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Gardner R, Kyle M, Hughes K, Zhao LR. Single cell RNA sequencing reveals immunomodulatory effects of stem cell factor and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor treatment in the brains of aged APP/PS1 mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.09.593359. [PMID: 38766064 PMCID: PMC11100789 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.09.593359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimers disease leads to progressive neurodegeneration and dementia. Alzheimers disease primarily affects older adults with neuropathological changes including amyloid beta deposition, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. We have previously demonstrated that systemic treatment with combined stem cell factor, SCF, and granulocyte colony stimulating factor, GCSF, reduces amyloid beta load, increases amyloid beta uptake by activated microglia and macrophages, reduces neuroinflammation, and restores dendrites and synapses in the brains of aged APP-PS1 mice. However, the mechanisms underlying SCF-GCSF-enhanced brain repair in aged APP-PS1 mice remain unclear. This study used a transcriptomic approach to identify potential mechanisms by which SCF-GCSF treatment modulates microglia and peripheral myeloid cells to mitigate Alzheimers disease pathology in the aged brain. After injections of SCF-GCSF for 5 consecutive days, single cell RNA sequencing was performed on CD11b positive cells isolated from the brains of 28-month-old APP-PS1 mice. The vast majority of cell clusters aligned with transcriptional profiles of microglia in various activation states. However, SCF-GCSF treatment dramatically increased a cell population showing upregulation of marker genes related to peripheral myeloid cells. Flow cytometry data also revealed an SCF-GCSF-induced increase of cerebral CD45high-CD11b positive active phagocytes. SCF-GCSF treatment robustly increased the transcription of genes implicated in immune cell activation, including gene sets that regulate inflammatory processes and cell migration. Expression of S100a8 and S100a9 were robustly enhanced following SCF-GCSF treatment in all CD11b positive cell clusters. Moreover, the topmost genes differentially expressed with SCF-GCSF treatment were largely upregulated in S100a8-S100a9 positive cells, suggesting a well-conserved transcriptional profile related to SCF-GCSF treatment in resident and peripherally derived CD11b positive immune cells. This S100a8-S100a9-associated transcriptional profile contained notable genes related to proinflammatory and antiinflammatory responses, neuroprotection, and amyloid beta plaque inhibition or clearance. Altogether, this study reveals immunomodulatory effects of SCF-GCSF treatment in the aged brain with Alzheimers disease pathology, which will guide future studies to further uncover the therapeutic mechanisms.
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Islam R, Choudhary H, Rajan R, Vrionis F, Hanafy KA. An overview on microglial origin, distribution, and phenotype in Alzheimer's disease. J Cell Physiol 2024; 239:e30829. [PMID: 35822939 PMCID: PMC9837313 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease that is responsible for about one-third of dementia cases worldwide. It is believed that AD is initiated with the deposition of Ab plaques in the brain. Genetic studies have shown that a high number of AD risk genes are expressed by microglia, the resident macrophages of brain. Common mode of action by microglia cells is neuroinflammation and phagocytosis. Moreover, it has been discovered that inflammatory marker levels are increased in AD patients. Recent studies advocate that neuroinflammation plays a major role in AD progression. Microglia have different activation profiles depending on the region of brain and stimuli. In different activation, profile microglia can generate either pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses. Microglia defend brain cells from pathogens and respond to injuries; also, microglia can lead to neuronal death along the way. In this review, we will bring the different roles played by microglia and microglia-related genes in the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rezwanul Islam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Hadi Choudhary
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Robin Rajan
- Marcus Neuroscience Institute, Boca Raton Medical Center, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Frank Vrionis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
- Marcus Neuroscience Institute, Boca Raton Medical Center, Boca Raton, FL
| | - Khalid A. Hanafy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL
- Marcus Neuroscience Institute, Boca Raton Medical Center, Boca Raton, FL
