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Hönes GS, Geist D, Wenzek C, Pfluger PT, Müller TD, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, Amarie OV, Becker L, Dragano N, Garrett L, Hölter SM, Rathkolb B, Rozman J, Spielmann N, Treise I, Wolf E, Wurst W, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Hrabe de Angelis M, Führer D, Moeller LC. Comparative Phenotyping of Mice Reveals Canonical and Noncanonical Physiological Functions of TRα and TRβ. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae067. [PMID: 38889231 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) effects are mediated through TH receptors (TRs), TRα1, TRβ1, and TRβ2. The TRs bind to the DNA and regulate expression of TH target genes (canonical signaling). In addition, they mediate activation of signaling pathways (noncanonical signaling). Whether noncanonical TR action contributes to the spectrum of TH effects is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to attribute physiological effects to the TR isoforms and their canonical and noncanonical signaling. We conducted multiparameter phenotyping in male and female TR knockout mice (TRαKO, TRβKO), mice with disrupted canonical signaling due to mutations in the TR DNA binding domain (TRαGS, TRβGS), and their wild-type littermates. Perturbations in senses, especially hearing (mainly TRβ with a lesser impact of TRα), visual acuity, retinal thickness (TRα and TRβ), and in muscle metabolism (TRα) highlighted the role of canonical TR action. Strikingly, selective abrogation of canonical TR action often had little phenotypic consequence, suggesting that noncanonical TR action sufficed to maintain the wild-type phenotype for specific effects. For instance, macrocytic anemia, reduced retinal vascularization, or increased anxiety-related behavior were only observed in TRαKO but not TRαGS mice. Noncanonical TRα action improved energy utilization and prevented hyperphagia observed in female TRαKO mice. In summary, by examining the phenotypes of TRα and TRβ knockout models alongside their DNA binding-deficient mutants and wild-type counterparts, we could establish that the noncanonical actions of TRα and TRβ play a crucial role in modulating sensory, behavioral, and metabolic functions and, thus, contribute to the spectrum of physiological TH effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Sebastian Hönes
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Daniela Geist
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Christina Wenzek
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Paul Thomas Pfluger
- Research Unit NeuroBiology of Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Division of Neurobiology of Diabetes, TUM School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich 80333, Germany
| | - Timo Dirk Müller
- Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Walther-Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU) Munich, Munich 80336, Germany
| | - Juan Antonio Aguilar-Pimentel
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Oana Veronica Amarie
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Lore Becker
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Natalia Dragano
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Lillian Garrett
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Sabine Maria Hölter
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Birgit Rathkolb
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU) Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Jan Rozman
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Nadine Spielmann
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Irina Treise
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center, Ludwig-Maximilians University (LMU) Munich, Munich 81377, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Wurst
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich 80336, Germany
- Chair of Developmental Genetics, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, German Mouse Clinic, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, TUM School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising 85354, Germany
| | - Dagmar Führer
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
| | - Lars Christian Moeller
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism and Division of Laboratory Research, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen 45147, Germany
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Florido Neto AR, Agostini L, Silva LPD, Nunes MT. Therapeutical Potential of T3 as Adjuvant Therapy in Male Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae066. [PMID: 38862394 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Alloxan-induced diabetic rats present with hypothyroidism. When treated with triiodothyronine (T3), glycemia and proinflammatory cytokine expression are downregulated, improving insulin sensitivity. The effectiveness of associating T3 with insulin (replacement dose [6 U] and [3 U]) in controlling glycemia was investigated in this experimental model. Male Wistar rats were made diabetic by alloxan injection and sorted into groups treated or not with insulin (3 or 6 U) associated or not with T3 (1.5 µg 100 g-1 BW) for 28 days. Nondiabetic rats constituted the control group. Fasting glycemia, glucose decay rate, and thyrotropin (TSH) were measured in the blood/serum of all animals. Immunoblotting was used to assess total GLUT4 expression in skeletal muscles and epididymal white adipose tissue. Cytokine and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) expression were measured in these tissues and liver. Diabetic rats presented with increased fasting glycemia, inflammatory cytokines, and NF-κB expression, TSH levels, and insulin resistance. In diabetic rats treated with T3 and/or insulin, these parameters were decreased, whereas GLUT4 and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression were increased. T3 combined with 3-U insulin restored the parameters to values of the control group and was more effective at controlling glycemia than 6-U insulin. Thus, a combination of T3 and insulin might represent a promising strategy for diabetes management since it reduces the insulin requirement by half and improves glycemic control of diabetic rats, which could postpone insulin resistance that develops with chronic insulin administration. These findings open a perspective for using thyroid analogues that provide tissue-specific effects, which might result in a potentially more effective treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Ribeiro Florido Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Lucas Agostini
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Pedro da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Tereza Nunes
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 05508-000, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ezemaduka Okoli CB, Woldu HG, Peterson CA. Low Urinary Iodine Concentration Is Associated with Increased Risk for Elevated Plasma Glucose in Females: An Analysis of NHANES 2011-12. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124523. [PMID: 34960073 PMCID: PMC8708116 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Iodine intake in the US has declined in recent years. Iodine insufficiency increases the risk for inadequate thyroid hormone production and there is growing evidence that sub-clinical hypothyroidism may be disruptive to metabolic health, including insulin resistance (IR). We investigated the association between urinary iodine concentrations (UIC), a measurement of iodine status, and IR in adults. Data from 1286 US adults (≥20 years) in the NHANES 2011-2012 were analyzed. Two subgroups (low = UIC < 100 µg/L and normal = UIC ≥ 100 µg/L) were compared for markers of IR, including fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and insulin, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C). Chi-square test, both linear and logistic regression models were used. In males, there were no significant associations between UIC and markers of IR; however, females with normal UIC had greater risks for elevated HOMA-IR (AOR = 0.56, 95% CI= 0.32-0.99) and HbA1C (AOR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.34-0.90), while females with low UIC had a greater risk for FPG ≥ 5.6 mmol/L (AOR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.09-2.72). Results only partially support our hypothesis that UIC is associated with the odds of IR in adults. The finding of an increased risk for elevated FPG, a marker of prediabetes, in female adults with low iodine status requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Henok G. Woldu
