1
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Bergevin MD, Ng V, Sadeghieh T, Menzies P, Ludwig A, Mubareka S, Clow KM. A Scoping Review on the Epidemiology of Orthobunyaviruses in Canada, in the Context of Human, Wildlife, and Domestic Animal Host Species. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:249-264. [PMID: 38206763 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Mosquito-borne orthobunyaviruses in Canada are a growing public health concern. Orthobunyaviral diseases are commonly underdiagnosed and in Canada, likely underreported as surveillance is passive. No vaccines or specific treatments exist for these disease agents. Further, climate change is facilitating habitat expansion for relevant reservoirs and vectors, and it is likely that the majority of the Canadian population is susceptible to these viruses. Methods: A scoping review was conducted to describe the current state of knowledge on orthobunyavirus epidemiology in Canada. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews guideline was used. Literature searches were conducted in six databases and in gray literature. The epidemiology of orthobunyaviruses was characterized for studies focusing on host species, including spatiotemporal patterns, risk factors, and climate change impact. Results: A total of 172 relevant studies were identified from 1734 citations from which 95 addressed host species, including humans, wildlife, and domestic animals including livestock. The orthobunyaviruses-Cache Valley virus (CVV), Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), Snowshoe Hare virus (SHV), and La Crosse virus (LACV)-were identified, and prevalence was widespread across vertebrate species. CVV, JCV, and SHV were detected across Canada and the United States. LACV was reported only in the United States, predominantly the Mid-Atlantic and Appalachian regions. Disease varied by orthobunyavirus and was associated with age, environment, preexisting compromised immune systems, or livestock breeding schedule. Conclusion: Knowledge gaps included seroprevalence data in Canada, risk factor analyses, particularly for livestock, and disease projections in the context of climate change. Additional surveillance and mitigation strategies, especially accounting for climate change, are needed to guide future public health efforts to prevent orthobunyavirus exposure and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele D Bergevin
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Victoria Ng
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara Sadeghieh
- Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Paula Menzies
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Antoinette Ludwig
- National Microbiology Laboratory Branch, Public Health Agency of Canada, St. Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada
| | - Samira Mubareka
- Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katie M Clow
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Hughes HR, Kenney JL, Calvert AE. Cache Valley virus: an emerging arbovirus of public and veterinary health importance. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:1230-1241. [PMID: 37862064 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a mosquito-borne virus in the genus Orthobunyavirus (Bunyavirales: Peribunyaviridae) that has been identified as a teratogen in ruminants causing fetal death and severe malformations during epizootics in the U.S. CVV has recently emerged as a viral pathogen causing severe disease in humans. Despite its emergence as a public health and agricultural concern, CVV has yet to be significantly studied by the scientific community. Limited information exists on CVV's geographic distribution, ecological cycle, seroprevalence in humans and animals, and spectrum of disease, including its potential as a human teratogen. Here, we present what is known of CVV's virology, ecology, and clinical disease in ruminants and humans. We discuss the current diagnostic techniques available and highlight gaps in our current knowledge and considerations for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Hughes
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Joan L Kenney
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Amanda E Calvert
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 3156 Rampart Road, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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3
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Powers JA, Boroughs KL, Mikula S, Goodman CH, Davis EH, Thrasher EM, Hughes HR, Biggerstaff BJ, Calvert AE. Characterization of a monoclonal antibody specific to California serogroup orthobunyaviruses and development as a chimeric immunoglobulin M-positive control in human diagnostics. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0196623. [PMID: 37668403 PMCID: PMC10581219 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01966-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Orthobunyaviruses in the California serogroup cause severe neurological disease in children and adults. While these viruses are known to circulate widely in North America, their occurrence is rare. Serological testing for CSGVs is hindered by the limited availability and volumes of human-positive specimens needed as controls in serologic assays. Here, we described the development of a murine monoclonal antibody cross-reactive to CSGVs engineered to contain the variable regions of the murine antibody on the backbone of human IgM. The chimeric IgM produced from the stably expressing HEK293 cell line was evaluated for use as a surrogate human-positive control in a serologic diagnostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan A. Powers
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Karen L. Boroughs
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sierra Mikula
