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Piko BF, Kulmán E, Mellor D. Orthorexic Tendency in Light of Eating Disorder Attitudes, Social Media Addiction and Regular Sporting Among Young Hungarian Women. Issues Ment Health Nurs 2024; 45:990-997. [PMID: 39121495 DOI: 10.1080/01612840.2024.2379428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/11/2024]
Abstract
This study examined a set of background psychological and other variables of orthorexic (ON) tendency in a sample of young women with special interest in healthy lifestyle. The sample consisted of female young adults (N = 310; aged 18-35 years; mean age = 24.3 years; SD = 4.97 years) who were recruited through social media health sites. Besides Orthorexia Nervosa Questionnaire (ORTO‑15), BMI, regular sporting activity, the following scales were used: Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI, drive for thinness, ineffectiveness and maturity fears); Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS); and The Proactive Coping Inventory. In this sample, 37.7% were at risk for ON. Eating disorder attitudes, regular sporting and social media addiction were the most relevant predictors of orthorexic tendency with drive for thinness being the strongest contributor (β = 0.54, p < 0.001). For young women with a special interest in healthy lifestyle, drive for thinness together with regular sporting, ON tendency may serve as a tool for achieving their goal. Social media addiction and other psychological problems (feeling of ineffectiveness or maturity fears) can also contribute to orthorexic rendency. It would be important to ask for support from qualified health professionals when changing nutritional practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina F Piko
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter Kulmán
- Department of Behavioral Sciences, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - David Mellor
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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2
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You S, Kwon M. Self-objectification of bodies in social networking sites: Mental and behavioral health problems of young female adults. Health Care Women Int 2024:1-19. [PMID: 39185891 DOI: 10.1080/07399332.2024.2392530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024]
Abstract
Social network sites (SNS) are becoming a popular means of "digital leisure" among young adults. Several problematic consequences of extensive SNS use have been reported including objectifying bodies on SNS. Thus, in this study, we aimed to understand the specific pathway between young female adults' SNS use and mental and behavioral problems using the objectification theory framework. We conducted structural equation modeling of data from 507 Korean female undergraduates to elucidate the relationships between SNS use and self-esteem, depression, abnormal eating, and exercise dependence, and the mediation effects of body surveillance and body shame. A significant direct relationship between SNS use and problematic consequences was found only between SNS use and exercise dependence. Mediation effects of body surveillance and body shame were confirmed in all four relationships. In this study, the researchers expand the objectification theory's applicability to SNS platforms and identify a potential mechanism of consequent adverse outcomes, providing useful empirical evidence for preventive educational measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukkyung You
- College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minkyung Kwon
- College of Education, Hankuk University of Foreign Studies, Seoul, Korea
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3
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Pryde S, Kemps E, Prichard I. "You started working out to get a flat stomach and a fat a$$": A content analysis of fitspiration videos on TikTok. Body Image 2024; 51:101769. [PMID: 39013285 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2024.101769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Fitspiration presents idealised bodies to viewers, emphasising a fit ideal to women and a muscular ideal to men. Previous content analyses have focused on images from Instagram, with research yet to examine video content on TikTok or verify the accuracy of the diet and exercise information posted by fitness influencers. This content analysis examined 200 videos from popular TikTok fitspiration hashtags (fitness, fitspo, gymtok, fittok). Two independent coders used a standardised codebook containing definitions and examples for coding. Overall, 78 % of videos showed only women, and 10 % of videos showed only men. Videos of women included both fit and thin idealised bodies, whole body and specific body part objectification, harmful themes, and promoted appearance-related reasons for exercise more frequently than videos containing men. Videos of men included muscular idealised bodies and objectification through face obscurity (excluding the face from view) more frequently than videos of women. Most videos were posted by fitness influencers, and 60 % of videos presented incorrect or harmful information. Findings suggest that fitspiration TikTok content contains characteristics known to negatively impact body image and highlights gendered differences in content themes. Further investigation is required on the promotion of appearance reasons to exercise, and the credibility of information and content creators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Pryde
- Flinders University, Psychology, College of Education, Psychology & Social Work, Australia; Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute and SHAPE Research Centre, Australia.
| | - Eva Kemps
- Flinders University, Psychology, College of Education, Psychology & Social Work, Australia
| | - Ivanka Prichard
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute and SHAPE Research Centre, Australia
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4
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Faccio E, Reggiani M, Rocelli M, Cipolletta S. Issues Related to the Use of Visual Social Networks and Perceived Usefulness of Social Media Literacy During the Recovery Phase: Qualitative Research Among Girls With Eating Disorders. J Med Internet Res 2024; 26:e53334. [PMID: 38954459 PMCID: PMC11252626 DOI: 10.2196/53334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The patient-centered approach is essential for quality health care and patient safety. Understanding the service user's perspective on the factors maintaining the health problem is crucial for successful treatment, especially for patients who do not recognize their condition as clinically relevant or concerning. Despite the association between intensive use of visual social media and body dissatisfaction and eating disorders, little is known about the meanings users assign to posting or searching for edited photos and the strategies they use to protect themselves from digital risks. OBJECTIVE This study aims to examine how young women recovering from eating disorders in Northern Italy perceive the health risks and potential benefits associated with visual social networks (ie, Instagram and Snapchat). The literature has found these platforms to be detrimental to online body comparisons. It also explores the perceived usefulness, willingness, and personal interest in coconstructing social media literacy programs with girls recovering from eating disorders. METHODS A total of 30 semistructured interviews were conducted with adolescent girls aged 14-17 years at the end of their treatment for eating disorders. The following areas of research were addressed: (1) the meanings associated with the use of Instagram and Snapchat; (2) the investment in the photographic dimension and feedback; (3) the impact of visual social networks on body experiences; (4) the potential and risks perceived in their use; (5) the importance of supporting girls undergoing treatment for eating disorders in using social networks; and (6) the usefulness and willingness to co-design social network literacy programs. Content analysis was applied. RESULTS A total of 7 main contents emerged: active or passive role in using social networks, the impact of online interactions on body image, investment in the photographic dimension, effects on self-representation, perceived risks, self-protective strategies, and potential benefits. The findings highlight a strong awareness of the processes that trigger body comparisons in the virtual context, creating insecurity and worsening the relationship with oneself. The self-protective behaviors identified are the development of critical thinking, the avoidance of sensitive content, increased control over social networking site use, and a certain skepticism toward developing antagonistic ideologies. All these topics were considered fundamental. CONCLUSIONS The findings provide important insights for health professionals working with youth in preparing media literacy programs. These programs aim to reduce potential risks and amplify the positive effects of online resources. They underscore the importance of addressing this issue during hospitalization to develop skills and critical thinking aimed at changing small habits that perpetuate the problem in everyday life. The inherent limitations in current service practices, which may not adequately address individual needs or impact posttreatment life, must also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Faccio
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Michele Rocelli
- Department of Philosophy, Sociology, Education and Applied Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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Xiang K, Kong F. Passive social networking sites use and disordered eating behaviors in adolescents: The roles of upward social comparison and body dissatisfaction and its sex differences. Appetite 2024; 198:107360. [PMID: 38636666 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Previous research has indicated a link between social networking site (SNS) use and eating behaviors, but the underlying mechanisms have not been well explored. This study investigated the role of upward social comparison and body dissatisfaction in the relationship between passive SNS use and disordered eating (DE) behaviors, as well as sex differences. A total of 744 middle school students (51.6% female, Mage = 12.87 years, SD = 0.68) completed self-report questionnaires regarding passive SNS use, upward social comparison, body dissatisfaction, and DE behaviors. Results revealed that: 1) girls reported significantly higher levels of passive SNS use, body dissatisfaction, and DE behaviors than boys; 2) passive SNS use was a significant predictor of DE behaviors both sexes; 3) body dissatisfaction mediated the relationship between passive SNS use and DE behaviors for girls; 4) the chain mediating effects of upward social comparison and body dissatisfaction between passive SNS use and DE behaviors were found only among adolescent girls; 5) Compared to boys, body dissatisfaction in girls is more significantly related to DE behaviors, and upward social comparison is more closely related to body dissatisfaction in girls. These findings suggest that passive SNS use, rather than general SNS use, was related to body dissatisfaction and eating concerns. Interventions targeting specific passive SNS users may be an effective avenue for the prevention and management of body-related concerns and disordered eating behavior in adolescent girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangqiao Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, China.
| | - Fanchang Kong
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior Ministry of Education, School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, China.