- Department of Health Management and Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA;
| | - Catherine A. Peterson
- Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-573-882-8690
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Major E, Győry F, Horváth D, Keller I, Tamás I, Uray K, Fülöp P, Lontay B. Smoothelin-Like Protein 1 Regulates Development and Metabolic Transformation of Skeletal Muscle in Hyperthyroidism. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:751488. [PMID: 34675885 PMCID: PMC8524136 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.751488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperthyroidism triggers a glycolytic shift in skeletal muscle (SKM) by altering the expression of metabolic proteins, which is often accompanied by peripheral insulin resistance. Our previous results show that smoothelin-like protein 1 (SMTNL1), a transcriptional co-regulator, promotes insulin sensitivity in SKM. Our aim was to elucidate the role of SMTNL1 in SKM under physiological and pathological 3,3',5-Triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) concentrations. Human hyper- and euthyroid SKM biopsies were used for microarray analysis and proteome profiler arrays. Expression of genes related to energy production, nucleic acid- and lipid metabolism was changed significantly in hyperthyroid samples. The phosphorylation levels and activity of AMPKα2 and JNK were increased by 15% and 23%, respectively, in the hyperthyroid samples compared to control. Moreover, SMTNL1 expression showed a 6-fold decrease in the hyperthyroid samples and in T3-treated C2C12 cells. Physiological and supraphysiological concentrations of T3 were applied on differentiated C2C12 cells upon SMTNL1 overexpression to assess the activity and expression level of the elements of thyroid hormone signaling, insulin signaling and glucose metabolism. Our results demonstrate that SMTNL1 selectively regulated TRα expression. Overexpression of SMTNL1 induced insulin sensitivity through the inhibition of JNK activity by 40% and hampered the non-genomic effects of T3 by decreasing the activity of ERK1/2 through PKCδ. SMTNL1 overexpression reduced IRS1 Ser307 and Ser612 phosphorylation by 52% and 53%, respectively, in hyperthyroid model to restore the normal responsiveness of glucose transport to insulin. SMTNL1 regulated glucose phosphorylation and balances glycolysis and glycogen synthesis via the downregulation of hexokinase II by 1.3-fold. Additionally, mitochondrial respiration and glycolysis were measured by SeaHorse analysis to determine cellular metabolic function/phenotype of our model system in real-time. T3 overload strongly increased the rate of acidification and a shift to glycolysis, while SMTNL1 overexpression antagonizes the T3 effects. These lines of evidence suggest that SMTNL1 potentially prevents hyperthyroidism-induced changes in SKM, and it holds great promise as a novel therapeutic target in insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelin Major
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Győry
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Dániel Horváth
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Ilka Keller
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - István Tamás
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Karen Uray
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Péter Fülöp
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Beáta Lontay
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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Glucose transporters in adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle in metabolic health and disease. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:1273-1298. [PMID: 32591906 PMCID: PMC7462924 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A family of facilitative glucose transporters (GLUTs) is involved in regulating tissue-specific glucose uptake and metabolism in the liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue to ensure homeostatic control of blood glucose levels. Reduced glucose transport activity results in aberrant use of energy substrates and is associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. It is well established that GLUT2, the main regulator of hepatic hexose flux, and GLUT4, the workhorse in insulin- and contraction-stimulated glucose uptake in skeletal muscle, are critical contributors in the control of whole-body glycemia. However, the molecular mechanism how insulin controls glucose transport across membranes and its relation to impaired glycemic control in type 2 diabetes remains not sufficiently understood. An array of circulating metabolites and hormone-like molecules and potential supplementary glucose transporters play roles in fine-tuning glucose flux between the different organs in response to an altered energy demand.
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Kushchayeva YS, Startzell M, Cochran E, Auh S, Sekizkardes H, Soldin SJ, Kushchayev SV, Dieckmann W, Skarulis M, Abdul Sater Z, Brychta RJ, Cypess AM, Lin TC, Lightbourne M, Millo C, Brown RJ. Thyroid Hormone Effects on Glucose Disposal in Patients With Insulin Receptor Mutations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5582247. [PMID: 31588494 PMCID: PMC7093053 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Patients with mutations of the insulin receptor gene (INSR) have extreme insulin resistance and are at risk for early morbidity and mortality from diabetes complications. A case report suggested that thyroid hormone could improve glycemia in INSR mutation in part by increasing brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity and volume. OBJECTIVE To determine if thyroid hormone increases tissue glucose uptake and improves hyperglycemia in INSR mutation. DESIGN Single-arm, open-label study of liothyronine. SETTING National Institutes of Health. PARTICIPANTS Patients with homozygous (n = 5) or heterozygous (n = 2) INSR mutation. INTERVENTION Liothyronine every 8 hours for 2 weeks (n = 7); additional 6 months' treatment in those with hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) > 7% (n = 4). OUTCOMES Whole-body glucose uptake by isotopic tracers; tissue glucose uptake in muscle, white adipose tissue (WAT) and BAT by dynamic [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography; HbA1c. RESULTS There was no change in whole-body, muscle, or WAT glucose uptake from baseline to 2 weeks of liothyronine. After 6 months, there was no change in HbA1c (8.3 ± 1.2 vs 9.1 ± 3.0%, P = 0.27), but there was increased whole-body glucose disposal (22.8 ± 4.9 vs 30.1 ± 10.0 µmol/kg lean body mass/min, P = 0.02), and muscle (0.7 ± 0.1 vs 2.0 ± 0.2 µmol/min/100 mL, P < 0.0001) and WAT glucose uptake (1.2 ± 0.2 vs 2.2 ± 0.3 µmol/min/100 mL, P < 0.0001). BAT glucose uptake could not be quantified because of small volume. There were no signs or symptoms of hyperthyroidism. CONCLUSION Liothyronine administered at well-tolerated doses did not improve HbA1c. However, the observed increases in muscle and WAT glucose uptake support the proposed mechanism that liothyronine increases tissue glucose uptake. More selective agents may be effective at increasing tissue glucose uptake without thyroid hormone-related systemic toxicity.Clinical Trial Registration Number: NCT02457897; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02457897.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Startzell
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Elaine Cochran
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sungyoung Auh
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Hilal Sekizkardes