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Christin H. Goodman
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Emily H. Davis
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Elisa M. Thrasher
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Holly R. Hughes
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Brad J. Biggerstaff
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Amanda E. Calvert
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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4
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Poggi JD, Conery C, Mathewson A, Bolton D, Lovell R, Harrington LC, Notarangelo M. Jamestown Canyon virus (Bunyavirales: Peribunyaviridae) vector ecology in a focus of human transmission in New Hampshire, USA. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:778-788. [PMID: 37071925 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Jamestown Canyon virus disease (JCVD) is a potentially neuroinvasive condition caused by the arbovirus Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV). Human cases of JCVD have increased in New Hampshire (NH) over the past decade, but vector surveillance is limited by funding and person power. We conducted mosquito surveillance with a focus on human JCVD cases south central NH during 2021. Routine surveillance with CDC miniature traps baited with CO2 (lights removed) was supplemented by a paired trapping design to test the collection efficiency of octenol, and New Jersey light traps. We performed virus testing, blood meal analysis, and compared morphological identification with DNA barcoding. Over 50,000 mosquitoes were collected representing 28 species. Twelve JCV-positive pools were derived from 6 species of more than 1,600 pools tested. Of those, Aedes excrucians/stimulans (MLE 4.95, Diptera: Culicidae, Walker, 1856, 1848), and Aedes sticticus (MLE 2.02, Meigen, 1838) had the highest JCV infection rates, and Aedes canadensis (MLE 0.13, Theobold, 1901) and Coquillettidia perturbans (0.10, Diptera: Culicidae, Walker, 1856) had the lowest infection rates. One hundred and fifty-one blood meals were matched to a vertebrate host. All putative vectors fed on the amplifying host of JCV, white-tailed deer (36-100% of bloodmeals). Putative vectors that fed on human hosts included Aedes excrucians (8%), Anopheles punctipennis (25%, Diptera: Culicidae, Say, 1823), and Coquillettidia perturbans (51%). CDC traps baited with CO2 were effective for collecting putative vectors. DNA barcoding enhanced morphological identifications of damaged specimens. We present the first ecological overview of JCV vectors in NH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Poggi
- Northeast Regional Center for Excellence in Vector Borne Diseases; Cornell University, Department of Entomology, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Colin Conery
- Northeast Regional Center for Excellence in Vector Borne Diseases; Cornell University, Department of Entomology, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Abigail Mathewson
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH 03301, USA
| | - Denise Bolton
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH 03301, USA
| | - Rebecca Lovell
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH 03301, USA
| | - Laura C Harrington
- Northeast Regional Center for Excellence in Vector Borne Diseases; Cornell University, Department of Entomology, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Marco Notarangelo
- New Hampshire Department of Health and Human Services, Concord, NH 03301, USA
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5
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Faw LR, Riley J, Eastwood G. La Crosse Virus Circulation in Virginia, Assessed via Serosurveillance in Wildlife Species. Infect Dis Rep 2023; 15:360-369. [PMID: 37489390 PMCID: PMC10366734 DOI: 10.3390/idr15040036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mosquito-borne La Crosse virus (LACV; family: Peribunyaviridae) is the leading cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the United States, with clinical cases generally centered in the Midwest and Appalachian regions. Incidence of LACV cases in Appalachian states has increased, such that the region currently represents the majority of reported LACV cases in the USA. The amount of reported LACV cases from Virginia, however, is minimal compared to neighboring states such as North Carolina, West Virginia, and Tennessee, and non-Appalachian regions of Virginia are understudied. Here we examine the hypothesis that LACV is circulating widely in Virginia, despite a low clinical case report rate, and that the virus is circulating in areas not associated with LACV disease. In this study, we screened local mammalian wildlife in northwestern counties of Virginia using passive surveillance via patients submitted to wildlife rehabilitation centers. Blood sera (527 samples; 9 species, 8 genera) collected between October 2019 and December 2022 were screened for neutralizing antibodies against LACV, indicating prior exposure to the virus. We found an overall LACV seroprevalence of 1.90% among all wild mammals examined and reveal evidence of LACV exposure in several wild species not generally associated with LACV, including eastern cottontails and red foxes, along with established reservoirs, eastern gray squirrels, although there was no serological evidence in chipmunks. These data indicate the circulation of LACV in Virginia outside of Appalachian counties, however, at a lower rate than reported for endemic areas within the state and in other states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey R Faw
- Department Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens (CeZAP), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | | | - Gillian Eastwood
