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Cottrell KA, Ryu S, Donelick H, Mai H, Pierce JR, Bass BL, Weber JD. Activation of PKR by a short-hairpin RNA. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.08.592371. [PMID: 38766230 PMCID: PMC11100704 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.08.592371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Recognition of viral infection often relies on the detection of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a process that is conserved in many different organisms. In mammals, proteins such as MDA5, RIG-I, OAS, and PKR detect viral dsRNA, but struggle to differentiate between viral and endogenous dsRNA. This study investigates an shRNA targeting DDX54's potential to activate PKR, a key player in the immune response to dsRNA. Knockdown of DDX54 by a specific shRNA induced robust PKR activation in human cells, even when DDX54 is overexpressed, suggesting an off-target mechanism. Activation of PKR by the shRNA was enhanced by knockdown of ADAR1, a dsRNA binding protein that suppresses PKR activation, indicating a dsRNA-mediated mechanism. In vitro assays confirmed direct PKR activation by the shRNA. These findings emphasize the need for rigorous controls and alternative methods to validate gene function and minimize unintended immune pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle A. Cottrell
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sua Ryu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Helen Donelick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Hung Mai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jackson R. Pierce
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Brenda L. Bass
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jason D. Weber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Department of Biology, Siteman Cancer Center, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- ICCE Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
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2
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Otter CJ, Bracci N, Parenti NA, Ye C, Asthana A, Blomqvist EK, Tan LH, Pfannenstiel JJ, Jackson N, Fehr AR, Silverman RH, Burke JM, Cohen NA, Martinez-Sobrido L, Weiss SR. SARS-CoV-2 nsp15 endoribonuclease antagonizes dsRNA-induced antiviral signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2320194121. [PMID: 38568967 PMCID: PMC11009620 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2320194121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 has caused millions of deaths since its emergence in 2019. Innate immune antagonism by lethal CoVs such as SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for optimal replication and pathogenesis. The conserved nonstructural protein 15 (nsp15) endoribonuclease (EndoU) limits activation of double-stranded (ds)RNA-induced pathways, including interferon (IFN) signaling, protein kinase R (PKR), and oligoadenylate synthetase/ribonuclease L (OAS/RNase L) during diverse CoV infections including murine coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV. To determine how nsp15 functions during SARS-CoV-2 infection, we constructed a recombinant SARS-CoV-2 (nsp15mut) expressing catalytically inactivated nsp15, which we show promoted increased dsRNA accumulation. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 nsp15mut led to increased activation of the IFN signaling and PKR pathways in lung-derived epithelial cell lines and primary nasal epithelial air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures as well as significant attenuation of replication in ALI cultures compared to wild-type virus. This replication defect was rescued when IFN signaling was inhibited with the Janus activated kinase (JAK) inhibitor ruxolitinib. Finally, to assess nsp15 function in the context of minimal (MERS-CoV) or moderate (SARS-CoV-2) innate immune induction, we compared infections with SARS-CoV-2 nsp15mut and previously described MERS-CoV nsp15 mutants. Inactivation of nsp15 had a more dramatic impact on MERS-CoV replication than SARS-CoV-2 in both Calu3 cells and nasal ALI cultures suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 can better tolerate innate immune responses. Taken together, SARS-CoV-2 nsp15 is a potent inhibitor of dsRNA-induced innate immune response and its antagonism of IFN signaling is necessary for optimal viral replication in primary nasal ALI cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton J. Otter
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Nicole Bracci
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Nicholas A. Parenti
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Chengjin Ye
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX78227
| | - Abhishek Asthana
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH44195
| | - Ebba K. Blomqvist
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim University of Florida Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL33458
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim University of Florida Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL33458
| | - Li Hui Tan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Surgery, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | | | - Nathaniel Jackson
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX78227
| | - Anthony R. Fehr
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS66045
| | - Robert H. Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH44195
| | - James M. Burke
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Herbert Wertheim University of Florida Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL33458
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim University of Florida Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL33458
| | - Noam A. Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Department of Surgery, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Administration Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA19104
| | - Luis Martinez-Sobrido
- Disease Intervention and Prevention, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX78227
| | - Susan R. Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104
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3
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Williams TD, Rousseau A. Translation regulation in response to stress. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38308808 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Cell stresses occur in a wide variety of settings: in disease, during industrial processes, and as part of normal day-to-day rhythms. Adaptation to these stresses requires cells to alter their proteome. Cells modify the proteins they synthesize to aid proteome adaptation. Changes in both mRNA transcription and translation contribute to altered protein synthesis. Here, we discuss the changes in translational mechanisms that occur following the onset of stress, and the impact these have on stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Williams
- MRC-PPU, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, UK
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, UK
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4
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El Safadi D, Paulo-Ramos A, Hoareau M, Roche M, Krejbich-Trotot P, Viranaicken W, Lebeau G. The Influence of Metabolism on Immune Response: A Journey to Understand Immunometabolism in the Context of Viral Infection. Viruses 2023; 15:2399. [PMID: 38140640 PMCID: PMC10748259 DOI: 10.3390/v15122399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the emergence of the concept of immunometabolism has shed light on the pivotal role that cellular metabolism plays in both the activation of immune cells and the development of immune programs. The antiviral response, a widely distributed defense mechanism used by infected cells, serves to not only control infections but also to attenuate their deleterious effects. The exploration of the role of metabolism in orchestrating the antiviral response represents a burgeoning area of research, especially considering the escalating incidence of viral outbreaks coupled with the increasing prevalence of metabolic diseases. Here, we present a review of current knowledge regarding immunometabolism and the antiviral response during viral infections. Initially, we delve into the concept of immunometabolism by examining its application in the field of cancer-a domain that has long spearheaded inquiries into this fascinating intersection of disciplines. Subsequently, we explore examples of immune cells whose activation is intricately regulated by metabolic processes. Progressing with a systematic and cellular approach, our aim is to unravel the potential role of metabolism in antiviral defense, placing significant emphasis on the innate and canonical interferon response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daed El Safadi
- PIMIT—Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme CYROI, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (D.E.S.); (M.R.); (P.K.-T.)
| | - Aurélie Paulo-Ramos
- INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de La Réunion, Campus Santé de Terre Sainte, 97410 Saint-Pierre, France; (A.P.-R.)
| | - Mathilde Hoareau
- INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de La Réunion, Campus Santé de Terre Sainte, 97410 Saint-Pierre, France; (A.P.-R.)
| | - Marjolaine Roche
- PIMIT—Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme CYROI, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (D.E.S.); (M.R.); (P.K.-T.)
| | - Pascale Krejbich-Trotot
- PIMIT—Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme CYROI, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (D.E.S.); (M.R.); (P.K.-T.)
| | - Wildriss Viranaicken
- PIMIT—Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme CYROI, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (D.E.S.); (M.R.); (P.K.-T.)
- INSERM, UMR 1188 Diabète Athérothrombose Réunion Océan Indien (DéTROI), Université de La Réunion, Campus Santé de Terre Sainte, 97410 Saint-Pierre, France; (A.P.-R.)
| | - Grégorie Lebeau
- PIMIT—Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical, Université de La Réunion, INSERM UMR 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme CYROI, 97490 Sainte-Clotilde, France; (D.E.S.); (M.R.); (P.K.-T.)
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5
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Sallustio F, Picerno A, Cimmarusti MT, Montenegro F, Curci C, De Palma G, Sivo C, Annese F, Fontò G, Stasi A, Pesce F, Tafuri S, Di Leo V, Gesualdo L. Elevated levels of IL-6 in IgA nephropathy patients are induced by an epigenetically driven mechanism modulated by viral and bacterial RNA. Eur J Intern Med 2023; 118:108-117. [PMID: 37550110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2023.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) is the most frequent primary glomerulonephritis and the role of IL-6 in pathogenesis is becoming increasingly important. A recent whole genome DNA methylation screening in IgAN patients identified a hypermethylated region comprising the non-coding RNA Vault RNA 2-1 (VTRNA2-1) that could explain the high IL-6 levels. METHODS The pathway leading to IL-6 secretion controlled by VTRNA2-1, PKR, and CREB was analyzed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from healthy subjects (HS), IgAN patients, transplanted patients with or without IgAN. The role of double and single-strand RNA in controlling the pathway was investigated. RESULTS VTRNA2-1 was downregulated in IgAN compared to HS and in transplanted IgAN patients (TP-IgAN) compared to non-IgAN transplanted (TP). The loss of the VTRNA2-1 natural restrain in IgAN patients caused PKR hyperphosphorylation, and consequently the activation of CREB by PKR, which, in turn, led to high IL-6 production, both in IgAN and in TP-IgAN patients. IL-6 levels could be decreased by the PKR inhibitor imoxin. In addition, PKR is normally activated by bacterial and viral RNA, and we found that both the RNA poly(I:C), and the COVID-19 RNA-vaccine stimulation significantly increased the IL-6 levels in PBMCs from HS but had an opposite effect in those from IgAN patients. CONCLUSION The discovery of the upregulated VTRNA2-1/PKR/CREB/IL-6 pathway in IgAN patients may provide a novel approach to treating the disease and may be useful for the development of precision nephrology and personalized therapy by checking the VTRNA2-1 methylation level in IgAN patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Sallustio
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DIMEPRE-J), University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare, Bari 11 70124, Italy.