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven J Soldin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - William Dieckmann
- Positron Emission Tomography Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Monica Skarulis
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zahraa Abdul Sater
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Robert J Brychta
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Aaron M Cypess
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tzu-Chun Lin
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Marissa Lightbourne
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Corina Millo
- Positron Emission Tomography Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rebecca J Brown
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Rebecca J. Brown, MD, MHSc, Building 10, Room 6-5940, 10 Center Dr., Bethesda, MD 20892. E-mail:
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Ala M, Jafari RM, Dehpour AR. Diabetes Mellitus and Osteoporosis Correlation: Challenges and Hopes. Curr Diabetes Rev 2020; 16:984-1001. [PMID: 32208120 DOI: 10.2174/1573399816666200324152517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes and osteoporosis are two common diseases with different complications. Despite different therapeutic strategies, managing these diseases and reducing their burden have not been satisfactory, especially when they appear one after the other. In this review, we aimed to clarify the similarity, common etiology and possible common adjunctive therapies of these two major diseases and designate the known molecular pattern observed in them. Based on different experimental findings, we want to illuminate that interestingly similar pathways lead to diabetes and osteoporosis. Meanwhile, there are a few drugs involved in the treatment of both diseases, which most of the time act in the same line but sometimes with opposing results. Considering the correlation between diabetes and osteoporosis, more efficient management of both diseases, in conditions of concomitant incidence or cause and effect condition, is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Ala
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
| | - Razieh Mohammad Jafari
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Dehpour
- Experimental Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 13145-784, Tehran, Iran
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Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Glucose Transport and Glucose Metabolism by Exercise Training. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102432. [PMID: 31614762 PMCID: PMC6835691 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise training and resistance exercise training are both well-known for their ability to improve human health; especially in individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, there are critical differences between these two main forms of exercise training and the adaptations that they induce in the body that may account for their beneficial effects. This article reviews the literature and highlights key gaps in our current understanding of the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise training on the regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis, skeletal muscle glucose transport and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism.
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Biondi B, Kahaly GJ, Robertson RP. Thyroid Dysfunction and Diabetes Mellitus: Two Closely Associated Disorders. Endocr Rev 2019; 40:789-824. [PMID: 30649221 PMCID: PMC6507635 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus are closely linked. Several studies have documented the increased prevalence of thyroid disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus and vice versa. This review critically discusses the different underlying mechanisms linking type 1 and 2 diabetes and thyroid dysfunction to demonstrate that the association of these two common disorders is unlikely a simple coincidence. We assess the current state of knowledge on the central and peripheral control of thyroid hormone on food intake and glucose and lipid metabolism in target tissues (such as liver, white and brown adipose tissue, pancreatic β cells, and skeletal muscle) to explain the mechanism linking overt and subclinical hypothyroidism to type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome. We also elucidate the common susceptibility genes and the pathogenetic mechanisms contributing to the autoimmune mechanism involved in the onset of type 1 diabetes mellitus and autoimmune thyroid disorders. An untreated thyroid dysfunction can impair the metabolic control of diabetic patients, and this association can have important repercussions on the outcome of both of these disorders. Therefore, we offer recommendations for the diagnosis, management, and screening of thyroid disorders in patients with diabetes mellitus, including the treatment of diabetic patients planning a pregnancy. We also discuss the major causes of failure to achieve an optimal management of thyroid dysfunction in diabetic patients and provide recommendations for assessing and treating these disorders during therapy with antidiabetic drugs. An algorithm for a correct approach of these disorders when linked is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Biondi
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - George J Kahaly
- Department of Medicine I, Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - R Paul Robertson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Brenta G, Caballero AS, Nunes MT. CASE FINDING FOR HYPOTHYROIDISM SHOULD INCLUDE TYPE 2 DIABETES AND METABOLIC SYNDROME PATIENTS: A LATIN AMERICAN THYROID SOCIETY (LATS) POSITION STATEMENT. Endocr Pract 2019; 25:101-105. [PMID: 30742573 DOI: 10.4158/ep-2018-0317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Latin American Thyroid Society (LATS) Hypothyroidism Clinical Practice Guidelines recommend case finding of hypothyroid patients in multiple and different situations that agree with other Society guidelines. However, the detection of hypothyroidism in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or metabolic syndrome (MetS) patients is not mentioned in particular. In the recent years, several basic and epidemiologic studies have appeared showing that a lower thyroid function and MetS/T2DM are associated. Hence, the aim of this review is to manifest the LATS position on the diagnosis of hypothyroidism in both MetS and T2DM patients. METHODS A search was made in PubMed using the following terms: "hypothyroidism" AND "diabetes" OR "metabolic syndrome." The most relevant studies describing the prevalence and complications due to hypothyroidism in both MetS and T2DM patients were selected. RESULTS The current document reviews new information from studies that have shown that the prevalence of hypothyroidism is higher in T2DM patients (odds ratio [OR], 3.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.5 to 4.7) and that diabetic complications are more prevalent in subclinical hypothyroidism (ScH). The incidence of T2DM is 1.09-fold higher with each doubling of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) mIU/L (95% CI, 1.06 to 1.12), and the incidence of prediabetes increases 15% (hazard ratio, 1.15; 95% CI, 1.04 to 1.26) in patients with TSH >5 mIU/L. Similarly, MetS is more prevalent in ScH compared to euthyroid individuals (OR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.08 to 1.60). CONCLUSION Thyroid function is affected in MetS and T2DM, and hypothyroidism is more common in these patients. Diabetic complications are more frequent in ScH patients. Therefore, LATS now recommends aggressive case finding of hypothyroidism in both MetS and T2DM patients. ABBREVIATIONS CI = confidence interval; GLUT4 = glucose transporter 4; HOMA-IR = homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance; HR = hazard ratio; LATS = Latin American Thyroid Society; MetS = metabolic syndrome; OR = odds ratio; ScH = subclinical hypothyroidism; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus; T3 = triiodothyronine; T4 = thyroxine; TSH = thyroid-stimulating hormone.
