1
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İş Ö, Wang X, Reddy JS, Min Y, Yilmaz E, Bhattarai P, Patel T, Bergman J, Quicksall Z, Heckman MG, Tutor-New FQ, Can Demirdogen B, White L, Koga S, Krause V, Inoue Y, Kanekiyo T, Cosacak MI, Nelson N, Lee AJ, Vardarajan B, Mayeux R, Kouri N, Deniz K, Carnwath T, Oatman SR, Lewis-Tuffin LJ, Nguyen T, Carrasquillo MM, Graff-Radford J, Petersen RC, Jr Jack CR, Kantarci K, Murray ME, Nho K, Saykin AJ, Dickson DW, Kizil C, Allen M, Ertekin-Taner N. Gliovascular transcriptional perturbations in Alzheimer's disease reveal molecular mechanisms of blood brain barrier dysfunction. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4758. [PMID: 38902234 PMCID: PMC11190273 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48926-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
To uncover molecular changes underlying blood-brain-barrier dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease, we performed single nucleus RNA sequencing in 24 Alzheimer's disease and control brains and focused on vascular and astrocyte clusters as main cell types of blood-brain-barrier gliovascular-unit. The majority of the vascular transcriptional changes were in pericytes. Of the vascular molecular targets predicted to interact with astrocytic ligands, SMAD3, upregulated in Alzheimer's disease pericytes, has the highest number of ligands including VEGFA, downregulated in Alzheimer's disease astrocytes. We validated these findings with external datasets comprising 4,730 pericyte and 150,664 astrocyte nuclei. Blood SMAD3 levels are associated with Alzheimer's disease-related neuroimaging outcomes. We determined inverse relationships between pericytic SMAD3 and astrocytic VEGFA in human iPSC and zebrafish models. Here, we detect vast transcriptome changes in Alzheimer's disease at the gliovascular-unit, prioritize perturbed pericytic SMAD3-astrocytic VEGFA interactions, and validate these in cross-species models to provide a molecular mechanism of blood-brain-barrier disintegrity in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özkan İş
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Joseph S Reddy
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yuhao Min
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Elanur Yilmaz
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Prabesh Bhattarai
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tulsi Patel
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Zachary Quicksall
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Michael G Heckman
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Birsen Can Demirdogen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Launia White
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Shunsuke Koga
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Vincent Krause
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yasuteru Inoue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Mehmet Ilyas Cosacak
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) within Helmholtz Association, Dresden, Germany
| | - Nastasia Nelson
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Annie J Lee
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Badri Vardarajan
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard Mayeux
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Naomi Kouri
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Kaancan Deniz
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Troy Carnwath
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Laura J Lewis-Tuffin
- Mayo Clinic Florida Cytometry and Cell Imaging Laboratory, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Thuy Nguyen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Ronald C Petersen
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Kejal Kantarci
- Mayo Clinic Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Rochester, MN, USA
| | | | - Kwangsik Nho
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Andrew J Saykin
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Indiana Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | | | - Caghan Kizil
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- The Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariet Allen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Nilüfer Ertekin-Taner
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
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2
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Korucu AN, Inandiklioglu N. Is STARD3 A New Biomarker for Breast Cancer? Eur J Breast Health 2024; 20:89-93. [PMID: 38571685 PMCID: PMC10985577 DOI: 10.4274/ejbh.galenos.2024.2024-1-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Despite advances in diagnosis and treatment, breast cancer is still one of the three most common cancers in the world and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Lipids play a role in many basic physiological pathways in cells, from regulating cell homeostasis to energy expenditure. As in many types of cancer, changes in lipid metabolism and their relationship have been reported in breast cancer. The STARD3 gene encodes a member of the subfamily of lipid trafficking proteins. It is a sterol-binding protein that mediates the transport of cholesterol from the endoplasmic reticulum to endosomes. It has been shown that STARD3 is correlated with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) amplification since it has the same localization as HER2 in the chromosome. In this review, we aimed to emphasize that investigating lipid metabolism together with the STARD3 biomarker has great potential not only for subtype-specific strategies but also for patient-specific strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nihal Inandiklioglu
- Department of Medical Biology, Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
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3
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Nara A, Inoue A, Aoyama Y, Yazawa T. The ultrastructural function of MLN64 in the late endosome-mitochondria membrane contact sites in placental cells. Exp Cell Res 2023:113668. [PMID: 37245582 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The close apposition between two different organelles is critical in essential processes such as ion homeostasis, signaling, and lipid transition. However, information related to the structural features of membrane contact sites (MCSs) is limited. This study used immuno-electron microscopy and immuno-electron tomography (I-ET) to analyze the two- and three-dimensional structures of the late endosome-mitochondria contact sites in placental cells. Filamentous structures or tethers were identified that connected the late endosomes and mitochondria. Lamp1 antibody-labeled I-ET revealed enrichment of tethers in the MCSs. The cholesterol-binding endosomal protein metastatic lymph node 64 (MLN64) encoded by STARD3 was required for the formation of this apposition. The distance of the late endosome-mitochondria contact sites was <20 nm, shorter than that in STARD3-knockdown cells (<150 nm). The perturbation of cholesterol egress from the endosomes induced by U18666A treatment produced a longer distance in the contact sites than that in knockdown cells. The late endosome-mitochondria tethers failed to form correctly in STARD3-knockdown cells. Our results unravel the role of MLN64 involved in MCSs between late endosomes and mitochondria in placental cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuki Nara
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan.
| | - Akimi Inoue
- Department of Bioscience, Nagahama Institute of Bioscience and Technology, Shiga, 526-0829, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Aoyama
- EM Application Department, EM Business Unit, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo 196-8558, Japan
| | - Takashi Yazawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Asahikawa Medical University, Hokkaido, 078-8510, Japan
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4
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Li P, Zhang Z, lv H, Sun P. Inhibiting the expression of STARD3 induced apoptosis via the inactivation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway on ER+ Breast Cancer. Tissue Cell 2022; 79:101971. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2022.101971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Linking Late Endosomal Cholesterol with Cancer Progression and Anticancer Drug Resistance. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137206. [PMID: 35806209 PMCID: PMC9267071 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo drastic metabolic adaptions to cover increased bioenergetic needs, contributing to resistance to therapies. This includes a higher demand for cholesterol, which often coincides with elevated cholesterol uptake from low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and overexpression of the LDL receptor in many cancers. This implies the need for cancer cells to accommodate an increased delivery of LDL along the endocytic pathway to late endosomes/lysosomes (LE/Lys), providing a rapid and effective distribution of LDL-derived cholesterol from LE/Lys to other organelles for cholesterol to foster cancer growth and spread. LDL-cholesterol exported from LE/Lys is facilitated by Niemann–Pick Type C1/2 (NPC1/2) proteins, members of the steroidogenic acute regulatory-related lipid transfer domain (StARD) and oxysterol-binding protein (OSBP) families. In addition, lysosomal membrane proteins, small Rab GTPases as well as scaffolding proteins, including annexin A6 (AnxA6), contribute to regulating cholesterol egress from LE/Lys. Here, we summarize current knowledge that links upregulated activity and expression of cholesterol transporters and related proteins in LE/Lys with cancer growth, progression and treatment outcomes. Several mechanisms on how cellular distribution of LDL-derived cholesterol from LE/Lys influences cancer cell behavior are reviewed, some of those providing opportunities for treatment strategies to reduce cancer progression and anticancer drug resistance.
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6
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Asif K, Memeo L, Palazzolo S, Frión-Herrera Y, Parisi S, Caligiuri I, Canzonieri V, Granchi C, Tuccinardi T, Rizzolio F. STARD3: A Prospective Target for Cancer Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4693. [PMID: 34572920 PMCID: PMC8472075 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13184693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the major causes of death in developed countries and current therapies are based on surgery, chemotherapeutic agents, and radiation. To overcome side effects induced by chemo- and radiotherapy, in recent decades, targeted therapies have been proposed in second and even first lines. Targeted drugs act on the essential pathways involved in tumor induction, progression, and metastasis, basically all the hallmark of cancers. Among emerging pathways, the cholesterol metabolic pathway is a strong candidate for this purpose. Cancer cells have an accelerated metabolic rate and require a continuous supply of cholesterol for cell division and membrane renewal. Steroidogenic acute regulatory related lipid transfer (START) proteins are a family of proteins involved in the transfer of lipids and some of them are important in non-vesicular cholesterol transportation within the cell. The alteration of their expression levels is implicated in several diseases, including cancers. In this review, we report the latest discoveries on StAR-related lipid transfer protein domain 3 (STARD3), a member of the START family, which has a potential role in cancer, focusing on the structural and biochemical characteristics and mechanisms that regulate its activity. The role of the STARD3 protein as a molecular target for the development of cancer therapies is also discussed. As STARD3 is a key protein in the cholesterol movement in cancer cells, it is of interest to identify inhibitors able to block its activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanwal Asif
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, PhD School in Science and Technology of Bio and Nanomaterials, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy;
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Lorenzo Memeo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Mediterranean Institute of Oncology, 95029 Catania, Italy;
| | - Stefano Palazzolo
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Yahima Frión-Herrera
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy; or
| | - Salvatore Parisi
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Isabella Caligiuri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Carlotta Granchi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (C.G.); (T.T.)