| | - Angela Picerno
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Cimmarusti
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DIMEPRE-J), University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare, Bari 11 70124, Italy
| | - Francesca Montenegro
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Curci
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DIMEPRE-J), University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare, Bari 11 70124, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Palma
- Institutional Biobank, Experimental Oncology and Biobank Management Unit, IRCCS Istituto Tumori Bari Giovanni Paolo II, Bari, Italy
| | - Carmen Sivo
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DIMEPRE-J), University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare, Bari 11 70124, Italy
| | - Francesca Annese
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DIMEPRE-J), University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare, Bari 11 70124, Italy
| | - Giulia Fontò
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DIMEPRE-J), University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare, Bari 11 70124, Italy
| | - Alessandra Stasi
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DIMEPRE-J), University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare, Bari 11 70124, Italy
| | - Francesco Pesce
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DIMEPRE-J), University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare, Bari 11 70124, Italy
| | - Silvio Tafuri
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Leo
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DIMEPRE-J), University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare, Bari 11 70124, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Renal, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DIMEPRE-J), University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare, Bari 11 70124, Italy
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6
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Otter CJ, Bracci N, Parenti NA, Ye C, Tan LH, Asthana A, Pfannenstiel JJ, Jackson N, Fehr AR, Silverman RH, Cohen NA, Martinez-Sobrido L, Weiss SR. SARS-CoV-2 nsp15 endoribonuclease antagonizes dsRNA-induced antiviral signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.15.566945. [PMID: 38014074 PMCID: PMC10680701 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.15.566945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 has caused millions of deaths since emerging in 2019. Innate immune antagonism by lethal CoVs such as SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for optimal replication and pathogenesis. The conserved nonstructural protein 15 (nsp15) endoribonuclease (EndoU) limits activation of double-stranded (ds)RNA-induced pathways, including interferon (IFN) signaling, protein kinase R (PKR), and oligoadenylate synthetase/ribonuclease L (OAS/RNase L) during diverse CoV infections including murine coronavirus and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-CoV. To determine how nsp15 functions during SARS-CoV-2 infection, we constructed a mutant recombinant SARS-CoV-2 (nsp15mut) expressing a catalytically inactive nsp15. Infection with SARS-CoV-2 nsp15 mut led to increased activation of the IFN signaling and PKR pathways in lung-derived epithelial cell lines and primary nasal epithelial air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures as well as significant attenuation of replication in ALI cultures compared to wild-type (WT) virus. This replication defect was rescued when IFN signaling was inhibited with the Janus activated kinase (JAK) inhibitor ruxolitinib. Finally, to assess nsp15 function in the context of minimal (MERS-CoV) or moderate (SARS-CoV-2) innate immune induction, we compared infections with SARS-CoV-2 nsp15mut and previously described MERS-CoV nsp15 mutants. Inactivation of nsp15 had a more dramatic impact on MERS-CoV replication than SARS-CoV-2 in both Calu3 cells and nasal ALI cultures suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 can better tolerate innate immune responses. Taken together, SARS-CoV-2 nsp15 is a potent inhibitor of dsRNA-induced innate immune response and its antagonism of IFN signaling is necessary for optimal viral replication in primary nasal ALI culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton J Otter
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicole Bracci
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas A Parenti
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chengjin Ye
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Li Hui Tan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Abhishek Asthana
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Anthony R Fehr
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Robert H Silverman
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Noam A Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Division of Rhinology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Susan R Weiss
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Penn Center for Research on Coronaviruses and Other Emerging Pathogens, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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7
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Ito T, Wuerth JD, Weber F. Protection of eIF2B from inhibitory phosphorylated eIF2: A viral strategy to maintain mRNA translation during the PKR-triggered integrated stress response. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105287. [PMID: 37742919 PMCID: PMC10616414 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The integrated stress response (ISR) protects cells from a variety of insults. Once elicited (e.g., by virus infections), it eventually leads to the block of mRNA translation. Central to the ISR are the interactions between translation initiation factors eIF2 and eIF2B. Under normal conditions, eIF2 drives the initiation of protein synthesis through hydrolysis of GTP, which becomes replenished by the guanine nucleotide exchange factor eIF2B. The antiviral branch of the ISR is activated by the RNA-activated kinase PKR which phosphorylates eIF2, thereby converting it into an eIF2B inhibitor. Here, we describe the recently solved structures of eIF2B in complex with eIF2 and a novel escape strategy used by viruses. While unphosphorylated eIF2 interacts with eIF2B in its "productive" conformation, phosphorylated eIF2 [eIF2(αP)] engages a different binding cavity on eIF2B and forces it into the "nonproductive" conformation that prohibits guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity. It is well established that viruses express so-called PKR antagonists that interfere with double-strand RNA, PKR itself, or eIF2. However recently, three taxonomically unrelated viruses were reported to encode antagonists targeting eIF2B instead. For one antagonist, the S segment nonstructural protein of Sandfly fever Sicilian virus, atomic structures showed that it occupies the eIF2(αP)-binding cavity on eIF2B without imposing a switch to the nonproductive conformation. S segment nonstructural protein thus antagonizes the activity of PKR by protecting eIF2B from inhibition by eIF2(αP). As the ISR and specifically eIF2B are central to neuroprotection and a wide range of genetic and age-related diseases, these developments may open new possibilities for treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuhiro Ito
- Laboratory for Translation Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Yokohama, Japan
| | | | - Friedemann Weber
- Institute for Virology, FB10-Veterinary Medicine, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
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8
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Hanquier Z, Misra J, Baxter R, Maiers JL. Stress and Liver Fibrogenesis: Understanding the Role and Regulation of Stress Response Pathways in Hepatic Stellate Cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2023; 193:1363-1376. [PMID: 37422148 PMCID: PMC10548279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2023.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
Stress response pathways are crucial for cells to adapt to physiological and pathologic conditions. Increased transcription and translation in response to stimuli place a strain on the cell, necessitating increased amino acid supply, protein production and folding, and disposal of misfolded proteins. Stress response pathways, such as the unfolded protein response (UPR) and the integrated stress response (ISR), allow cells to adapt to stress and restore homeostasis; however, their role and regulation in pathologic conditions, such as hepatic fibrogenesis, are unclear. Liver injury promotes fibrogenesis through activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), which produce and secrete fibrogenic proteins to promote tissue repair. This process is exacerbated in chronic liver disease, leading to fibrosis and, if unchecked, cirrhosis. Fibrogenic HSCs exhibit activation of both the UPR and ISR, due in part to increased transcriptional and translational demands, and these stress responses play important roles in fibrogenesis. Targeting these pathways to limit fibrogenesis or promote HSC apoptosis is a potential antifibrotic strategy, but it is limited by our lack of mechanistic understanding of how the UPR and ISR regulate HSC activation and fibrogenesis. This article explores the role of the UPR and ISR in the progression of fibrogenesis, and highlights areas that require further investigation to better understand how the UPR and ISR can be targeted to limit hepatic fibrosis progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Hanquier
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jagannath Misra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Reese Baxter
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jessica L Maiers
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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9
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Mertowska P, Smolak K, Mertowski S, Grywalska E. Immunomodulatory Role of Interferons in Viral and Bacterial Infections. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10115. [PMID: 37373262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferons are a group of immunomodulatory substances produced by the human immune system in response to the presence of pathogens, especially during viral and bacterial infections. Their remarkably diverse mechanisms of action help the immune system fight infections by activating hundreds of genes involved in signal transduction pathways. In this review, we focus on discussing the interplay between the IFN system and seven medically important and challenging viruses (herpes simplex virus (HSV), influenza, hepatitis C virus (HCV), lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and SARS-CoV coronavirus) to highlight the diversity of viral strategies. In addition, the available data also suggest that IFNs play an important role in the course of bacterial infections. Research is currently underway to identify and elucidate the exact role of specific genes and effector pathways in generating the antimicrobial response mediated by IFNs. Despite the numerous studies on the role of interferons in antimicrobial responses, many interdisciplinary studies are still needed to understand and optimize their use in personalized therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Mertowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Konrad Smolak
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
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10
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Chaumont L, Collet B, Boudinot P. Protein kinase double-stranded RNA-dependent (PKR) in antiviral defence in fish and mammals. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 145:104732. [PMID: 37172664 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The interferon-inducible double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) is one of the key antiviral arms of the innate immune system. Upon binding of viral double stranded RNA, a viral Pattern Associated Molecular Pattern (PAMP), PKR gets activated and phosphorylates the eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) resulting in a protein shut-down that limits viral replication. Since its discovery in the mid-seventies, PKR has been shown to be involved in multiple important cellular processes including apoptosis, proinflammatory and innate immune responses. Viral subversion mechanisms of PKR underline its importance in the antiviral response of the host. PKR activation pathways and its mechanisms of action were previously identified and characterised mostly in mammalian models. However, fish Pkr and fish-specific paralogue Z-DNA-dependent protein kinase (Pkz) also play key role in antiviral defence. This review gives an update on the current knowledge on fish Pkr/Pkz, their conditions of activation and their implication in the immune responses to viruses, in comparison to their mammalian counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Chaumont
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Bertrand Collet
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France
| | - Pierre Boudinot
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, 78350, France.
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11
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Gan Z, Xu X, Tang S, Wen Q, Jin Y, Lu Y. Identification and functional characterization of protein kinase R (PKR) in amphibian Xenopus tropicalis. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:104648. [PMID: 36708793 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2023.104648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As one of interferon-induced serine/threonine kinases, the protein kinase R (PKR) plays vital roles in antiviral defense, and functional features of PKR remain largely unknown in amphibians, which suffer from ranaviral diseases in the last few decades. In this study, a PKR gene named Xt-PKR was characterized in the Western clawed frog (Xenopus tropicalis). Xt-PKR gene was widely expressed in different organs/tissues, and was rapidly induced by poly(I:C) in spleen, kidney, and liver. Intriguingly, Xt-PKR could be up-rugulated by the treatment of type I and type III interferons, and the transcript level of Xt-PKR induced by type I interferon was much higher than that of type III interferon. Moreover, overexpression of Xt-PKR can suppress the protein synthesis and ranavirus replication in vitro, and the residue lysine required for the translation inhibition activity in mammalian PKR is conserved in Xt-PKR. The present study represents the first characterization on the functions of amphibian PKR, and reveals considerable functional conservation of PKR in early tetrapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
| | - Xinlan Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Shaoshuai Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Qingqing Wen
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China
| | - Yong Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Yishan Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Control and Healthy Culture, Key Laboratory of Control for Disease of Aquatic Animals of Guangdong Higher Education Institute, College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524088, China.
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12
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Khatun S, Putta CL, Hak A, Rengan AK. Immunomodulatory nanosystems: An emerging strategy to combat viral infections. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2023; 9:100073. [PMID: 36967725 PMCID: PMC10036237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2023.100073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The viral infection spreads with the assistance of a host. Traditional antiviral therapies cannot provide long-term immunity against emerging and drug-resistant viral infections. Immunotherapy has evolved as an efficient approach for disease prevention and treatment, which include cancer, infections, inflammatory, and immune disorders. Immunomodulatory nanosystems can dramatically enhance therapeutic outcomes by combating many therapeutic challenges, such as poor immune stimulation and off-target adverse effects. Recently, immunomodulatory nanosystems have emerged as a potent antiviral strategy to intercept viral infections effectively. This review introduces major viral infections with their primary symptoms, route of transmission & targeted organ, and different stages of the viral life cycle with respective traditional blockers. The IMNs have an exceptional capacity for precisely modulating the immune system for therapeutic applications. The nano sized immunomodulatory systems permit the immune cells to interact with infectious agents enhancing lymphatic drainage and endocytosis by the over-reactive immune cells in the infected areas. Immune cells that can be modulated upon viral infection via various immunomodulatory nanosystems have been discussed. Advancement in theranostics can yield an accurate diagnosis, adequate treatment, and real-time screening of viral infections. Nanosystem-based drug delivery can continue to thrive in diagnosing, treating, and preventing viral infections. The curative medicine for remerging and drug-resistant viruses remains challenging, though certain systems have expanded our perception and initiated a new research domain in antiviral treatments.