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Grenon MB, Papavergi MT, Bathini P, Sadowski M, Lemere CA. Temporal Characterization of the Amyloidogenic APPswe/PS1dE9;hAPOE4 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5754. [PMID: 38891941 PMCID: PMC11172317 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25115754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating disorder with a global prevalence estimated at 55 million people. In clinical studies administering certain anti-beta-amyloid (Aβ) antibodies, amyloid-related imaging abnormalities (ARIAs) have emerged as major adverse events. The frequency of these events is higher among apolipoprotein ε4 allele carriers (APOE4) compared to non-carriers. To reflect patients most at risk for vascular complications of anti-Aβ immunotherapy, we selected an APPswe/PS1dE9 transgenic mouse model bearing the human APOE4 gene (APPPS1:E4) and compared it with the same APP/PS1 mouse model bearing the human APOE3 gene (APOE ε3 allele; APPPS1:E3). Using histological and biochemical analyses, we characterized mice at three ages: 8, 12, and 16 months. Female and male mice were assayed for general cerebral fibrillar and pyroglutamate (pGlu-3) Aβ deposition, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), microhemorrhages, apoE and cholesterol composition, astrocytes, microglia, inflammation, lysosomal dysfunction, and neuritic dystrophy. Amyloidosis, lipid deposition, and astrogliosis increased with age in APPPS1:E4 mice, while inflammation did not reveal significant changes with age. In general, APOE4 carriers showed elevated Aβ, apoE, reactive astrocytes, pro-inflammatory cytokines, microglial response, and neuritic dystrophy compared to APOE3 carriers at different ages. These results highlight the potential of the APPPS1:E4 mouse model as a valuable tool in investigating the vascular side effects associated with anti-amyloid immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine B. Grenon
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.B.G.); (M.-T.P.); (P.B.)
- Section Neuropsychology & Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Maria-Tzousi Papavergi
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.B.G.); (M.-T.P.); (P.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience (MHeNs), Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Praveen Bathini
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.B.G.); (M.-T.P.); (P.B.)
| | - Martin Sadowski
- Departments of Neurology, Psychiatry, and Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
| | - Cynthia A. Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (M.B.G.); (M.-T.P.); (P.B.)
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Halcrow PW, Quansah DN, Kumar N, Steiner JP, Nath A, Geiger JD. HERV-K (HML-2) Envelope Protein Induces Mitochondrial Depolarization and Neurotoxicity via Endolysosome Iron Dyshomeostasis. J Neurosci 2024; 44:e0826232024. [PMID: 38383499 PMCID: PMC10993035 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0826-23.2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) are associated with the pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS); a disease characterized by motor neuron degeneration and cell death. The HERV-K subtype HML-2 envelope protein (HERV-K Env) is expressed in the brain, spinal cord, and cerebrospinal fluid of people living with ALS and through CD98 receptor-linked interactions causes neurodegeneration. HERV-K Env-induced increases in oxidative stress are implicated in the pathogenesis of ALS, and ferrous iron (Fe2+) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Endolysosome stores of Fe2+ are central to iron trafficking and endolysosome deacidification releases Fe2+ into the cytoplasm. Because HERV-K Env is an arginine-rich protein that is likely endocytosed and arginine is a pH-elevating amino acid, it is important to determine HERV-K Env effects on endolysosome pH and whether HERV-K Env-induced neurotoxicity is downstream of Fe2+ released from endolysosomes. Here, we showed using SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells and primary cultures of human cortical neurons (HCNs, information on age and sex was not available) that HERV-K Env (1) is endocytosed via CD98 receptors, (2) concentration dependently deacidified endolysosomes, (3) decreased endolysosome Fe2+ concentrations, (4) increased cytosolic and mitochondrial Fe2+ and ROS levels, (5) depolarized mitochondrial membrane potential, and (6) induced cell death, effects blocked by an antibody against the CD98 receptor and by the endolysosome iron chelator deferoxamine. Thus, HERV-K Env-induced increases in cytosolic and mitochondrial Fe2+ and ROS as well as cell death appear to be mechanistically caused by HERV-K Env endocytosis, endolysosome deacidification, and endolysosome Fe2+ efflux into the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W. Halcrow
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - Darius N.K. Quansah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - Nirmal Kumar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
| | - Joseph P. Steiner
- Section for Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Avindra Nath
- Section for Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jonathan D. Geiger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota 58202