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Dino MJS, Dion KW, Abadir PM, Budhathoki C, Huang CM, Ong I, Vital JC, Cotter VT, Himmelfarb CRD, Davidson PM. Mixed reality technology for older adults: Evaluating the impact of a novel virtual humanoid coach in a community-based physical exercise program in the Philippines. Health Informatics J 2024; 30:14604582241267793. [PMID: 39096029 DOI: 10.1177/14604582241267793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Physical inactivity among older adults remains a global burden, leading to a variety of health challenges and even mortality. This study evaluated the impact of a novel virtual humanoid coach-driven physical exercise program among older adults. A non-randomized (quasi) experimental research was conducted in two community senior centers. The recruited participants (n = 130) were primarily female older adults with a mean age of 66.40 and agreed to be purposively assigned either experimental or control groups. Trained healthcare providers performed health assessments in three time points using valid and reliable tools. Descriptive statistics, t-tests, and RM-ANOVA were used to quantitatively analyze the data using SPSS version 22. There are significant mean differences between the groups across all functional capacity assessments and Time 2-3 assessment of sleep quality. RM-ANOVA revealed significant differences in physical assessment over time between the two groups. The analyses of time and group interaction revealed significant improvement in health assessments among the members of the mixed reality group compared to the traditional groups. The impact of virtual coaches in community-based enhancing physical activity programs is comparable to the traditional mode and introduces a novel approach to promoting physical activity among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Joseph S Dino
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Research, Development, and Innovation Center, Our Lady of Fatima University, Valenzuela City, Philippines
- Sigma Theta Tau, International Honor Society of Nursing, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Kenneth W Dion
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sigma Theta Tau, International Honor Society of Nursing, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Peter M Abadir
- School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Chien-Ming Huang
- Department of Computer Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Irvin Ong
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Research, Development, and Innovation Center, Our Lady of Fatima University, Valenzuela City, Philippines
- Sigma Theta Tau, International Honor Society of Nursing, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Joseph Carlo Vital
- Research, Development, and Innovation Center, Our Lady of Fatima University, Valenzuela City, Philippines
| | - Valerie T Cotter
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sigma Theta Tau, International Honor Society of Nursing, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Cheryl R Dennison Himmelfarb
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sigma Theta Tau, International Honor Society of Nursing, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Patricia M Davidson
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Vice-Chancellor's Unit, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
- Sigma Theta Tau, International Honor Society of Nursing, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Romo L, Earl S, Mueller KA, Obiol M. A Qualitative Model of Weight Cycling. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:798-814. [PMID: 38270518 DOI: 10.1177/10497323231221666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Weight cycling is a likely consequence of striving to lose weight after internalizing body image ideals, making upward social comparisons, and experiencing weight stigma. Despite weight cycling's potential physical and psychological consequences, the interplay of weight cycling, social pressures, and experienced and internalized stigma have not been qualitatively explored. Thus, through in-depth interviews of 36 weight-cycling adults, this study sought to understand how people negotiate weight cycling. Interviews informed the development of a qualitative model of weight cycling, which was derived from a theory-neutral inductive analysis. The model's stages included entering the cycle, undergoing the cycle, and challenging the cycle. Participants were triggered to enter the cycle due to weight stigma caused by social pressures. Within the cycle, interviewees internalized weight stigma and engaged in disordered weight management behaviors. Some participants challenged the cycle by becoming more self-aware and mitigating their toxic dieting behaviors. However, it was very difficult, if not impossible, for many to fully exit weight cycling and the restraints of previous weight management thinking and patterns. Our investigation underscores the seriousness of weight cycling and suggests ways to combat weight cycling on both macro and individual levels. It may also be useful to consider weight cycling as disordered eating in hopes of shifting society's dangerous focus on rapid weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynsey Romo
- Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Sydney Earl
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Katelin A Mueller
- Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Mary Obiol
- Department of Communication, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
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8
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Hock K, Vanderlee L, White CM, Hammond D. Body Weight Perceptions Among Youth From 6 Countries and Associations With Social Media Use: Findings From the International Food Policy Study. J Acad Nutr Diet 2024:S2212-2672(24)00517-3. [PMID: 38942287 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2024.06.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body dissatisfaction is associated with poor psychological and physical health, particularly among young people. However, limited data exist on body size perceptions across countries and factors associated with dissatisfaction. OBJECTIVE This study examined dissatisfaction prevalence and associations with sociodemographics and social media use among youth in 6 countries. DESIGN Repeat cross-sectional national online surveys were conducted as part of the 2019 and 2020 International Food Policy Study Youth Survey. PARTICIPANTS The sample included 21 277 youth aged 10 to 17 years from Australia, Canada, Chile, Mexico, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Youth were recruited to complete the online survey through parents/guardians enrolled in the Nielsen Consumer Insights Global Panel and their partners' panels. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Figural drawing scales assessed self-perceived and ideal body images, with differences between scales representing body dissatisfaction. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED Multinomial logistic regression models examined differences in body dissatisfaction by country, and associations with sociodemographics and either social media screen time or platforms used, including 2-way interactions with country. RESULTS Overall, approximately 45% of youth reported the same perceived and ideal body sizes, whereas 35% were "larger than ideal" (from 33% in Canada and Australia to 42% in Chile) and 20% were "thinner than ideal" (from 15% in Chile to 22% in Mexico). Greater social media screen time was associated with a higher likelihood of moderate-severe dissatisfaction for being "thinner than ideal" and at least mild dissatisfaction for being "larger than ideal" (P < .003 for all contrasts), with greater dissatisfaction among users of YouTube and Snapchat than nonusers (P ≤ .005 for both contrasts). Modest differences in body dissatisfaction between countries were observed for age, ethnicity, body mass index, and weight-based teasing. CONCLUSIONS Body dissatisfaction is prevalent among youth across diverse countries. These findings highlight the need to promote healthy body image in youth, particularly among social media users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Hock
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lana Vanderlee
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada; Centre Nutrition, Santé et Société and Institut sur la nutrition et les aliments fonctionnels, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada
| | - Christine M White
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Hammond
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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Murley WD, Oberle CD, Howard KJ, Perrotte JK. Anxiety connects social media use to food and alcohol disturbance and disordered eating when social support is low. Eat Behav 2024; 53:101879. [PMID: 38663045 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2024.101879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Food and alcohol disturbance (FAD) is an understudied form of disordered eating, in which the consumption of calories is restricted in preparation for drinking alcohol. Guided by previous literature, the present study examined the direct, indirect, and interactive relationships between social media use, anxiety, social support, FAD, and disordered eating among young adults. Recruited from a large southwestern public university, the sample included 679 undergraduate students who completed an online survey in spring of 2022 and who indicated that they consume alcohol and are 18 to 29 years old. Two moderated mediation analyses assessed the indirect effects of anxiety on the relationships between social media use with FAD and disordered eating, and the conditional contribution of social support. Results indicated that social media use was related to disordered eating both directly and indirectly through anxiety, but it was only related to FAD through anxiety. Furthermore, indirect effects connecting social media use to FAD and disordered eating were conditional upon social support. Our findings suggest FAD and disordered eating may be coping mechanisms for anxiety stemming from social media exposure, though these associations appear to be attenuated when social support is high. As such, these findings may be relevant for shaping future intervention and prevention efforts for emerging adults experiencing FAD and disordered eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Murley
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States of America
| | - Crystal D Oberle
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States of America
| | - Krista J Howard
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States of America
| | - Jessica K Perrotte
- Department of Psychology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, United States of America.