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13
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Targeting Human Proteins for Antiviral Drug Discovery and Repurposing Efforts: A Focus on Protein Kinases. Viruses 2023; 15:v15020568. [PMID: 36851782 PMCID: PMC9966946 DOI: 10.3390/v15020568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great technological and medical advances in fighting viral diseases, new therapies for most of them are still lacking, and existing antivirals suffer from major limitations regarding drug resistance and a limited spectrum of activity. In fact, most approved antivirals are directly acting antiviral (DAA) drugs, which interfere with viral proteins and confer great selectivity towards their viral targets but suffer from resistance and limited spectrum. Nowadays, host-targeted antivirals (HTAs) are on the rise, in the drug discovery and development pipelines, in academia and in the pharmaceutical industry. These drugs target host proteins involved in the virus life cycle and are considered promising alternatives to DAAs due to their broader spectrum and lower potential for resistance. Herein, we discuss an important class of HTAs that modulate signal transduction pathways by targeting host kinases. Kinases are considered key enzymes that control virus-host interactions. We also provide a synopsis of the antiviral drug discovery and development pipeline detailing antiviral kinase targets, drug types, therapeutic classes for repurposed drugs, and top developing organizations. Furthermore, we detail the drug design and repurposing considerations, as well as the limitations and challenges, for kinase-targeted antivirals, including the choice of the binding sites, physicochemical properties, and drug combinations.
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14
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Hong B, Sahu U, Mullarkey MP, Hong E, Pei G, Yan Y, Otani Y, Banasavadi-Siddegowda Y, Fan H, Zhao Z, Yu J, Caligiuri MA, Kaur B. PKR induces TGF-β and limits oncolytic immune therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2023; 11:jitc-2022-006164. [PMID: 36796878 PMCID: PMC9936322 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-006164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian cells have developed multiple intracellular mechanisms to defend against viral infections. These include RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR), cyclic GMP-AMP synthase and stimulation of interferon genes (cGAS-STING) and toll-like receptor-myeloid differentiation primary response 88 (TLR-MyD88). Among these, we identified that PKR presents the most formidable barrier to oncolytic herpes simplex virus (oHSV) replication in vitro. METHODS To elucidate the impact of PKR on host responses to oncolytic therapy, we generated a novel oncolytic virus (oHSV-shPKR) which disables tumor intrinsic PKR signaling in infected tumor cells. RESULTS As anticipated, oHSV-shPKR resulted in suppression of innate antiviral immunity and improves virus spread and tumor cell lysis both in vitro and in vivo. Single cell RNA sequencing combined with cell-cell communication analysis uncovered a strong correlation between PKR activation and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) immune suppressive signaling in both human and preclinical models. Using a murine PKR targeting oHSV, we found that in immune-competent mice this virus could rewire the tumor immune microenvironment to increase the activation of antigen presentation and enhance tumor antigen-specific CD8 T cell expansion and activity. Further, a single intratumoral injection of oHSV-shPKR significantly improved the survival of mice bearing orthotopic glioblastoma. To our knowledge, this is the first report to identify dual and opposing roles of PKR wherein PKR activates antivirus innate immunity and induces TGF-ß signaling to inhibit antitumor adaptive immune responses. CONCLUSIONS Thus, PKR represents the Achilles heel of oHSV therapy, restricting both viral replication and antitumor immunity, and an oncolytic virus that can target this pathway significantly improves response to virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bangxing Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Upasana Sahu
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Matthew P Mullarkey
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Evan Hong
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Guangsheng Pei
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yuanqing Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Otani
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yeshavanth Banasavadi-Siddegowda
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Huihui Fan
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Michael A Caligiuri
- Department of Immuno-Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Balveen Kaur
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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15
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Inborn Errors of Immunity Predisposing to Herpes Simplex Virus Infections of the Central Nervous System. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020310. [PMID: 36839582 PMCID: PMC9961685 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesvirus infections can lead to a number of severe clinical manifestations, particularly when involving the central nervous system (CNS), causing encephalitis and meningitis. However, understanding of the host factors conferring increased susceptibility to these diseases and their complications remains incomplete. Previous studies have uncovered defects in the innate Toll-like receptor 3 pathway and production of type I interferon (IFN-I) in children and adults that predispose them to herpes simplex encephalitis. More recently, there is accumulating evidence for an important role of IFN-independent cell-autonomous intrinsic mechanisms, including small nucleolar RNAs, RNA lariat metabolism, and autophagy, in restricting herpesvirus replication and conferring protection against CNS infection. The present review first describes clinical manifestations of HSV infection with a focus on neurological complications and then summarizes the host-pathogen interactions and innate immune pathways responsible for sensing herpesviruses and triggering antiviral responses and immunity. Next, we review the current landscape of inborn errors of immunity and the underlying genetic defects and disturbances of cellular immune pathways that confer increased susceptibility to HSV infection in CNS. Ultimately, we discuss some of the present outstanding unanswered questions relating to inborn errors of immunity and HSV CNS infection together with some perspectives and future directions for research in the pathogenesis of these severe diseases in humans.
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16
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Thomsen C, Røge R, Fred Å, Wanders A. Immunohistochemical detection of double-stranded RNA in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue. APMIS 2023; 131:197-205. [PMID: 36776120 DOI: 10.1111/apm.13300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) is produced during most viral infections, and immunohistochemical detection of dsRNA has been proposed as a potential screening marker for viral replication. The anti-dsRNA monoclonal antibody clone 9D5 is more sensitive than the established clone J2 but has not been validated in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. This study aimed to test and compare the performance of the anti-dsRNA monoclonal antibodies, 9D5 and J2, in FFPE tissue using an automated staining platform. Archived clinical tissue samples with viral infections (n = 34) and uninfected controls (n = 30) were examined. Immunohistochemical staining for dsRNA (9D5 and J2) and virus-specific epitopes was performed. 9D5 provided a similar staining pattern but a higher signal-to-noise ratio than J2. The following proportions of virus-infected tissue samples were dsRNA-positive: SARS-CoV-2 (5/5), HPV (6/6), MCV (5/5), CMV (5/6), HSV (4/6), and EBV (0/6). Also, 18 of 30 uninfected samples were dsRNA positive, and an association between fixation time and intensity was observed. However, signals in all samples were markedly reduced by pretreatment with dsRNA-specific RNAse-III, indicating a specific reaction. In conclusion, dsRNA can be demonstrated in most viral infections with immunohistochemistry in FFPE tissue but with low clinical specificity. The antibody clone 9D5 performs better than clone J2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Thomsen
- Department of Pathology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Røge
- Department of Pathology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Åsa Fred
- Department of Pathology, Halmstad Hospital, Halmstad, Sweden.,Department of Pathology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alkwin Wanders
- Department of Pathology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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17
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Rozman B, Fisher T, Stern-Ginossar N. Translation-A tug of war during viral infection. Mol Cell 2023; 83:481-495. [PMID: 36334591 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Viral reproduction is contingent on viral protein synthesis that relies on the host ribosomes. As such, viruses have evolved remarkable strategies to hijack the host translational apparatus in order to favor viral protein production and to interfere with cellular innate defenses. Here, we describe the approaches viruses use to exploit the translation machinery, focusing on commonalities across diverse viral families, and discuss the functional relevance of this process. We illustrate the complementary strategies host cells utilize to block viral protein production and consider how cells ensure an efficient antiviral response that relies on translation during this tug of war over the ribosome. Finally, we highlight potential roles mRNA modifications and ribosome quality control play in translational regulation and innate immunity. We address these topics in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic and focus on the gaps in our current knowledge of these mechanisms, specifically in viruses with pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batsheva Rozman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tal Fisher
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Noam Stern-Ginossar
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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18
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Vázquez-Blomquist D, Hardy-Sosa A, Baez SC, Besada V, Palomares S, Guirola O, Ramos Y, Wiśniewski JR, González LJ, Bello-Rivero I. Proteomics and Phospho-Proteomics Profiling of the Co-Formulation of Type I and II Interferons, HeberFERON, in the Glioblastoma-Derived Cell Line U-87 MG. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244068. [PMID: 36552831 PMCID: PMC9776974 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
HeberFERON, a co-formulation of Interferon (IFN)-α2b and IFN-γ, has effects on skin cancer and other solid tumors. It has antiproliferative effects over glioblastoma multiform (GBM) clones and cultured cell lines, including U-87 MG. Here, we report the first label-free quantitative proteomic and phospho-proteomic analyses to evaluate changes induced by HeberFERON after 72 h incubation of U-87 MG that can explain the effect on cellular proliferation. LC-MS/MS, functional enrichment and networking analysis were performed. We identified 7627 proteins; 122 and 211 were down- and up-regulated by HeberFERON (fold change > 2; p < 0.05), respectively. We identified 23,549 peptides (5692 proteins) and 8900 phospho-peptides; 523 of these phospho-peptides (359 proteins) were differentially modified. Proteomic enrichment showed IFN signaling and its control, direct and indirect antiviral mechanisms were the main modulated processes. Phospho-proteome enrichment displayed the cell cycle as one of the most commonly targeted events together with cytoskeleton organization; translation/RNA splicing, autophagy and DNA repair, as represented biological processes. There is a high interconnection of phosphoproteins in a molecular network; mTOR occupies a centric hub with interactions with translation machinery, cytoskeleton and autophagy components. Novel phosphosites and others with unknown biological functionality in key players in the aforementioned processes were regulated by HeberFERON and involved CDK and ERK kinases. These findings open new experimental hypotheses regarding HeberFERON action. The results obtained contribute to a better understanding of HeberFERON effector mechanisms in the context of GBM treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dania Vázquez-Blomquist
- Pharmacogenomic Group, Department of System Biology, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba
- Correspondence:
| | | | - Saiyet C. Baez
- Département de Neurosciences, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC H2L0A9, Canada
| | - Vladimir Besada
- Proteomics Group, Department of System Biology, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Sucel Palomares
- Proteomics Group, Department of System Biology, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Osmany Guirola
- Proteomics Group, Department of System Biology, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Yassel Ramos
- Proteomics Group, Department of System Biology, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Jacek R. Wiśniewski
- Biochemical Proteomics Group, Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Munich, Germany
| | - Luis Javier González
- Proteomics Group, Department of System Biology, Biomedical Research Division, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba
| | - Iraldo Bello-Rivero
- Clinical Assays Direction, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Havana 10600, Cuba
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19
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Interferon-gamma modulates articular chondrocyte and osteoblast metabolism through protein kinase R-independent and dependent mechanisms. Biochem Biophys Rep 2022; 32:101323. [PMID: 36105611 PMCID: PMC9464860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2022.101323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) affects multiple tissues of the synovial joint and is characterised by articular cartilage degeneration and bone remodelling. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is implicated in osteoarthritis pathology exerting its biological effects via various mechanisms including activation of protein kinase R (PKR), which has been implicated in inflammation and arthritis. This study investigated whether treatment of articular cartilage chondrocytes and osteoblasts with IFN-γ could induce a degradative phenotype that was mediated through the PKR signalling pathway. IFN-γ treatment of chondrocytes increased transcription of key inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-6), matrix degrading enzymes (MMP-13), the transcription factor STAT1, and PKR. Activation of PKR was involved in the regulation of TNF-α, IL-6, and STAT1. In osteoblasts, IFN-γ increased human and mouse STAT1, and human IL-6 through a mechanism involving PKR. ALP, COL1A1 (human and mouse), RUNX2 (mouse), and PHOSPHO1 (mouse) were decreased by IFN-γ. The number of PKR positive cells were increased in post-traumatic OA (PTOA). This study has revealed that IFN-γ propagates inflammatory and degenerative events in articular chondrocytes and osteoblasts via PKR activation. Since IFN-γ and PKR signalling are both activated in early PTOA, these mechanisms are likely to contribute to joint degeneration after injury and might offer attractive targets for therapeutic intervention. •IFN-γ treatment of chondrocytes increased transcription of TNF-α, IL-6, and STAT1 via PKR activation. •In osteoblasts, IFN-γ increased STAT1 and IL-6 via PKR activation. •The number of PKR positive cells were increased in post-traumatic OA (PTOA). •IFN-γ propagates inflammatory and degenerative events in articular chondrocytes and osteoblasts via PKR activation. •IFN-γ and PKR signalling are both activated in early PTOA and are likely to contribute to joint degeneration after injury.