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Libberecht K, Dirkx N, Vangansewinkel T, Vandendries W, Lambrichts I, Wolfs E. The Influence of Lysosomal Stress on Dental Pulp Stem Cell-Derived Schwann Cells. Biomolecules 2024; 14:405. [PMID: 38672423 PMCID: PMC11048368 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysregulation of the endo-lysosomal-autophagy pathway has been identified as a critical factor in the pathology of various demyelinating neurodegenerative diseases, including peripheral neuropathies. This pathway plays a crucial role in transporting newly synthesized myelin proteins to the plasma membrane in myelinating Schwann cells, making these cells susceptible to lysosome-related dysfunctions. Nevertheless, the specific impact of lysosomal dysfunction in Schwann cells and its contribution to neurodegeneration remain poorly understood. METHODS We aim to mimic lysosomal dysfunction in Schwann cells using chloroquine, a lysosomal dysfunction inducer, and to monitor lysosomal leakiness, Schwann cell viability, and apoptosis over time. Additionally, due to the ethical and experimental issues associated with cell isolation and the culturing of human Schwann cells, we use human dental pulp stem cell-derived Schwann cells (DPSC-SCs) as a model in our study. RESULTS Chloroquine incubation boosts lysosomal presence as demonstrated by an increased Lysotracker signal. Further in-depth lysosomal analysis demonstrated an increased lysosomal size and permeability as illustrated by a TEM analysis and GAL3-LAMP1 staining. Moreover, an Alamar blue assay and Caspase-3 staining demonstrates a reduced viability and increased apoptosis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that prolonged lysosomal dysfunction leads to lysosomal permeability, reduced viability, and eventually apoptosis in human DPSC-SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Libberecht
- Laboratory for Functional Imaging & Research on Stem Cells, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (K.L.); (N.D.)
- VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Dirkx
- Laboratory for Functional Imaging & Research on Stem Cells, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (K.L.); (N.D.)
| | - Tim Vangansewinkel
- Laboratory for Functional Imaging & Research on Stem Cells, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (K.L.); (N.D.)
- VIB, Center for Brain & Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Histology and Regeneration, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;
| | - Wendy Vandendries
- Laboratory for Functional Imaging & Research on Stem Cells, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (K.L.); (N.D.)
| | - Ivo Lambrichts
- Laboratory for Histology and Regeneration, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium;
| | - Esther Wolfs
- Laboratory for Functional Imaging & Research on Stem Cells, Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium; (K.L.); (N.D.)
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Nohesara S, Abdolmaleky HM, Thiagalingam S. Potential for New Therapeutic Approaches by Targeting Lactate and pH Mediated Epigenetic Dysregulation in Major Mental Diseases. Biomedicines 2024; 12:457. [PMID: 38398057 PMCID: PMC10887322 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12020457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence have shown that lactate-mediated pH alterations in the brains of patients with neuropsychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia (SCZ), Alzheimer's disease (AD) and autism may be attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction and changes in energy metabolism. While neuronal activity is associated with reduction in brain pH, astrocytes are responsible for rebalancing the pH to maintain the equilibrium. As lactate level is the main determinant of brain pH, neuronal activities are impacted by pH changes due to the binding of protons (H+) to various types of proteins, altering their structure and function in the neuronal and non-neuronal cells of the brain. Lactate and pH could affect diverse types of epigenetic modifications, including histone lactylation, which is linked to histone acetylation and DNA methylation. In this review, we discuss the importance of pH homeostasis in normal brain function, the role of lactate as an essential epigenetic regulatory molecule and its contributions to brain pH abnormalities in neuropsychiatric diseases, and shed light on lactate-based and pH-modulating therapies in neuropsychiatric diseases by targeting epigenetic modifications. In conclusion, we attempt to highlight the potentials and challenges of translating lactate-pH-modulating therapies to clinics for the treatment of neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Nohesara
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
| | - Hamid Mostafavi Abdolmaleky
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Nutrition/Metabolism Laboratory, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Sam Thiagalingam
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA;
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Iyer H, Talbot WS. The Cl- transporter ClC-7 is essential for phagocytic clearance by microglia. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261616. [PMID: 38294065 PMCID: PMC10911276 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Microglia, professional phagocytic cells of the brain, rely upon the appropriate activation of lysosomes to execute their immune and clearance functions. Lysosomal activity is, in turn, modulated by a complex network of over 200 membrane and accessory proteins that relay extracellular cues to these key degradation centers. The ClC-7 chloride (Cl-)-proton (H+) antiporter (also known as CLCN7) is localized to the endolysosomal compartments and mutations in CLCN7 lead to osteopetrosis and neurodegeneration. Although the functions of ClC-7 have been extensively investigated in osteoclasts and neurons, its role in microglia in vivo remains largely unexamined. Here, we show that microglia and embryonic macrophages in zebrafish clcn7 mutants cannot effectively process extracellular debris in the form of apoptotic cells and β-amyloid. Despite these functional defects, microglia develop normally in clcn7 mutants and display normal expression of endosomal and lysosomal markers. We also find that mutants for ostm1, which encodes the β-subunit of ClC-7, have a phenotype that is strikingly similar to that of clcn7 mutants. Together, our observations uncover a previously unappreciated role of ClC-7 in microglia and contribute to the understanding of the neurodegenerative phenotypes that accompany mutations in this channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Iyer