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11
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Louzada RA, Carvalho DP. Similarities and Differences in the Peripheral Actions of Thyroid Hormones and Their Metabolites. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:394. [PMID: 30072951 PMCID: PMC6060242 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Thyroxine (T4) and 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) are secreted by the thyroid gland, while T3 is also generated from the peripheral metabolism of T4 by iodothyronine deiodinases types I and II. Several conditions like stress, diseases, and physical exercise can promote changes in local TH metabolism, leading to different target tissue effects that depend on the presence of tissue-specific enzymatic activities. The newly discovered physiological and pharmacological actions of T4 and T3 metabolites, such as 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2), and 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM) are of great interest. A classical thyroid hormone effect is the ability of T3 to increase oxygen consumption in almost all cell types studied. Approximately 30 years ago, a seminal report has shown that 3,5-T2 increased oxygen consumption more rapidly than T3 in hepatocytes. Other studies demonstrated that exogenous 3,5-T2 administration was able to increase whole body energy expenditure in rodents and humans. In fact, 3,5-T2 treatment prevents diabetic nephropathy, hepatic steatosis induced by high fat diet, insulin resistance, and weight gain during aging in Wistar male rats. The regulation of mitochondria is likely one of the most important actions of T3 and its metabolite 3,5-T2, which was able to restore the thermogenic program of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in hypothyroid rats, just as T3 does, while T1AM administration induced rapid hypothermia. T3 increases heart rate and cardiac contractility, which are hallmark effects of hyperthyroidism involved in cardiac arrhythmia. These deleterious cardiac effects were not observed with the use of 3,5-T2 pharmacological doses, and in contrast T1AM was shown to promote a negative inotropic and chronotropic action at micromolar concentrations in isolated hearts. Furthermore, T1AM has a cardioprotective effect in a model of ischemic/reperfusion injury in isolated hearts, such as occurs with T3 administration. Despite the encouraging possible therapeutic use of TH metabolites, further studies are needed to better understand their peripheral effects, when compared to T3 itself, in order to establish their risk and benefit. On this basis, the main peripheral effects of thyroid hormones and their metabolites in tissues, such as heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and BAT are discussed herein.
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Vlavcheski F, Naimi M, Murphy B, Hudlicky T, Tsiani E. Rosmarinic Acid, a Rosemary Extract Polyphenol, Increases Skeletal Muscle Cell Glucose Uptake and Activates AMPK. Molecules 2017; 22:E1669. [PMID: 28991159 PMCID: PMC6151814 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a major insulin-target tissue and plays an important role in glucose homeostasis. Impaired insulin action in muscles leads to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. 5' AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) is an energy sensor, its activation increases glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and AMPK activators have been viewed as a targeted approach in combating insulin resistance. We previously reported AMPK activation and increased muscle glucose uptake by rosemary extract (RE). In the present study, we examined the effects and the mechanism of action of rosmarinic acid (RA), a major RE constituent, in L6 rat muscle cells. RA (5.0 µM) increased glucose uptake (186 ± 4.17% of control, p < 0.001) to levels comparable to maximum insulin (204 ± 10.73% of control, p < 0.001) and metformin (202 ± 14.37% of control, p < 0.001). Akt phosphorylation was not affected by RA, while AMPK phosphorylation was increased. The RA-stimulated glucose uptake was inhibited by the AMPK inhibitor compound C and was not affected by wortmannin, an inhibitor of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). The current study shows an effect of RA to increase muscle glucose uptake and AMPK phosphorylation. RA deserves further study as it shows potential to be used as an agent to regulate glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Vlavcheski
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Madina Naimi
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Brennan Murphy
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Tomas Hudlicky
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Evangelia Tsiani
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
- Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
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13
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Martins Peçanha FL, Dos Santos RS, da-Silva WS. Thyroid states regulate subcellular glucose phosphorylation activity in male mice. Endocr Connect 2017; 6:311-322. [PMID: 28483784 PMCID: PMC5510448 DOI: 10.1530/ec-17-0059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The thyroid hormones (THs), triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), are very important in organism metabolism and regulate glucose utilization. Hexokinase (HK) is responsible for the first step of glycolysis, catalyzing the conversion of glucose to glucose 6-phosphate. HK has been found in different cellular compartments, and new functions have been attributed to this enzyme. The effects of hyperthyroidism on subcellular glucose phosphorylation in mouse tissues were examined. Tissues were removed, subcellular fractions were isolated from eu- and hyperthyroid (T3, 0.25 µg/g, i.p. during 21 days) mice and HK activity was assayed. Glucose phosphorylation was increased in the particulate fraction in soleus (312.4% ± 67.1, n = 10), gastrocnemius (369.2% ± 112.4, n = 10) and heart (142.2% ± 13.6, n = 10) muscle in the hyperthyroid group compared to the control group. Hexokinase activity was not affected in brain or liver. No relevant changes were observed in HK activity in the soluble fraction for all tissues investigated. Acute T3 administration (single dose of T3, 1.25 µg/g, i.p.) did not modulate HK activity. Interestingly, HK mRNA levels remained unchanged and HK bound to mitochondria was increased by T3 treatment, suggesting a posttranscriptional mechanism. Analysis of the AKT pathway showed a 2.5-fold increase in AKT and GSK3B phosphorylation in the gastrocnemius muscle in the hyperthyroid group compared to the euthyroid group. Taken together, we show for the first time that THs modulate HK activity specifically in particulate fractions and that this action seems to be under the control of the AKT and GSK3B pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Letícia Martins Peçanha
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de MeisLaboratório de Adaptações Metabólicas, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo Sousa Dos Santos