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20
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Li Q, Sun B, Zhuo Y, Jiang Z, Li R, Lin C, Jin Y, Gao Y, Wang D. Interferon and interferon-stimulated genes in HBV treatment. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1034968. [PMID: 36531993 PMCID: PMC9751411 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1034968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small enveloped DNA virus with a complex life cycle. It is the causative agent of acute and chronic hepatitis. HBV can resist immune system responses and often causes persistent chronic infections. HBV is the leading cause of liver cancer and cirrhosis. Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines with antiviral, immunomodulatory, and antitumor properties. IFNs are glycoproteins with a strong antiviral activity that plays an important role in adaptive and innate immune responses. They are classified into three categories (type I, II, and III) based on the structure of their cell-surface receptors. As an effective drug for controlling chronic viral infections, Type I IFNs are approved to be clinically used for the treatment of HBV infection. The therapeutic effect of interferon will be enhanced when combined with other drugs. IFNs play a biological function by inducing the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) in the host cells, which are responsible for the inhibiting of HBV replication, transcription, and other important processes. Animal models of HBV, such as chimpanzees, are also important tools for studying IFN treatment and ISG regulation. In the present review, we summarized the recent progress in IFN-HBV treatment and focused on its mechanism through the interaction between HBV and ISGs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirong Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Baozhen Sun
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Zhuo
- School of Acupuncture-Moxi bustion and Tuina, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Ziping Jiang
- Department of Hand and Foot Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rong Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chao Lin
- School of Grain Science and Technology, Jilin Business and Technology College, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yongjian Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Colorectal and Anal Surgery, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Yongjian Gao, ; Dongxu Wang,
| | - Dongxu Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Yongjian Gao, ; Dongxu Wang,
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21
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Low ZY, Zabidi NZ, Yip AJW, Puniyamurti A, Chow VTK, Lal SK. SARS-CoV-2 Non-Structural Proteins and Their Roles in Host Immune Evasion. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091991. [PMID: 36146796 PMCID: PMC9506350 DOI: 10.3390/v14091991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused an unprecedented global crisis and continues to threaten public health. The etiological agent of this devastating pandemic outbreak is the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is characterized by delayed immune responses, followed by exaggerated inflammatory responses. It is well-established that the interferon (IFN) and JAK/STAT signaling pathways constitute the first line of defense against viral and bacterial infections. To achieve viral replication, numerous viruses are able to antagonize or hijack these signaling pathways to attain productive infection, including SARS-CoV-2. Multiple studies document the roles of several non-structural proteins (NSPs) of SARS-CoV-2 that facilitate the establishment of viral replication in host cells via immune escape. In this review, we summarize and highlight the functions and characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 NSPs that confer host immune evasion. The molecular mechanisms mediating immune evasion and the related potential therapeutic strategies for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Yao Low
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Nur Zawanah Zabidi
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Ashley Jia Wen Yip
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Ashwini Puniyamurti
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Vincent T. K. Chow
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 117545, Singapore
- Correspondence: (V.T.K.C.); (S.K.L.)
| | - Sunil K. Lal
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Tropical Medicine & Biology Platform, Monash University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (V.T.K.C.); (S.K.L.)
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22
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Kron NS. In search of the Aplysia immunome: an in silico study. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:543. [PMID: 35906538 PMCID: PMC9334734 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-022-08780-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The immune repertoires of mollusks beyond commercially important organisms such as the pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas or vectors for human pathogens like the bloodfluke planorb Biomphalaria glabrata are understudied. Despite being an important model for neural aging and the role of inflammation in neuropathic pain, the immune repertoire of Aplysia californica is poorly understood. Recent discovery of a neurotropic nidovirus in Aplysia has highlighted the need for a better understanding of the Aplysia immunome. To address this gap in the literature, the Aplysia reference genome was mined using InterProScan and OrthoFinder for putative immune genes. The Aplysia genome encodes orthologs of all critical components of the classical Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. The presence of many more TLRs and TLR associated adapters than known from vertebrates suggest yet uncharacterized, novel TLR associated signaling pathways. Aplysia also retains many nucleotide receptors and antiviral effectors known to play a key role in viral defense in vertebrates. However, the absence of key antiviral signaling adapters MAVS and STING in the Aplysia genome suggests divergence from vertebrates and bivalves in these pathways. The resulting immune gene set of this in silico study provides a basis for interpretation of future immune studies in this important model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S. Kron
- grid.26790.3a0000 0004 1936 8606Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, 4600 Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149 USA
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23
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Zappa F, Muniozguren NL, Wilson MZ, Costello MS, Ponce-Rojas JC, Acosta-Alvear D. Signaling by the integrated stress response kinase PKR is fine-tuned by dynamic clustering. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213199. [PMID: 35522180 PMCID: PMC9086502 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202111100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The double-stranded RNA sensor kinase PKR is one of four integrated stress response (ISR) sensor kinases that phosphorylate the α subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2α) in response to stress. The current model of PKR activation considers the formation of back-to-back PKR dimers as a prerequisite for signal propagation. Here we show that PKR signaling involves the assembly of dynamic PKR clusters. PKR clustering is driven by ligand binding to PKR’s sensor domain and by front-to-front interfaces between PKR’s kinase domains. PKR clusters are discrete, heterogeneous, autonomous coalescences that share some protein components with processing bodies. Strikingly, eIF2α is not recruited to PKR clusters, and PKR cluster disruption enhances eIF2α phosphorylation. Together, these results support a model in which PKR clustering may limit encounters between PKR and eIF2α to buffer downstream signaling and prevent the ISR from misfiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Zappa
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Nerea L Muniozguren
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Maxwell Z Wilson
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Michael S Costello
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Jose Carlos Ponce-Rojas
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
| | - Diego Acosta-Alvear
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA
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24
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Zhao Y, Huang F, Zou Z, Bi Y, Yang Y, Zhang C, Liu Q, Shang D, Yan Y, Ju X, Mei S, Xie P, Li X, Tian M, Tan S, Lu H, Han Z, Liu K, Zhang Y, Liang J, Liang Z, Zhang Q, Chang J, Liu WJ, Feng C, Li T, Zhang MQ, Wang X, Gao GF, Liu Y, Jin N, Jiang C. Avian influenza viruses suppress innate immunity by inducing trans-transcriptional readthrough via SSU72. Cell Mol Immunol 2022; 19:702-714. [PMID: 35332300 PMCID: PMC9151799 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-022-00843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity plays critical antiviral roles. The highly virulent avian influenza viruses (AIVs) H5N1, H7N9, and H5N6 can better escape host innate immune responses than the less virulent seasonal H1N1 virus. Here, we report a mechanism by which transcriptional readthrough (TRT)-mediated suppression of innate immunity occurs post AIV infection. By using cell lines, mouse lungs, and patient PBMCs, we showed that genes on the complementary strand (“trans” genes) influenced by TRT were involved in the disruption of host antiviral responses during AIV infection. The trans-TRT enhanced viral lethality, and TRT abolishment increased cell viability and STAT1/2 expression. The viral NS1 protein directly bound to SSU72, and degradation of SSU72 induced TRT. SSU72 overexpression reduced TRT and alleviated mouse lung injury. Our results suggest that AIVs infection induce TRT by reducing SSU72 expression, thereby impairing host immune responses, a molecular mechanism acting through the NS1-SSU72-trans-TRT-STAT1/2 axis. Thus, restoration of SSU72 expression might be a potential strategy for preventing AIV pandemics.
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25
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Breuer J, Barth P, Noe Y, Shalamova L, Goesmann A, Weber F, Rossbach O. What goes around comes around: Artificial circular RNAs bypass cellular antiviral responses. MOLECULAR THERAPY - NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 28:623-635. [PMID: 35497503 PMCID: PMC9042720 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Natural circular RNAs have been found to sequester microRNAs and suppress their function. We have used this principle as a molecular tool and produced artificial circular RNA sponges in a cell-free system by in vitro transcription and ligation. Formerly, we were able to inhibit hepatitis C virus propagation by applying a circular RNA decoy strategy against microRNA-122, which is essential for the viral life cycle. In another proof-of-principle study, we used circular RNAs to sequester microRNA-21, an oncogenic and pro-proliferative microRNA. This strategy slowed tumor growth in a 3D cell culture model system, as well as in xenograft mice upon systemic delivery. In the wake of the global use of an in vitro transcribed RNA in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines, the question arose whether therapeutic circular RNAs trigger cellular antiviral defense mechanisms when delivered systemically. In this study, we present data on the cellular innate immune response as a consequence of liposome-based transfection of the circular RNA sponges we previously used to inhibit microRNA function. We find that circular RNAs produced by the presented methodology do not trigger the antiviral response and do not activate innate immune-signaling pathways.