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (C.G.); (T.T.)
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (C.R.O.) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy; (S.P.); (S.P.); (V.C.)
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca’ Foscari University of Venice, 30172 Venice, Italy; or
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7
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Almarhoun M, Biswas L, Alhasani RH, Wong A, Tchivelekete GM, Zhou X, Patterson S, Bartholomew C, Shu X. Overexpression of STARD3 attenuates oxidized LDL-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158927. [PMID: 33771709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of visual disorder in aged people and may lead to complete blindness with ageing. The major clinical feature of AMD is the presence of cholesterol enriched deposits underneath the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. The deposits can induce oxidative stress and inflammation. It has been suggested that abnormal cholesterol homeostasis contributes to the pathogenesis of AMD. However, the functional role of defective cholesterol homeostasis in AMD remains elusive. STARD proteins are a family of proteins that contain a steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer domain. There are fifteen STARD proteins in mammals and some, such as STARD3, are responsible for cholesterol trafficking. Previously there was no study of STARD proteins in retinal cholesterol metabolism and trafficking. Here we examined expression of the Stard3 gene in mouse retinal and RPE cells at ages of 2 and 20 months. We found that expression of Stard 3 gene transcripts in both mouse RPE and retina was significantly decreased at age of 20 months when compared to that of age 2 months old. We created a stable ARPE-19 cell line overexpressing STARD3 and found this resulted in increased cholesterol efflux, reduced accumulation of intracellular oxidized LDL, increased antioxidant capacity and lower levels of inflammatory cytokines. The data suggested that STARD3 is a potential target for AMD through promoting the removal of intracellular cholesterol and slowing the disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Almarhoun
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Lincoln Biswas
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Reem Hasaballah Alhasani
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom; Department of Biology, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aileen Wong
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Mbuta Tchivelekete
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Xinzhi Zhou
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Patterson
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Bartholomew
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom
| | - Xinhua Shu
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom; Department of Vision Science, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow G4 0BA, United Kingdom; School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shaoyang University, Shaoyang, Hunan 422000, PR China.
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8
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Fararjeh AFS, Al Khader A, Kaddumi E, Obeidat M, Al-Fawares O. Differential Expression and Prognostic Significance of STARD3 Gene in Breast Carcinoma. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR MEDICINE 2021; 10:34-41. [PMID: 34268252 PMCID: PMC8256830 DOI: 10.22088/ijmcm.bums.10.1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
StAR related lipid transfer domain containing 3 (STARD3) gene has been reported to be co-amplified with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) in breast carcinoma. STARD3 is necessary for cholesterol transfer and metabolism in tumor cells. The possible role played by STARD3 as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker was investigated in breast cancer (BC). Data mining was performed using several bioinformatics websites to investigate the correlation of STARD3 with BC and its molecular subtypes, and conventional PCR was used to detect the STARD3 mRNA levels in a panel of BC cell lines. STARD3 was overexpressed in BC more than the other types of cancer. The results also showed that STARD3 expression was significantly associated with HER2+ BC tumors and BC cell lines, and low STARD3 mRNA and protein expression levels were observed in estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) and triple-negative BC (TNBC) patients. Moreover, high STARD3 expression levels predicted worse overall survival (OS), relapse-free survival (RFS) and disease metastasis-free survival (DMFS) in BC, and HER2+ BC. Notably, low expression of STARD3 was associated with poor OS in ER+ BC. Our findings suggest that STARD3 may have strong diagnostic and prognostic value for HER2+ breast carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Al Khader
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan.,Department of Pathology, Al-Hussein Salt Hospital, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - Ezidin Kaddumi
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - Maher Obeidat
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
| | - O'la Al-Fawares
- Department of Medical Laboratory Analysis, Faculty of Science, Al-Balqa Applied University, Al-salt, Jordan
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9
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Meneses-Salas E, García-Melero A, Kanerva K, Blanco-Muñoz P, Morales-Paytuvi F, Bonjoch J, Casas J, Egert A, Beevi SS, Jose J, Llorente-Cortés V, Rye KA, Heeren J, Lu A, Pol A, Tebar F, Ikonen E, Grewal T, Enrich C, Rentero C. Annexin A6 modulates TBC1D15/Rab7/StARD3 axis to control endosomal cholesterol export in NPC1 cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:2839-2857. [PMID: 31664461 PMCID: PMC7326902 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03330-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol accumulation in late endosomes is a prevailing phenotype of Niemann-Pick type C1 (NPC1) mutant cells. Likewise, annexin A6 (AnxA6) overexpression induces a phenotype reminiscent of NPC1 mutant cells. Here, we demonstrate that this cellular cholesterol imbalance is due to AnxA6 promoting Rab7 inactivation via TBC1D15, a Rab7-GAP. In NPC1 mutant cells, AnxA6 depletion and eventual Rab7 activation was associated with peripheral distribution and increased mobility of late endosomes. This was accompanied by an enhanced lipid accumulation in lipid droplets in an acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT)-dependent manner. Moreover, in AnxA6-deficient NPC1 mutant cells, Rab7-mediated rescue of late endosome-cholesterol export required the StAR-related lipid transfer domain-3 (StARD3) protein. Electron microscopy revealed a significant increase of membrane contact sites (MCS) between late endosomes and ER in NPC1 mutant cells lacking AnxA6, suggesting late endosome-cholesterol transfer to the ER via Rab7 and StARD3-dependent MCS formation. This study identifies AnxA6 as a novel gatekeeper that controls cellular distribution of late endosome-cholesterol via regulation of a Rab7-GAP and MCS formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Meneses-Salas
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana García-Melero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kristiina Kanerva
- Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Patricia Blanco-Muñoz
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Frederic Morales-Paytuvi
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Bonjoch
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Research Unit on BioActive Molecules (RUBAM), Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute for Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonia Egert
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Syed S Beevi
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Jaimy Jose
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Vicenta Llorente-Cortés
- Lipids and Cardiovascular Pathology Group, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBERCV, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Biomedical Research Institute of Barcelona-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II: Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Albert Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
| | - Albert Pol
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avaçats (ICREA), 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elina Ikonen
- Faculty of Medicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Grewal
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biomedicina, Unitat de Biologia Cel·lular, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat de Barcelona, 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
- Centre de Recerca Biomèdica CELLEX, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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10
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Di Mattia T, Tomasetto C, Alpy F. Faraway, so close! Functions of Endoplasmic reticulum-Endosome contacts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2019; 1865:158490. [PMID: 31252175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2019.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functionally distinct organelles. Long considered as independent units in the cytosol, organelles are actually in constant and direct interaction with each other, mostly through the establishment of physical connections named membrane contact sites. Membrane contact sites constitute specific active regions involved in organelle dynamics, inter-organelle exchanges and communications. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which spreads throughout the cytosol, forms an extensive network that has many connections with the other organelles of the cell. Ample connections between the ER and endocytic organelles are observed in many cell types, highlighting their prominent physiological roles. Even though morphologically similar - a contact is a contact -, the identity of ER-Endosome contacts is defined by their specific molecular composition, which in turn determines the function of the contact. Here, we review the molecular mechanisms of ER-Endosome contact site formation and their associated cellular functions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Endoplasmic reticulum platforms for lipid dynamics edited by Shamshad Cockcroft and Christopher Stefan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Di Mattia
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Catherine Tomasetto
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Fabien Alpy
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1258, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR7104, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
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11
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Sun H, Liu Q, Hu H, Jiang Y, Shao W, Wang Q, Jiang Z, Gu A. Berberine ameliorates blockade of autophagic flux in the liver by regulating cholesterol metabolism and inhibiting COX2-prostaglandin synthesis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:824. [PMID: 30068904 PMCID: PMC6070517 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0890-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Excessive cholesterol contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases. Berberine (BBR) has been reported to regulate cholesterol homeostasis. Here, we found that BBR could ameliorate the hepatic autophagic flux blockade caused by cholesterol overloading. The underlying mechanism included lowering hepatic cholesterol level, modulating the cholesterol distribution targeting the plasma membrane by decreasing sterol carrier protein 2 expression and inhibiting cyclooxygenase 2-mediated production of prostaglandin metabolites, which decreased the phosphorylation of Akt/mTOR. Our study provides evidences that BBR could be a therapeutic agent for protecting liver under cholesterol overloading via the regulation of autophagic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Sun
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hai Hu
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Wentao Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qihan Wang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhaoyan Jiang
- Center of Gallbladder Disease, Shanghai East Hospital, Institute of Gallstone Disease, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Aihua Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China. .,Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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12
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Mechanisms of cellular cholesterol compartmentalization: recent insights. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 53:77-83. [PMID: 29960186 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This review discusses advances in understanding how the controlled delivery of cholesterol between subcellular compartments is achieved and what novel experimental strategies are being employed to address this fundamental question. Recent work has focused on cholesterol-binding proteins that can facilitate directional cholesterol transfer between contacts of the ER and Golgi or late endosomal membranes. Increasing structural information on cholesterol-binding proteins, new modules engineered from them as well as improved imaging and gene editing techniques are providing valuable insights. There is also mounting information on how the crosstalk between cholesterol transport and nutrient signaling is orchestrated and how cellular fatty acid metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis are intertwined.