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de MeisLaboratório de Adaptações Metabólicas, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wagner Seixas da-Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de MeisLaboratório de Adaptações Metabólicas, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Shamni O, Cohen G, Gruzman A, Zaid H, Klip A, Cerasi E, Sasson S. Regulation of GLUT4 activity in myotubes by 3-O-methyl-d-glucose. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2017. [PMID: 28648676 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2017.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The rate of glucose influx to skeletal muscles is determined primarily by the number of functional units of glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) in the myotube plasma membrane. The abundance of GLUT4 in the plasma membrane is tightly regulated by insulin or contractile activity, which employ distinct pathways to translocate GLUT4-rich vesicles from intracellular compartments. Various studies have indicated that GLUT4 intrinsic activity is also regulated by conformational changes and/or interactions with membrane components and intracellular proteins in the vicinity of the plasma membrane. Here we show that the non-metabolizable glucose analog 3-O-methyl-d-glucose (MeGlc) augmented the rate of hexose transport into myotubes by increasing GLUT4 intrinsic activity without altering the content of the transporter in the plasma membrane. This effect was not a consequence of ATP depletion or hyperosmolar stress and did not involve Akt/PKB or AMPK signal transduction pathways. MeGlc reduced the inhibitory potency (increased Ki) of indinavir, a selective inhibitor of GLUT4, in a dose-dependent manner. Kinetic analyses indicate that MeGlc induced changes in GLUT4 or GLUT4 complexes within the plasma membrane, which enhanced the hexose transport activity and reduced the potency of indinavir inhibition. Finally, we present a simple kinetic analysis for screening and discovering low molecular weight compounds that augment GLUT4 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Shamni
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel; Institute for Drug Research, Section of Pharmacology, Diabetes Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Guy Cohen
- The Skin Research Institute, The Dead-Sea & Arava Science Center, Israel; Institute for Drug Research, Section of Pharmacology, Diabetes Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Arie Gruzman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Dept. of Chemistry, Faculty of Exact Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; Institute for Drug Research, Section of Pharmacology, Diabetes Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Hilal Zaid
- Al-Qasemi Research Center, Al-Qasemi Academy, Baqa-El-Gharbia 3010000, Israel; Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, OT M5G 1XB, Canada
| | - Amira Klip
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, OT M5G 1XB, Canada
| | - Erol Cerasi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Service, Department of Internal Medicine, The Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112001, Israel
| | - Shlomo Sasson
- Institute for Drug Research, Section of Pharmacology, Diabetes Research Unit, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel.
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15
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Sarkar D, Singh SK. Neonatal hypothyroidism affects testicular glucose homeostasis through increased oxidative stress in prepubertal mice: effects on GLUT3, GLUT8 and Cx43. Andrology 2017; 5:749-762. [PMID: 28471544 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones (THs) play an important role in maintaining the link between metabolism and reproduction and the altered THs status is associated with induction of oxidative stress in various organs like brain, heart, liver and testis. Further, reactive oxygen species play a pivotal role in regulation of glucose homeostasis in several organs, and glucose utilization by Leydig cells is essential for testosterone biosynthesis and thus is largely dependent on glucose transporter 8 (GLUT8). Glucose uptake by Sertoli cells is mediated through glucose transporter 3 (GLUT3) under the influence of THs to meet energy requirement of developing germ cells. THs also modulate level of gap junctional protein such as connexin 43 (Cx43), a potential regulator of cell proliferation and apoptosis in the seminiferous epithelium. Although the role of transient neonatal hypothyroidism in adult testis in terms of testosterone production is well documented, the effect of THs deficiency in early developmental period and its role in testicular glucose homeostasis and oxidative stress with reference to Cx43 in immature mice remain unknown. Therefore, the present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of neonatal hypothyroidism on testicular glucose homeostasis and oxidative stress at postnatal days (PND) 21 and 28 in relation to GLUT3, GLUT8 and Cx43. Hypothyroidism induced by 6-propyl-2-thiouracil (PTU) markedly decreased testicular glucose level with considerable reduction in expression level of GLUT3 and GLUT8. Likewise, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and intratesticular concentration of lactate were also decreased in hypothyroid mice. There was also a rise in germ cell apoptosis with increased expression of caspase-3 in PTU-treated mice. Further, neonatal hypothyroidism affected germ cell proliferation with decreased expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Cx43. In conclusion, our results suggest that neonatal hypothyroidism alters testicular glucose homeostasis via increased oxidative stress in prepubertal mice, thereby affecting germ cell survival and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - S K Singh
- Department of Zoology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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16
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Fatourechi A, Ardakani HM, Sayarifard F, Sheikh M. Hypothyroidism among pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, from patients' characteristics to disease severity. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol 2017; 26:73-80. [PMID: 28458459 PMCID: PMC5402308 DOI: 10.1297/cpe.26.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed this study to evaluate the associations of hypothyroidism with clinical
severity and the occurrence of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at initial diagnosis among
pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). 330 children with T1DM who
referred to Diabetes Clinic were enrolled. The medical records were e valuated and a blood
sample was drawn from patients for measuring thyroid function and antibodies, blood
glucose, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels. Hypothyroidism was detected in 9.6% of
children with T1DM and was associated with higher rates of DKA (OR = 3.15, 95%CI =
1.48–6.71) and younger age at initial diagnosis (7.3 ± 3.2 vs. 10.1 ± 2.5, p = 0.04),
higher levels of HbA1C upon enrolment (9.8 ± 2.2 vs. 8.8 ± 1.9, p = 0.02) and the
requirement for higher insulin doses to control the disease (0.9 ± 0.42 vs. 0.81 ± 0.2, p
= 0.03) compared to children with T1DM and normal thyroid function. Additionally children
with T1DM and hypothyroidism had significantly higher rates of anti-TPO antibodies (p <
0.001), consanguinity in their parents (p =0.01), and family history of diabetes mellitus
(p = 0.02) in their first degree relatives. In conclusion autoimmune hypothyroidism is
prevalent among children with T1DM and is associated with a more aggressive disease at
initial presentation, poorly controlled T1DM, and requirement for higher Insulin doses for
controlling the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Fatourechi
- Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Sayarifard
- Public Health Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdi Sheikh
- Maternal, Fetal and Neonatal Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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17