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26
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Holmes MJ, Misra J, Wek RC. Analysis of Translational Control in the Integrated Stress Response by Polysome Profiling. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2428:157-171. [PMID: 35171479 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1975-9_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Translational control provides a strategy for rapid optimization of gene expression and restoration of protein homeostasis in response to cellular stresses. An important mechanism for translational control involves phosphorylation of eIF2, which invokes the integrated stress response (ISR). In the ISR, initiation of bulk protein synthesis is lowered coincident with enhanced translation efficiency of select gene transcripts that serve critical functions in stress adaptation. In this chapter, we focus on polysome profiling as a tool for establishing and characterizing translation control induced by eIF2 phosphorylation during environmental stresses. We describe in detail the experimental strategies of polysome profiling for detecting bulk repression of the translational machinery and quantifying translational control of key stress-induced gene transcripts. These experimental strategies can be adjusted to measure individual gene transcripts or genome-wide analyses and can be adapted to measure changes in the levels of ribosome subunits and associated factors invoked by various cellular cues in the ISR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Holmes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jagannath Misra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ronald C Wek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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27
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AlDaif BA, Mercer AA, Fleming SB. The parapoxvirus Orf virus ORF116 gene encodes an antagonist of the interferon response. J Gen Virol 2021; 102. [PMID: 34890310 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Orf virus (ORFV) is the type species of the Parapoxvirus genus of the Poxviridae family. Genetic and functional studies have revealed ORFV has multiple immunomodulatory genes that manipulate innate immune responses, during the early stage of infection. ORF116 is a novel gene of ORFV with hitherto unknown function. Characterization of an ORF116 deletion mutant showed that it replicated in primary lamb testis cells with reduced levels compared to the wild-type and produced a smaller plaque phenotype. ORF116 was shown to be expressed prior to DNA replication. The potential function of ORF116 was investigated by gene-expression microarray analysis in HeLa cells infected with wild-type ORFV or the ORF116 deletion mutant. The analysis of differential cellular gene expression revealed a number of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) differentially expressed at either 4 or 6 h post infection. IFI44 showed the greatest differential expression (4.17-fold) between wild-type and knockout virus. Other ISGs that were upregulated in the knockout included RIG-I, IFIT2, MDA5, OAS1, OASL, DDX60, ISG20 and IFIT1 and in addition the inflammatory cytokine IL-8. These findings were validated by infecting HeLa cells with an ORF116 revertant recombinant virus and analysis of transcript expression by quantitative real time-PCR (qRT-PCR). These observations suggested a role for the ORFV gene ORF116 in modulating the IFN response and inflammatory cytokines. This study represents the first functional analysis of ORF116.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer A AlDaif
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Andrew A Mercer
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Stephen B Fleming
- Virus Research Unit, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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28
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Brezgin S, Kostyusheva A, Bayurova E, Volchkova E, Gegechkori V, Gordeychuk I, Glebe D, Kostyushev D, Chulanov V. Immunity and Viral Infections: Modulating Antiviral Response via CRISPR-Cas Systems. Viruses 2021; 13:1373. [PMID: 34372578 PMCID: PMC8310348 DOI: 10.3390/v13071373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections cause a variety of acute and chronic human diseases, sometimes resulting in small local outbreaks, or in some cases spreading across the globe and leading to global pandemics. Understanding and exploiting virus-host interactions is instrumental for identifying host factors involved in viral replication, developing effective antiviral agents, and mitigating the severity of virus-borne infectious diseases. The diversity of CRISPR systems and CRISPR-based tools enables the specific modulation of innate immune responses and has contributed impressively to the fields of virology and immunology in a very short time. In this review, we describe the most recent advances in the use of CRISPR systems for basic and translational studies of virus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Brezgin
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Institute of Immunology, Federal Medical Biological Agency, 115522 Moscow, Russia
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Anastasiya Kostyusheva
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
| | - Ekaterina Bayurova
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (I.G.)
| | - Elena Volchkova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Vladimir Gegechkori
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Ilya Gordeychuk
- Chumakov Federal Scientific Center for Research and Development of Immune-and-Biological Products of Russian Academy of Sciences, 108819 Moscow, Russia; (E.B.); (I.G.)
- Department of Organization and Technology of Immunobiological Drugs, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dieter Glebe
- National Reference Center for Hepatitis B Viruses and Hepatitis D Viruses, Institute of Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Dmitry Kostyushev
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chulanov
- National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, 127994 Moscow, Russia; (S.B.); (A.K.); (V.C.)
- Scientific Center for Genetics and Life Sciences, Division of Biotechnology, Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Sechenov University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
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29
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Guo Y, Hinchman MM, Lewandrowski M, Cross ST, Sutherland DM, Welsh OL, Dermody TS, Parker JSL. The multi-functional reovirus σ3 protein is a virulence factor that suppresses stress granule formation and is associated with myocardial injury. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009494. [PMID: 34237110 PMCID: PMC8291629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian orthoreovirus double-stranded (ds) RNA-binding protein σ3 is a multifunctional protein that promotes viral protein synthesis and facilitates viral entry and assembly. The dsRNA-binding capacity of σ3 correlates with its capacity to prevent dsRNA-mediated activation of protein kinase R (PKR). However, the effect of σ3 binding to dsRNA during viral infection is largely unknown. To identify functions of σ3 dsRNA-binding activity during reovirus infection, we engineered a panel of thirteen σ3 mutants and screened them for the capacity to bind dsRNA. Six mutants were defective in dsRNA binding, and mutations in these constructs cluster in a putative dsRNA-binding region on the surface of σ3. Two recombinant viruses expressing these σ3 dsRNA-binding mutants, K287T and R296T, display strikingly different phenotypes. In a cell-type dependent manner, K287T, but not R296T, replicates less efficiently than wild-type (WT) virus. In cells in which K287T virus demonstrates a replication deficit, PKR activation occurs and abundant stress granules (SGs) are formed at late times post-infection. In contrast, the R296T virus retains the capacity to suppress activation of PKR and does not mediate formation of SGs at late times post-infection. These findings indicate that σ3 inhibits PKR independently of its capacity to bind dsRNA. In infected mice, K287T produces lower viral titers in the spleen, liver, lungs, and heart relative to WT or R296T. Moreover, mice inoculated with WT or R296T viruses develop myocarditis, whereas those inoculated with K287T do not. Overall, our results indicate that σ3 functions to suppress PKR activation and subsequent SG formation during viral infection and that these functions correlate with virulence in mice. The σ3 protein of mammalian orthoreoviruses is a double-stranded RNA binding protein that has classically been thought to function by scavenging dsRNA within infected cells and thus prevents activation of cellular sensors of dsRNA such as the kinase PKR. Here we used mutagenesis to identify the region of σ3 responsible for binding dsRNA. Characterization of mutant viruses expressing σ3 proteins incapable of binding dsRNA show that contrary to expectation, dsRNA binding is not required for σ3-mediated inhibition of PKR. We show that one mutant virus (R296T) despite being deficient in dsRNA-binding can inhibit PKR and replicates similar to WT virus. In contrast, another mutant virus (K287T) that bears a σ3 protein that cannot prevent dsRNA-mediated activation of PKR induces stress granules in infected cells and replicates less efficiently than WT virus. In vivo, the K287T mutant is attenuated in its replication and unlike WT virus and the R296T mutant virus does not cause heart disease (myocarditis).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Guo
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Meleana M. Hinchman
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Mercedes Lewandrowski
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Shaun T. Cross
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Danica M. Sutherland
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Olivia L. Welsh
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Terence S. Dermody
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Departments of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Institute of Infection, Inflammation, and Immunity, UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John S. L. Parker
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Misra J, Holmes MJ, T Mirek E, Langevin M, Kim HG, Carlson KR, Watford M, Dong XC, Anthony TG, Wek RC. Discordant regulation of eIF2 kinase GCN2 and mTORC1 during nutrient stress. Nucleic Acids Res 2021; 49:5726-5742. [PMID: 34023907 PMCID: PMC8191763 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkab362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Appropriate regulation of the Integrated stress response (ISR) and mTORC1 signaling are central for cell adaptation to starvation for amino acids. Halofuginone (HF) is a potent inhibitor of aminoacylation of tRNAPro with broad biomedical applications. Here, we show that in addition to translational control directed by activation of the ISR by general control nonderepressible 2 (GCN2), HF increased free amino acids and directed translation of genes involved in protein biogenesis via sustained mTORC1 signaling. Deletion of GCN2 reduced cell survival to HF whereas pharmacological inhibition of mTORC1 afforded protection. HF treatment of mice synchronously activated the GCN2-mediated ISR and mTORC1 in liver whereas Gcn2-null mice allowed greater mTORC1 activation to HF, resulting in liver steatosis and cell death. We conclude that HF causes an amino acid imbalance that uniquely activates both GCN2 and mTORC1. Loss of GCN2 during HF creates a disconnect between metabolic state and need, triggering proteostasis collapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagannath Misra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Michael J Holmes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Emily T Mirek
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Michael Langevin
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Hyeong-Geug Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Kenneth R Carlson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
| | - Malcolm Watford
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - X Charlie Dong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA.,Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Tracy G Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - Ronald C Wek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202 USA
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31
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Kasuga Y, Zhu B, Jang KJ, Yoo JS. Innate immune sensing of coronavirus and viral evasion strategies. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:723-736. [PMID: 33953325 PMCID: PMC8099713 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the first line of the host defense program against pathogens and harmful substances. Antiviral innate immune responses can be triggered by multiple cellular receptors sensing viral components. The activated innate immune system produces interferons (IFNs) and cytokines that perform antiviral functions to eliminate invading viruses. Coronaviruses are single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses that have a broad range of animal hosts. Coronaviruses have evolved multiple means to evade host antiviral immune responses. Successful immune evasion by coronaviruses may enable the viruses to adapt to multiple species of host organisms. Coronavirus transmission from zoonotic hosts to humans has caused serious illnesses, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), resulting in global health and economic crises. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the mechanisms underlying host sensing of and innate immune responses against coronavirus invasion, as well as host immune evasion strategies of coronaviruses. Understanding how the innate immune system senses coronaviruses and how coronaviruses can escape detection could provide novel approaches to tackle infections. Coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2, constantly evolve to manipulate, obstruct and evade host immune responses. A team led by Ji-Seung Yoo, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, reviewed understanding of innate immune responses to coronaviruses and viral evasion strategies. Two major receptor families recognise RNA viruses upon infection, but how they respond to SARS-CoV-2 is unclear. One receptor, TLR7, plays a critical role in sensing coronavirus infections, and mutations in the TLR7 gene are associated with severe illness and mortality in young Covid-19 patients. Activating host TLR pathways may prove a useful therapeutic approach. Further in-depth investigations are needed into specific coronavirus proteins and viral mechanisms that suppress host immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Kasuga
- Department of Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Baohui Zhu
- Department of Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kyoung-Jin Jang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Seung Yoo
- Department of Immunology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
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32
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Gan Z, Cheng J, Hou J, Chen S, Xia H, Xia L, Kwok KWH, Lu Y, Nie P. Tilapia dsRNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR): An interferon-induced antiviral effector with translation inhibition activity. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 112:74-80. [PMID: 33667675 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The dsRNA-activated protein kinase R (PKR) is one of key antiviral effectors induced by interferons (IFNs), and its functions are largely unknown in tilapia, an important commercial fish species suffering from several viral infectious diseases. In the present study, a PKR gene named On-PKR was identified and cloned from Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. On-PKR gene was constitutively expressed in all tissues examined, with the highest expression level observed in head kidney and liver, and was rapidly induced in all organs/tissues tested following the stimulation of poly(I:C). Importantly, the expression of On-PKR is induced by group I and group II IFNs with distinct induction kinetics in vivo: group I IFN elicits a relative delayed but sustained induction of On-PKR, whereas group II IFN triggers a rapid and transient expression of On-PKR. Moreover, the overexpression of On-PKR has been proven to inhibit the protein translation and virus replication in fish cells. The present study thus contributes to a better understanding of the functions of antiviral effectors in tilapia, and may provide clues for the prevention and therapy of viral diseases in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gan
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, China; State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China; College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, And Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Jun Cheng
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, China; College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, And Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Jing Hou
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Shannan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Hongli Xia
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Liqun Xia
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, China; College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, And Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen, 518120, China
| | - Kevin W H Kwok
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yishan Lu
- Shenzhen Institute of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, 518120, China; College of Fishery, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Aquatic Animal Health Assessment, And Shenzhen Public Service Platform for Evaluation of Marine Economic Animal Seedings, Shenzhen, 518120, China.