- Department Entomology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Center for Emerging, Zoonotic, and Arthropod-borne Pathogens (CeZAP), Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- The Global Change Center at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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6
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Barber RM, Li Q, Levine JM, Ruone SJ, Levine GJ, Kenny P, Tong S, Schatzberg SJ. Screening for Viral Nucleic Acids in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Dogs With Central Nervous System Inflammation. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:850510. [PMID: 35400093 PMCID: PMC8987525 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.850510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) inflammation is a common cause of neurological dysfunction in dogs. Most dogs with CNS inflammation are diagnosed with presumptive autoimmune disease. A smaller number are diagnosed with an infectious etiology. Additionally, at necropsy, a subset of dogs with CNS inflammation do not fit previously described patterns of autoimmune disease and an infectious cause is not readily identifiable. Because viral infection is a common cause of meningoencephalitis in people, we hypothesize that a subset of dogs presented with CNS inflammation have an occult viral infection either as a direct cause of CNS inflammation or a trigger for autoimmunity. The goal of this research was to screen cerebrospinal fluid from a large number dogs with CNS inflammation for occult viral infection. One hundred seventy-two dogs with neurological dysfunction and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis were identified. Of these, 42 had meningoencephalitis of unknown origin, six had steroid-responsive meningitis-arteritis, one had eosinophilic meningoencephalitis, five had documented infection, 21 had and undetermined diagnosis, and 97 had a diagnosis not consistent with primary inflammatory disease of the CNS (e.g., neoplasia). CSF samples were subsequently screened with broadly reactive PCR for eight viral groups: adenovirus, bunyavirus, coronavirus, enterovirus, flavivirus, herpesvirus, paramyxovirus, and parechovirus. No viral nucleic acids were detected from 168 cases screened for eight viral groups, which does not support occult viral infection as a cause of CNS inflammation in dogs. La Crosse virus (LACV) nucleic acids were detected from four cases in Georgia. Subclinical infection was supported in two of these cases but LACV could not be ruled-out as a cause of infection in the other two cases, suggesting further research is warranted to determine if LACV is an occult cause of CNS inflammation in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee M. Barber
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Renee M. Barber
| | - Qiang Li
- Becker Animal Hospital, Veterinary Centers of America, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Levine
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Susan J. Ruone
- Division of HIV Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Gwendolyn J. Levine
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Patrick Kenny
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Suxiang Tong
- Division of Viral Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Scott J. Schatzberg
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Surgery, University of Georgia College of Veterinary Medicine, Athens, GA, United States
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7
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Skinner B, Mikula S, Davis BS, Powers JA, Hughes HR, Calvert AE. Monoclonal antibodies to Cache Valley virus for serological diagnosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010156. [PMID: 35073325 PMCID: PMC8812937 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a mosquito-borne virus in the genus Orthobunyavirus, family Peribunyaviridae. It was first isolated from a Culiseta inorata mosquito in Cache Valley, Utah in 1956 and is known to circulate widely in the Americas. While only a handful of human cases have been reported since its discovery, it is the causative agent of fetal death and severe malformations in livestock. CVV has recently emerged as a potential viral pathogen causing severe disease in humans. Currently, the only serological assay available for diagnostic testing is plaque reduction neutralization test which takes several days to perform and requires biocontainment. To expand diagnostic capacity to detect CVV infections by immunoassays, 12 hybridoma clones secreting anti-CVV murine monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were developed. All MAbs developed were found to be non-neutralizing and specific to the nucleoprotein of CVV. Cross-reactivity experiments with related orthobunyaviruses revealed several of the MAbs reacted with Tensaw, Fort Sherman, Tlacotalpan, Maguari, Playas, and Potosi viruses. Our data shows that MAbs CVV14, CVV15, CVV17, and CVV18 have high specific reactivity as a detector in an IgM antibody capture test with human sera. Cache Valley virus is a mosquito-borne virus found throughout the Americas. It causes fetal death and severe malformations in livestock, and only a few cases of human viral disease have been identified. Currently, we do not fully understand the spectrum of disease in humans including its potential to cause fetal malformations. The only serological diagnostic assay available to detect recent viral infection is plaque reduction neutralization test which requires the use of live virus in biocontainment. In order to develop faster and safer serodiagnostics we generated 12 monoclonal antibodies for incorporation into new assays. These antibodies are specific to the nucleoprotein of the virus and cross-react with other closely related mosquito-borne viruses. Four of these antibodies were incorporated into an immunoassay for the detection of IgM from human sera demonstrating their utility in serodiagnosis. Rapid and higher throughput assays utilizing these antibodies will expand diagnostic capacity and facilitate research to increase our understanding of Cache Valley disease prevalence and the virus’s impact on at-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Skinner