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10
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Sharif-Nia H, Sivarajan Froelicher E, Gorgulu O, Osborne JW, Błachnio A, Rezazadeh Fazeli A, Goudarzian AH, Kaveh O. The relationship among positive body image, body esteem, and eating attitude in Iranian population. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1304555. [PMID: 38434953 PMCID: PMC10905648 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1304555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aim The correlation between eating attitudes, positive body image, and body esteem is a pivotal area of research that has garnered substantial attention in recent years, given its implications for both mental and physical well-being. The objective of this study was to examine the interplay between positive body image, body esteem, and eating attitudes within an Iranian population. Materials and methods This study employed a cross-sectional study design and was conducted in the year 2022. A convenience sample of 752 participants residing in Tehran, Iran, was included in the study. The data collection tools were comprised of a demographic registration form, the Adolescence/Adults Scale (PBIAS), the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT), and the Body Esteem Scale (BES) as measurement instruments. Results Mean age of participants was 26.36 (SD = 8.49). Significant relationships were found among positive body image (B = - 0.095, β = -0.150, p < 0.001), and body esteem (B = 0.175, β = 0.149, p < 0.001) with eating attitudes. Conclusion These findings suggest that individuals with positive body image and high body esteem may have healthier eating attitudes, while those with negative body image and low body esteem may be more likely to have unhealthy eating attitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Sharif-Nia
- Psychosomatic Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Department of Nursing, Amol Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Erika Sivarajan Froelicher
- Department of Physiological Nursing, School of Nursing, University of California, Sand Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, Sand Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ozkan Gorgulu
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biostatistics and Medical Information, Kirsehir Ahi Evran University, Kirsehir, Türkiye
| | - Jason W. Osborne
- Department of Statistics, Miami University, Oxford, OH, United States
| | - Aleksandra Błachnio
- Department of Psychology, Kazimierz Wielki University in Bydgoszcz, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | | | - Amir Hossein Goudarzian
- Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omolhoda Kaveh
- Department of Nursing, Sari Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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Sevim S, Gumus D, Kizil M. The relationship between social media addiction and emotional appetite: a cross-sectional study among young adults in Turkey. Public Health Nutr 2024; 27:e72. [PMID: 38356359 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980024000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study focused on the relationship between addiction to social media (SM) and emotional appetite in young adults. DESIGN Cross-sectional online survey. SETTING The Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) and Emotional Appetite Questionnaire (EMAQ) were used, and the duration and frequency of SM tools usage were analysed. PARTICIPANTS Five hundred and twenty-four participants (144 men and 380 women) aged between 18 and 25 years. RESULTS The mean of SM usage duration of participants was 3·2 ± 2·2 h per d along with a mean of BSMAS score of 16·1 ± 5·9. Concerning emotional appetite, the mean scores for positive and negative aspects of EMAQ were 4·4 ± 1·9 and 3·1 ± 1·2, respectively. The predominant SM tools were YouTube (92·6 %) and Instagram (90·3 %). Notably, a significant association was observed between SM addiction and the frequency of access to YouTube, Instagram, and Twitter, with addiction levels increasing as access frequency rose (P < 0·01). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated a possible relationship between SM addiction and emotional appetite among young adults. However, further research with more prominent participants and a lengthier follow-up duration is necessary to elucidate how SM tools affect eating behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeyra Sevim
- Ankara Medipol University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Altindag, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Damla Gumus
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mevlude Kizil
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Sıhhiye, Ankara, Turkey
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Galeotti T, Marino C, Canale N, Scacchi L, Vieno A. Changing to Impress: Testing a Mediation Model from Instagram Self-presentation to Cosmetic Surgery. Aesthetic Plast Surg 2024; 48:764-773. [PMID: 37516709 PMCID: PMC10955015 DOI: 10.1007/s00266-023-03501-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study examined the relationship between false self-presentation on Instagram and consideration of cosmetic surgery through the mediating role of body image control in photos (BICP), photo manipulation, and body shame. We predicted that false self-presentation on Instagram was indirectly associated with cosmetic surgery intentions through the aforementioned constructs. METHODS A total of 504 young Italian adults (28.2% males, 18-30 years) completed an online survey. They completed a questionnaire containing the Self-presentation on Instagram Questionnaire, the Body Image Control in Photos Questionnaire-revised, the Photo Manipulation Scale, the Objectified Body Consciousness Scale, and the Acceptance of Cosmetic Surgery Scale. The pattern of associations between the constructs was analyzed via path analysis. RESULTS The results show that false self-presentation on Instagram was associated with photo manipulation, both directly and indirectly, through BICP. Furthermore, photo manipulation was linked to body shame, but neither of them was associated with cosmetic surgery intentions. Finally, false self-presentation on Instagram was associated with the consideration of cosmetic surgery only through the mediation of BICP. CONCLUSION Findings indicate that self-presentation styles might affect Instagram photo behaviors and individuals' cosmetic surgery intentions, suggesting that surgeons should fully examine patients' motivations before providing them with services. Furthermore, intervention programs encouraging users to present a more authentic version of themselves online might reduce the risk of self-objectification and reduce the consideration of procedures aimed at modifying one's body for purely aesthetic reasons. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommaso Galeotti
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dello Sviluppo e della Socializzazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Venezia, 8, 35131, Padova, Italy.
| | - Claudia Marino
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dello Sviluppo e della Socializzazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Venezia, 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Natale Canale
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dello Sviluppo e della Socializzazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Venezia, 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Scacchi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umane e Sociali, Università della Valle d'Aosta, Aosta, Italy
| | - Alessio Vieno
- Dipartimento di Psicologia dello Sviluppo e della Socializzazione, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Venezia, 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
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13
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Ramos-Vera C, Basauri-Delgado M, Obregón SH, Saintila J. Structure and factorial invariance of a brief version of the Eating Attitudes Test in Peruvian university students. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1238211. [PMID: 38144998 PMCID: PMC10746388 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1238211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background University students often experience significant changes in their eating habits, which can increase the risk of developing eating disorders (ED). This situation calls for the creation of brief assessment tools to identify college students who may be most at risk. The aim of the study was to determine the psychometric properties of the Eating Attitudes Test-8 (EAT-8) in a Peruvian university population; additionally, the possible differences in the scores of the instrument according to sociodemographic variables, such as gender and age, were examined. Methods A psychometric study was conducted on 610 participants (M = 24.3, SD = 2.16, and 61.5% female), aged 19 to 31 years, belonging to four universities of different professional careers. Results The unidimensional eight-item model was found to have fit indices that confirm acceptable factorial validity (X2/df = 3.23, CFI = 0.984, TLI = 0.977, RMSEA = 0.061, SRMR = 0.049) and an internal consistency of 0.833 for the Cronbach's alpha coefficient and 0.838 for the McDonald's omega coefficient. In addition, the EAT-8 was reported to be invariant according to gender and age; likewise, there were no significant differences in the age and gender categories. Conclusion The EAT-8 has solid psychometric properties, including validity, reliability, and invariance, in the Peruvian university population, which supports its ability to assess the risk of developing ED in this specific group.
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14
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Knight R, Preston C. Do selfies make women look slimmer? The effect of viewing angle on aesthetic and weight judgments of women's bodies. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291987. [PMID: 37819907 PMCID: PMC10566732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Taking and posting selfies is a popular activity, with some individuals taking and sharing multiple selfies each day. The influence of the selfie angle, as opposed to more traditional photo angles such as the allocentric images we see in print media, on our aesthetic judgements of images of bodies has not been explored. This study compared the attractiveness and weight judgements that participants made of images of the same bodies taken from different visual angles over a series of four experiments (total N = 272). We considered how these judgements may relate to disordered eating thoughts and behaviours. Selfies were judged to be slimmer than images from other perspectives, and egocentric images were judged to be the least attractive. The way participants rated bodies seen from different perspectives was related to their own disordered eating thoughts and behaviours. These results contribute to our understanding of how we perceive the images we see on social media and how these might be related to how we feel about our own and other people's bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Knight
- Department of Psychology, York St John University, York, United Kingdom
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15
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Law R, Jevons EFP. Exploring the perceived influence of social media use on disordered eating in nutrition and dietetics students. J Hum Nutr Diet 2023; 36:2050-2059. [PMID: 37475206 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.13212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social media use (SMU) is increasingly widespread. More recently, SMU has been associated with increases in disordered eating; however, few qualitative studies have explored this issue in nutrition and dietetics students specifically, where susceptibility to disordered eating may be particularly high. The present study therefore aimed to investigate the perceived impact of SMU on disordered eating in nutrition and dietetics students. METHODS One-to-one, in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nutrition and dietetics students from universities across the UK. Interviews explored students' views on the potential influence of SMU on their eating-related thoughts, feelings and behaviours. Data were thematically analysed to identify key themes. RESULTS The findings suggested that SMU may provide students with a useful tool for the exploration of new recipes, ingredients and health-related information, thus enabling them to improve their eating behaviour and diet quality. However, students also showed high levels of objective awareness regarding the problems associated with SMU, including the presence of misinformation, body image dissatisfaction, social pressures and disordered eating. Interestingly, despite enabling them to detect sources of misinformation, students also discussed the negative impact that their course had on their eating habits, suggesting course content may be an additional risk factor for the development of disordered eating for this particular group. CONCLUSIONS Future research should investigate ways to mitigate the negative impact of SMU and course content on disordered eating in nutrition and dietetics students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Law
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Chester, Chester, UK
| | - Emily F P Jevons
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Chester, Chester, UK
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16
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Sharma A, Vidal C. A scoping literature review of the associations between highly visual social media use and eating disorders and disordered eating: a changing landscape. J Eat Disord 2023; 11:170. [PMID: 37752611 PMCID: PMC10521472 DOI: 10.1186/s40337-023-00898-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the etiology of eating disorders (ED) and disorder eating (DE) is multifactorial, exposure to highly visual social media (HVSM) may be an important contributor to the onset or worsening of DE and ED symptoms. We aim to understand HVSM use, ED, and DE with a particular focus on gender differences, as well as details of engagement on "selfies" in adolescents and young adults (AYA) through a scoping review of the literature. METHODS We conducted a literature search in Psycho ED, PubMed, MEDLINE of articles, including participants with DE/ED and users of HVSM, focused on AYA. Studies in which the study population did not include AYA, the SM platforms used did not include HVSM platforms, and the methodology to assess ED/HVSM use was not robust were excluded. RESULTS We found a strong relationship between HVSM and ED and DE with existing gender differences related to the nature of engagement and preference of content. The literature also shows effects of the specific mechanisms of use of these platforms involving "selfie" preparation and posting. Existing research is limited and consists of mostly cross-sectional studies with no uniform methodology and with participant populations that are not well-defined. CONCLUSIONS The use of unregulated and profit-driven SM platforms can increase risk for ED. To use these HVSM platforms for positive influence, there is a need to have more transparency, and involvement of clinicians, researchers, and educators. PUBLIC SIGNIFICANCE Due to HVSM's popularity among the AYA population, it is important to identify its effects on the development of DE and ED, as well as recognize any gender differences. Clinicians, parents, and other adults working with youth should be aware of HVSM's impact on DE/ED, as described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Sharma
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Carol Vidal
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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17