| | - Pin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China.
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Modeling the complete kinetics of coxsackievirus B3 reveals human determinants of host-cell feedback. Cell Syst 2021; 12:304-323.e13. [PMID: 33740397 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Complete kinetic models are pervasive in chemistry but lacking in biological systems. We encoded the complete kinetics of infection for coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), a compact and fast-acting RNA virus. The model consists of separable, detailed modules describing viral binding-delivery, translation-replication, and encapsidation. Specific module activities are dampened by the type I interferon response to viral double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs), which is itself disrupted by viral proteinases. The experimentally validated kinetics uncovered that cleavability of the dsRNA transducer mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) becomes a stronger determinant of viral outcomes when cells receive supplemental interferon after infection. Cleavability is naturally altered in humans by a common MAVS polymorphism, which removes a proteinase-targeted site but paradoxically elevates CVB3 infectivity. These observations are reconciled with a simple nonlinear model of MAVS regulation. Modeling complete kinetics is an attainable goal for small, rapidly infecting viruses and perhaps viral pathogens more broadly. A record of this paper's transparent peer review process is included in the Supplemental information.
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Gao B, Gong X, Fang S, Weng W, Wang H, Chu H, Sun Y, Meng C, Tan L, Song C, Qiu X, Liu W, Forlenza M, Ding C, Liao Y. Inhibition of anti-viral stress granule formation by coronavirus endoribonuclease nsp15 ensures efficient virus replication. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1008690. [PMID: 33635931 PMCID: PMC7946191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic stress granules (SGs) are generally triggered by stress-induced translation arrest for storing mRNAs. Recently, it has been shown that SGs exert anti-viral functions due to their involvement in protein synthesis shut off and recruitment of innate immune signaling intermediates. The largest RNA viruses, coronaviruses, impose great threat to public safety and animal health; however, the significance of SGs in coronavirus infection is largely unknown. Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) is the first identified coronavirus in 1930s and has been prevalent in poultry farm for many years. In this study, we provided evidence that IBV overcomes the host antiviral response by inhibiting SGs formation via the virus-encoded endoribonuclease nsp15. By immunofluorescence analysis, we observed that IBV infection not only did not trigger SGs formation in approximately 80% of the infected cells, but also impaired the formation of SGs triggered by heat shock, sodium arsenite, or NaCl stimuli. We further demonstrated that the intrinsic endoribonuclease activity of nsp15 was responsible for the interference of SGs formation. In fact, nsp15-defective recombinant IBV (rIBV-nsp15-H238A) greatly induced the formation of SGs, along with accumulation of dsRNA and activation of PKR, whereas wild type IBV failed to do so. Consequently, infection with rIBV-nsp15-H238A strongly triggered transcription of IFN-β which in turn greatly affected rIBV-nsp15-H238A replication. Further analysis showed that SGs function as an antiviral hub, as demonstrated by the attenuated IRF3-IFN response and increased production of IBV in SG-defective cells. Additional evidence includes the aggregation of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and signaling intermediates to the IBV-induced SGs. Collectively, our data demonstrate that the endoribonuclease nsp15 of IBV interferes with the formation of antiviral hub SGs by regulating the accumulation of viral dsRNA and by antagonizing the activation of PKR, eventually ensuring productive virus replication. We further demonstrated that nsp15s from PEDV, TGEV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 harbor the conserved function to interfere with the formation of chemically-induced SGs. Thus, we speculate that coronaviruses employ similar nsp15-mediated mechanisms to antagonize the host anti-viral SGs formation to ensure efficient virus replication. Coronavirus encodes the conserved endoribonuclease nsp15, which has been reported to antagonize IFN responses by mediating evasion of recognition by dsRNA sensors. SGs are part of the host cell anti-viral response; not surprisingly, viruses in turn produce an array of antagonists to counteract such host response. Here, we show that IBV prevents the formation of SGs via nsp15, by reducing the accumulation of viral dsRNA, thereby evading the activation of PKR, phosphorylation of eIF2α, and formation of SGs. Depletion of SG scaffold proteins G3BP1/2 decreases IRF3-IFN response and increases the production of IBV. When overexpressed alone, nsp15s from different coronaviruses (IBV, PEDV, TGEV, SARS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2) interferes with chemically- and physically-induced SGs, probably by targeting essential SGs assembly factors. In this way, coronaviruses antagonize the formation of SGs by nsp15, via reducing the viral dsRNA accumulation and sequestering/depleting critical component of SGs. To our knowledge, this is the first report describing the role of coronavirus nsp15 in the suppression of integral stress response, in crosstalk with anti-innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Gao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqian Gong
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Shouguo Fang
- College of Agriculture, College of Animal Sciences, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, P. R. China
| | - Wenlian Weng
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Huan Wang
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Chu
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Sun
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Chunchun Meng
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Lei Tan
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Cuiping Song
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Xusheng Qiu
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chan Ding
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liao
- Department of Avian Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Apaolaza PS, Balcacean D, Zapardiel-Gonzalo J, Nelson G, Lenchik N, Akhbari P, Gerling I, Richardson SJ, Rodriguez-Calvo T. Islet expression of type I interferon response sensors is associated with immune infiltration and viral infection in type 1 diabetes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/9/eabd6527. [PMID: 33627420 PMCID: PMC7904254 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abd6527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous results indicate the presence of an interferon (IFN) signature in type 1 diabetes (T1D), capable of inducing chronic inflammation and compromising b cell function. Here, we determined the expression of the IFN response markers MxA, PKR, and HLA-I in the islets of autoantibody-positive and T1D donors. We found that these markers can be coexpressed in the same islet, are more abundant in insulin-containing islets, are highly expressed in islets with insulitis, and their expression levels are correlated with the presence of the enteroviral protein VP1. The expression of these markers was associated with down-regulation of multiple genes in the insulin secretion pathway. The coexistence of an IFN response and a microbial stress response is likely to prime islets for immune destruction. This study highlights the importance of therapeutic interventions aimed at eliminating potentially persistent infections and diminishing inflammation in individuals with T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola S Apaolaza
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 80939, Germany
| | - Diana Balcacean
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 80939, Germany
| | - Jose Zapardiel-Gonzalo
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 80939, Germany
| | - Grace Nelson
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Nataliya Lenchik
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Pouria Akhbari
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Ivan Gerling
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Sarah J Richardson
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building, Barrack Road, Exeter EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Teresa Rodriguez-Calvo
- Institute of Diabetes Research, Helmholtz Diabetes Center, Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, 80939, Germany.