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13
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Pinto JB, Graham A. The role of endosomal cholesterol trafficking protein, StAR-related lipid transfer domain 3 (StarD3/MLN64), in BRIN-BD11 insulinoma cells. Protein Cell 2018; 7:833-838. [PMID: 27679500 PMCID: PMC5084155 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-016-0315-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Borges Pinto
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, G4 0BA, UK.,WolfsonWohl Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Annette Graham
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, G4 0BA, UK.
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14
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Rzepnikowska W, Flis K, Kaminska J, Grynberg M, Urbanek A, Ayscough KR, Zoladek T. Amino acid substitution equivalent to human chorea-acanthocytosis I2771R in yeast Vps13 protein affects its binding to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:1497-1510. [PMID: 28334785 PMCID: PMC5393151 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rare human disorder chorea-acanthocytosis (ChAc) is caused by mutations in hVPS13A gene. The hVps13A protein interacts with actin and regulates the level of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PI4P) in the membranes of neuronal cells. Yeast Vps13 is involved in vacuolar protein transport and, like hVps13A, participates in PI4P metabolism. Vps13 proteins are conserved in eukaryotes, but their molecular function remains unknown. One of the mutations found in ChAc patients causes amino acids substitution I2771R which affects the localization of hVps13A in skeletal muscles. To dissect the mechanism of pathogenesis of I2771R, we created and analyzed a yeast strain carrying the equivalent mutation. Here we show that in yeast, substitution I2749R causes dysfunction of Vps13 protein in endocytosis and vacuolar transport, although the level of the protein is not affected, suggesting loss of function. We also show that Vps13, like hVps13A, influences actin cytoskeleton organization and binds actin in immunoprecipitation experiments. Vps13-I2749R binds actin, but does not function in the actin cytoskeleton organization. Moreover, we show that Vps13 binds phospholipids, especially phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate (PI3P), via its SHR_BD and APT1 domains. Substitution I2749R attenuates this ability. Finally, the localization of Vps13-GFP is altered when cellular levels of PI3P are decreased indicating its trafficking within the endosomal membrane system. These results suggest that PI3P regulates the functioning of Vps13, both in protein trafficking and actin cytoskeleton organization. Attenuation of PI3P-binding ability in the mutant hVps13A protein may be one of the reasons for its mislocalization and disrupted function in cells of patients suffering from ChAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weronika Rzepnikowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Flis
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Kaminska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Grynberg
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Urbanek
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Kathryn R Ayscough
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Teresa Zoladek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
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15
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Wilhelm LP, Wendling C, Védie B, Kobayashi T, Chenard MP, Tomasetto C, Drin G, Alpy F. STARD3 mediates endoplasmic reticulum-to-endosome cholesterol transport at membrane contact sites. EMBO J 2017; 36:1412-1433. [PMID: 28377464 PMCID: PMC5430228 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201695917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
StAR‐related lipid transfer domain‐3 (STARD3) is a sterol‐binding protein that creates endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–endosome contact sites. How this protein, at the crossroad between sterol uptake and synthesis pathways, impacts the intracellular distribution of this lipid was ill‐defined. Here, by using in situ cholesterol labeling and quantification, we demonstrated that STARD3 induces cholesterol accumulation in endosomes at the expense of the plasma membrane. STARD3‐mediated cholesterol routing depends both on its lipid transfer activity and its ability to create ER–endosome contacts. Corroborating this, in vitro reconstitution assays indicated that STARD3 and its ER‐anchored partner, Vesicle‐associated membrane protein‐associated protein (VAP), assemble into a machine that allows a highly efficient transport of cholesterol within membrane contacts. Thus, STARD3 is a cholesterol transporter scaffolding ER–endosome contacts and modulating cellular cholesterol repartition by delivering cholesterol to endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa P Wilhelm
- Functional Genomics and Cancer Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U 964, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Corinne Wendling
- Functional Genomics and Cancer Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U 964, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Benoît Védie
- AP-HP (Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris), Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Biochimie, Paris, France
| | - Toshihide Kobayashi
- Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Laboratory of Biophotonics and Pharmacology, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7213, Illkirch, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Chenard
- Functional Genomics and Cancer Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Service d'Anatomie Pathologique Générale, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Hautepierre, Strasbourg, France
| | - Catherine Tomasetto
- Functional Genomics and Cancer Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France .,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U 964, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
| | - Guillaume Drin
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Fabien Alpy
- Functional Genomics and Cancer Department, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Illkirch, France .,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U 964, Illkirch, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 7104, Illkirch, France.,Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
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16
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Luo J, Jiang L, Yang H, Song BL. Routes and mechanisms of post-endosomal cholesterol trafficking: A story that never ends. Traffic 2017; 18:209-217. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Luyi Jiang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
| | - Hongyuan Yang
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences; The University of New South Wales; Sydney Australia
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences; Wuhan University; Wuhan China
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17
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Abstract
Membrane contact sites (MCSs) are subcellular regions where the membranes of distinct organelles come into close apposition. These specialized areas of the cell, which are involved in inter-organelle metabolite exchange, are scaffolded by specific complexes. STARD3 [StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein)-related lipid transfer domain-3] and its close paralogue STARD3NL (STARD3 N-terminal like) are involved in the formation of contacts between late-endosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). The lipid transfer protein (LTP) STARD3 and STARD3NL, which are both anchored on the limiting membrane of late endosomes (LEs), interact with ER-anchored VAP [VAMP (vesicle-associated membrane protein)-associated protein] (VAP-A and VAP-B) proteins. This direct interaction allows ER-endosome contact formation. STARD3 or STARD3NL-mediated ER-endosome contacts, which affect endosome dynamics, are believed to be involved in cholesterol transport.
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18
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Intracellular cholesterol transport proteins: roles in health and disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2016; 130:1843-59. [DOI: 10.1042/cs20160339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Effective cholesterol homoeostasis is essential in maintaining cellular function, and this is achieved by a network of lipid-responsive nuclear transcription factors, and enzymes, receptors and transporters subject to post-transcriptional and post-translational regulation, whereas loss of these elegant, tightly regulated homoeostatic responses is integral to disease pathologies. Recent data suggest that sterol-binding sensors, exchangers and transporters contribute to regulation of cellular cholesterol homoeostasis and that genetic overexpression or deletion, or mutations, in a number of these proteins are linked with diseases, including atherosclerosis, dyslipidaemia, diabetes, congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia, cancer, autosomal dominant hearing loss and male infertility. This review focuses on current evidence exploring the function of members of the ‘START’ (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein-related lipid transfer) and ‘ORP’ (oxysterol-binding protein-related proteins) families of sterol-binding proteins in sterol homoeostasis in eukaryotic cells, and the evidence that they represent valid therapeutic targets to alleviate human disease.