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sierra Mikula
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Brent S. Davis
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jordan A. Powers
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Holly R. Hughes
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Amanda E. Calvert
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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8
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Baker M, Hughes HR, Naqvi SH, Yates K, Velez JO, McGuirk S, Schroder B, Lambert AJ, Kosoy OI, Pue H, Turabelidze G, Staples JE. Reassortant Cache Valley virus associated with acute febrile, non-neurologic illness, Missouri. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:1700-1702. [PMID: 33630998 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
An adult male from Missouri sought care for fever, fatigue, and gastrointestinal symptoms. He had leukopenia and thrombocytopenia and was treated for a presumed tickborne illness. His condition deteriorated with respiratory and renal failure, lactic acidosis, and hypotension. Next-generation sequencing and phylogenetic analysis identified a reassortant Cache Valley virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Baker
- Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City and St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Holly R Hughes
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - S Hasan Naqvi
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Karen Yates
- Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City and St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Jason O Velez
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Sophia McGuirk
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Barb Schroder
- Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City and St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Amy J Lambert
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Olga I Kosoy
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Howard Pue
- Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City and St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - George Turabelidze
- Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, Jefferson City and St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - J Erin Staples
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
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9
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Evans AB, Winkler CW, Peterson KE. Differences in Neuropathogenesis of Encephalitic California Serogroup Viruses. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:728-738. [PMID: 30882310 PMCID: PMC6433036 DOI: 10.3201/eid2504.181016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The California serogroup of orthobunyaviruses comprises a group of mosquitoborne viruses, including La Crosse (LACV), snowshoe hare (SSHV), Tahyna (TAHV), Jamestown Canyon (JCV), and Inkoo (INKV) viruses, that cause neurologic disease in humans of differing ages with varying incidences. To determine how the pathogenesis of these viruses differs, we compared their ability to induce disease in mice and replicate and induce cell death in vitro. In mice, LACV, TAHV, and SSHV induced neurologic disease after intraperitoneal and intranasal inoculation, and JCV induced disease only after intranasal inoculation. INKV rarely induced disease, which correlated with less viral antigen in the brain than the other viruses. In vitro, all viruses replicated to high titers; however, LACV, SSHV, and TAHV induced high cell death, whereas JCV and INKV did not. Results demonstrated that CSG viruses differ in neuropathogenesis in vitro and in vivo, which correlates with the differences in pathogenesis reported in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Cluster Analysis
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis Virus, California/classification
- Encephalitis Virus, California/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, California/pathogenicity
- Encephalitis, California/diagnosis
- Encephalitis, California/epidemiology
- Encephalitis, California/virology
- Genes, Viral
- Geography, Medical
- Global Health
- Humans
- Incidence
- Mice
- Public Health Surveillance
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Serogroup
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10
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Matkovic E, Hoang Johnson DK, Staples JE, Mora-Pinzon MC, Elbadawi LI, Osborn RA, Warshauer DM, Wegner MV, Davis JP. Enhanced Arboviral Surveillance to Increase Detection of Jamestown Canyon Virus Infections, Wisconsin, 2011-2016. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2019; 100:445-451. [PMID: 30526745 PMCID: PMC6367605 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Jamestown Canyon virus (JCV), a mosquito-borne Orthobunyavirus (within the California serogroup), can cause severe neuroinvasive disease. According to national data during 2000–2013, 42% of the 31 documented JCV disease cases in the United States were detected in residents from Wisconsin. The Wisconsin Division of Public Health enhanced JCV surveillance by implementing routine use of JCV-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody testing followed by confirmatory JCV-specific plaque reduction neutralization testing on all patients with suspected cases of arboviral infection who had tests positive for arboviral immunoglobin at commercial laboratories. During 2011–2016, of the 287 Wisconsin specimens tested on the Arbovirus IgM Antibody