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Bagheri HS, Karimipour M, Heidarzadeh M, Rajabi H, Sokullu E, Rahbarghazi R. Does the Global Outbreak of COVID-19 or Other Viral Diseases Threaten the Stem Cell Reservoir Inside the Body? Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:214-230. [PMID: 33403490 PMCID: PMC7785129 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10108-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly influenced public health and contributed to global economic divergences of unprecedented dimensions. Due to the high prevalence and mortality rates, it is then expected that the consequence and public health challenges will last for long periods. The rapid global spread of COVID-19 and lack of enough data regarding the virus pathogenicity multiplies the complexity and forced governments to react quickly against this pandemic. Stem cells represent a small fraction of cells located in different tissues. These cells play a critical role in the regeneration and restoration of injured sites. Because of their specific niche and a limited number of stem cells, the key question is whether there are different anti-viral mechanisms against viral infection notably COVID-19. Here, we aimed to highlight the intrinsic antiviral resistance in different stem cells against viral infection. These data could help us to understand the possible viral infections in different stem cells and the activation of specific molecular mechanisms upon viral entrance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Karimipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Morteza Heidarzadeh
- Koç University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM) Rumeli Feneri, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hadi Rajabi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Emel Sokullu
- Koç University Translational Medicine Research Center (KUTTAM) Rumeli Feneri, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey. .,School of Medicine, Biophysics Department, Koç University, Rumeli Fener, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Reza Rahbarghazi
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Department of Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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37
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Bansode YD, Chattopadhyay D, Saha B. Transcriptomic Analysis of Interferon Response in Toll-Like Receptor 2 Ligand-Treated and Herpes Simplex Virus 1-Infected Neurons and Astrocytes. Viral Immunol 2020; 34:256-266. [PMID: 33351727 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 infection causes cold sores and keratitis. Upon infection, it forms lesions at the epithelium and enters neurons where it establishes a latent infection. Host innate immune receptor Toll-like receptor (TLR)2 recognizes HSV by sensing its glycoproteins and induces an innate immune response. Upon activation, TLR2 forms a dimer with TLR1, TLR2, or TLR6 and signals inducing cytokines and interferons (IFNs). In this study, we checked the effect of differential activation of TLR2 by using different TLR2 dimer-specific ligands on the anti-HSV-1 innate immune response. We found that TLR2/2 ligand-induced IFN-β in neurons, while IFN-α in astrocytes and these IFNs subsequently induce the expression of IFN stimulatory genes like viperin, Ch25H, OAS2, latent RNase (RNase L), protein kinase R (PKR), and interferon-induced proteins with tetratricopeptide repeats (IFIT) 1. These are the genes with antiviral functions such as blocking viral attachment, protein synthesis, and egress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Debprasad Chattopadhyay
- ICMR-National Institute of Traditional Medicine, Belagavi, India.,ICMR-Virus Unit, Kolkata, India
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Han J, Tam K, Ma F, Tam C, Aleshe B, Wang X, Quintos JP, Morselli M, Pellegrini M, Hollis RP, Kohn DB. β-Globin Lentiviral Vectors Have Reduced Titers due to Incomplete Vector RNA Genomes and Lowered Virion Production. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 16:198-211. [PMID: 33186538 PMCID: PMC7897704 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lentiviral vectors (LVs) commonly used for the treatment of hemoglobinopathies often have low titers and sub-optimal gene transfer efficiency for human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs), hindering clinical translation and commercialization for ex vivo gene therapy. We observed that a high percentage of β-globin LV viral genomic RNAs were incomplete toward the 3′ end in packaging cells and in released vector particles. The incomplete vector genomes impeded reverse transcription in target cells, limiting stable gene transfer to HSPCs. By combining three modifications to vector design and production (shortening the vector length to 5.3 kb; expressing HIV-1 Tat protein during packaging; and packaging in PKR−/− cells) there was a 30-fold increase in vector titer and a 3-fold increase in vector infectivity in HSPCs. These approaches may improve the manufacturing of β-globin and other complex LVs for enhanced gene delivery and may facilitate clinical applications. Vector genomes are truncated in a length-dependent manner during packaging Truncated RNAs cannot be reverse transcribed, impeding titer and infectivity Protein kinase R inhibits virion formation for bidirectional lentiviral vectors Three strategies to improve lentiviral vector titer by 30× and infectivity by 3×
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Han
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Terasaki Life Sciences Building, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1489, USA
| | - Kevin Tam
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Feiyang Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Curtis Tam
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Bamidele Aleshe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Health Services Research, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jason P Quintos
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Marco Morselli
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Roger P Hollis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Donald B Kohn
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Terasaki Life Sciences Building, 610 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1489, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; The Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine & Stem Cell Research, University of California, Los Angeles, USA; UCLA Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, USA.
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39
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Eiermann N, Haneke K, Sun Z, Stoecklin G, Ruggieri A. Dance with the Devil: Stress Granules and Signaling in Antiviral Responses. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090984. [PMID: 32899736 PMCID: PMC7552005 DOI: 10.3390/v12090984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells have evolved highly specialized sentinels that detect viral infection and elicit an antiviral response. Among these, the stress-sensing protein kinase R, which is activated by double-stranded RNA, mediates suppression of the host translation machinery as a strategy to limit viral replication. Non-translating mRNAs rapidly condensate by phase separation into cytosolic stress granules, together with numerous RNA-binding proteins and components of signal transduction pathways. Growing evidence suggests that the integrated stress response, and stress granules in particular, contribute to antiviral defense. This review summarizes the current understanding of how stress and innate immune signaling act in concert to mount an effective response against virus infection, with a particular focus on the potential role of stress granules in the coordination of antiviral signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Eiermann
- Division of Biochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (N.E.); (K.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Katharina Haneke
- Division of Biochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (N.E.); (K.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Zhaozhi Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Georg Stoecklin
- Division of Biochemistry, Mannheim Institute for Innate Immunoscience (MI3), Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, 68167 Mannheim, Germany; (N.E.); (K.H.); (G.S.)
| | - Alessia Ruggieri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Center for Integrative Infectious Disease Research (CIID), University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Correspondence:
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40
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Ahad A, Smita S, Mishra GP, Biswas VK, Sen K, Gupta B, Garcin D, Acha‐Orbea H, Raghav SK. NCoR1 fine‐tunes type‐I IFN response in cDC1 dendritic cells by directly regulating Myd88‐IRF7 axis under TLR9. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:1959-1975. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Ahad
- Immuno‐genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory Institute of Life Sciences (ILS) Bhubaneswar India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal India
| | - Shuchi Smita
- Immuno‐genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory Institute of Life Sciences (ILS) Bhubaneswar India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal India
| | - Gyan Prakash Mishra
- Immuno‐genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory Institute of Life Sciences (ILS) Bhubaneswar India
- School of Biotechnology Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Bhubaneswar India
| | - Viplov Kumar Biswas
- Immuno‐genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory Institute of Life Sciences (ILS) Bhubaneswar India
- School of Biotechnology Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Bhubaneswar India
| | - Kaushik Sen
- Immuno‐genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory Institute of Life Sciences (ILS) Bhubaneswar India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology NCR Biotech Science Cluster Faridabad India
| | - Bhawna Gupta
- School of Biotechnology Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Bhubaneswar India
| | - Dominique Garcin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine University of Geneva (UNIGE) Geneva Switzerland
| | - Hans Acha‐Orbea
- Department of Biochemistry CIIL University of Lausanne (UNIL) Epalinges Switzerland
| | - Sunil K. Raghav
- Immuno‐genomics & Systems Biology Laboratory Institute of Life Sciences (ILS) Bhubaneswar India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education Manipal India
- School of Biotechnology Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) Bhubaneswar India
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology NCR Biotech Science Cluster Faridabad India
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Abstract
RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) is one of the most powerful antiviral defense factors of the mammalian host. PKR acts by phosphorylating mRNA translation initiation factor eIF2α, thereby converting it from a cofactor to an inhibitor of mRNA translation that strongly binds to initiation factor eIF2B. To sustain synthesis of their proteins, viruses are known to counteract this on the level of PKR or eIF2α or by circumventing initiation factor-dependent translation altogether. Here, we report a different PKR escape strategy executed by sandfly fever Sicilian virus (SFSV), a member of the increasingly important group of phleboviruses. We found that the nonstructural protein NSs of SFSV binds to eIF2B and protects it from inactivation by PKR-generated phospho-eIF2α. Protein synthesis is hence maintained and the virus can replicate despite ongoing full-fledged PKR signaling in the infected cells. Thus, SFSV has evolved a unique strategy to escape the powerful antiviral PKR. RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) is a major innate immune factor that senses viral double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and phosphorylates eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 2α. Phosphorylation of the α subunit converts the eIF2αβγ complex into a stoichiometric inhibitor of eukaryotic initiation factor eIF2B, thus halting mRNA translation. To escape this protein synthesis shutoff, viruses have evolved countermechanisms such as dsRNA sequestration, eIF-independent translation by an internal ribosome binding site, degradation of PKR, or dephosphorylation of PKR or of phospho-eIF2α. Here, we report that sandfly fever Sicilian phlebovirus (SFSV) confers such a resistance without interfering with PKR activation or eIF2α phosphorylation. Rather, SFSV expresses a nonstructural protein termed NSs that strongly binds to eIF2B. Although NSs still allows phospho-eIF2α binding to eIF2B, protein synthesis and virus replication are unhindered. Hence, SFSV encodes a unique PKR antagonist that acts by rendering eIF2B resistant to the inhibitory action of bound phospho-eIF2α.
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Human Type I Interferon Antiviral Effects in Respiratory and Reemerging Viral Infections. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:1372494. [PMID: 32455136 PMCID: PMC7231083 DOI: 10.1155/2020/1372494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-I) are a group of related proteins that help regulate the activity of the immune system and play a key role in host defense against viral infections. Upon infection, the IFN-I are rapidly secreted and induce a wide range of effects that not only act upon innate immune cells but also modulate the adaptive immune system. While IFN-I and many IFN stimulated genes are well-known for their protective antiviral role, recent studies have associated them with potential pathogenic functions. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding the complex effects of human IFN-I responses in respiratory as well as reemerging flavivirus infections of public health significance and the molecular mechanisms by which viral proteins antagonize the establishment of an antiviral host defense. Antiviral effects and immune modulation of IFN-stimulated genes is discussed in resisting and controlling pathogens. Understanding the mechanisms of these processes will be crucial in determining how viral replication can be effectively controlled and in developing safe and effective vaccines and novel therapeutic strategies.
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Type I Interferons Act Directly on Nociceptors to Produce Pain Sensitization: Implications for Viral Infection-Induced Pain. J Neurosci 2020; 40:3517-3532. [PMID: 32245829 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3055-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the first signs of viral infection is body-wide aches and pain. Although this type of pain usually subsides, at the extreme, viral infections can induce painful neuropathies that can last for decades. Neither of these types of pain sensitization is well understood. A key part of the response to viral infection is production of interferons (IFNs), which then activate their specific receptors (IFNRs) resulting in downstream activation of cellular signaling and a variety of physiological responses. We sought to understand how type I IFNs (IFN-α and IFN-β) might act directly on nociceptors in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) to cause pain sensitization. We demonstrate that type I IFNRs are expressed in small/medium DRG neurons and that their activation produces neuronal hyper-excitability and mechanical pain in mice. Type I IFNs stimulate JAK/STAT signaling in DRG neurons but this does not apparently result in PKR-eIF2α activation that normally induces an anti-viral response by limiting mRNA translation. Rather, type I IFNs stimulate MNK-mediated eIF4E phosphorylation in DRG neurons to promote pain hypersensitivity. Endogenous release of type I IFNs with the double-stranded RNA mimetic poly(I:C) likewise produces pain hypersensitivity that is blunted in mice lacking MNK-eIF4E signaling. Our findings reveal mechanisms through which type I IFNs cause nociceptor sensitization with implications for understanding how viral infections promote pain and can lead to neuropathies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT It is increasingly understood that pathogens interact with nociceptors to alert organisms to infection as well as to mount early host defenses. Although specific mechanisms have been discovered for diverse bacterial and fungal pathogens, mechanisms engaged by viruses have remained elusive. Here we show that type I interferons, one of the first mediators produced by viral infection, act directly on nociceptors to produce pain sensitization. Type I interferons act via a specific signaling pathway (MNK-eIF4E signaling), which is known to produce nociceptor sensitization in inflammatory and neuropathic pain conditions. Our work reveals a mechanism through which viral infections cause heightened pain sensitivity.