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19
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Elustondo P, Martin LA, Karten B. Mitochondrial cholesterol import. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1862:90-101. [PMID: 27565112 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
All animal subcellular membranes require cholesterol, which influences membrane fluidity and permeability, fission and fusion processes, and membrane protein function. The distribution of cholesterol among subcellular membranes is highly heterogeneous and the cholesterol content of each membrane must be carefully regulated. Compared to other subcellular membranes, mitochondrial membranes are cholesterol-poor, particularly the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM). As a result, steroidogenesis can be controlled through the delivery of cholesterol to the IMM, where it is converted to pregnenolone. The low basal levels of cholesterol also make mitochondria sensitive to changes in cholesterol content, which can have a relatively large impact on the biophysical and functional characteristics of mitochondrial membranes. Increased mitochondrial cholesterol levels have been observed in diverse pathological conditions including cancer, steatohepatitis, Alzheimer disease and Niemann-Pick Type C1-deficiency, and are associated with increased oxidative stress, impaired oxidative phosphorylation, and changes in the susceptibility to apoptosis, among other alterations in mitochondrial function. Mitochondria are not included in the vesicular trafficking network; therefore, cholesterol transport to mitochondria is mostly achieved through the activity of lipid transfer proteins at membrane contact sites or by cytosolic, diffusible lipid transfer proteins. Here we will give an overview of the main mechanisms involved in mitochondrial cholesterol import, focusing on the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein StAR/STARD1 and other members of the StAR-related lipid transfer (START) domain protein family, and we will discuss how changes in mitochondrial cholesterol levels can arise and affect mitochondrial function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Lipids of Mitochondria edited by Guenther Daum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Elustondo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Laura A Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Barbara Karten
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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20
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this article, we summarize the present information related to the export of LDL-derived cholesterol from late endosomes, with a focus on Nieman-Pick disease, type C1 (NPC1) cholesterol delivery toward the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We review data suggesting that several pathways may operate in parallel, including membrane transport routes and membrane contact sites (MCSs). RECENT FINDINGS There is increasing appreciation that MCSs provide an important mechanism for intermembrane lipid transfer. In late endosome-ER contacts, three protein bridges involving oxysterol binding protein related protein (ORP)1L-vesicle associated membrane protein-associated protein (VAP), steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)D3-VAP and ORP5-NPC1 proteins have been reported. How much they contribute to the flux of LDL-cholesterol to the ER is currently open. Studies for lipid transfer via MCSs have been most advanced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recently, a new sterol-binding protein family conserved between yeast and man was identified. Its members localize at MCSs and were named lipid transfer protein anchored at membrane contact sites (Lam) proteins. In yeast, sterol transfer between the ER and the yeast lysosome may be facilitated by a Lam protein. SUMMARY Increasing insights into the role of MCSs in directional sterol delivery between membranes propose that they might provide routes for LDL-cholesterol transfer to the ER. Future work should reveal which specific contacts may operate for this, and how they are controlled by cholesterol homeostatic machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon G Pfisterer
- Department of Anatomy and Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Finland and Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Phillips MJ, Voeltz GK. Structure and function of ER membrane contact sites with other organelles. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015; 17:69-82. [PMID: 26627931 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the largest organelle in the cell, and its functions have been studied for decades. The past several years have provided novel insights into the existence of distinct domains between the ER and other organelles, known as membrane contact sites (MCSs). At these contact sites, organelle membranes are closely apposed and tethered, but do not fuse. Here, various protein complexes can work in concert to perform specialized functions such as binding, sensing and transferring molecules, as well as engaging in organelle biogenesis and dynamics. This Review describes the structure and functions of MCSs, primarily focusing on contacts of the ER with mitochondria and endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J Phillips
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
| | - Gia K Voeltz
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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22
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Wüstner D, Solanko K. How cholesterol interacts with proteins and lipids during its intracellular transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:1908-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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23
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Raiborg C, Wenzel EM, Stenmark H. ER-endosome contact sites: molecular compositions and functions. EMBO J 2015; 34:1848-58. [PMID: 26041457 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201591481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the existence of numerous contact sites between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and endosomes in mammalian cells. Such contacts increase during endosome maturation and play key roles in cholesterol transfer, endosome positioning, receptor dephosphorylation, and endosome fission. At least 7 distinct contact sites between the ER and endosomes have been identified to date, which have diverse molecular compositions. Common to these contact sites is that they impose a close apposition between the ER and endosome membranes, which excludes membrane fusion while allowing the flow of molecular signals between the two membranes, in the form of enzymatic modifications, or ion, lipid, or protein transfer. Thus, ER-endosome contact sites ensure coordination of molecular activities between the two compartments while keeping their general compositions intact. Here, we review the molecular architectures and cellular functions of known ER-endosome contact sites and discuss their implications for human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Raiborg
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eva M Wenzel
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Harald Stenmark
- Centre for Cancer Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Faculty of Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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24
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Vassilev B, Sihto H, Li S, Hölttä-Vuori M, Ilola J, Lundin J, Isola J, Kellokumpu-Lehtinen PL, Joensuu H, Ikonen E. Elevated levels of StAR-related lipid transfer protein 3 alter cholesterol balance and adhesiveness of breast cancer cells: potential mechanisms contributing to progression of HER2-positive breast cancers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2015; 185:987-1000. [PMID: 25681734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The STARD3 gene belongs to the minimal amplicon in HER2-positive breast cancers and encodes a cholesterol-binding membrane protein. To study how elevated StAR-related lipid transfer protein 3 (StARD3) expression affects breast cancer cells, we generated MCF-7 cells stably overexpressing StARD3-green fluorescent protein. We found that StARD3-overexpressing cells exhibited nonadherent morphological features, had increased Src levels, and had altered cholesterol balance, as evidenced by elevated mRNA levels of the cholesterol biosynthesis rate-limiting enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase, and increased plasma membrane cholesterol content. On removal of serum and insulin from the culture medium, the morphological characteristics of the StARD3-overexpressing cells changed, the cells became adherent, and they developed enlarged focal adhesions. Under these conditions, the StARD3-overexpressing cells maintained elevated Src and plasma membrane cholesterol content and showed increased phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase. In two Finnish nationwide patient cohorts, approximately 10% (212/2220) breast cancers exhibited high StARD3 protein levels, which was strongly associated with HER2 amplification; several factors related to poor disease outcome and poor breast cancer-specific survival. In addition, high StARD3 levels in breast cancers were associated with elevated 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase mRNA levels and anti-Src-Tyr416 immunoreactivity. These results provide evidence that StARD3 overexpression results in increased cholesterol biosynthesis and Src kinase activity in breast cancer cells and suggest that elevated StARD3 expression may contribute to breast cancer aggressiveness by increasing membrane cholesterol and enhancing oncogenic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Vassilev
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Harri Sihto
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shiqian Li
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maarit Hölttä-Vuori
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaakko Ilola
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johan Lundin
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki 2U, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jorma Isola
- Institute of Medical Technology, University of Tampere and Tampere University Central Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | | | - Heikki Joensuu
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Ikonen
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Minerva Foundation Institute for Medical Research, Biomedicum 2U, Helsinki, Finland.
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25
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Mitochondrial cholesterol: mechanisms of import and effects on mitochondrial function. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 48:137-51. [PMID: 25425472 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9592-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria require cholesterol for biogenesis and membrane maintenance, and for the synthesis of steroids, oxysterols and hepatic bile acids. Multiple pathways mediate the transport of cholesterol from different subcellular pools to mitochondria. In steroidogenic cells, the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) interacts with a mitochondrial protein complex to mediate cholesterol delivery to the inner mitochondrial membrane for conversion to pregnenolone. In non-steroidogenic cells, several members of a protein family defined by the presence of a StAR-related lipid transfer (START) domain play key roles in the delivery of cholesterol to mitochondrial membranes. Subdomains of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), termed mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAM), form membrane contact sites with mitochondria and may contribute to the transport of ER cholesterol to mitochondria, either independently or in conjunction with lipid-transfer proteins. Model systems of mitochondria enriched with cholesterol in vitro and mitochondria isolated from cells with (patho)physiological mitochondrial cholesterol accumulation clearly demonstrate that mitochondrial cholesterol levels affect mitochondrial function. Increased mitochondrial cholesterol levels have been observed in several diseases, including cancer, ischemia, steatohepatitis and neurodegenerative diseases, and influence disease pathology. Hence, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms maintaining mitochondrial cholesterol homeostasis may reveal additional targets for therapeutic intervention. Here we give a brief overview of mitochondrial cholesterol import in steroidogenic cells, and then focus on cholesterol trafficking pathways that deliver cholesterol to mitochondrial membranes in non-steroidogenic cells. We also briefly discuss the consequences of increased mitochondrial cholesterol levels on mitochondrial function and their potential role in disease pathology.