Panel, 30 JCV cases were identified (26 confirmed and four probable). Twenty-seven (90%) JCV cases were detected after 2013. Among all cases, 17 (56%) were male and the median age was 54 years (range: 10–84 years). Fifteen patients had neuroinvasive disease, including meningitis (n = 9) and meningoencephalitis (n = 6). Although historically considered rare, the relatively high rate (0.12 cases/100,000 population) of diagnosis of JCV infections among Wisconsin residents during 2013–2016 compared with that in previous years suggests occurrence is widespread throughout Wisconsin and historically may have been under-recognized. This study aims to raise awareness of JCV infection for differential diagnosis among the arboviral diseases. Improved and timely diagnosis of arboviral disease is important in that it will provide more information regarding emerging infections and promote preventive measures to avoid mosquito-borne exposure and infection among residents of and visitors to affected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Matkovic
- Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Diep K Hoang Johnson
- Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - J Erin Staples
- Arboviral Diseases Branch, Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Maria C Mora-Pinzon
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin.,Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lina I Elbadawi
- Career Epidemiology Field Officer, Office of Public Health Preparedness and Response, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Rebecca A Osborn
- Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Mark V Wegner
- Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jeffrey P Davis
- Division of Public Health, Wisconsin Department of Health Services, Madison, Wisconsin
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11
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Waddell L, Pachal N, Mascarenhas M, Greig J, Harding S, Young I, Wilhelm B. Cache Valley virus: A scoping review of the global evidence. Zoonoses Public Health 2019; 66:739-758. [PMID: 31254324 PMCID: PMC6851749 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a mosquito-borne RNA virus detected throughout North America, Central America and parts of South America. A limited number of human case reports have described severe illness. CVV infection has been associated with outbreaks of congenital defects in small ruminants in Canada and the United States. A scoping review was conducted to identify, characterize and summarize research on CVV, and to identify research gaps. A structured search was conducted in eight electronic databases, with additional search verification and grey literature investigation. All captured studies were independently appraised by two reviewers for relevance and data characterization. The review captured 143 relevant studies investigating CVV epidemiology (n = 104), pathogenesis (n = 37), viral characteristics (n = 24), transmission (n = 14), diagnostic test performance (n = 8) and mitigation strategies (n = 2). Evidence of CVV infection was found in mosquito studies (n = 47), and serological evidence of exposure was demonstrated in animals (n = 41), as well as human (n = 20) studies. In sheep, five outbreaks of birth defects following asymptomatic dam CVV infection during the first 50 days of pregnancy were reported. Only six human cases of CVV-associated illness were captured, with case symptoms described as initially non-specific, progressing to more severe clinical signs (e.g., meningitis). No research was identified investigating treatment, societal knowledge and risk perception, economic burden or predictive models related to the impact of climate change on CVV. CVV circulates in mosquito and animal species across a large area of the Americas. Small ruminants are the only animals in which CVV-associated clinical disease has been extensively studied. It is likely that human cases are under-reported or misdiagnosed. Future research should focus on the impact of CVV infection in human and animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Waddell
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology LaboratoryPublic Health Agency of CanadaGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Nicole Pachal
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology LaboratoryPublic Health Agency of CanadaGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Mariola Mascarenhas
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology LaboratoryPublic Health Agency of CanadaGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Judy Greig
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology LaboratoryPublic Health Agency of CanadaGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Shannon Harding
- Public Health Risk Sciences Division, National Microbiology LaboratoryPublic Health Agency of CanadaGuelphOntarioCanada
| | - Ian Young
- School of Occupational and Public HealthRyerson UniversityTorontoOntarioCanada
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12
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Throw out the Map: Neuropathogenesis of the Globally Expanding California Serogroup of Orthobunyaviruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090794. [PMID: 31470541 PMCID: PMC6784171 DOI: 10.3390/v11090794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The California serogroup (CSG) comprises 18 serologically and genetically related mosquito-borne orthobunyaviruses. Of these viruses, at least seven have been shown to cause neurological disease in humans, including the leading cause of pediatric arboviral encephalitis in the USA, La Crosse virus. Despite the disease burden from these viruses, much is still unknown about the CSG viruses. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the CSG viruses, including human disease and the mechanisms of neuropathogenesis.