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Vazquez-Anaya G, Martinez B, Soñanez-Organis JG, Nakano D, Nishiyama A, Ortiz RM. Exogenous thyroxine improves glucose intolerance in insulin-resistant rats. J Endocrinol 2017; 232:501-511. [PMID: 27980001 PMCID: PMC5419047 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are associated with glucose intolerance, calling into question the contribution of thyroid hormones (TH) on glucose regulation. TH analogues and derivatives may be effective treatment options for glucose intolerance and insulin resistance (IR), but their potential glucoregulatory effects during conditions of impaired metabolism are not well described. To assess the effects of thyroxine (T4) on glucose intolerance in a model of insulin resistance, an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT) was performed on three groups of rats (n = 8): (1) lean, Long Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO), (2) obese, Otsuka Long Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) and (3) OLETF + T4 (8.0 µg/100 g BM/day × 5 weeks). T4 attenuated glucose intolerance by 15% and decreased IR index (IRI) by 34% in T4-treated OLETF compared to untreated OLETF despite a 31% decrease in muscle Glut4 mRNA expression. T4 increased the mRNA expressions of muscle monocarboxylate transporter 10 (Mct10), deiodinase type 2 (Di2), sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) and uncoupling protein 2 (Ucp2) by 1.8-, 2.2-, 2.7- and 1.4-fold, respectively, compared to OLETF. Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and insulin receptor were not significantly altered suggesting that the improvements in glucose intolerance and IR were independent of enhanced insulin-mediated signaling. The results suggest that T4 treatment increased the influx of T4 in skeletal muscle and, with an increase of DI2, increased the availability of the biologically active T3 to upregulate key factors such SIRT1 and UCP2 involved in cellular metabolism and glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bridget Martinez
- Department of Molecular & Cellular BiologyUniversity of California, Merced, California, USA
| | - José G Soñanez-Organis
- Division of Science and EngineeringDepartment of Chemical Biological and Agropecuary Sciences, University of Sonora, Navojoa, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Daisuke Nakano
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of PharmacologyFaculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Rudy M Ortiz
- Department of Molecular & Cellular BiologyUniversity of California, Merced, California, USA
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Jun JE, Jee JH, Bae JC, Jin SM, Hur KY, Lee MK, Kim TH, Kim SW, Kim JH. Association Between Changes in Thyroid Hormones and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Seven-Year Longitudinal Study. Thyroid 2017; 27:29-38. [PMID: 27809684 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thyroid hormones are important regulators of glucose homeostasis. However, the association between thyroid hormones within the reference range and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) remains unclear. The aim of this study was to clarify the incidence of T2DM according to the baseline levels and changes of thyrotropin (TSH) and thyroid hormones (free thyroxine and triiodothyronine) in euthyroid subjects. METHODS Among the participants who consecutively underwent thyroid function tests between 2006 and 2012 through a yearly health checkup program, 6235 euthyroid subjects (3619 men and 2616 women) without T2DM were enrolled in the study. The change in each hormone was calculated by subtracting the baseline value from the level at the end of follow-up or one year before the diagnosis of diabetes. RESULTS During 25,692 person-years of follow-up, there were 229 new cases of T2DM. After full adjustment for potential confounders including HbA1c and fasting glucose in Cox proportional hazards models, the individuals in the highest tertile of TSH change (2.5-4.2 μIU/mL) had a greater risk of incident T2DM (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.44 [confidence interval (CI) 1.04-1.98], p = 0.027) in comparison with individuals in the lowest tertile (-4.1 to -0.5 μIU/mL). Simultaneously, the highest tertile of triiodothyronine change (16.3-104.7 ng/dL) and free thyroxine change (0.2-1.6 ng/dL) conferred protective effects against diabetes (HR = 0.60 [CI 0.43-0.85], p = 0.002, and HR = 0.34 [CI 0.24-0.48], p < 0.001, respectively) compared with those in the lowest tertile (-76.5 to -1.8 ng/dL and -0.6 to 0.0 ng/dL, respectively). These associations remained significant when each of the hormones was analyzed as a continuous variable. However, baseline levels or tertiles of TSH and thyroid hormones were not associated with the risk of diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Individual changes in TSH and thyroid hormones, even within the normal reference range, were an additional risk factor of incident T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Jun
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Jee
- 2 Department of Health Promotion, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Cheol Bae
- 3 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Changwon Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Changwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Man Jin
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Yeon Hur
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon-Kyu Lee
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyuk Kim
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Wook Kim
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hyeon Kim
- 1 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Regulation of glucose transport by thyroid hormone in rat ovary. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 366:455-466. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2453-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Martinez B, Soñanez-Organis JG, Viscarra JA, Jaques JT, MacKenzie DS, Crocker DE, Ortiz RM. Glucose delays the insulin-induced increase in thyroid hormone-mediated signaling in adipose of prolong-fasted elephant seal pups. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R502-12. [PMID: 26739649 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00054.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Prolonged food deprivation in mammals typically reduces glucose, insulin, and thyroid hormone (TH) concentrations, as well as tissue deiodinase (DI) content and activity, which, collectively, suppress metabolism. However, in elephant seal pups, prolonged fasting does not suppress TH levels; it is associated with upregulation of adipose TH-mediated cellular mechanisms and adipose-specific insulin resistance. The functional relevance of this apparent paradox and the effects of glucose and insulin on TH-mediated signaling in an insulin-resistant tissue are not well defined. To address our hypothesis that insulin increases adipose TH signaling in pups during extended fasting, we assessed the changes in TH-associated genes in response to an insulin infusion in early- and late-fasted pups. In late fasting, insulin increased DI1, DI2, and THrβ-1 mRNA expression by 566%, 44%, and 267% at 60 min postinfusion, respectively, with levels decreasing by 120 min. Additionally, we performed a glucose challenge in late-fasted pups to differentiate between insulin- and glucose-mediated effects on TH signaling. In contrast to the insulin-induced effects, glucose infusion did not increase the expressions of DI1, DI2, and THrβ-1 until 120 min, suggesting that glucose delays the onset of the insulin-induced effects. The data also suggest that fasting duration increases the sensitivity of adipose TH-mediated mechanisms to insulin, some of which may be mediated by increased glucose. These responses appear to be unique among mammals and to have evolved in elephant seals to facilitate their adaptation to tolerate an extreme physiological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Martinez
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California, Merced, California;
| | - José G Soñanez-Organis
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Sonora, Navojoa, Sonora, México
| | - Jose A Viscarra
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California, Merced, California
| | - John T Jaques
- Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas
| | - Duncan S MacKenzie
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Daniel E Crocker
- Department of Biology, Sonoma State University, Rohnert Park, California
| | - Rudy M Ortiz
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, University of California, Merced, California