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26
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Midzak A, Papadopoulos V. Binding domain-driven intracellular trafficking of sterols for synthesis of steroid hormones, bile acids and oxysterols. Traffic 2014; 15:895-914. [PMID: 24890942 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Steroid hormones, bioactive oxysterols and bile acids are all derived from the biological metabolism of lipid cholesterol. The enzymatic pathways generating these compounds have been an area of intense research for almost a century, as cholesterol and its metabolites have substantial impacts on human health. Owing to its high degree of hydrophobicity and the chemical properties that it confers to biological membranes, the distribution of cholesterol in cells is tightly controlled, with subcellular organelles exhibiting highly divergent levels of cholesterol. The manners in which cells maintain such sterol distributions are of great interest in the study of steroid and bile acid synthesis, as limiting cholesterol substrate to the enzymatic pathways is the principal mechanism by which production of steroids and bile acids is regulated. The mechanisms by which cholesterol moves within cells, however, remain poorly understood. In this review, we examine the subcellular machinery involved in cholesterol metabolism to steroid hormones and bile acid, relating it to both lipid- and protein-based mechanisms facilitating intracellular and intraorganellar cholesterol movement and delivery to these pathways. In particular, we examine evidence for the involvement of specific protein domains involved in cholesterol binding, which impact cholesterol movement and metabolism in steroidogenesis and bile acid synthesis. A better understanding of the physical mechanisms by which these protein- and lipid-based systems function is of fundamental importance to understanding physiological homeostasis and its perturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Midzak
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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27
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Liu R, Li J, Zhang T, Zou L, Chen Y, Wang K, Lei Y, Yuan K, Li Y, Lan J, Cheng L, Xie N, Xiang R, Nice EC, Huang C, Wei Y. Itraconazole suppresses the growth of glioblastoma through induction of autophagy: involvement of abnormal cholesterol trafficking. Autophagy 2014; 10:1241-55. [PMID: 24905460 DOI: 10.4161/auto.28912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive human cancers with poor prognosis, and therefore a critical need exists for novel therapeutic strategies for management of glioblastoma patients. Itraconazole, a traditional antifungal drug, has been identified as a novel potential anticancer agent due to its inhibitory effects on cell proliferation and tumor angiogenesis; however, the molecular mechanisms involved are still unclear. Here, we show that itraconazole inhibits the proliferation of glioblastoma cells both in vitro and in vivo. Notably, we demonstrate that treatment with itraconazole induces autophagic progression in glioblastoma cells, while blockage of autophagy markedly reverses the antiproliferative activities of itraconazole, suggesting an antitumor effect of autophagy in response to itraconazole treatment. Functional studies revealed that itraconazole retarded the trafficking of cholesterol from late endosomes and lysosomes to the plasma membrane by reducing the levels of SCP2, resulting in repression of AKT1-MTOR signaling, induction of autophagy, and finally inhibition of cell proliferation. Together, our studies provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms regarding the antitumor activities of itraconazole, and may further assist both the pharmacological investigation and rational use of itraconazole in potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu, China; State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases; West China Hospital of Stomatology; Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyi Li
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Chengdu Medical College; Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences; Chengdu Medical College; Chengdu, China
| | - Linzhi Zou
- College of Life Sciences; Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery; State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy; West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Yunlong Lei
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Molecular Medicine and Cancer Research Center; Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing, China
| | - Kefei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Na Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- School of Medicine/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; Nankai University; Tianjin, China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Monash University; Clayton, Victoria Australia
| | - Canhua Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy; West China Hospital; Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
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van der Kant R, Neefjes J. Small regulators, major consequences - Ca²⁺ and cholesterol at the endosome-ER interface. J Cell Sci 2014; 127:929-38. [PMID: 24554437 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.137539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The ER is the largest cellular compartment and a major storage site for lipids and ions. In recent years, much attention has focused on contacts between the ER and other organelles, and one particularly intimate relationship is that between the ER and the endosomal system. ER-endosome contacts intensify when endosomes mature, and the ER participates in endosomal processes, such as the termination of surface receptor signaling, multi-vesicular body formation, and transport and fusion events. Cholesterol and Ca(2+) are transferred between the ER and endosomes, possibly acting as messengers for ER-endosome crosstalk. Here, we summarize different types of ER-endosomal communication and discuss membrane contact sites that might facilitate this crosstalk. We review the protein pairs that interact at the ER-endosome interface and find that many of these have a role in cholesterol exchange. We also summarize Ca(2+) exchange between the ER and endosomes, and hypothesize that ER-endosome contacts integrate several cellular functions to guide endosomal maturation. We post the hypothesis that failure in ER-endosome contacts is an unrecognized but important contributor to diseases, such as Niemann-Pick type C disease, Alzheimer's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik van der Kant
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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29
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Sakai-Kato K, Un K, Nanjo K, Nishiyama N, Kusuhara H, Kataoka K, Kawanishi T, Goda Y, Okuda H. Elucidating the molecular mechanism for the intracellular trafficking and fate of block copolymer micelles and their components. Biomaterials 2014; 35:1347-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Un K, Sakai-Kato K, Kawanishi T, Okuda H, Goda Y. Effects of Liposomal Phospholipids and Lipid Transport-Related Protein on the Intracellular Fate of Encapsulated Doxorubicin. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:560-7. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400505a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Keita Un
- Division
of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Kumiko Sakai-Kato
- Division
of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Toru Kawanishi
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Haruhiro Okuda
- National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Goda
- Division
of Drugs, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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31
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Alpy F, Tomasetto C. START ships lipids across interorganelle space. Biochimie 2014; 96:85-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Alpy F, Rousseau A, Schwab Y, Legueux F, Stoll I, Wendling C, Spiegelhalter C, Kessler P, Mathelin C, Rio MC, Levine TP, Tomasetto C. STARD3 or STARD3NL and VAP form a novel molecular tether between late endosomes and the ER. J Cell Sci 2013; 126:5500-12. [PMID: 24105263 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.139295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inter-organelle membrane contacts sites (MCSs) are specific subcellular regions favoring the exchange of metabolites and information. We investigated the potential role of the late-endosomal membrane-anchored proteins StAR related lipid transfer domain-3 (STARD3) and STARD3 N-terminal like (STARD3NL) in the formation of MCSs involving late-endosomes (LEs). We demonstrate that both STARD3 and STARD3NL create MCSs between LEs and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). STARD3 and STARD3NL use a conserved two phenylalanines in an acidic tract (FFAT)-motif to interact with ER-anchored VAP proteins. Together, they form an LE-ER tethering complex allowing heterologous membrane apposition. This LE-ER tethering complex affects organelle dynamics by altering the formation of endosomal tubules. An in situ proximity ligation assay between STARD3, STARD3NL and VAP proteins identified endogenous LE-ER MCS. Thus, we report here the identification of proteins involved in inter-organellar interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Alpy
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), Functional Genomics and Cancer Department, 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch, 67404, France
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33
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van der Kant R, Zondervan I, Janssen L, Neefjes J. Cholesterol-binding molecules MLN64 and ORP1L mark distinct late endosomes with transporters ABCA3 and NPC1. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:2153-2165. [PMID: 23709693 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m037325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential lipid in eukaryotic cells and is present in membranes of all intracellular compartments. A major source for cellular cholesterol is internalized lipoprotein particles that are transported toward acidic late endosomes (LE) and lysosomes. Here the lipoprotein particles are hydrolyzed, and free cholesterol is redistributed to other organelles. The LE can contain over half of the cellular cholesterol and, as a major sorting station, can contain many cholesterol-binding proteins from the ABCA, STARD, and ORP families. Here, we show that metastatic lymph node 64 (MLN64, STARD3) and oxysterol-binding protein-related protein 1L (ORP1L) define two subpopulations of LE. MLN64 is present on a LE containing the cholesterol transporter ABCA3, whereas ORP1L localizes to another population of LE containing Niemann Pick type C1 (NPC1), a cholesterol exporter. Endocytosed cargo passes through MLN64/ABCA3-positive compartments before it reaches ORP1L/NPC1-positive LE. The MLN64/ABCA3 compartments cycle between LE and plasma membrane and frequently contact "later" ORP1L/NPC1-containing LE. We propose two stages of cholesterol handling in late endosomal compartments: first, cholesterol enters MLN64/ABCA3-positive compartments from where it can be recycled to the plasma membrane, and later, cholesterol enters ORP1L/NPC1 endosomes that mediate cholesterol export to the endoplasmic reticulum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rik van der Kant
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ilse Zondervan
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Lennert Janssen
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jacques Neefjes