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13
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Harrist A, Cherry C, Kwit N, Bryan K, Pappert R, Petersen J, Buttke D, Wong D, Nelson C. Francisella tularensis Exposure Among National Park Service Employees During an Epizootic: Devils Tower National Monument, Wyoming, 2015. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 19:316-322. [PMID: 30508402 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2018.2360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Tularemia is a zoonotic infection caused by the highly infectious bacterium Francisella tularensis. Persons having outdoor professions are more likely than others to be exposed to F. tularensis through increased contact with arthropods, infected animals, and contaminated aerosols. Materials and Methods: After a tularemia epizootic during July and August 2015 at Devils Tower National Monument and an associated tularemia infection in a park employee, we assessed seroprevalence of F. tularensis antibodies, risk factors for F. tularensis seropositivity, and use of protective measures among park employees. Results: Seroprevalence among participating employees was 13% (3/23). Seropositive employees reported multiple risk factors for F. tularensis exposure through both job-related and recreational activities. Activities reported by more seropositive than seronegative employees included using a power blower (67% vs. 5%, p = 0.03), collecting animal carcasses (100% vs. 30%, p = 0.047), and hunting prairie dogs recreationally (67% vs. 5%, p = 0.03). Seropositive employees reported exposure to more ticks (median 30, range 25-35) than seronegative employees (median 6, range 0-25, p = 0.001). Most employees used protective measures (e.g., insect repellent) inconsistently but increased use after receiving educational materials. Conclusions: Educating and enabling at-risk employees to use protective measures consistently, both at work and during recreational activities, can reduce exposure during epizootics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Harrist
- 1 Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,2 Public Health Division, Wyoming Department of Health, Cheyenne, Wyoming
| | - Cara Cherry
- 1 Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,3 National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Natalie Kwit
- 1 Epidemic Intelligence Service Program, Division of Scientific Education and Professional Development, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.,4 Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Katie Bryan
- 2 Public Health Division, Wyoming Department of Health, Cheyenne, Wyoming
| | - Ryan Pappert
- 4 Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Jeannine Petersen
- 4 Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | | | - David Wong
- 3 National Park Service, Fort Collins, Colorado
| | - Christina Nelson
- 4 Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
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14
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Ayers VB, Huang YJS, Lyons AC, Park SL, Higgs S, Dunlop JI, Kohl A, Alto BW, Unlu I, Blitvich BJ, Vanlandingham DL. Culex tarsalis is a competent vector species for Cache Valley virus. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:519. [PMID: 30236148 PMCID: PMC6149065 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cache Valley virus (CVV) is a mosquito-borne orthobunyavirus endemic in North America. The virus is an important agricultural pathogen leading to abortion and embryonic lethality in ruminant species, especially sheep. The importance of CVV in human public health has recently increased because of the report of severe neurotropic diseases. However, mosquito species responsible for transmission of the virus to humans remain to be determined. In this study, vector competence of three Culex species mosquitoes of public health importance, Culex pipiens, Cx. tarsalis and Cx. quinquefasciatus, was determined in order to identify potential bridge vector species responsible for the transmission of CVV from viremic vertebrate hosts to humans. RESULTS Variation of susceptibility to CVV was observed among selected Culex species mosquitoes tested in this study. Per os infection resulted in the establishment of infection and dissemination in Culex tarsalis, whereas Cx. pipiens and Cx. quinquefasciatus were highly refractory to CVV. Detection of viral RNA in saliva collected from infected Cx. tarsalis provided evidence supporting its role as a competent vector. CONCLUSIONS Our study provided further understanding of the transmission cycles of CVV and identifies Cx. tarsalis as a competent vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria B Ayers
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Yan-Jang S Huang
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Amy C Lyons
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - So Lee Park
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Stephen Higgs
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - James I Dunlop
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK
| | - Barry W Alto
- Florida Medical Entomology Laboratory, University of Florida, Vero Beach, FL, 32962, USA
| | - Isik Unlu
- Mercer County Mosquito Control, West Trenton, NJ, 08628, USA.,Center for Vector Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Bradley J Blitvich
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Dana L Vanlandingham
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA. .,Biosecurity Research Institute, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA.