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - William S. Talbot
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Dias-Carvalho A, Sá SI, Carvalho F, Fernandes E, Costa VM. Inflammation as common link to progressive neurological diseases. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:95-119. [PMID: 37964100 PMCID: PMC10761431 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03628-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Life expectancy has increased immensely over the past decades, bringing new challenges to the health systems as advanced age increases the predisposition for many diseases. One of those is the burden of neurologic disorders. While many hypotheses have been placed to explain aging mechanisms, it has been widely accepted that the increasing pro-inflammatory status with advanced age or "inflammaging" is a main determinant of biological aging. Furthermore, inflammaging is at the cornerstone of many age-related diseases and its involvement in neurologic disorders is an exciting hypothesis. Indeed, aging and neurologic disorders development in the elderly seem to share some basic pathways that fundamentally converge on inflammation. Peripheral inflammation significantly influences brain function and contributes to the development of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. Understanding the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of progressive neurological diseases is of crucial importance for developing effective treatments and interventions that can slow down or prevent disease progression, therefore, decreasing its social and economic burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Dias-Carvalho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- UCIBIO- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Susana Isabel Sá
- Unit of Anatomy, Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS@RISE, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Félix Carvalho
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
- UCIBIO- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduarda Fernandes
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Laboratory of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vera Marisa Costa
- Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
- UCIBIO- Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
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Sha L, Li J, Shen H, Wang Q, Meng P, Zhang X, Deng Y, Zhu W, Xu Q. LHPP-mediated inorganic pyrophosphate hydrolysis-driven lysosomal acidification in astrocytes regulates adult neurogenesis. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112975. [PMID: 37573508 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In bacteria, archaea, protists, and plants, the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi) by inorganic pyrophosphatase (PPase) can, under stress conditions, substitute for ATP-driven proton flux to generate a proton gradient and induce luminal acidification. However, this strategy is considered to be lost in eukaryotes. Here, we report that LHPP, a poorly understood PPase that exhibits activity at acidic pH, is primarily expressed in astrocytes and partly localized on lysosomal membranes. Under stress conditions, LHPP is recruited to vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) and facilitates V-ATPase-dependent proton transport and lysosomal acidification by hydrolyzing PPi. LHPP knockout (KO) mice have no discernable phenotype but are resilient to chronic-stress-induced depression-like behaviors. Mechanistically, LHPP deficiency prevents lysosome-dependent degradation of C/EBPβ and induces the expression of a group of chemokines that promote adult neurogenesis. Together, these findings suggest that LHPP is likely to be a therapeutic target for stress-related brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longze Sha
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Jing Li
- The National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders & Beijing Key Laboratory of Mental Disorders, Beijing Anding Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Hui Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Center for Translational Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qingyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Peixin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Xiuneng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Yu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Wanwan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Qi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Common Mechanism Research for Major Diseases, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China; Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100005, China.