- Division of Cell Biology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
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34
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Un K, Sakai-Kato K, Oshima Y, Kawanishi T, Okuda H. Intracellular trafficking mechanism, from intracellular uptake to extracellular efflux, for phospholipid/cholesterol liposomes. Biomaterials 2012; 33:8131-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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35
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Lund FW, Lomholt MA, Solanko LM, Bittman R, Wüstner D. Two-photon time-lapse microscopy of BODIPY-cholesterol reveals anomalous sterol diffusion in chinese hamster ovary cells. BMC BIOPHYSICS 2012; 5:20. [PMID: 23078907 PMCID: PMC3532368 DOI: 10.1186/2046-1682-5-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Cholesterol is an important membrane component, but our knowledge about its transport in cells is sparse. Previous imaging studies using dehydroergosterol (DHE), an intrinsically fluorescent sterol from yeast, have established that vesicular and non-vesicular transport modes contribute to sterol trafficking from the plasma membrane. Significant photobleaching, however, limits the possibilities for in-depth analysis of sterol dynamics using DHE. Co-trafficking studies with DHE and the recently introduced fluorescent cholesterol analog BODIPY-cholesterol (BChol) suggested that the latter probe has utility for prolonged live-cell imaging of sterol transport. Results We found that BChol is very photostable under two-photon (2P)-excitation allowing the acquisition of several hundred frames without significant photobleaching. Therefore, long-term tracking and diffusion measurements are possible. Two-photon temporal image correlation spectroscopy (2P-TICS) provided evidence for spatially heterogeneous diffusion constants of BChol varying over two orders of magnitude from the cell interior towards the plasma membrane, where D ~ 1.3 μm2/s. Number and brightness (N&B) analysis together with stochastic simulations suggest that transient partitioning of BChol into convoluted membranes slows local sterol diffusion. We observed sterol endocytosis as well as fusion and fission of sterol-containing endocytic vesicles. The mobility of endocytic vesicles, as studied by particle tracking, is well described by a model for anomalous subdiffusion on short time scales with an anomalous exponent α ~ 0.63 and an anomalous diffusion constant of Dα = 1.95 x 10-3 μm2/sα. On a longer time scale (t > ~5 s), a transition to superdiffusion consistent with slow directed transport with an average velocity of v ~ 6 x 10-3 μm/s was observed. We present an analytical model that bridges the two regimes and fit this model to vesicle trajectories from control cells and cells with disrupted microtubule or actin filaments. Both treatments reduced the anomalous diffusion constant and the velocity by ~40-50%. Conclusions The mobility of sterol-containing vesicles on the short time scale could reflect dynamic rearrangements of the cytoskeleton, while directed transport of sterol vesicles occurs likely along both, microtubules and actin filaments. Spatially varying anomalous diffusion could contribute to fine-tuning and local regulation of intracellular sterol transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederik W Lund
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, Odense M, DK-5230, Denmark.
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36
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Kirkbride KC, Hong NH, French CL, Clark ES, Jerome WG, Weaver AM. Regulation of late endosomal/lysosomal maturation and trafficking by cortactin affects Golgi morphology. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:625-43. [PMID: 22991200 PMCID: PMC3746372 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Cortactin is a branched actin regulator and tumor-overexpressed protein that promotes vesicular trafficking at a variety of cellular sites, including endosomes and the trans-Golgi network. To better understand its role in secretory trafficking, we investigated its function in Golgi homeostasis. Here, we report that knockdown (KD) of cortactin leads to a dramatic change in Golgi morphology by light microscopy, dependent on binding the Arp2/3 actin-nucleating complex. Surprisingly, there was little effect of cortactin-KD on anterograde trafficking of the constitutive cargo vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVG), Golgi assembly from endoplasmic reticulum membranes upon Brefeldin A washout, or Golgi ultrastructure. Instead, electron microscopy studies revealed that cortactin-KD cells contained a large number of immature-appearing late endosomal/lysosomal (LE/Lys) hybrid organelles, similar to those found in lysosomal storage diseases. Consistent with a defect in LE/Lys trafficking, cortactin-KD cells also exhibited accumulation of free cholesterol and retention of the retrograde Golgi cargo mannose-6-phosphate receptor in LE. Inhibition of LE maturation by treatment of control cells with Rab7 siRNA or chloroquine led to a compact Golgi morphology similar to that observed in cortactin-KD cells. Furthermore, the Golgi morphology defects of cortactin-KD cells could be rescued by removal of cholesterol-containing lipids from the media, suggesting that buildup of cholesterol-rich membranes in immature LE/Lys induced disturbances in retrograde trafficking. Taken together, these data reveal that LE/Lys maturation and trafficking are highly sensitive to cortactin-regulated branched actin assembly and suggests that cytoskeletal-induced Golgi morphology changes can be a consequence of altered trafficking at late endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kellye C Kirkbride
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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37
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Liapis A, Chen FW, Davies JP, Wang R, Ioannou YA. MLN64 transport to the late endosome is regulated by binding to 14-3-3 via a non-canonical binding site. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34424. [PMID: 22514632 PMCID: PMC3326014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MLN64 is an integral membrane protein localized to the late endosome and plasma membrane that is thought to function as a mediator of cholesterol transport from endosomal membranes to the plasma membrane and/or mitochondria. The protein consists of two distinct domains: an N-terminal membrane-spanning domain that shares homology with the MENTHO protein and a C-terminal steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domain that binds cholesterol. To further characterize the MLN64 protein, full-length and truncated proteins were overexpressed in cells and the effects on MLN64 trafficking and endosomal morphology were observed. To gain insight into MLN64 function, affinity chromatography and mass spectrometric techniques were used to identify potential MLN64 interacting partners. Of the 15 candidate proteins identified, 14-3-3 was chosen for further characterization. We show that MLN64 interacts with 14-3-3 in vitro as well as in vivo and that the strength of the interaction is dependent on the 14-3-3 isoform. Furthermore, blocking the interaction through the use of a 14-3-3 antagonist or MLN64 mutagenesis delays the trafficking of MLN64 to the late endosome and also results in the dispersal of endocytic vesicles to the cell periphery. Taken together, these studies have determined that MLN64 is a novel 14-3-3 binding protein and indicate that 14-3-3 plays a role in the endosomal trafficking of MLN64. Furthermore, these studies suggest that 14-3-3 may be the link by which MLN64 exerts its effects on the actin-mediated endosome dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Liapis
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Fannie W. Chen
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Joanna P. Davies
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rong Wang
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yiannis A. Ioannou
- Department of Genetics & Genomic Sciences, The Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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38
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Wüstner D, Brewer JR, Bagatolli L, Sage D. Potential of ultraviolet wide-field imaging and multiphoton microscopy for analysis of dehydroergosterol in cellular membranes. Microsc Res Tech 2011; 74:92-108. [PMID: 21181715 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.20878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroergosterol (DHE) is an intrinsically fluorescent sterol with absorption/emission in the ultraviolet (UV) region and biophysical properties similar to those of cholesterol. We compared the potential of UV-sensitive low-light-level wide-field (UV-WF) imaging with that of multiphoton (MP) excitation microscopy to monitor DHE in living cells. Significantly reduced photobleaching in MP microscopy of DHE enabled us to acquire three-dimensional z-stacks of DHE-stained cells and to obtain high-resolution maps of DHE in surface ruffles, nanotubes, and the apical membrane of epithelial cells. We found that the lateral resolution of MP microscopy is ∼1.5-fold higher than that of UV-WF deconvolution microscopy, allowing for improved spatiotemporal analysis of plasma membrane sterol distribution. Surface intensity patterns of DHE with a diameter of 0.2 μm persisting over several minutes could be resolved by MP time-lapse microscopy. Diffusion coefficients of 0.25-μm-diameter endocytic vesicles containing DHE were determined by MP spatiotemporal image correlation spectroscopy. The requirement of extremely high laser power for visualization of DHE by MP microscopy made this method less potent for multicolor applications with organelle markers like green fluorescent protein-tagged proteins. The signal-to-noise ratio obtainable by UV-WF imaging could be significantly improved by pixelwise bleach rate fitting and calculation of an amplitude image from the decay model and by frame averaging after pixelwise bleaching correction of the image stacks. We conclude that UV-WF imaging and MP microscopy of DHE provide complementary information regarding membrane distribution and intracellular targeting of sterols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wüstner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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Abstract
Zebrafish are an increasingly popular vertebrate model organism in which to study biological phenomena. It has been widely used, especially in developmental biology and neurobiology, and many aspects of its development and physiology are similar to those of mammals. The popularity of zebrafish relies on its relatively low cost, rapid development and ease of genetic manipulation. Moreover, the optical transparency of the developing fish together with novel imaging techniques enable the direct visualization of complex phenomena at the level of the entire organism. This potential is now also being increasingly appreciated by the lipid research community. In the present review we summarize basic information on the lipid composition and distribution in zebrafish tissues, including lipoprotein metabolism, intestinal lipid absorption, the yolk lipids and their mobilization, as well as lipids in the nervous system. We also discuss studies in which zebrafish have been employed for the visualization of whole-body lipid distribution and trafficking. Finally, recent advances in using zebrafish as a model for lipid-related diseases, including atherosclerosis, obesity, diabetes and hepatic steatosis are highlighted. As the insights into zebrafish lipid metabolism increase, it is likely that zebrafish as a model organism will become an increasingly powerful tool in lipid research.
