankind. This review focuses on some of the key developments that have occurred since the original description of autoinflammatory disease in 1999, and focuses on underlying mechanisms that trigger autoinflammation. The monogenic autoinflammatory disease range has expanded considerably during that time, and now includes a broad spectrum of disorders, including relatively common conditions such as cystic fibrosis and subsets of systemic lupus erythematosus. The innate immune system also plays a key role in the pathogenesis of complex inflammatory disorders. We have proposed a new nomenclature to accommodate the rapidly increasing number of monogenic disorders, which predispose to either autoinflammation or autoimmunity or, indeed, combinations of both. This new terminology also encompasses a wide spectrum of genetically determined autoinflammatory diseases, with variable clinical manifestations of immunodeficiency and immune dysregulation/autoimmunity. We also explore some of the ramifications of the breakthrough discovery of the physiological role of pyrin and the search for identifiable factors that may serve to trigger attacks of autoinflammation. The evidence that pyrin, as part of the pyrin inflammasome, acts as a sensor of different inactivating bacterial modification Rho GTPases, rather than interacting directly with these microbial products, sets the stage for a better understanding of the role of microorganisms and infections in the autoinflammatory disorders. Finally, we discuss some of the triggers of autoinflammation as well as potential therapeutic interventions aimed at enhancing autophagy and proteasome degradation pathways. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Peckham
- Leeds Centre for Cystic Fibrosis, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Thomas Scambler
- National Institute for Health Research-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit (NIHR-LMBRU) and Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Sinisa Savic
- National Institute for Health Research-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit (NIHR-LMBRU) and Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
| | - Michael F McDermott
- National Institute for Health Research-Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit (NIHR-LMBRU) and Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James's University Hospital, Leeds, UK
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Santarelli R, Granato M, Pentassuglia G, Lacconi V, Gilardini Montani MS, Gonnella R, Tafani M, Torrisi MR, Faggioni A, Cirone M. KSHV reduces autophagy in THP-1 cells and in differentiating monocytes by decreasing CAST/calpastatin and ATG5 expression. Autophagy 2016; 12:2311-2325. [PMID: 27715410 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2016.1235122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) impairs monocyte differentiation into dendritic cells (DCs). Macroautophagy/autophagy has been reported to be essential in such a differentiating process. Here we extended these studies and found that the impairment of DC formation by KSHV occurs through autophagy inhibition. KSHV indeed reduces CAST (calpastatin) and consequently decreases ATG5 expression in both THP-1 monocytoid cells and primary monocytes. We unveiled a new mechanism put in place by KSHV to escape from immune control. The discovery of viral immune suppressive strategies that contribute to the onset and progression of viral-associated malignancies is of fundamental importance for finding new therapeutic approaches against them.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Santarelli
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - M Granato
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - G Pentassuglia
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - V Lacconi
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | | | - R Gonnella
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - M Tafani
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - M R Torrisi
- b Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti , Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy.,c Azienda Ospedaliera Sant'Andrea , Rome , Italy
| | - A Faggioni
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - M Cirone
- a Department of Experimental Medicine , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
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Margaritopoulos GA, Lasithiotaki I, Antoniou KM. Toll-like receptors and autophagy in interstitial lung diseases. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 808:28-34. [PMID: 27687957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) include a number of diseases whose pathogenesis still is not fully understood. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most frequent and severe form of ILDs is an epithelial-driven disease and the treatment consists of the use of antifibrotic agents. In the rest of ILDs an inflammation-driven pathway is believed to be the main pathogenetic mechanism and treatment consists of the use of immunomodulatory agents. In both groups it is believed that infection can play an important role in the development and progression of the diseases. The immune system can recognize exogenous threats or endogenous stress through specialized receptors namely pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) which in turn, initiate downstream signaling pathways to control immune responses. Recently, a link between PRRs and autophagy, a specialized biological process involved in maintaining cellular homeostasis but also involved in various immunologic processes, has been described. In this review, we focus on the reciprocal influences of PRRs with particular emphasis on Toll-like receptors and autophagy in modulating innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ismini Lasithiotaki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pneumonology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Katerina M Antoniou