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10
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Quick JD, Silva C, Wong JH, Lim KL, Reynolds R, Barron AM, Zeng J, Lo CH. Lysosomal acidification dysfunction in microglia: an emerging pathogenic mechanism of neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:185. [PMID: 37543564 PMCID: PMC10403868 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02866-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident innate immune cells in the brain with a major role in orchestrating immune responses. They also provide a frontline of host defense in the central nervous system (CNS) through their active phagocytic capability. Being a professional phagocyte, microglia participate in phagocytic and autophagic clearance of cellular waste and debris as well as toxic protein aggregates, which relies on optimal lysosomal acidification and function. Defective microglial lysosomal acidification leads to impaired phagocytic and autophagic functions which result in the perpetuation of neuroinflammation and progression of neurodegeneration. Reacidification of impaired lysosomes in microglia has been shown to reverse neurodegenerative pathology in Alzheimer's disease. In this review, we summarize key factors and mechanisms contributing to lysosomal acidification impairment and the associated phagocytic and autophagic dysfunction in microglia, and how these defects contribute to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. We further discuss techniques to monitor lysosomal pH and therapeutic agents that can reacidify impaired lysosomes in microglia under disease conditions. Finally, we propose future directions to investigate the role of microglial lysosomal acidification in lysosome-mitochondria crosstalk and in neuron-glia interaction for more comprehensive understanding of its broader CNS physiological and pathological implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Quick
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Cristian Silva
- Faculty of Graduate Studies, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Jia Hui Wong
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kah Leong Lim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Richard Reynolds
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Brain Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anna M Barron
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jialiu Zeng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Chih Hung Lo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore.
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11
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Lo CH, Zeng J. Defective lysosomal acidification: a new prognostic marker and therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:29. [PMID: 37287072 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00362-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal acidification dysfunction has been implicated as a key driving factor in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Multiple genetic factors have been linked to lysosomal de-acidification through impairing the vacuolar-type ATPase and ion channels on the organelle membrane. Similar lysosomal abnormalities are also present in sporadic forms of neurodegeneration, although the underlying pathogenic mechanisms are unclear and remain to be investigated. Importantly, recent studies have revealed early occurrence of lysosomal acidification impairment before the onset of neurodegeneration and late-stage pathology. However, there is a lack of methods for organelle pH monitoring in vivo and a dearth of lysosome-acidifying therapeutic agents. Here, we summarize and present evidence for the notion of defective lysosomal acidification as an early indicator of neurodegeneration and urge the critical need for technological advancement in developing tools for lysosomal pH monitoring and detection both in vivo and for clinical applications. We further discuss current preclinical pharmacological agents that modulate lysosomal acidification, including small molecules and nanomedicine, and their potential clinical translation into lysosome-targeting therapies. Both timely detection of lysosomal dysfunction and development of therapeutics that restore lysosomal function represent paradigm shifts in targeting neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih Hung Lo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
| | - Jialiu Zeng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
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12
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Caetano C, Veloso M, Borda S. Proton pump inhibitors and dementia: what association? Dement Neuropsychol 2023; 17:e20220048. [PMID: 37261259 PMCID: PMC10229084 DOI: 10.1590/1980-5764-dn-2022-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Several recent studies have suggested an association between proton pump inhibitors and the development of cognitive changes. Objective To assess the existence of this association. Methods A comprehensive literature search was conducted including guidelines, meta-analyses, systematic reviews, observational and experimental studies published between February 2011 and February 2021. Results The initial research identified 393 articles, 28 of which were included: 8 systematic reviews, 1 clinical trial, 15 observational studies, 3 case-control studies, and 1 cross-sectional observational study. Conclusions Most studies classified with the highest level of evidence found no statistically significant association between the use of proton pump inhibitors and the development of cognitive impairment or dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catarina Caetano
- Unidade de Saúde Familiar Delta, Administração Regional de Saúde de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo, Oeiras, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marta Veloso