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Overexpression of STARD3 in human monocyte/macrophages induces an anti-atherogenic lipid phenotype. Clin Sci (Lond) 2010; 119:265-72. [PMID: 20491656 PMCID: PMC2891001 DOI: 10.1042/cs20100266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated macrophage cholesterol homoeostasis lies at the heart of early and developing atheroma, and removal of excess cholesterol from macrophage foam cells, by efficient transport mechanisms, is central to stabilization and regression of atherosclerotic lesions. The present study demonstrates that transient overexpression of STARD3 {START [StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein)-related lipid transfer] domain 3; also known as MLN64 (metastatic lymph node 64)}, an endosomal cholesterol transporter and member of the 'START' family of lipid trafficking proteins, induces significant increases in macrophage ABCA1 (ATP-binding cassette transporter A1) mRNA and protein, enhances [(3)H]cholesterol efflux to apo (apolipoprotein) AI, and reduces biosynthesis of cholesterol, cholesteryl ester, fatty acids, triacylglycerol and phospholipids from [(14)C]acetate, compared with controls. Notably, overexpression of STARD3 prevents increases in cholesterol esterification in response to acetylated LDL (low-density lipoprotein), blocking cholesteryl ester deposition. Thus enhanced endosomal trafficking via STARD3 induces an anti-atherogenic macrophage lipid phenotype, positing a potentially therapeutic strategy.
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Kotchoni SO, Zakharova T, Mallery EL, Le J, El-Assal SED, Szymanski DB. The association of the Arabidopsis actin-related protein2/3 complex with cell membranes is linked to its assembly status but not its activation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2009; 151:2095-109. [PMID: 19801398 PMCID: PMC2785977 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.143859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 09/28/2009] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In growing plant cells, the combined activities of the cytoskeleton, endomembrane, and cell wall biosynthetic systems organize the cytoplasm and define the architecture and growth properties of the cell. These biosynthetic machineries efficiently synthesize, deliver, and recycle the raw materials that support cell expansion. The precise roles of the actin cytoskeleton in these processes are unclear. Certainly, bundles of actin filaments position organelles and are a substrate for long-distance intracellular transport, but the functional linkages between dynamic actin filament arrays and the cell growth machinery are poorly understood. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) "distorted group" mutants have defined protein complexes that appear to generate and convert small GTPase signals into an Actin-Related Protein2/3 (ARP2/3)-dependent actin filament nucleation response. However, direct biochemical knowledge about Arabidopsis ARP2/3 and its cellular distribution is lacking. In this paper, we provide biochemical evidence for a plant ARP2/3. The plant complex utilizes a conserved assembly mechanism. ARPC4 is the most critical core subunit that controls the assembly and steady-state levels of the complex. ARP2/3 in other systems is believed to be mostly a soluble complex that is locally recruited and activated. Unexpectedly, we find that Arabidopsis ARP2/3 interacts strongly with cell membranes. Membrane binding is linked to complex assembly status and not to the extent to which it is activated. Mutant analyses implicate ARP2 as an important subunit for membrane association.
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42
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Borthwick F, Taylor JM, Bartholomew C, Graham A. Differential regulation of the STARD1 subfamily of START lipid trafficking proteins in human macrophages. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:1147-53. [PMID: 19272380 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 02/27/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The STARD1 subfamily of 'START' lipid trafficking proteins can reduce macrophage lipid content and inflammatory status (STARD1; StAR), and traffic cholesterol from endosomes (STARD3/MLN64). During macrophage differentiation, STARD1 mRNA and protein increase with sterol content, while the reverse is true for STARD3. Sterol depletion (methyl beta-cyclodextrin) enhances STARD3, and represses STARD1 expression. Agonists of Liver X receptors, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-gamma and retinoic acid X receptors increase STARD1 expression, while hypocholesterolaemic agent, LY295427, reveals both STARD1 and STARD3 as putative SREBP-target genes. Pathophysiological 'foam cell' formation, induced by acetylated or oxidized LDL, significantly reduced both STARD1 and STARD3 gene expression. Differential regulation of STARD1 and D3 reflects their distinct roles in macrophage cholesterol metabolism, and may inform anti-atherogenic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faye Borthwick
- Vascular Biology Group, Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK
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43
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Goebeler V, Poeter M, Zeuschner D, Gerke V, Rescher U. Annexin A8 regulates late endosome organization and function. Mol Biol Cell 2008; 19:5267-78. [PMID: 18923148 PMCID: PMC2592647 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e08-04-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2008] [Revised: 09/26/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Different classes of endosomes exhibit a characteristic intracellular steady-state distribution governed by interactions with the cytoskeleton. Late endosomes, organelles of the degradative lysosomal route, seem to require associated actin filaments for proper localization and function. We show here that the F-actin and phospholipid binding protein annexin A8 is associated specifically with late endosomes. Altering intracellular annexin A8 levels drastically affected the morphology and intracellular distribution of late endosomes. Trafficking through the degradative pathway was delayed in the absence of annexin A8, resulting in attenuated ligand-induced degradation of the epidermal growth factor receptor and prolonged epidermal growth factor-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase. Depletion of annexin A8 reduced the association of late endosomal membranes with actin filaments. These results indicate that the defective cargo transport through the late endocytic pathway and the imbalanced signaling of activated receptors observed in the absence of annexin A8 results from the disturbed association of late endosomal membranes with the actin network, resulting in impaired actin-based late endosome motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Goebeler
- *Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Centre, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; and
| | - Michaela Poeter
- *Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Centre, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; and
| | - Dagmar Zeuschner
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomembranes, University Medical Centre Utrecht, 3854 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Volker Gerke
- *Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Centre, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; and
| | - Ursula Rescher
- *Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Centre for Molecular Biology of Inflammation, and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Centre, University of Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany; and
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44
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Wang F, Wang W, Wähälä K, Adlercreutz H, Ikonen E, Tikkanen MJ. Role of lysosomal acid lipase in the intracellular metabolism of LDL-transported dehydroepiandrosterone-fatty acyl esters. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008; 295:E1455-61. [PMID: 18796546 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.90527.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone-fatty acyl esters (DHEA-FAE) belong to a unique family of naturally occurring hydrophobic steroid hormone derivatives that are transported in circulating lipoproteins and may act as a source of dehydroepiendrosterone (DHEA) and other biologically active steroid hormones in cells. Here, we studied the metabolic fate of low-density lipoprotein-associated [(3)H]DHEA-FAE ([(3)H]DHEA-FAE-LDL) and the possible role of lysosomal acid lipase (LAL) in the hydrolysis of DHEA-FAE in cultured human cells. When HeLa cells were incubated with [(3)H]DHEA-FAE-LDL, the accumulation of label in the cellular fraction increased with incubation time and could be inhibited by excess unlabeled LDL, suggesting LDL receptor or LDL receptor-related receptor-dependent uptake. During 48 h of chase, decreasing amounts of [(3)H]DHEA-FAE were found in the cellular fraction, while in the medium increasing amounts of unesterified [(3)H]DHEA and its two metabolites, [(3)H]-5alpha-androstanedione (5alpha-adione) and [(3)H]androstenedione (4-adione), appeared. As LDL-cholesteryl ester hydrolysis is dependent on LAL activity, we depleted LAL from HeLa cells using small interfering RNAs and compared the hydrolysis of [(3)H]DHEA-FAE-LDL and [(3)H]cholesteryl-FAE-LDL. The results demonstrated a more modest but significant reducing effect on the hydrolysis of [(3)H]DHEA-FAE compared with [(3)H]cholesteryl-FAE. Moreover, experiments in LAL-deficient human fibroblasts (Wolman disease patient cells) showed that [(3)H]DHEA-FAE hydrolysis was not completely dependent on LAL activity. In summary, LDL-transported [(3)H]DHEA-FAE entered cells via LDL receptor or LDL receptor-related receptor-mediated uptake, followed by intracellular hydrolysis and further metabolism into 5alpha-adione and 4-adione that were excreted from cells. Although LAL contributed to the deesterification of DHEA-FAE, it was not solely responsible for the hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Dept. of Medicine, Helsinki Univ. Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 4, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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45
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Hölttä-Vuori M, Uronen RL, Repakova J, Salonen E, Vattulainen I, Panula P, Li Z, Bittman R, Ikonen E. BODIPY-cholesterol: a new tool to visualize sterol trafficking in living cells and organisms. Traffic 2008; 9:1839-49. [PMID: 18647169 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2008.00801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of sterol distribution and transport in living cells has been hampered by the lack of bright, photostable fluorescent sterol derivatives that closely resemble cholesterol. In this study, we employed atomistic simulations and experiments to characterize a cholesterol compound with fluorescent boron dipyrromethene difluoride linked to sterol carbon-24 (BODIPY-cholesterol). This probe packed in the membrane and behaved similarly to cholesterol both in normal and in cholesterol-storage disease cells and with trace amounts allowed the visualization of sterol movement in living systems. Upon injection into the yolk sac, BODIPY-cholesterol did not disturb zebrafish development and was targeted to sterol-enriched brain regions in live fish. We conclude that this new probe closely mimics the membrane partitioning and trafficking of cholesterol and, because of its excellent fluorescent properties, enables the direct monitoring of sterol movement by time-lapse imaging using trace amounts of the probe. This is, to our knowledge, the first cholesterol probe that fulfills these prerequisites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarit Hölttä-Vuori
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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46
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Abstract
Cholesterol is an essential structural component in the cell membranes of most vertebrates. The biophysical properties of cholesterol and the enzymology of cholesterol metabolism provide the basis for how cells handle cholesterol and exchange it with one another. A tightly controlled--but only partially characterized--network of cellular signalling and lipid transfer systems orchestrates the functional compartmentalization of this lipid within and between organellar membranes. This largely dictates the exchange of cholesterol between tissues at the whole body level. Increased understanding of these processes and their integration at the organ systems level provides fundamental insights into the physiology of cholesterol trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Ikonen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland.