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Thompson KA, Miller AJ, Walsh EC, Bardone-Cone AM. Social media and disordered eating among middle-aged women: Not just an adolescent concern. Eat Behav 2023; 50:101748. [PMID: 37253297 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests social media use is strongly linked to disordered eating (e.g., binge eating and dietary restraint) among adolescent and young adult women, in part because it promotes engagement in social comparison (the tendency to evaluate one's own standing or ability by comparing it to another's). Yet no study has examined the impact of social media use and comparison on disordered eating among middle-aged women. Participants (N = 347), ages 40-63, completed an online survey about their social media use, social comparison, and disordered eating (bulimic symptoms, dietary restraint, and broad eating pathology). Results indicated that 89 % (n = 310) of middle-aged women used social media in the past year. Most participants (n = 260; 75 %) used Facebook, and at least a quarter used Instagram or Pinterest. Approximately 65 % (n = 225) used social media at least daily. Controlling for age and body mass index, social media-specific social comparison was positively associated with bulimic symptoms, dietary restriction, and broad eating pathology (all ps < 0.001). Multiple regression models evaluating frequency of social media use and social media-specific social comparison together revealed that social comparison explained a significant amount of unique variance in bulimic symptoms, dietary restriction, and broad eating pathology (all ps < 0.001) above and beyond frequency of social media use. Instagram explained a significant proportion of variance of dietary restraint compared to other social media platforms (p = .001). Findings suggest a large percentage of middle-aged women frequently engage with some type of social media. Further, social media-specific social comparison, rather than frequency of social media use, may be driving disordered eating in this age group of women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Thompson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Alexandra J Miller
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Emily C Walsh
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Anna M Bardone-Cone
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
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18
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Kelly NR, Kosty D, Williamson G, Guidinger C, Cotter EW. Social media and dating app use are differentially related to same- and next-day disordered eating pathology in young men with loss of control eating. Eat Behav 2023; 49:101735. [PMID: 37146410 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2023.101735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether social networking site (SNS) and dating app use is associated with disordered eating in young men. METHODS 42 men (18-35y) who reported ≥4 loss of control (LOC) eating episodes in the prior month completed a 14-day ecological momentary assessment (EMA) protocol. Five times throughout the day, participants responded to prompts regarding their dietary restraint, body dissatisfaction, and LOC eating. Each night at ~10 pm, participants reported their total time spent on SNSs and dating apps/websites within the last day. RESULTS 39 out of 42 cisgender men (Mage = 25.1 ± 5.3 years; 47 % non-Hispanic White, 29 % Black or African American; 63 % non-students; 87 % heterosexual) reported using SNSs and/or dating apps. Neither SNS nor dating app use was associated with body dissatisfaction. Dating app use with associated with higher same- (r2 equivalent = 0.022, p = .003) and next-day dietary restraint (r2 equivalent = 0.016, p = .02); SNS use was not. More SNS use was associated with lower odds of same- (OR [95 % CI] = 0.86 [0.75, 0.99], p = .044) and next-day LOC eating (OR [95 % CI] = 0.82 [0.71, 0.96], p = .011); links with dating app use were non-significant. DISCUSSION Non-significant links for SNS and dating app use with body dissatisfaction, and inverse associations with LOC eating, are contrary to research conducted with girls and women. Research is needed to evaluate whether the quality of SNS and dating app engagement (e.g., specific sites) are more closely related to men's disordered eating, and this work should consider muscularity concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole R Kelly
- Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, United States of America; The Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, United States of America.
| | - Derek Kosty
- The Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, United States of America
| | - Gina Williamson
- Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, United States of America; The Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, United States of America
| | - Claire Guidinger
- Counseling Psychology and Human Services, University of Oregon, United States of America; The Prevention Science Institute, University of Oregon, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth W Cotter
- Department of Health Studies, American University, United States of America
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19
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Dane A, Bhatia K. The social media diet: A scoping review to investigate the association between social media, body image and eating disorders amongst young people. PLOS GLOBAL PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 3:e0001091. [PMID: 36962983 PMCID: PMC10032524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Background Eating disorders are a group of heterogenous, disabling and deadly psychiatric illnesses with a plethora of associated health consequences. Exploratory research suggests that social media usage may be triggering body image concerns and heightening eating disorder pathology amongst young people, but the topic is under-researched as a global public health issue. Aim To systematically map out and critically review the existing global literature on the relationship between social media usage, body image and eating disorders in young people aged 10–24 years. Methods A systematic search of MEDLINE, PyscINFO and Web of Science for research on social media use and body image concerns / disordered eating outcomes published between January 2016 and July 2021. Results on exposures (social media usage), outcomes (body image, eating disorders, disordered eating), mediators and moderators were synthesised using an integrated theoretical framework of the influence of internet use on body image concerns and eating pathology. Results Evidence from 50 studies in 17 countries indicates that social media usage leads to body image concerns, eating disorders/disordered eating and poor mental health via the mediating pathways of social comparison, thin / fit ideal internalisation, and self-objectification. Specific exposures (social media trends, pro-eating disorder content, appearance focused platforms and investment in photos) and moderators (high BMI, female gender, and pre-existing body image concerns) strengthen the relationship, while other moderators (high social media literacy and body appreciation) are protective, hinting at a ‘self-perpetuating cycle of risk’. Conclusion Social media usage is a plausible risk factor for the development of eating disorders. Research from Asia suggests that the association is not unique to traditionally western cultures. Based on scale of social media usage amongst young people, this issue is worthy of attention as an emerging global public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Dane
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Komal Bhatia
- Institute for Global Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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20
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van Oosten JM, Vandenbosch L, Peter J. Predicting the use of visually oriented social media: The role of psychological well-being, body image concerns and sought appearance gratifications. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2023.107730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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21
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Scully M, Swords L, Nixon E. Social comparisons on social media: online appearance-related activity and body dissatisfaction in adolescent girls. Ir J Psychol Med 2023; 40:31-42. [PMID: 32912367 DOI: 10.1017/ipm.2020.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Adolescents' engagement with online social networking platforms is advancing at an exponential rate and research is needed to investigate any impact on young users' mental health. This study examined appearance-related activity (e.g. looking at photos of friends) on social media and body dissatisfaction among adolescent girls. METHODS Self-report measures of online appearance-related activity, social comparisons to female target groups, internalization of the thin ideal, body dissatisfaction, and self-esteem were administered to 210 girls (mean age = 15.16 years). RESULTS Body dissatisfaction was significantly related to (i) time spent engaged in social comparisons and (ii) upward social comparisons with various female targets while online. Evaluating oneself less favorably than the target group of close friends was most strongly associated with poorer body image appraisals. Serial multiple mediation analysis revealed that even after controlling for age and self-esteem, time spent engaged in social comparisons significantly mediated the relationship between online appearance-related activity and body dissatisfaction. This association was then further partially mediated by internalization of the thin ideal, which significantly mediated the relationship between time engaged in social comparisons and body dissatisfaction. DISCUSSION Results are discussed in terms of online social media platforms representing an additional appearance culture environment for adolescent girls. The effects of this on the mental health of vulnerable users and how future research should investigate protective factors that may buffer young girls from the adverse effects of social media are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Scully
- School of Psychology and Trinity Research in Childhood Centre, Trinity College Dublin
| | - L Swords
- School of Psychology and Trinity Research in Childhood Centre, Trinity College Dublin
| | - E Nixon
- School of Psychology and Trinity Research in Childhood Centre, Trinity College Dublin
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22
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Tylka TL, Rodgers RF, Calogero RM, Thompson JK, Harriger JA. Integrating social media variables as predictors, mediators, and moderators within body image frameworks: Potential mechanisms of action to consider in future research. Body Image 2023; 44:197-221. [PMID: 36709634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we consider how social media variables may be integrated as predictors, mediators, and moderators within dominant theoretical frameworks of body image in order to identify potential mechanisms of action that can be empirically examined in future research and used to direct prevention and intervention efforts. To achieve this goal, we first articulate social media variables that have been investigated as predictors, mediators, and moderators in body image research. Next, we present the following critical and sociocultural theoretical frameworks: social comparison theory, tripartite influence model, objectification theory, developmental theory of embodiment, acceptance model of intuitive eating, cultivation theory, and uses and gratifications theory. Additionally, we present the theory of development of critical body awareness, a newly developed model that may provide further insight regarding the relationships between social media and body image-related outcomes. For each model, we articulate extant research that has explored social media variables within its context and explicate how social media variables could potentially be studied as predictors, mediators, and moderators within its structure. To conclude, we address pertinent limitations and gaps within this research space that could direct future research across the theoretical frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy L Tylka
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Rachel M Calogero
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, ON N6K 5C2, USA
| | - J Kevin Thompson
- Department of Psychology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
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23
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Göbel P, Sanlier N, Yilmaz S, Açikalin B, Kocabaş Ş. The Correlation between Social Media Addiction and Emotional Eating during the COVID-19 Quarantine Period. Ecol Food Nutr 2023; 62:60-74. [PMID: 36803108 DOI: 10.1080/03670244.2023.2179044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted with 458 participants. The demographic and health information of the participants along with the Social Media Addiction, Emotional Eating Scale were obtained. The level of social media addiction in adults was moderate, and women were more interested in social media than men. As the average age of participants increased, the virtual tolerance, virtual communication, social media scores decreased (p < .05). The study found that 51.6% of individuals with emotional eating tendencies happened to be obese. The social media addiction scale scores of those with emotional eating tendencies were higher than those without emotional eating tendencies (p < .05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pınar Göbel
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara Medipol University, Turkey
| | - Nevin Sanlier
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara Medipol University, Turkey
| | - Sine Yilmaz
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara Medipol University, Turkey
| | - Büşra Açikalin
- Faculty of Fine Arts, Design and Architecture, Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Ankara Medipol University, Turkey
| | - Şule Kocabaş
- School of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ankara Medipol University, Turkey
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24
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Möri M, Mongillo F, Fahr A. Images of bodies in mass and social media and body dissatisfaction: The role of internalization and self-discrepancy. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1009792. [PMID: 36605270 PMCID: PMC9807623 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1009792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The study examines the influence on body dissatisfaction of viewed images of bodies transmitted over mass media and social media, as mediated by the internalization of body ideals through media and self-discrepancy (the difference between the perceived actual self and the perceived ideal self). Method In this study, the images of bodies individuals view in their everyday media diet are estimated using a newly developed pictorial scale for women (thinness) and men (muscularity). For participants, the perceived body image is formed through mass media (magazines, TV) and social media (Facebook, YouTube, Instagram, and Snapchat). The self-discrepancy theory is then used to explain the effect of images of bodies in the media on the internalization of these body ideals and body dissatisfaction. Results Results show that Facebook and YouTube shape body ideals perceived to be prevalent in the media, negatively influencing internalization and self-discrepancy. Self-discrepancy, in turn, increases body dissatisfaction. However, for males, the perceived body ideals in the media did not affect body dissatisfaction, internalization, or self-discrepancy. Discussion These results emphasize the importance of combining and comparing mass and social media and differentiating between female and male concerns regarding body image.