- Unidade de Saúde Familiar Delta, Administração Regional de Saúde de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo, Oeiras, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Susana Borda
- Unidade de Saúde Familiar Delta, Administração Regional de Saúde de Lisboa e Vale do Tejo, Oeiras, Lisboa, Portugal
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13
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Cangalaya C, Wegmann S, Sun W, Diez L, Gottfried A, Richter K, Stoyanov S, Pakan J, Fischer KD, Dityatev A. Real-time mechanisms of exacerbated synaptic remodeling by microglia in acute models of systemic inflammation and tauopathy. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 110:245-259. [PMID: 36906076 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Remodeling of synapses by microglia is essential for synaptic plasticity in the brain. However, during neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases, microglia can induce excessive synaptic loss, although the precise underlying mechanisms are unknown. To directly observe microglia-synapse interactions under inflammatory conditions, we performed in vivo two-photon time-lapse imaging of microglia-synapse interactions after bacterial lipopolysaccharide administration to model systemic inflammation, or after inoculation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain extracts to model disease-associated neuroinflammatory microglial response. Both treatments prolonged microglia-neuron contacts, decreased basal surveillance of synapses and promoted synaptic remodeling in response to synaptic stress induced by focal single-synapse photodamage. Spine elimination correlated with the expression of microglial complement system/phagocytic proteins and the occurrence of synaptic filopodia. Microglia were observed contacting spines, then stretching and phagocytosing spine head filopodia. Thus, in response to inflammatory stimuli microglia exacerbated spine remodeling through prolonged microglial contact and elimination of spines 'tagged' by synaptic filopodia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Cangalaya
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany; ESF International Graduate School on Analysis, Imaging and Modelling of Neuronal and Inflammatory Processes, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Wegmann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | - Weilun Sun
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Diez
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Gottfried
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Karin Richter
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Stoyan Stoyanov
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Janelle Pakan
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Institute of Cognitive Neurology and Dementia Research, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Fischer
- Institut für Biochemie und Zellbiologie, Otto-von-Guericke-University, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Magdeburg, Germany; Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany; Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), Magdeburg, Germany.
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14
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Aloi MS, Prater KE, Sánchez REA, Beck A, Pathan JL, Davidson S, Wilson A, Keene CD, de la Iglesia H, Jayadev S, Garden GA. Microglia specific deletion of miR-155 in Alzheimer's disease mouse models reduces amyloid-β pathology but causes hyperexcitability and seizures. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:60. [PMID: 36879321 PMCID: PMC9990295 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02745-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) as well as CNS and systemic inflammation. Microglia, the myeloid cells resident in the CNS, use microRNAs to rapidly respond to inflammatory signals. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) modulate inflammatory responses in microglia, and miRNA profiles are altered in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Expression of the pro-inflammatory miRNA, miR-155, is increased in the AD brain. However, the role of miR-155 in AD pathogenesis is not well-understood. We hypothesized that miR-155 participates in AD pathophysiology by regulating microglia internalization and degradation of Aβ. We used CX3CR1CreER/+ to drive-inducible, microglia-specific deletion of floxed miR-155 alleles in two AD mouse models. Microglia-specific inducible deletion of miR-155 in microglia increased anti-inflammatory gene expression while reducing insoluble Aβ1-42 and plaque area. Yet, microglia-specific miR-155 deletion led to early-onset hyperexcitability, recurring spontaneous seizures, and seizure-related mortality. The mechanism behind hyperexcitability involved microglia-mediated synaptic pruning as miR-155 deletion altered microglia internalization of synaptic material. These data identify miR-155 as a novel modulator of microglia Aβ internalization and synaptic pruning, influencing synaptic homeostasis in the setting of AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena S Aloi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Katherine E Prater
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Asad Beck
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Jasmine L Pathan
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Stephanie Davidson
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Angela Wilson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - C Dirk Keene
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | | | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Gwenn A Garden
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 170 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27517, USA.