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47
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Reitz J, Gehrig-Burger K, Strauss JF, Gimpl G. Cholesterol interaction with the related steroidogenic acute regulatory lipid-transfer (START) domains of StAR (STARD1) and MLN64 (STARD3). FEBS J 2008; 275:1790-802. [PMID: 18331352 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2008.06337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR)-related lipid transfer (START) domains are found in a wide range of proteins involved in intracellular trafficking of cholesterol and other lipids. Among the START proteins are the StAR protein itself (STARD1) and the closely related MLN64 protein (STARD3), which both function in cholesterol movement. We compared the cholesterol-binding properties of these two START domain proteins. Cholesterol stabilized STARD3-START against trypsin-catalyzed degradation, whereas cholesterol had no protective effect on STARD1-START. [(3)H]Azocholestanol predominantly labeled a 6.2 kDa fragment of STARD1-START comprising amino acids 83-140, which contains residues proposed to interact with cholesterol in a hydrophobic cavity. Photoaffinity labeling studies suggest that cholesterol preferentially interacts with one side wall of this cavity. In contrast, [(3)H]azocholestanol was distributed more or less equally among the polypeptides of STARD3-START. Overall, our results provide evidence for differential cholesterol binding of the two most closely related START domain proteins STARD1 and STARD3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Reitz
- Institute of Biochemistry, Gutenberg-University Mainz, Becherweg 30, Mainz, Germany
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48
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Smythe WA, Joiner KA, Hoppe HC. Actin is required for endocytic trafficking in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Cell Microbiol 2007; 10:452-64. [PMID: 17944961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2007.01058.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The intra-erythrocytic stages of the malaria parasite endocytose large quantities of the surrounding erythrocyte cytoplasm and deliver it to a digestive food vacuole via endocytic vesicles. Digestion provides amino acids for parasite protein synthesis and is required to maintain the osmotic integrity of the host cell. The parasite endocytic pathway has been described morphologically by electron microscopy, but the molecular mechanisms that mediate and regulate it remain elusive. Given the involvement of actin in endocytosis in other eukaryotes, we have used actin inhibitors to assess the requirement for this protein in the endocytic pathway of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Treatment of cultures with cytochalasin D did not affect haemoglobin levels in the parasites when co-administered with protease inhibitors, and neither did it affect the uptake of the endocytic tracer horseradish peroxidase, suggesting the absence of actin in the mechanism of endocytosis. However, in the absence of protease inhibitors, treated parasites contained increased levels of haemoglobin due to an accumulation of enlarged endocytic vesicles, as determined by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, suggesting a role for actin in vesicle trafficking, possibly by mediating vesicle maturation and/or fusion to the digestive vacuole. In contrast to cytochalasin D, treatment with jasplakinolide led to an inhibition of endocytosis, an accumulation of vesicles closer to the plasma membrane and a marked concentration of actin in the parasite cortex. We propose that the stabilization of cortical actin filaments by jasplakinolide interferes with normal endocytic vesicle formation and migration from the cell periphery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wynand A Smythe
- Division of Pharmacology and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town Medical School, Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
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49
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Koivusalo M, Jansen M, Somerharju P, Ikonen E. Endocytic trafficking of sphingomyelin depends on its acyl chain length. Mol Biol Cell 2007; 18:5113-23. [PMID: 17942604 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e07-04-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the principles of endocytic lipid trafficking, we introduced pyrene sphingomyelins (PyrSMs) with varying acyl chain lengths and domain partitioning properties into human fibroblasts or HeLa cells. We found that a long-chain, ordered-domain preferring PyrSM was targeted Hrs and Tsg101 dependently to late endosomal compartments and recycled to the plasma membrane in an NPC1- and cholesterol-dependent manner. A short-chain, disordered domain preferring PyrSM recycled more effectively, by using Hrs-, Tsg101- and NPC1-independent routing that was insensitive to cholesterol loading. Similar chain length-dependent recycling was observed for unlabeled sphingomyelins (SMs). The findings 1) establish acyl chain length as an important determinant in the endocytic trafficking of SMs, 2) implicate ESCRT complex proteins and NPC1 in the endocytic recycling of ordered domain lipids to the plasma membrane, and 3) introduce long-chain PyrSM as the first fluorescent lipid tracing this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirkka Koivusalo
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy and Institute of Biomedicine/Biochemistry, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014, Helsinki, Finland
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50
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Tichauer JE, Morales MG, Amigo L, Galdames L, Klein A, Quinones V, Ferrada C, Alvarez AR, Rio MC, Miquel JF, Rigotti A, Zanlungo S. Overexpression of the cholesterol-binding protein MLN64 induces liver damage in the mouse. World J Gastroenterol 2007; 13:3071-9. [PMID: 17589922 PMCID: PMC4172613 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v13.i22.3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To examine the in vivo phenotype associated with hepatic metastatic lymph node 64 (MLN64) over-expression.
METHODS: Recombinant-adenovirus-mediated MLN64 gene transfer was used to overexpress MLN64 in the livers of C57BL/6 mice. We measured the effects of MLN64 overexpression on hepatic cholesterol content, bile flow, biliary lipid secretion and apoptosis markers. For in vitro studies cultured CHO cells with transient MLN64 overexpression were utilized and apoptosis by TUNEL assay was measured.
RESULTS: Livers from Ad.MLN64-infected mice exhibited early onset of liver damage and apoptosis. This response correlated with increases in liver cholesterol content and biliary bile acid concentration, and impaired bile flow. We investigated whether liver MLN64 expression could be modulated in a murine model of hepatic injury. We found increased hepatic MLN64 mRNA and protein levels in mice with chenodeoxycholic acid-induced liver damage. In addition, cultured CHO cells with transient MLN64 overexpression showed increased apoptosis.
CONCLUSION: In summary, hepatic MLN64 over-expression induced damage and apoptosis in murine livers and altered cholesterol metabolism. Further studies are required to elucidate the relevance of these findings under physiologic and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Enrique Tichauer
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Marcoleta 367, Santiago, Chile
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