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25
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González-Nuevo C, Cuesta M, Muñiz J, Postigo Á, Menéndez-Aller Á, Kuss DJ. Problematic Use of Social Networks during the First Lockdown: User Profiles and the Protective Effect of Resilience and Optimism. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247431. [PMID: 36556047 PMCID: PMC9786178 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
During the first lockdown, there was an increase in time spent using Social Networking Sites (SNS), which should be studied, as well as problematic SNS use. The present study has three objectives: to evaluate (i) the differences across gender and age and SNS type in increased SNS use, (ii) problematic SNS use during lockdowns, and (iii) the protective role of resilience and optimism on problematic SNS use. A total of 1003 participants (75.5% women) over 18 years old participated (M = 42.33; SD = 14.32 years). The use of SNS before and during lockdown, anxiety, depression, life satisfaction and problematic SNS use were evaluated. A repeated measures ANOVA and four regression analyses were calculated for the first objective regarding increased SNS use. Another linear regression analysis was calculated for the second objective regarding problematic SNS use. A correlational analysis has been performed to assess the protective roles of resilience and optimism. Differences in the increased use of SNS were found between the two time points and between the different types of SNS. Higher use of Instagram and YouTube was related to younger age. Being female was associated with higher Instagram use. Significant problematic use was found to be associated with younger age but was not dependent on gender. Higher levels of resilience and optimism were related to a lower level of problematic SNS use. SNS use during lockdown needs to be studied in order to understand factors that may protect against undesirable psychological consequences and support prevention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Covadonga González-Nuevo
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Marcelino Cuesta
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
| | - José Muñiz
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Nebrija, Calle Santa Cruz de Marcenado, 27, 28015 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Postigo
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Álvaro Menéndez-Aller
- Department of Psychology, University of Oviedo, Plaza Feijoo s/n, 33003 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Daria J. Kuss
- International Gaming Research Unit and Cyberpsychology Research Group, Psychology Division, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham NG1 4BU, UK
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26
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The association between social media addiction and orthorexia nervosa, eating attitudes, and body image among adolescents. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:3725-3735. [PMID: 36562891 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01521-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study was planned to determine the relationship between social media addiction and orthorexia nervosa (ON), eating attitude and body image among adolescents. METHOD This cross-sectional study was conducted with 1232 high school-going adolescents. Data were collected using the Social Media Addiction Scale for Adolescents, Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26), Body Image Scale (BIS) and ORTO-11 questionnaire. RESULTS Social media addiction levels were higher in girls than in boys (p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that a better body image was associated with lower social media addiction scores (β = - 0.268, p < 0.001). Social media addiction was significantly associated with a greater risk of eating behavior disorders (OR: 1.07, 95% Cl: 1.04-1.10) and ON tendency (OR: 1.02, 95% Cl = 1.00-1.04). Adolescents who stated that they always or often read nutrition-related posts on social media had an increased likelihood of eating behavior disorder risk (OR: 6.77, 95% CI: 3.84-11.94) and ON tendency (OR: 5.49, 95% CI: 3.39-8.88). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that social media addiction was associated with a higher eating behavior disorder risk, ON tendency and lower body image. Moreover, frequent reading of posts about nutrition on social media was positively associated with ON tendency and eating behavior risk. These results highlight that adolescents should be educated about social media use and its content to minimize the negative effects of constant exposure to unrealistic body images and nutrition-related misinformation and reduce the risk of eating disorders and ON among adolescents. Level of evidence Level V, cross-sectional descriptive study.
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27
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Zerhouni O, Flaudias V, Barré M, Rodgers RF. The effects of exposure to social media images of thin and average size women on body satisfaction among young women: Emotion regulation and self-efficacy as modulating factors. Body Image 2022; 43:292-300. [PMID: 36240693 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although appearance comparison has emerged as an important mechanism underlying the detrimental effects of exposure to idealized social media images on body image among young women, little is known regarding the role of the direction of these comparisons. In addition, to date, little attention has been paid to the role of self-regulation processes in these effects. A sample of 260 female students (Mage = 19.6) from a University in Paris completed an online survey where they were randomly assigned to view thin-ideal or average size social media images of women. Participants reported on state body satisfaction before and after exposure, as well as state appearance comparison and direction of appearance comparison, and trait emotion regulation difficulties and self-efficacy. Findings revealed no main effect of condition. However, among participants who engaged in upwards appearance comparison the thin-ideal condition was associated with greater decreases in body satisfaction. In addition, three-way interactions revealed that emotional regulation difficulties and self-efficacy both further moderated these effects. These findings suggest that self-regulation processes may be important to account for in the effects of exposure to social media images on body satisfaction among young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oulmann Zerhouni
- Université Paris Nanterre, Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale, Département de Psychologie, 200 Avenue de la République, 92000 Nanterre, France; Université de Rouen Normandie, Centre de Recherche sur les Fonctionnements et Dysfonctionnements Psychologiques (CRFDP, EA 7475), UFR SHS.
| | - Valentin Flaudias
- Université de Nantes, Univ Angers, Laboratoire de psychologie des Pays de la Loire, LPPL, EA 4638, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Maréva Barré
- Université Paris Nanterre, Laboratoire Parisien de Psychologie Sociale, Département de Psychologie, 200 Avenue de la République, 92000 Nanterre, France
| | - Rachel F Rodgers
- APPEAR, Department of Applied Psychology, Northeastern University, Boston, USA; Department of Psychiatric Emergency & Acute Care, Lapeyronie Hospital, CHRU Montpellier, France
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28
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Maheux AJ, Roberts SR, Nesi J, Widman L, Choukas-Bradley S. Psychometric properties and factor structure of the appearance-related social media consciousness scale among emerging adults. Body Image 2022; 43:63-74. [PMID: 36055008 PMCID: PMC10224750 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Appearance-related social media consciousness (ASMC) is the persistent awareness of one's attractiveness on social media. The ASMC Scale, recently developed for use with adolescents (Choukas-Bradley et al., 2020), provides a promising tool for systematically examining ASMC and associations with mental health. The current study examined the psychometric properties of the ASMC Scale among emerging adult men and women. Participants for Study 1 were 428 emerging adults (M age = 21.9) from five Anglophone, industrialized countries (U.S., U.K., Canada, Australia, New Zealand). Results from Study 1 provide evidence that the 13-item ASMC Scale has a unidimensional structure, strong internal consistency, measurement invariance across gender, and convergent validity (i.e., associations with related offline appearance concerns and cognitions) and incremental validity (i.e., associations with depressive symptoms and disordered eating, above and beyond time spent on social media). Participants from Study 2 were 296 U.S. college students (M age = 18.6). Results from Study 2 confirmed the factor structure and further demonstrated the convergent and incremental validity (above and beyond both time spent on social media and offline appearance concerns) of the ASMC Scale. Findings suggest that the ASMC Scale can be used among emerging adults, aiding future research investigating social media experiences and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne J Maheux
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 105 The Green, Newark, DE 19716, USA; University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, 210 S. Bouquet St., Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA.