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Laclaustra M, Hurtado-Roca Y, Sendin M, Leon M, Ledesma M, Andres E, Fernandez-Ortiz A, Guallar E, Ordovas JM, Casasnovas JA. Lower-normal TSH is associated with better metabolic risk factors: A cross-sectional study on Spanish men. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2015; 25:1095-1103. [PMID: 26552743 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Subclinical thyroid conditions, defined by normal thyroxin (T4) but abnormal thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, may be associated with cardiovascular and metabolic risk. More recently, TSH levels within the normal range have been suggested to be associated with metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk. This work studies the linearity of the relationship between metabolic syndrome and TSH across the euthyroid range. METHODS AND RESULTS We studied 3533 male participants of the Aragon Workers' Health Study (AWHS) with normal TSH and free T4 levels, across quintiles of these variables, after adjusting for age, alcohol intake, and smoking. Compared with the lowest TSH quintile, the odds ratios for metabolic syndrome at the higher quintiles, which indicate lower thyroid function, were 1.34 (1.04, 1.73), 1.56 (1.21, 2.01), 1.57 (1.22, 2.03), and 1.71 (1.32, 2.21). The lowest free T4 quintile also showed an odds ratio of 1.49 (1.16, 1.90) with respect to the highest quintile. In addition, spline models showed departures from linearity: the risk of metabolic syndrome mostly increases at TSH values below the median (sample half-closest to subclinical hyperthyroidism). Interestingly, glucose also increases with TSH primarily below the median TSH, diastolic blood pressure shows similar changes across the entire TSH range, whereas body mass index, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol change only at the highest normal TSH values, which are associated with lower free T4 concentration. CONCLUSIONS TSH and free T4 within the normal range are associated with the metabolic syndrome. The sample half-below the TSH median (with probably higher functional thyroid status) exhibited better metabolic and cardiovascular profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laclaustra
- Clinical Research Department, Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Department of Epidemiology, St. Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Y Hurtado-Roca
- Clinical Research Department, Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Sendin
- Clinical Research Department, Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - M Leon
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M Ledesma
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - E Andres
- Instituto de Investigación 12 de Octubre, CIBER-Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Fernandez-Ortiz
- Clinical Research Department, Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - E Guallar
- Department of Epidemiology, and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Medicine, and Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - J M Ordovas
- Clinical Research Department, Spanish National Center for Cardiovascular Research (CNIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - J A Casasnovas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
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22
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Gronich N, Deftereos SN, Lavi I, Persidis AS, Abernethy DR, Rennert G. Hypothyroidism is a Risk Factor for New-Onset Diabetes: A Cohort Study. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:1657-64. [PMID: 26070591 DOI: 10.2337/dc14-2515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify risk factors for the development of statin-associated diabetes mellitus (DM). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The study was conducted in two phases. Phase one involved high-throughput in silico processing of a large amount of biomedical data to identify risk factors for the development of statin-associated DM. In phase two, the most prominent risk factor identified was confirmed in an observational cohort study at Clalit, the largest health care organization in Israel. Time-dependent Poisson regression multivariable models were performed to assess rate ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs for DM occurrence. RESULTS A total of 39,263 statin nonusers were matched by propensity score to 20,334 highly compliant statin initiators in 2004-2005 and followed until the end of 2010. Within 59,597 statin users and nonusers in a multivariable model, hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism carried an increased risk for DM (RR 1.53 [95% CI 1.31-1.79] and 1.75 [1.40-2.18], respectively). Hypothyroidism increased DM risk irrespective of statin treatment (RR 2.06 [1.42-2.99] and 1.66 [1.05-2.64] in statin users and nonusers, respectively). Subclinical hypothyroidism risk for DM was prominent only upon statin use (RR 1.94 [1.13-3.34] and 1.20 [0.52-2.75] in statin users and nonusers, respectively). Patients with hypothyroidism treated with thyroid hormone replacement therapy were not at increased risk for DM. CONCLUSIONS Hypothyroidism is a risk factor for DM. Subclinical hypothyroidism-associated risk for DM is prominent only upon statin use. Identifying and treating hypothyroidism and subclinical hypothyroidism might reduce DM risk. Future clinical studies are needed to confirm the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Gronich
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, and The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Idit Lavi
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, and The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Darrell R Abernethy
- Drug Safety Group, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD
| | - Gad Rennert
- Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacogenetics Unit, Department of Community Medicine and Epidemiology, Lady Davis Carmel Medical Center, and The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Chief Physician's Office, Clalit Health Services, Tel Aviv, Israel
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23
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Fang F, Chen D, Yu P, Qian W, Zhou J, Liu J, Gao R, Wang J, Xiao H. Effects of Bisphenol A on glucose homeostasis and brain insulin signaling pathways in male mice. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 212:44-50. [PMID: 25637671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The potential effects of Bisphenol A (BPA) on peripheral insulin resistance have recently gained more attention, however, its functions on brain insulin resistance are still unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of BPA on insulin signaling and glucose transport in mouse brain. The male mice were administrated of 100 μg/kg/day BPA or vehicle for 15 days then challenged with glucose and insulin tolerance tests. The insulin levels were detected with radioimmunoassay (RIA), and the insulin signaling pathways were investigated by Western blot. Our results revealed that BPA significantly increased peripheral plasma insulin levels, and decreased the insulin signals including phosphorylated insulin receptor (p-IR), phosphorylated insulin receptor substrate 1 (p-IRS1), phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-AKT), phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase 3β (p-GSK3β) and phosphorylated extracellular regulated protein kinases (p-ERK1/2) in the brain, though insulin expression in both hippocampus and profrontal cortex was increased. In parallel, BPA exposure might contribute to glucose transport disturbance in the brain since the expression of glucose transporters were markedly decreased. In conclusion, BPA exposure perturbs the insulin signaling and glucose transport in the brain, therefore, it might be a risk factor for brain insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Fang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Donglong Chen
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Pan Yu
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Wenyi Qian
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jingli Liu
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing 210000, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
| | - Hang Xiao
- Key Lab of Modern Toxicology (NJMU), Ministry of Education, Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China.