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Abstract
Protein kinase R (PKR) is a key antiviral component of the innate immune pathway and is activated by viral double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs). Adenovirus-associated RNA 1 (VAI) is an abundant, noncoding viral RNA that functions as a decoy by binding PKR but not inducing activation, thereby inhibiting the antiviral response. In VAI, coaxial stacking produces an extended helix that mediates high-affinity PKR binding but is too short to result in activation. Like adenovirus, Epstein-Barr virus produces high concentrations of a noncoding RNA, EBER1. Here, we compare interactions of PKR with VAI and EBER1 and present a structural model of EBER1. Both RNAs function as inhibitors of dsRNA-mediated PKR activation. However, EBER1 weakly activates PKR whereas VAI does not. PKR binds EBER1 more weakly than VAI. Assays at physiological ion concentrations indicate that both RNAs can accommodate two PKR monomers and induce PKR dimerization. A structural model of EBER1 was obtained using constraints derived from chemical structure probing and small-angle X-ray scattering experiments. The central stem of EBER1 coaxially stacks with stem loop 4 and stem loop 1 to form an extended RNA duplex of ∼32 bp that binds PKR and promotes activation. Our observations that EBER1 binds PKR much more weakly than VAI and exhibits weak PKR activation suggest that EBER1 is less well suited to function as an RNA decoy.
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45
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Rosace D, López J, Blanco S. Emerging roles of novel small non-coding regulatory RNAs in immunity and cancer. RNA Biol 2020; 17:1196-1213. [PMID: 32186461 DOI: 10.1080/15476286.2020.1737442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The term small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) refers to all those RNAs that even without encoding for a protein, can play important functional roles. Transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA-derived fragments (tRFs and rRFs, respectively) are an emerging class of ncRNAs originally considered as simple degradation products, which though play important roles in stress responses, signalling, or gene expression. They control all levels of gene expression regulating transcription and translation and affecting RNA processing and maturation. They have been linked to pivotal cellular processes such as self-renewal, differentiation, and proliferation. For this reason, mis-regulation of this novel class of ncRNAs can lead to various pathological processes such as neurodegenerative and development diseases, metabolism and immune system disorders, and cancer. In this review, we summarise the classification, biogenesis, and functions of tRFs and rRFs with a special focus on their role in immunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Rosace
- Centro De Investigación Del Cáncer and Instituto De Biología Molecular Y Celular Del Cáncer, Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - University of Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain
| | - Judith López
- Centro De Investigación Del Cáncer and Instituto De Biología Molecular Y Celular Del Cáncer, Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - University of Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain
| | - Sandra Blanco
- Centro De Investigación Del Cáncer and Instituto De Biología Molecular Y Celular Del Cáncer, Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC) - University of Salamanca , Salamanca, Spain
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46
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Ferreira AR, Ramos B, Nunes A, Ribeiro D. Hepatitis C Virus: Evading the Intracellular Innate Immunity. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030790. [PMID: 32183176 PMCID: PMC7141330 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections constitute a major public health problem and are the main cause of chronic hepatitis and liver disease worldwide. The existing drugs, while effective, are expensive and associated with undesirable secondary effects. There is, hence, an urgent need to develop novel therapeutics, as well as an effective vaccine to prevent HCV infection. Understanding the interplay between HCV and the host cells will certainly contribute to better comprehend disease progression and may unravel possible new cellular targets for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics. Here, we review and discuss the interplay between HCV and the host cell innate immunity. We focus on the different cellular pathways that respond to, and counteract, HCV infection and highlight the evasion strategies developed by the virus to escape this intracellular response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniela Ribeiro
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-234-247-014; Fax: +351-234-372-587
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47
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Anjum FR, Rahman SU, Aslam MA, Qureshi AS. Comprehensive network map of transcriptional activation of chicken type I IFNs and IFN-stimulated genes. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 68:101407. [PMID: 31877494 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.101407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Chicken type I interferons (type I IFNs) are key antiviral players of the chicken immune system and mediate the first line of defense against viral pathogens infecting the avian species. Recognition of viral pathogens by specific pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) induce chicken type I IFNs expression followed by their subsequent interaction to IFN receptors and induction of a variety of IFN stimulated antiviral proteins. These antiviral effectors establish the antiviral state in neighboring cells and thus protect the host from infection. Three subtypes of chicken type I IFNs; chIFN-α, chIFN-β, and a recently discovered chIFN-κ have been identified and characterized in chicken. Chicken type I IFNs are activated by various host cell pathways and constitute a major antiviral innate defense in chicken. This review will help to understand the chicken type 1 IFNs, host cellular pathways that are involved in activation of chicken type I IFNs and IFN stimulated antiviral effectors along with the gaps in knowledge which will be important for future investigation. These findings will help us to comprehend the role of chicken type I IFNs and to develop different strategies for controlling viral infection in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sajjad Ur Rahman
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Anas Sarwar Qureshi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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48
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Schreiber A, Liedmann S, Brunotte L, Anhlan D, Ehrhardt C, Ludwig S. Type I interferon antagonistic properties of influenza B virus polymerase proteins. Cell Microbiol 2019; 22:e13143. [PMID: 31711273 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system, in particular the type I interferon (IFN) response, is a powerful defence against virus infections. In turn, many if not all viruses have evolved various means to circumvent, resist, or counteract this host response to ensure efficient replication and propagation. Influenza viruses are no exception to this rule, and several viral proteins have been described to possess IFN-antagonistic functions. Although the viral nonstructural protein 1 appears to be a major antagonist in influenza A and B viruses (IAV and IBV), we have previously shown that a specific motif in the IAV polymerase proteins exerts an IFN-suppressive function very early in infection. The question remained whether a similar function would also exist in IBV polymerases. Here, we show that indeed a specific amino acid position (A523) of the PB1 protein in the IBV polymerase complex confers IFN-antagonistic properties. Mutation of this position leads to enhanced activation of the IFN-mediated signalling pathway after infection and subsequent reduction of virus titres. This indicates that inhibition of innate immune responses is a conserved activity shared by polymerase proteins of IAV and IBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Schreiber
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Muenster, Germany
| | - Swantje Liedmann
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Muenster, Germany
| | - Linda Brunotte
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Muenster, Germany
| | - Darisuren Anhlan
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Muenster, Germany
| | - Christina Ehrhardt
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Muenster, Germany
| | - Stephan Ludwig
- Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation (ZMBE), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Muenster, Germany
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Lee CC, Tung CY, Wu CC, Lin TL. AVIAN INNATE IMMUNITY WITH AN EMPHASIS ON CHICKEN MELANOMA DIFFERENTIATION-ASSOCIATED GENE 5 (MDA5). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1142/s1682648519300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Avian species have immune system to fight invading pathogens. The immune system comprises innate and adaptive immunity. Innate immunity relies on pattern recognition receptors to sense particular molecules present in pathogens, i.e. pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), or danger signals in the environment, i.e. danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Cytoplasmic retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) are the sensors recognizing cytoplasmic PAMP and/or DAMP. Among common avian species, chickens do not have RIG-I whereas ducks and finches do. Therefore, the other RLR member, melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), is believed to play an important role to recognize intracellular pathogens in chickens. Chicken MDA5 has been identified and its function determined. Chicken MDA5 maintains the same domain architecture compared with MDA5 analogs in other animal species. The expression of chicken MDA5 was upregulated when a synthetic double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acids (poly(I:C)), was transfected into chicken cells, whereas that did not change when cells were incubated with poly(I:C). The enhanced expression of chicken MDA5 in chicken cells upregulated the expression of chicken interferon-[Formula: see text] (IFN-[Formula: see text]). The infection of dsRNA infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) in non-immune cells triggered the activation of chicken MDA5 signaling pathway, leading to the production of IFN-[Formula: see text] and subsequent response of IFN-stimulated genes. Furthermore, in immune cells like macrophages, chicken MDA5 participated in sensing the infection of IBDV by activating downstream antiviral genes and molecules and modulating adaptive immunity.On the contrary, one of cytoplasmic NLR member, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3), was cloned and functionally characterized in chicken cells. Chicken NLRP3 conserved the same domain architecture compared with NLRP3 analogs in other animal species. Chicken NLRP3 was highly expressed in kidney, bursa of Fabricius and spleen. The production of mature chicken interleukin 1 [Formula: see text] (IL-1[Formula: see text] in chicken macrophages was stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment followed by short ATP exposure.In summary, chicken MDA5 was a cytoplasmic dsRNA sensor that mediated the production of type I IFN upon ligand engagement, whereas NLRP3 sensed danger signals, such as ATP, in the cytoplasm and cleaved pro-IL-1[Formula: see text] to produce mature IL-1[Formula: see text]. Chicken MDA5 was not only involved in the activation of innate immune responses in non-immune and immune cells, but it also participated in modulating adaptive immunity in immune cells. Chicken NLRP3 participated in the production of mature chicken IL-1[Formula: see text] upon ligand engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chun Lee
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Chun-Yu Tung
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Ching Ching Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan 10617, R. O. C
| | - Tsang Long Lin
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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50
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Salem ESB, Vonberg AD, Borra VJ, Gill RK, Nakamura T. RNAs and RNA-Binding Proteins in Immuno-Metabolic Homeostasis and Diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2019; 6:106. [PMID: 31482095 PMCID: PMC6710452 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2019.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of worldwide obesity has emerged as a major risk factor for type 2 diabetes (T2D), hepatosteatosis, and cardiovascular disease. Accumulating evidence indicates that obesity has strong inflammatory underpinnings tightly linked to the development of metabolic diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms by which obesity induces aberrant inflammation associated with metabolic diseases are not yet clearly defined. Recently, RNAs have emerged as important regulators of stress responses and metabolism. RNAs are subject to changes in modification status, higher-order structure, and cellular localization; all of which could affect the affinity for RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and thereby modify the RNA-RBP networks. Proper regulation and management of RNA characteristics are fundamental to cellular and organismal homeostasis, as well as paramount to health. Identification of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within loci of fat mass- and obesity-associated protein (FTO) gene, an RNA demethylase, through genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of T2D, and functional assessments of FTO in mice, support the concept that disruption in RNA modifications leads to the development of human diseases including obesity and metabolic disorder. In obesity, dynamic alterations in modification and localization of RNAs appear to modulate the RNA-RBP networks and activate proinflammatory RBPs, such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase (PKR), Toll-like receptor (TLR) 3 and TLR7, and RNA silencing machinery. These changes induce aberrant inflammation and the development of metabolic diseases. This review will describe the current understanding of the underlying causes of these common and altered characteristics of RNA-RBP networks which will pave the way for developing novel approaches to tackle the pandemic issue of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esam S B Salem
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Andrew D Vonberg
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Vishnupriya J Borra
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Rupinder K Gill
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Takahisa Nakamura
- Division of Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Metabolic Bioregulation, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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