| | - Savannah R Roberts
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 105 The Green, Newark, DE 19716, USA; University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, 210 S. Bouquet St., Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
| | - Jacqueline Nesi
- Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, 222 Richmond St., Providence, RI 02903, USA; Rhode Island Hospital, 1 Hoppin St., Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Laura Widman
- North Carolina State University, Department of Psychology, Campus Box 7650, Raleigh, NC 27695-7650, USA
| | - Sophia Choukas-Bradley
- University of Delaware, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, 105 The Green, Newark, DE 19716, USA; University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, 210 S. Bouquet St., Pittsburgh, PA 15206, USA
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Choukas-Bradley S, Roberts SR, Maheux AJ, Nesi J. The Perfect Storm: A Developmental-Sociocultural Framework for the Role of Social Media in Adolescent Girls' Body Image Concerns and Mental Health. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2022; 25:681-701. [PMID: 35841501 PMCID: PMC9287711 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-022-00404-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this theoretical review paper, we provide a developmental-sociocultural framework for the role of social media (SM) in adolescent girls' body image concerns, and in turn, depressive symptoms and disordered eating. We propose that the features of SM (e.g., idealized images of peers, quantifiable feedback) intersect with adolescent developmental factors (e.g., salience of peer relationships) and sociocultural gender socialization processes (e.g., societal over-emphasis on girls' and women's physical appearance) to create the "perfect storm" for exacerbating girls' body image concerns. We argue that, ultimately, body image concerns may be a key mechanism underlying associations between adolescent girls' SM use and mental health. In the context of proposing this framework, we provide empirical evidence for how SM may increase adolescent girls' body image concerns through heightening their focus on (1) other people's physical appearance (e.g., through exposure to idealized images of peers, celebrities, and SM influencers; quantifiable indicators of approval); and (2) their own appearance (e.g., through appearance-related SM consciousness; exposure to idealized self-images; encouraging over-valuing of appearance; and peer approval of photos/videos). Our framework highlights new avenues for future research on adolescent girls' SM use and mental health, which recognize the central role of body image.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Choukas-Bradley
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, 3137 Sennott Square, 210 South Bouquet Street (Main office, 3rd floor), Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, 105 The Green, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
| | - Savannah R Roberts
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, 105 The Green, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Anne J Maheux
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, 105 The Green, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Jacqueline Nesi
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, 222 Richmond St, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
- Rhode Island Hospital, 1 Hoppin St., Suite 204, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
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30
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Frieiro P, González‐Rodríguez R, Domínguez‐Alonso J. Self-esteem and socialisation in social networks as determinants in adolescents' eating disorders. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2022; 30:e4416-e4424. [PMID: 35611680 PMCID: PMC10083918 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.13843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Eating disorders are mental health illnesses that are influenced by various individual, family and social factors. The present study aimed to examine the influence of self-esteem and socialisation through social networks on eating disorder behaviours in adolescence. The sample was made up of 721 secondary school students (49.1% girls). The sample age ranged between 12 and 18 years (M = 13.89, SD = 1.37). Participants completed the Eating Attitudes Test-26 (EAT-26) to measure disordered eating attitudes and behaviours, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and the ESOC-39 scale, which measures socialisation through social networks, in addition to a brief initial sociodemographic survey. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were carried out with MANOVA. Low self-esteem was shown to increase behaviours linked to eating disorders globally. Likewise, high socialisation through social networks was also associated with a general increase in eating disorders during adolescence. The findings of the study provide empirical support for the need to develop prevention strategies that address the improvement in self-esteem and adequate socialisation through social networks during adolescence. The development of effective interventions along these lines could be helpful to treat the behaviours and attitudes that are observed in eating disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Frieiro
- Department of Psycho‐socio‐educational Analysis and Intervention, Social Work and Social services areaUniversidade de VigoOurenseSpain
| | - Rubén González‐Rodríguez
- Department of Psycho‐socio‐educational Analysis and Intervention, Social Work and Social services areaUniversidade de VigoOurenseSpain
| | - José Domínguez‐Alonso
- Department of Psycho‐socio‐educational Analysis and Intervention, Behavioural science methodology areaUniversidade de VigoOurenseSpain
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31
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Hussenoeder FS. Social network sites as learning environments and their implications for mental health. Front Digit Health 2022; 4:939740. [PMID: 36300130 PMCID: PMC9589159 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2022.939740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Social network sites (SNSs) have become ubiquitous around the globe and interwoven with all aspects of life. In this article, I will argue that the communicative infrastructure of SNSs, i.e., all SNS-elements that allow users to communicate, is a key element for understanding their impact as it creates environments in which users, their behaviors, and social interactions are embedded. These digital environments facilitate and encourage fundamental mechanisms of implicit learning from feedback as well as observation in an unprecedented way. I will discuss how these technology-based learning environments impact the mental health of their users, e.g., by linking negative online feedback to depression and following influencers to disturbed eating. The article ends with a conclusion that emphasizes the advantages of understanding SNSs as environments in order to reflect the complexity, relevance, and ubiquitousness of the phenomenon.
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32
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How do social networks, controlling parenting, and interpersonal sensitivity contribute to adolescents' appearance anxiety? CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Özaydın T, Ouyaba AT, Kesim SI. Predictors of Orthorexia Nervosa behavior in women within the framework of the theory of planned behavior. Perspect Psychiatr Care 2022; 58:1599-1606. [PMID: 34758112 DOI: 10.1111/ppc.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to examine the predictors of Orthorexia Nervosa behavior in women. DESIGN AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted with 418 women of reproductive age in Turkey. FINDINGS More positive attitudes towards healthy eating and higher levels of control were significantly associated with more positive intentions. High Orthorexia Nervosa and low control were significantly associated with high body mass index. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS Within the framework of the Theory of Planned Behavior, predictors of Orthorexia Nervosa behavior in women were determined as an attitude towards healthy eating, perceived behavioral control, intention, and body mass index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Özaydın
- Department of Public Health Nursing, Selçuk University, Faculty of Nursing, Konya, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Taştekin Ouyaba
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Nursing, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Selma Infal Kesim
- Department of Nursing, Selçuk University, Akşehir Kadir Yallagöz School of Health, Konya, Turkey
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Steube F, Löwe B, Weigel A. "Belly Only Pregnancy" content on social media and in internet blogs: a qualitative analysis on its definition and potential risks and benefits. Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2435-2445. [PMID: 35239173 PMCID: PMC9556386 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01381-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Social media enlarge the impact of health and fitness trends on body image and lifestyle choices, also in birthing parents. A new and yet to investigate social media trend addressing expectant mothers is "Belly Only Pregnancy". This qualitative study sought to define this new trend and clarify whether content related to this trend might disrupt body image or eating habits in expectant mothers. METHODS Picture and text data were gathered on a key day by screening Instagram and blog posts including or linking #bellyonlypregnancy. The identified data were categorized applying qualitative content analysis using MAXQDA software version 2018. RESULTS Three hundred and fifty-one Instagram and eight blog posts were included. Our qualitative analysis' results indicated that the term "Belly Only Pregnancy" was used for describing: (1) The phenotype of an athletic woman whose abdominal size enlarges during pregnancy while not gaining excessive fat tissue. (2) An active lifestyle during pregnancy consisting of healthy nutrition and regular exercise pursuing goals like fast weight loss post-partum. Also, bodily, and mental gestational changes and the feasibility of this lifestyle were discussed. CONCLUSION A "Belly Only Pregnancy" allegorizes an ideal body type for expecting mothers. Especially women with increased vulnerability for an eating disorder might be negatively affected by the consumption of content linked to this trend. However, the positive effects of a healthy diet and exercise should not be denied keeping into account the increasing prevalence of obesity and gestational diabetes. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III: Evidence obtained from cohort or case-control analytic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felizia Steube
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Löwe
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angelika Weigel
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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35
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McComb SE, Mills JS. Eating and body image characteristics of those who aspire to the slim-thick, thin, or fit ideal and their impact on state body image. Body Image 2022; 42:375-384. [PMID: 35930873 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2022.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The slim-thick ideal is characterized by a small waist and flat stomach, but large hips, thighs, and butt. Little research to date has examined the impact of this body-ideal on women's body image. The purpose of the current study was to investigate: 1) the impact of slim-thick, thin-, and fit-ideal imagery on women's body image, 2) the body ideals women most aspire to, and 3) eating and body image characteristics of women who aspire to each ideal. Participants were 123 female undergraduate students. Results revealed that experimental exposure to slim-thick- and fit-ideal imagery resulted in lower body satisfaction. Participants reported aspiring more to the fit and slim-thick-ideal than to the thin-ideal, and rated the slim-thick-ideal as the most attractive and desirable. Women who aspired to the thin- or slim-thick-ideal reported the greatest overall disordered eating. Women who aspired to the slim-thick-ideal reported greater dietary restraint, eating, shape and weight concerns, appearance ideal internalization, body image investment, and physical appearance perfectionism than those who aspired to the fit-ideal. Findings show that beauty ideals are shifting away from the thin-ideal toward a slim-thick-ideal. Slim-thick internalization may be harmful to women's well-being and should be addressed in body image and eating disorders interventions.