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pneumonology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71110, Greece
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Bullón P, Alcocer-Gómez E, Carrión AM, Marín-Aguilar F, Garrido-Maraver J, Román-Malo L, Ruiz-Cabello J, Culic O, Ryffel B, Apetoh L, Ghiringhelli F, Battino M, Sánchez-Alcazar JA, Cordero MD. AMPK Phosphorylation Modulates Pain by Activation of NLRP3 Inflammasome. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 24:157-70. [PMID: 26132721 PMCID: PMC4742979 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Impairment in adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity and NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation are associated with several metabolic and inflammatory diseases. In this study, we investigated the role of AMPK/NLRP3 inflammasome axis in the molecular mechanism underlying pain perception. RESULTS Impairment in AMPK activation induced by compound C or sunitinib, two AMPK inhibitors, provoked hyperalgesia in mice (p<0.001) associated with marked NLRP3 inflammasome protein activation and increased serum levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (24.56±0.82 pg/ml) and IL-18 (23.83±1.882 pg/ml) compared with vehicle groups (IL-1β: 8.15±0.44; IL-18: 4.92±0.4). This effect was rescued by increasing AMPK phosphorylation via metformin treatment (p<0.001), caloric restriction diet (p<0.001), or NLRP3 inflammasome genetic inactivation using NLRP3 knockout (nlrp3(-/-)) mice (p<0.001). Deficient AMPK activation and overactivation of NLRP3 inflammasome axis were also observed in blood cells from patients with fibromyalgia (FM), a prevalent human chronic pain disease. In addition, metformin treatment (200 mg/daily), which increased AMPK activation, restored all biochemical alterations examined by us in blood cells and significantly improved clinical symptoms, such as, pain, fatigue, depression, disturbed sleep, and tender points, in patients with FM. INNOVATION AND CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that AMPK/NLRP3 inflammasome axis participates in chronic pain and that NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition by AMPK modulation may be a novel therapeutic target to fight against chronic pain and inflammatory diseases as FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Bullón
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)/Research Laboratory, Oral Medicine Department, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Elísabet Alcocer-Gómez
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)/Research Laboratory, Oral Medicine Department, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-Junta de Andalucía and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Angel M. Carrión
- División de Neurociencias, Universidad Pablo de Olavide de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Fabiola Marín-Aguilar
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)/Research Laboratory, Oral Medicine Department, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan Garrido-Maraver
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-Junta de Andalucía and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Lourdes Román-Malo
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)/Research Laboratory, Oral Medicine Department, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jesus Ruiz-Cabello
- CIBER de Enfermedades Respiratorias, Madrid, Spain; Advanced Imaging Unit, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, and Universidad Complutense Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ognjen Culic
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Lionel Apetoh
- INSERM, UMR866, Dijon, France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- INSERM, UMR866, Dijon, France
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, Dijon, France
- Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, France
| | - Maurizio Battino
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche Specialistiche ed Odontostomatologiche–Sez. Biochimica, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - José Antonio Sánchez-Alcazar
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), Universidad Pablo de Olavide-CSIC-Junta de Andalucía and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mario D. Cordero
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)/Research Laboratory, Oral Medicine Department, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Brickle A, Tran HT, Lim R, Liong S, Lappas M. Autophagy, which is decreased in labouring fetal membranes, regulates IL-1β production via the inflammasome. Placenta 2015; 36:1393-404. [PMID: 26545961 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION IL-1β plays a vital role in the terminal processes of human labour and delivery. Inflammasome activation is required to process pro IL-1β to an active, secreted molecule. Recent studies have shown that autophagy regulates IL-1β via the inflammasome. The aims were to determine the effect of (i) human spontaneous term and preterm labour on the expression of autophagy proteins in fetal membranes; and (ii) autophagy inhibition on IL-1β release. METHODS Fetal membranes, from