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15
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Risk factors associated with seropositivity to California serogroup viruses in humans and pet dogs, Quebec, Canada. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:1167-1176. [PMID: 29716671 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818001000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Jamestown Canyon and snowshoe hare viruses are two emerging human pathogens associated with cases of neuroinvasive disease in North America. This study aimed to identify environmental and individual risk factors for seropositivity to these arboviruses in humans and pet dogs from Québec, Canada, 2012-2014. In humans, areas with moderate densities of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) were associated with higher odds of seropositivity compared with areas with low densities of white-tailed deer (OR 2.50, P = 0.009) and odds of seropositivity were higher in males than in females (OR 2.03, P = 0.016). Among humans reporting more than 10 mosquito bites weekly, the odds of being seropositive were 4.44 times higher (P = 0.004) for people living in hardwood forested areas. Exposure to areas with coniferous forests was identified as the main environmental risk factor for seroconversion in dogs (OR 2.39, P = 0.04). These findings may help target further public health research, diagnostic and surveillance efforts in Canada.
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16
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Hughes HR, Lanciotti RS, Blair CD, Lambert AJ. Full genomic characterization of California serogroup viruses, genus Orthobunyavirus, family Peribunyaviridae including phylogenetic relationships. Virology 2017; 512:201-210. [PMID: 28985574 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Thorough molecular characterization of reference viruses supports the detection of emerging human pathogens as well as studies of evolutionary relationships. However, full characterization of the tripartite RNA genomes of many viruses of the clinically important family Peribunyaviridae remains incomplete, making it difficult to identify emerging strains. Here, we report the full genome sequences of nine viruses belonging to the California serogroup and describe multi-segment analyses of these and previously published California serogroup strain data to determine the role of segment reassortment in the evolution of this serogroup. Phylogenetic trees from the small, medium, and large segments suggest long term, independent evolution of the majority of strains. However, trees from each segment were not entirely congruent and evidence of reassortment among some strains is presented. Of unique interest, the L segment phylogeny reveals divergent branching patterns for encephalitic versus non-encephalitic viruses in both major clades of the California serogroup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Hughes
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA.
| | - Robert S Lanciotti
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Carol D Blair
- Arthropod-borne and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Amy J Lambert
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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17
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Wilson MR, Suan D, Duggins A, Schubert RD, Khan LM, Sample HA, Zorn KC, Rodrigues Hoffman A, Blick A, Shingde M, DeRisi JL. A novel cause of chronic viral meningoencephalitis: Cache Valley virus. Ann Neurol 2017. [PMID: 28628941 PMCID: PMC5546801 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective Immunodeficient patients are particularly vulnerable to neuroinvasive infections that can be challenging to diagnose. Metagenomic next generation sequencing can identify unusual or novel microbes and is therefore well suited for investigating the etiology of chronic meningoencephalitis in immunodeficient patients. Methods We present the case of a 34‐year‐old man with X‐linked agammaglobulinemia from Australia suffering from 3 years of meningoencephalitis that defied an etiologic diagnosis despite extensive conventional testing, including a brain biopsy. Metagenomic next generation sequencing of his cerebrospinal fluid and brain biopsy tissue was performed to identify a causative pathogen. Results Sequences aligning to multiple Cache Valley virus genes were identified via metagenomic next generation sequencing. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry subsequently confirmed the presence of Cache Valley virus in the brain biopsy tissue. Interpretation Cache Valley virus, a mosquito‐borne orthobunyavirus, has only been identified in 3 immunocompetent North American patients with acute neuroinvasive disease. The reported severity ranges from a self‐limiting meningitis to a rapidly fatal meningoencephalitis with multiorgan failure. The virus has never been known to cause a chronic systemic or neurologic infection in humans. Cache Valley virus has also never previously been detected on the Australian continent. Our research subject traveled to North and South Carolina and Michigan in the weeks prior to the onset of his illness. This report demonstrates that metagenomic next generation sequencing allows for unbiased pathogen identification, the early detection of emerging viruses as they spread to new locales, and the discovery of novel disease phenotypes. Ann Neurol 2017;82:105–114
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Wilson
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Dan Suan
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Duggins
- Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ryan D Schubert
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Lillian M Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Hannah A Sample
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Kelsey C Zorn
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Aline Rodrigues Hoffman
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Anna Blick
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Meena Shingde
- Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Joseph L DeRisi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA
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