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24
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Angin Y, Schwenk RW, Nergiz-Unal R, Hoebers N, Heemskerk JWM, Kuijpers MJ, Coumans WA, van Zandvoort MAMJ, Bonen A, Neumann D, Glatz JFC, Luiken JJFP. Calcium signaling recruits substrate transporters GLUT4 and CD36 to the sarcolemma without increasing cardiac substrate uptake. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 307:E225-36. [PMID: 24895286 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00655.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in cardiomyocytes induces translocation of glucose transporter GLUT4 and long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) transporter CD36 from endosomal stores to the sarcolemma to enhance glucose and LCFA uptake, respectively. Ca(2+)/calmodulin-activated kinase kinase-β (CaMKKβ) has been positioned directly upstream of AMPK. However, it is unknown whether acute increases in [Ca(2+)]i stimulate translocation of GLUT4 and CD36 and uptake of glucose and LCFA or whether Ca(2+) signaling converges with AMPK signaling to exert these actions. Therefore, we studied the interplay between Ca(2+) and AMPK signaling in regulation of cardiomyocyte substrate uptake. Exposure of primary cardiomyocytes to inhibitors or activators of Ca(2+) signaling affected neither AMPK-Thr(172) phosphorylation nor basal and AMPK-mediated glucose and LCFA uptake. Despite their lack of an effect on substrate uptake, Ca(2+) signaling activators induced GLUT4 and CD36 translocation. In contrast, AMPK activators stimulated GLUT4/CD36 translocation as well as glucose/LCFA uptake. When cardiomyocytes were cotreated with Ca(2+) signaling and AMPK activators, Ca(2+) signaling activators further enhanced AMPK-induced glucose/LCFA uptake. In conclusion, Ca(2+) signaling shows no involvement in AMPK-induced GLUT4/CD36 translocation and substrate uptake but elicits transporter translocation via a separate pathway requiring CaMKKβ/CaMKs. Ca(2+)-induced transporter translocation by itself appears to be ineffective to increase substrate uptake but requires additional AMPK activation to effectuate transporter translocation into increased substrate uptake. Ca(2+)-induced transporter translocation might be crucial under excessive cardiac stress conditions that require supraphysiological energy demands. Alternatively, Ca(2+) signaling might prepare the heart for substrate uptake during physiological contraction by inducing transporter translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marc A M J van Zandvoort
- Molecular Cell Biology, School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arend Bonen
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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25
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Incerpi S, Hsieh MT, Lin HY, Cheng GY, De Vito P, Fiore AM, Ahmed RG, Salvia R, Candelotti E, Leone S, Luly P, Pedersen JZ, Davis FB, Davis PJ. Thyroid hormone inhibition in L6 myoblasts of IGF-I-mediated glucose uptake and proliferation: new roles for integrin αvβ3. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2014; 307:C150-61. [PMID: 24808494 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00308.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Thyroid hormones L-thyroxine (T4) and 3,3',5-triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) have been shown to initiate short- and long-term effects via a plasma membrane receptor site located on integrin αvβ3. Also insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I) activity is known to be subject to regulation by this integrin. To investigate the possible cross-talk between T4 and IGF-I in rat L6 myoblasts, we have examined integrin αvβ3-mediated modulatory actions of T4 on glucose uptake, measured through carrier-mediated 2-deoxy-[3H]-D-glucose uptake, and on cell proliferation stimulated by IGF-I, assessed by cell counting, [3H]-thymidine incorporation, and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis. IGF-I stimulated glucose transport and cell proliferation via the cell surface IGF-I receptor (IGFIR) and, downstream of the receptor, by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase signal transduction pathway. Addition of 0.1 nM free T4 caused little or no cell proliferation but prevented both glucose uptake and proliferative actions of IGF-I. These actions of T4 were mediated by an Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-sensitive pathway, suggesting the existence of crosstalk between IGFIR and the T4 receptor located near the RGD recognition site on the integrin. An RGD-sequence-containing integrin inhibitor, a monoclonal antibody to αvβ3, and the T4 metabolite tetraiodothyroacetic acid all blocked the inhibition by T4 of IGF-I-stimulated glucose uptake and cell proliferation. Western blotting confirmed roles for activated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and extracellular regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) in the effects of IGF-I and also showed a role for ERK1/2 in the actions of T4 that modified the effects of IGF-I. We conclude that thyroid hormone inhibits IGF-I-stimulated glucose uptake and cell proliferation in L6 myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Incerpi
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy;
| | - Meng-Ti Hsieh
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yun Lin
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guei-Yun Cheng
- Taipei Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Paolo De Vito
- Department of Biology, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - R G Ahmed
- Department of Zoology, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Rosanna Salvia
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Stefano Leone
- Department of Sciences, University Roma Tre, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Luly
- Department of Biology, University Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Faith B Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York
| | - Paul J Davis
- Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, New York; Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York
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26
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Expression and regulation of facilitative glucose transporters in equine insulin-sensitive tissue: from physiology to pathology. ISRN VETERINARY SCIENCE 2014; 2014:409547. [PMID: 24977043 PMCID: PMC4060548 DOI: 10.1155/2014/409547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glucose uptake is the rate-limiting step in glucose utilization in mammalians and is tightly regulated by a family of specialized proteins, called the facilitated glucose transporters (GLUTs/SLC2). GLUT4, the major isoform in insulin-responsive tissue, translocates from an intracellular pool to the cell surface and as such determines insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. However, despite intensive research over 50 years, the insulin-dependent and -independent pathways that mediate GLUT4 translocation are not fully elucidated in any species. Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the hallmarks of equine metabolic syndrome and is the most common metabolic predisposition for laminitis in horses. IR is characterized by the impaired ability of insulin to stimulate glucose disposal into insulin-sensitive tissues. Similar to other species, the functional capability of the insulin-responsive GLUTs is impaired in muscle and adipose tissue during IR in horses. However, the molecular mechanisms of altered glucose transport remain elusive in all species, and there is still much to learn about the physiological and pathophysiological functions of the GLUT family members, especially in regard to class III. Since GLUTs are key regulators of whole-body glucose homeostasis, they have received considerable attention as potential therapeutic targets to treat metabolic disorders in human and equine patients.
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