term and preterm, were obtained from non-labouring and labouring women. Tissue explants were used to determine the effect of inhibition of autophagy on IL-1β secretion. RESULTS Expression of the autophagy proteins Beclin-1, Atg3, Atg5, Atg7, Atg12, Atg16L1 were lower after spontaneous term labour. Beclin-1 and Atg7 expression were lower after spontaneous preterm labour. Beclin-1, Atg3, and Atg7 expression were lower after preterm pre-labour rupture of membranes (PPROM) compared to preterm with intact membranes. LC3B-I expression was higher after spontaneous term and preterm labour and with PPROM; there was no difference in LC3B-II expression between the two groups. The autophagy inhibitor LY290042 increased IL-1β secretion in the presence of bacterial endotoxin LPS; IL-1β secretion was ameliorated in the presence inflammasome inhibitors. DISCUSSION Autophagy is decreased in fetal membranes after spontaneous labour and delivery, and PPROM. Inhibition of autophagy regulates the secretion of IL-1β via inflammasome activation. IL-1β is a major contributor to the pathophysiology of spontaneous preterm birth. Therefore activation of autophagy may be a potential therapeutic mechanism to delay or prevent infection-induced preterm birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia Brickle
- Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ha Thi Tran
- Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ratana Lim
- Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stella Liong
- Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Martha Lappas
- Mercy Perinatal Research Centre, Mercy Hospital for Women, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia; Obstetrics, Nutrition and Endocrinology Group, Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Ali BM, Zaitone SA, Shouman SA, Moustafa YM. Dorzolamide synergizes the antitumor activity of mitomycin C against Ehrlich’s carcinoma grown in mice: role of thioredoxin-interacting protein. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:1271-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Esch KJ, Schaut RG, Lamb IM, Clay G, Morais Lima ÁL, do Nascimento PRP, Whitley EM, Jeronimo SMB, Sutterwala FS, Haynes JS, Petersen CA. Activation of autophagy and nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome during Leishmania infantum-associated glomerulonephritis. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:2105-17. [PMID: 26079813 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a major contributor to human and companion animal morbidity and mortality. Renal complications are sequelae of canine and human visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Despite the high incidence of infection-mediated glomerulonephritis, little is known about pathogenesis of VL-associated renal disease. Leishmania infantum-infected dogs are a naturally occurring model of VL-associated glomerulonephritis. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis type I [24 of 25 (96%)], with interstitial lymphoplasmacytic nephritis [23 of 25 (92%)], and glomerular and interstitial fibrosis [12 of 25 (48%)] were predominant lesions. An ultrastructural evaluation of glomeruli from animals with VL identified mesangial cell proliferation and interposition. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated significant Leishmania antigen, IgG, and C3b deposition in VL dog glomeruli. Asymptomatic and symptomatic dogs had increased glomerular nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3 and autophagosome-associated microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 associated with glomerular lesion severity. Transcriptional analyses from symptomatic dogs confirmed induction of autophagy and inflammasome genes within glomeruli and tubules. On the basis of temporal VL staging, glomerulonephritis was initiated by IgG and complement deposition. This deposition preceded presence of nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3-associated inflammasomes and increased light chain 3 puncta indicative of autophagosomes in glomeruli from dogs with clinical VL and renal failure. These findings indicate potential roles for inflammasome complexes in glomerular damage during VL and autophagy in ensuing cellular responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Esch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Robert G Schaut
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ian M Lamb
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Gwendolyn Clay
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ádila L Morais Lima
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Paulo R P do Nascimento
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Elizabeth M Whitley
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Selma M B Jeronimo
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Fayyaz S Sutterwala
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Joseph S Haynes
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Christine A Petersen
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