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36
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Lozano-Muñoz N, Borrallo-Riego Á, Guerra-Martín MD. [Impact of social network use on anorexia and bulimia in female adolescents: a systematic review]. An Sist Sanit Navar 2022; 45:e1009. [PMID: 35972299 PMCID: PMC10130796 DOI: 10.23938/assn.1009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Systematic review of published studies on the impact of social networks (SN) use on anorexia and bulimia in female adolescents. We selected articles published over the past 10 years, written in English, Spanish or Portu-guese found in The Cochrane Library Plus, PubMed, WOS, PsycINFO, and Scopus databases and with enough methodological quality. Nine studies were included in this review with a sample of 2,069 adolescents; 75.3% were female, mean age was 18 years, and mostly used Facebook and Instagram. Despite some positive aspects, SNs promote beauty standards in terms of thinness, allow comparisons between peers increasing concerns about weight, and create spaces that encourage anorexia and bulimia. Therefore, SN use plays a role in the development of eating disorders. The promotion of extreme thinness in girls makes this population more vulnerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lozano-Muñoz
- Área de Salud de Cáceres. Servicio Extremeño de Salud. Cáceres. España..
| | - Á Borrallo-Riego
- Departamento de Enfermería. Universidad de Sevilla. Sevilla. España..
| | - M D Guerra-Martín
- Departamento de Enfermería. Universidad de Sevilla. Sevilla. España..
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Au ES, Cosh SM. Social media and eating disorder recovery: An exploration of Instagram recovery community users and their reasons for engagement. Eat Behav 2022; 46:101651. [PMID: 35760017 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2022.101651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Online recovery communities offer support for people with eating disorders who may not otherwise seek professional help. Instagram is a popular platform that is widely used for eating disorder recovery, but little is known about the population that uses it or its potential benefits. METHOD A mixed-methods study surveyed 163 users of the Instagram recovery community to identify their descriptive characteristics, their reasons for using the community, and what they perceived to be helpful or unhelpful about the platform. RESULTS The community included users who were diverse in gender, ethnicity and eating disorder presentation and severity, with cases of potential anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder identified. Reasons for engaging in the community included to see representations of diverse individuals and as an alternative to professional treatment. Results indicate that the community may provide benefits for recovery such as social support and validation, but that its lack of moderation and potential for harmful content can also prevent recovery. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the need for better recognition of diverse eating disorder presentations and improved accessibility to professional treatment in the wider community. Moderated use of the platform should be considered in order to minimize risks and increase benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily S Au
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Suzanne M Cosh
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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38
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Pink AE, Lim PXH, Sim AY, Cheon BK. The Effects of Acute Social Media Exposure on Body Dissatisfaction and Eating Behavior of Male and Female Students. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2022.41.4.365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Experimental research has examined the effect of social media on body dissatisfaction, but little attention has been given to the impact on eating behavior. Across two studies, we tested the causal relationship between acute social media use, body dissatisfaction and eating behavior. Methods: In Study 1, 80 female participants (age: M = 20.75 years; BMI: M = 21.3) viewed their own Facebook account or a news website before completing a portion size selection task. In Study 2 (pre-registered), 148 participants (81 females; age: M = 20.92 years; BMI: M = 22.19), viewed their own or an experimenter-curated Instagram profile before consuming potato chips ad-libitum. Results: In Study 1, body dissatisfaction was significantly higher in participants who viewed Facebook (compared to a news website) and significantly mediated the effect of condition on portion size selection. In Study 2, regardless of condition females reported significantly smaller ideal body sizes and higher body dissatisfaction compared to males. When females reported a thinner body size as ideal, females in the personal Instagram consumed significantly less potato chips than those in the control Instagram condition. When males reported a smaller actual body size, males in the personal Instagram condition consumed significantly less potato chips than males in the control Instagram condition. Discussion: Findings suggest brief bouts of social media use may produce immediate disruptions to body image of both sexes, and restrained snack intake of females endorsing thin ideals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee E. Pink
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore; Swansea University, Swansea, UK; and A∗STAR, Singapore
| | | | | | - Bobby K. Cheon
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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39
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Caner N, Efe YS, Başdaş Ö. The contribution of social media addiction to adolescent LIFE: Social appearance anxiety. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022; 41:8424-8433. [PMID: 35693841 PMCID: PMC9169592 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03280-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The use of social media by adolescents, who spend about 3 hours a day on social media, is dominated by visual communication. Nowadays, appearance ideals are presented through social media platforms. Exposure to these popular ideals of appearance could cause appearance-based anxiety and adolescents to develop binge-eating behavior. This cross-sectional study was conducted to determine social appearance anxiety, social media addictions, and emotional eating behaviors of adolescents. 1363 adolescents, living in the Central Anatolian Region of Turkey, were included in the study. Data were collected with a Questionnaire form, the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS), Social Media Addiction Scale (SMAS), and Emotional Eating Scale (EES-C). 24.4% of adolescents are social media addicts. No relationship was found between adolescents' social appearance anxiety, social media addictions, and emotional eating behaviors. However, social appearance anxiety and social media addictions of girls, those who perceive their family income as low and who think that they are influenced by social media influencers have higher anxiety. The value of this study is that it shows that gender, low income perception, time spent on social media, being influenced by influencers, following influencers who share diet and nutrition content, and social media addiction are associated with social appearance anxiety. As a result, it is thought that social media addiction and being affected by social media influencers increase social appearance anxiety in adolescents and pose a risk in terms of adolescents' mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuray Caner
- Pediatric Nursing Department, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Health Sciences Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Yağmur Sezer Efe
- Pediatric Nursing Department, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Health Sciences Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Öznur Başdaş
- Pediatric Nursing Department, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey.,Health Sciences Faculty, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
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40
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Foster S, O'Mealey M, Farmer C, Carvallo M. The impact of snapchat usage on drunkorexia behaviors in college women. JOURNAL OF AMERICAN COLLEGE HEALTH : J OF ACH 2022; 70:864-874. [PMID: 32610032 DOI: 10.1080/07448481.2020.1775609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ObjectiveResearch has shown the deleterious effects of drunkorexia behaviors. The goal of this project was to examine the impact of college women's Snapchat usage on drunkorexia behavior frequencies and motives, through comparing one's body to others and internal drives for thinness.Participants636 college women (Study 1 N = 109, Study 2 N = 527) were recruited from a large research institution in the Southwestern U.S.MethodsParticipants completed an online survey regarding Snapchat usage, body comparison indices, drive for thinness, and drunkorexia behaviors and motives.ResultsFindings support the hypotheses that Snapchat usage impacts drunkorexia behaviors in general (Study 1), and specific drunkorexia motives (Study 2). These effects were mediated by an index of body comparisons and drive for thinness.ConclusionsCollege women may be at risk for drunkorexia due to their experiences on social media. Aspects of the platform may be pushing women toward disturbed eating habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Foster
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Molly O'Mealey
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Claire Farmer
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Mauricio Carvallo
- Department of Psychology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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Piccoli V, Carnaghi A, Grassi M, Bianchi M. The relationship between Instagram activity and female body concerns: The serial mediating role of appearance‐related comparisons and internalization of beauty norms. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY & APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/casp.2586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrea Carnaghi
- Department of Life Sciences University of Trieste Trieste Italy
| | - Michele Grassi
- Department of Life Sciences University of Trieste Trieste Italy
| | - Mauro Bianchi
- Department of Life Sciences University of Trieste Trieste Italy
- HEI‐Lab Lusófona University Lisbon Portugal
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42
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Jennings AF, LeBlanc H, Kisch K, Lancaster S, Allen J. Blurred boundaries between Pro-Anorexia and Fitspiration media? Diverging cognitive and emotional effects. Eat Disord 2021; 29:580-590. [PMID: 32129717 DOI: 10.1080/10640266.2020.1712634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Social media is an emerging source of body-focused messages affecting young women. This research investigated the diverging cognitive and emotional effects of Pro-Anorexia (Pro-Ana) and Fitspiration content using linguistic analysis. Undergraduate college women (N = 129) viewed one of six experimentally-created blogs: text or images of Fitspiration, Pro-Ana, or control (Home Décor) and completed an open-ended prompt with their reaction. Linguistic analysis on post-exposure writing suggested Fitspiration blogs produced positive emotions and social comparison processes; Pro-Ana blogs produced negative and anxious emotions. Participants' history of past disordered eating behavior qualified affective (positive emotion and anxiety), but not cognitive (social comparison) outcomes. Given the cognitive and emotional impact of viewing such media, findings speak to the need for specific content of social media sites to be addressed and discussed in the treatment and prevention of eating disorders.