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Yu SJ, Liao EC, Sheu ML, Chang DTM, Tsai JJ. Cell-penetrating peptide derived from human eosinophil cationic protein inhibits mite allergen Der p 2 induced inflammasome activation. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121393. [PMID: 25807144 PMCID: PMC4373874 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Newly discovered cell penetration peptides derived from human eosinophil cationic proteins (CPPecp) have the characteristic of cell internalization, but the effect of CPPecp on immunomodulation has not been clarified. House dust mite (HDM) major allergen, Der p 2, can induce proinflammatory cytokine production which contributes to airway inflammation and allergic asthma. However, the mechanism of Der p 2 on NLRP3 inflammasome activation remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the immunomodulatory effect of CPPecp on inhibition of Der p 2 induced inflammasome activation. We showed that proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 were significantly upregulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from HDM allergic patients after Der p 2 stimulation. Expression of NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, IL-1β and Caspase-1 activity was upregulated in THP-1 cells after Der p 2 stimulation. Proinflammatory cytokine production, NLRP3 inflammasome activation and caspase-1 activity were downregulated in THP-1 cells and CD14+ cells co-cultured with Der p 2 and CPPecp. The immunomodulatory effect of CPPecp was through upregulation of IFN-α production but not induction of autophagy. These results suggested Der p 2 plays an important role in NLRP3 inflammasome activation and CPPecp has the potential to be a novel anti-inflammatory agent for allergic inflammation treatment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jie Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - En-Chih Liao
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of BioIndustry Technology, Da Yeh University, Changhua, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Technology, Jen Ten College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Meei-Ling Sheu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | | | - Jaw-Ji Tsai
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Section of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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43
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Identification of the Essential Role of Viral Bcl-2 for Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Lytic Replication. J Virol 2015; 89:5308-17. [PMID: 25740994 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00102-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) evades host defenses through tight suppression of autophagy by targeting each step of its signal transduction: by viral Bcl-2 (vBcl-2) in vesicle nucleation, by viral FLIP (vFLIP) in vesicle elongation, and by K7 in vesicle maturation. By exploring the roles of KSHV autophagy-modulating genes, we found, surprisingly, that vBcl-2 is essential for KSHV lytic replication, whereas vFLIP and K7 are dispensable. Knocking out vBcl-2 from the KSHV genome resulted in decreased lytic gene expression at the mRNA and protein levels, a lower viral DNA copy number, and, consequently, a dramatic reduction in the amount of progeny infectious viruses, as also described in the accompanying article (A. Gelgor, I. Kalt, S. Bergson, K. F. Brulois, J. U. Jung, and R. Sarid, J Virol 89:5298-5307, 2015). More importantly, the antiapoptotic and antiautophagic functions of vBcl-2 were not required for KSHV lytic replication. Using a comprehensive mutagenesis analysis, we identified that glutamic acid 14 (E14) of vBcl-2 is critical for KSHV lytic replication. Mutating E14 to alanine totally blocked KSHV lytic replication but showed little or no effect on the antiapoptotic and antiautophagic functions of vBcl-2. Our study indicates that vBcl-2 harbors at least three important and genetically separable functions to modulate both cellular signaling and the virus life cycle. IMPORTANCE The present study shows for the first time that vBcl-2 is essential for KSHV lytic replication. Removal of the vBcl-2 gene results in a lower level of KSHV lytic gene expression, impaired viral DNA replication, and consequently, a dramatic reduction in the level of progeny production. More importantly, the role of vBcl-2 in KSHV lytic replication is genetically separated from its antiapoptotic and antiautophagic functions, suggesting that the KSHV Bcl-2 carries a novel function in viral lytic replication.
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Cole J, Aberdein J, Jubrail J, Dockrell DH. The role of macrophages in the innate immune response to Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus: mechanisms and contrasts. Adv Microb Physiol 2014; 65:125-202. [PMID: 25476766 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are critical mediators of innate immune responses against bacteria. The Gram-positive bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus express a range of virulence factors, which challenge macrophages' immune competence. We review how macrophages respond to this challenge. Macrophages employ a range of strategies to phagocytose and kill each pathogen. When the macrophages capacity to clear bacteria is overwhelmed macrophages play important roles in orchestrating the inflammatory response through pattern recognition receptor-mediated responses. Macrophages also ensure the inflammatory response is tightly constrained, to avoid tissue damage, and play an important role in downregulating the inflammatory response once initial bacterial replication is controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joby Cole
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jody Aberdein
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jamil Jubrail
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David H Dockrell
- Department of Infection and Immunity, University of Sheffield Medical School and Sheffield Teaching Hospitals, Sheffield, United Kingdom.
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45
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Liang Q, Seo GJ, Choi YJ, Kwak MJ, Ge J, Rodgers MA, Shi M, Leslie BJ, Hopfner KP, Ha T, Oh BH, Jung JU. Crosstalk between the cGAS DNA sensor and Beclin-1 autophagy protein shapes innate antimicrobial immune responses. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 15:228-38. [PMID: 24528868 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 264] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Robust immune responses are essential for eliminating pathogens but must be metered to avoid prolonged immune activation and potential host damage. Upon recognition of microbial DNA, the cytosolic DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthetase (cGAS) produces the second messenger cGAMP to initiate the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway and subsequent interferon (IFN) production. We report that the direct interaction between cGAS and the Beclin-1 autophagy protein not only suppresses cGAMP synthesis to halt IFN production upon double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) stimulation or herpes simplex virus-1 infection, but also enhances autophagy-mediated degradation of cytosolic pathogen DNA to prevent excessive cGAS activation and persistent immune stimulation. Specifically, this interaction releases Rubicon, a negative autophagy regulator, from the Beclin-1 complex, activating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase class III activity and thereby inducing autophagy to remove cytosolic pathogen DNA. Thus, the cGAS-Beclin-1 interaction shapes innate immune responses by regulating both cGAMP production and autophagy, resulting in well-balanced antimicrobial immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiming Liang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Gil Ju Seo
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Youn Jung Choi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mi-Jeong Kwak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianning Ge
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mary A Rodgers
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mude Shi
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Benjamin J Leslie
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- Center for Integrated Protein Science and Munich Center for Advanced Photonics at the Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Taekjip Ha
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Byung-Ha Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae U Jung
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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46
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Hogan D, Wheeler RT. The complex roles of NADPH oxidases in fungal infection. Cell Microbiol 2014; 16:1156-67. [PMID: 24905433 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
NADPH oxidases play key roles in immunity and inflammation that go beyond the production of microbicidal reactive oxygen species (ROS). The past decade has brought a new appreciation for the diversity of roles played by ROS in signalling associated with inflammation and immunity. NADPH oxidase activity affects disease outcome during infections by human pathogenic fungi, an important group of emerging and opportunistic pathogens that includes Candida, Aspergillus and Cryptococcus species. Here we review how alternative roles of NADPH oxidase activity impact fungal infection and how ROS signalling affects fungal physiology. Particular attention is paid to roles for NADPH oxidase in immune migration, immunoregulation in pulmonary infection, neutrophil extracellular trap formation, autophagy and inflammasome activity. These recent advances highlight the power and versatility of spatiotemporally controlled redox regulation in the context of infection, and point to a need to understand the molecular consequences of NADPH oxidase activity in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Hogan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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47
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Interplay between Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus and the innate immune system. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:597-609. [PMID: 25037686 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding of the innate immune response to viral infections is rapidly progressing, especially with regards to the detection of DNA viruses. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a large dsDNA virus that is responsible for three human diseases: Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma and multicentric Castleman's disease. The major target cells of KSHV (B cells and endothelial cells) express a wide range of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and play a central role in mobilizing inflammatory responses. On the other hand, KSHV encodes an array of immune evasion genes, including several pirated host genes, which interfere with multiple aspects of the immune response. This review summarizes current understanding of innate immune recognition of KSHV and the role of immune evasion genes that shape the antiviral and inflammatory responses.