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43
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Kasson E, Vázquez MM, Doroshenko C, Fitzsimmons-Craft EE, Wilfley DE, Taylor CB, Cavazos-Rehg PA. Exploring Social Media Recruitment Strategies and Preliminary Acceptability of an mHealth Tool for Teens with Eating Disorders. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7979. [PMID: 34360270 PMCID: PMC8345665 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: The current study leveraged social media to connect with teens with EDs to identify population specific characteristics and to gather feedback on an mHealth intervention. (2) Methods: We recruited teens with EDs from social media in two phases: (1) Discovery Group, (2) Testing Group. The Discovery Group (n = 14) participants were recruited from Facebook/Instagram and were asked to review the app for up to one week and provide qualitative feedback. After incorporating feedback from the Discovery Group, we refined our social media outreach methods to connect with 30 teens with EDs to pilot this mobile app. Recruitment from a variety of platforms on social media was successful, with the majority of enrolled participants in the Testing Group coming from Snapchat (60%) and a large percentage of participants belonging to gender and sexual minority groups (63%). (3) Results: Participants from both groups experienced extremely high rates of depression (100% Discovery, 90% Testing) and/or anxiety symptoms (100% Discovery, 93% Testing) in addition to ED symptoms, and noted this as a possible barrier to app engagement. (4) Conclusion: Use of social media for recruitment of teens with EDs is feasible and may connect with groups who may be more difficult to reach using traditional recruitment methods. Among the Discovery Group there was high acceptability of and interest in an app to support ED recovery, and characteristics of both groups demonstrated need for support in other mental health domains. Future studies should evaluate the preliminary efficacy of such tools among teens to determine the effects of such interventions on ED symptoms and other mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Kasson
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (E.K.); (M.M.V.); (C.D.); (E.E.F.-C.)
| | - Melissa M. Vázquez
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (E.K.); (M.M.V.); (C.D.); (E.E.F.-C.)
| | - Christine Doroshenko
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (E.K.); (M.M.V.); (C.D.); (E.E.F.-C.)
| | - Ellen E. Fitzsimmons-Craft
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (E.K.); (M.M.V.); (C.D.); (E.E.F.-C.)
| | - Denise E. Wilfley
- Department of Psychology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - C. Barr Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA;
- Center for m2Health, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Patricia A. Cavazos-Rehg
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (E.K.); (M.M.V.); (C.D.); (E.E.F.-C.)
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Vendemia MA, DeAndrea DC. The effects of engaging in digital photo modifications and receiving favorable comments on women's selfies shared on social media. Body Image 2021; 37:74-83. [PMID: 33571869 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The present study explores how the construction and distribution of selfies might interact with features of newer media to affect women who share selfies on social media. In particular, this study focuses on how specific types of photo modification and the nature of favorable audience feedback received on one's images might exert influence on women's state self-objectification and body image concerns. A 3 × 2 between-subjects lab experiment was conducted to explore how the type of photo modification (appearance modifications, nonappearance modifications, or no modifications [control]) and nature of positive feedback (appearance comments vs. nonappearance comments) affect state self-objectification, state appearance satisfaction, pro-cosmetic surgery attitudes, and willingness to distribute selfies on social media in the future. Results indicate that modifying selfies leads to less appearance satisfaction and lower pro-cosmetic surgery attitudes. Receiving appearance comments on selfies heightens state self-objectification, regardless of the type of photo modification. In addition, the more women self-objectified, the more inclined they were to share similarly objectifying selfies on social media in the future. The findings of this work provide a more comprehensive understanding of how women are impacted by the images they share online.
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Mining Textual and Imagery Instagram Data during the COVID-19 Pandemic. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11094281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Instagram is perhaps the most rapidly gaining in popularity of photo and video sharing social networking applications. It has been widely adopted by both end-users and organizations, posting their personal experiences or expressing their opinion during significant events and periods of crises, such as the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the search for effective vaccine treatment. We identify the three major companies involved in vaccine research and extract their Instagram posts, after vaccination has started, as well as users’ reception using respective hashtags, constructing the datasets. Statistical differences regarding the companies are initially presented, on textual, as well as visual features, i.e., image classification by transfer learning. Appropriate preprocessing of English language posts and content analysis is subsequently performed, by automatically annotating the posts as one of four intent classes, thus facilitating the training of nine classifiers for a potential application capable of predicting user’s intent. By designing and carrying out a controlled experiment we validate that the resulted algorithms’ accuracy ranking is significant, identifying the two best performing algorithms; this is further improved by ensemble techniques. Finally, polarity analysis on users’ posts, leveraging a convolutional neural network, reveals a rather neutral to negative sentiment, with highly polarized user posts’ distributions.
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Nutter S, Russell-Mayhew S, Saunders JF. Towards a sociocultural model of weight stigma. Eat Weight Disord 2021; 26:999-1005. [PMID: 32462360 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-020-00931-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Weight stigma is pervasive and is associated with numerous physical and psychological health consequences, including decreased body satisfaction. Understanding of contributing factors to weight stigma remains limited, although researchers have consistently documented the connection between weight controllability beliefs and weight stigma. Sociocultural factors, including thin-ideal internalization and related social-cognitive correlates, are in the nascent stages of exploration to further our understanding of weight stigma. METHODS In this study, we tested an emerging sociocultural model of weight stigma, examining the influence of thin-ideal internalization and appearance-related comparisons on weight stigma, statistically controlling for weight controllability beliefs and accounting for thin-ideal environmental influences. Participants were 137 MTurk workers living in the United States. RESULTS We found that increased thin-ideal information was associated with thin-ideal internalization, which in turn was related to both upward and downward appearance-related comparison tendencies. These comparisons were then significantly related to weight stigma, controlling for weight controllability beliefs. There were significant indirect effects of both upward and downward appearance-related comparison tendencies on the relation between thin-ideal internalization and weight stigma. CONCLUSION These results extend limited prior research examining the association between the thin-ideal and appearance-related comparisons with weight stigma, and contribute to a more nuanced understanding of this complex phenomenon. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level V, cross-sectional study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Nutter
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, EDT 114, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Shelly Russell-Mayhew
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, EDT 114, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jessica F Saunders
- Counselling Psychology, Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, EDT 114, 2500 University Dr. NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
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Ventura V, Cavaliere A, Iannò B. #Socialfood: Virtuous or vicious? A systematic review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Oleksy T, Wnuk A. Do women perceive sex robots as threatening? The role of political views and presenting the robot as a female-vs male-friendly product. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2020.106664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Alruwayshid MS, Alduraywish SA, Allafi AH, Alshuniefi AS, Alaraik EF, Alreshidi F, Almughais E, Alruwayshid NS. The influence of social media on body dissatisfaction among college students. J Family Med Prim Care 2021; 10:1741-1746. [PMID: 34123922 PMCID: PMC8144797 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1529_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Social media is growing rapidly in the last few years and it became daily used by individuals, especially adolescents and young adults. Although social media has several benefits such as easy communication between individuals, it has also other drawbacks and negative influence on individuals. AIM To assess the association between the level of social media use and body dissatisfaction among male and female college students and to examine these associations according to different types of social media. METHOD This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted on students at King Saud University in Riyadh-Saudi Arabia, using self-administrated questionnaire "The Body Shape Questionnaire BSQ-8." Data were analyzed using SPSS statistical software (Version 21.0). RESULTS The present study included 204 students, females were more dominant (53.9%). Around 47.1% of participants spent >4 h, and the most used type of social media used was Twitter (46.6%). There were 71.1% who had low dissatisfaction. Several factors significantly had an impact on the level of dissatisfaction including upper class status (P = 0.015), using social media for 3-4 h (P = 0.05) and suing social media for more than 4 h (P = 0.011). CONCLUSION There was low level of dissatisfaction level among students, however this level didn't differ between gender, so social media in Saudi Arabia didn't have the huge effect seen in other countries, especially among females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shatha Ahmed Alduraywish
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Prince Salttam Research Chair for Epidemiology and Public Health, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abrar Hmod Allafi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, King Fahad Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Enas Fahad Alaraik
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatmah Alreshidi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ebtehaj Almughais
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Saudi Arabia
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Perceived Challenges and Online Harms from Social Media Use on a Severity Continuum: A Qualitative Psychological Stakeholder Perspective. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18063227. [PMID: 33804723 PMCID: PMC8003875 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18063227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that problematic use of gaming, the internet, and social media among adolescents is on the rise, affecting multiple psycho-emotional domains. However, research providing a comprehensive and triangulated stakeholder perspective of perceived harms is lacking. How are adolescent online harms experienced and conceptualized by students, parents, and teachers? The present study comprised part of a qualitative needs assessment investigation with the use of focus groups and individual interviews among key stakeholder groups assessing perceived impacts with a focus on the negative consequences and perceived harms. The study’s sample consisted of students (N = 42, Mage = 13.5, SD = 2.3), parents (N = 9, Mage = 37, SD = 5.6) and teachers (N = 9, Mage = 34, SD = 4.9) from the UK. Data were analysed with thematic analysis. Findings focused primarily on social media use impacts and indicated that processes underlying impacts experienced by adolescents may be conceptualized on a severity continuum. Stakeholder consensus on perceptions of challenges and perceived harms formed the second theme, with impacts further analysed as relating to time displacement, peer judgement, sensory overload and context of the adolescent with functional (performance, task switching, use of multiple devices), cognitive (loss or deterioration of attentional focus, attention deficit), and emotional consequences (stress, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive/checking behaviours). A third theme formed was individual vulnerabilities predisposing poor mental health outcomes. The final theme related to impacts dependent on context and meaning attached. Findings suggest a consideration of a spectrum approach encompassing a broader range of potential psychological challenges and perceived harms beyond safety concerns and addiction in understanding problematic adolescent online experiences. Understanding perceived harms can aid the objective setting of interventions and consideration of mental health literacy in school curricula.
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