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48
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Zhang Y, Liu G, Dull RO, Schwartz DE, Hu G. Autophagy in pulmonary macrophages mediates lung inflammatory injury via NLRP3 inflammasome activation during mechanical ventilation. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2014; 307:L173-85. [PMID: 24838752 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00083.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response is a primary mechanism in the pathogenesis of ventilator-induced lung injury. Autophagy is an essential, homeostatic process by which cells break down their own components. We explored the role of autophagy in the mechanisms of mechanical ventilation-induced lung inflammatory injury. Mice were subjected to low (7 ml/kg) or high (28 ml/kg) tidal volume ventilation for 2 h. Bone marrow-derived macrophages transfected with a scrambled or autophagy-related protein 5 small interfering RNA were administered to alveolar macrophage-depleted mice via a jugular venous cannula 30 min before the start of the ventilation protocol. In some experiments, mice were ventilated in the absence and presence of autophagy inhibitors 3-methyladenine (15 mg/kg ip) or trichostatin A (1 mg/kg ip). Mechanical ventilation with a high tidal volume caused rapid (within minutes) activation of autophagy in the lung. Conventional transmission electron microscopic examination of lung sections showed that mechanical ventilation-induced autophagy activation mainly occurred in lung macrophages. Autophagy activation in the lungs during mechanical ventilation was dramatically attenuated in alveolar macrophage-depleted mice. Selective silencing of autophagy-related protein 5 in lung macrophages abolished mechanical ventilation-induced nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor containing pyrin domain 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation and lung inflammatory injury. Pharmacological inhibition of autophagy also significantly attenuated the inflammatory responses caused by lung hyperinflation. The activation of autophagy in macrophages mediates early lung inflammation during mechanical ventilation via NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. Inhibition of autophagy activation in lung macrophages may therefore provide a novel and promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of ventilator-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Gongjian Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Randal O Dull
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - David E Schwartz
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Guochang Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois; and
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49
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IL-1 receptor blockade restores autophagy and reduces inflammation in chronic granulomatous disease in mice and in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:3526-31. [PMID: 24550444 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1322831111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) have a mutated NADPH complex resulting in defective production of reactive oxygen species; these patients can develop severe colitis and are highly susceptible to invasive fungal infection. In NADPH oxidase-deficient mice, autophagy is defective but inflammasome activation is present despite lack of reactive oxygen species production. However, whether these processes are mutually regulated in CGD and whether defective autophagy is clinically relevant in patients with CGD is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that macrophages from CGD mice and blood monocytes from CGD patients display minimal recruitment of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) to phagosomes. This defect in autophagy results in increased IL-1β release. Blocking IL-1 with the receptor antagonist (anakinra) decreases neutrophil recruitment and T helper 17 responses and protects CGD mice from colitis and also from invasive aspergillosis. In addition to decreased inflammasome activation, anakinra restored autophagy in CGD mice in vivo, with increased Aspergillus-induced LC3 recruitment and increased expression of autophagy genes. Anakinra also increased Aspergillus-induced LC3 recruitment from 23% to 51% (P < 0.01) in vitro in monocytes from CGD patients. The clinical relevance of these findings was assessed by treating CGD patients who had severe colitis with IL-1 receptor blockade using anakinra. Anakinra treatment resulted in a rapid and sustained improvement in colitis. Thus, inflammation in CGD is due to IL-1-dependent mechanisms, such as decreased autophagy and increased inflammasome activation, which are linked pathological conditions in CGD that can be restored by IL-1 receptor blockade.
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50
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Yuk JM, Jo EK. Crosstalk between autophagy and inflammasomes. Mol Cells 2013; 36:393-9. [PMID: 24213677 PMCID: PMC3887939 DOI: 10.1007/s10059-013-0298-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of cellular stresses activate the autophagy pathway, which is fundamentally important in protection against injurious stimuli. Defects in the autophagy process are associated with a variety of human diseases, including inflammatory and metabolic diseases. The inflammasomes are emerging as key signaling platforms directing the maturation and secretion of interleukin-1 family cytokines in response to pathogenic and sterile stimuli. Recent studies have identified the critical role of inflammasome activation in host defense and inflammation. Delineation of the relationship between autophagy and inflammasome activation is now being greatly facilitated by the use of mice models of autophagy gene deficiency and clinical studies. We surveyed the recent research regarding the contribution of autophagy to the control of inflammation, in particular the association between autophagy and inflammasomes. Understanding the mechanisms by which autophagy balances inflammation might facilitate the development of autophagy-based therapeutic modalities for infectious and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Yuk
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
- Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
- Infection Signaling Network Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 301-747, Korea
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