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15
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Razi S, Yaghmoorian Khojini J, Kargarijam F, Panahi S, Tahershamsi Z, Tajbakhsh A, Gheibihayat SM. Macrophage efferocytosis in health and disease. Cell Biochem Funct 2023; 41:152-165. [PMID: 36794573 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
Creating cellular homeostasis within a defined tissue typically relates to the processes of apoptosis and efferocytosis. A great example here is cell debris that must be removed to prevent unwanted inflammatory responses and then reduce autoimmunity. In view of that, defective efferocytosis is often assumed to be responsible for the improper clearance of apoptotic cells (ACs). This predicament triggers off inflammation and even results in disease development. Any disruption of phagocytic receptors, molecules as bridging groups, or signaling routes can also inhibit macrophage efferocytosis and lead to the impaired clearance of the apoptotic body. In this line, macrophages as professional phagocytic cells take the lead in the efferocytosis process. As well, insufficiency in macrophage efferocytosis facilitates the spread of a wide variety of diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, kidney problems, types of cancer, asthma, and the like. Establishing the functions of macrophages in this respect can be thus useful in the treatment of many diseases. Against this background, this review aimed to recapitulate the knowledge about the mechanisms related to macrophage polarization under physiological or pathological conditions, and shed light on its interaction with efferocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shokufeh Razi
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Yaghmoorian Khojini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Fateme Kargarijam
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Sciences and Advanced Technology in Biology, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran
| | - Susan Panahi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Zahra Tahershamsi
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Tajbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.,Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Gheibihayat
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Munich, Germany
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16
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Choi C, Kim H, Oh J, Park C, Kim M, Kim CS, Park J. DSCR1 deficiency ameliorates the Aβ pathology of Alzheimer's disease by enhancing microglial activity. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:6/2/e202201556. [PMID: 36450444 PMCID: PMC9713304 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglial phagocytosis and clearance are important for the removal of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Chronic exposure of microglia to Aβ plaques leads to microglial metabolic dysfunction, and dysregulation of microglia can accelerate the deposition of Aβ plaques and cause learning and memory impairment. Thus, regulating microglial Aβ clearance is crucial for the development of therapeutics for AD-related dementia. Here, Down syndrome critical region 1 (DSCR1) deficiency ameliorated Aβ plaque deposition in the 5xFAD mouse model of AD by altering microglial activity; however, the Aβ synthesis pathway was not affected. DSCR1 deficiency improved spatial learning and memory impairment in 5xFAD mice. Furthermore, DSCR1-deficient microglia exhibited accelerated lysosomal degradation of Aβ after phagocytosis, and BV2 cells with stable knockdown of DSCR1 demonstrated enhanced lysosomal activity. RNA-sequencing analysis showed that the transcriptional signatures associated with responses to IFN-γ were significantly up-regulated in DSCR1-knockdown BV2 cells treated with Aβ. Our data strongly suggest that DSCR1 is a critical mediator of microglial degradation of amyloid plaques and a new potential microglial therapeutic target in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiyeol Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information and Bioengineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyerin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information and Bioengineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information and Bioengineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chanho Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information and Bioengineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information and Bioengineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chu-Sook Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information and Bioengineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Information and Bioengineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
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17
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Beccari S, Sierra-Torre V, Valero J, Pereira-Iglesias M, García-Zaballa M, Soria FN, De Las Heras-Garcia L, Carretero-Guillen A, Capetillo-Zarate E, Domercq M, Huguet PR, Ramonet D, Osman A, Han W, Dominguez C, Faust TE, Touzani O, Pampliega O, Boya P, Schafer D, Mariño G, Canet-Soulas E, Blomgren K, Plaza-Zabala A, Sierra A. Microglial phagocytosis dysfunction in stroke is driven by energy depletion and induction of autophagy. Autophagy 2023:1-30. [PMID: 36622892 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2023.2165313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial phagocytosis of apoptotic debris prevents buildup damage of neighbor neurons and inflammatory responses. Whereas microglia are very competent phagocytes under physiological conditions, we report their dysfunction in mouse and preclinical monkey models of stroke (macaques and marmosets) by transient occlusion of the medial cerebral artery (tMCAo). By analyzing recently published bulk and single cell RNA sequencing databases, we show that the phagocytosis dysfunction was not explained by transcriptional changes. In contrast, we demonstrate that the impairment of both engulfment and degradation was related to energy depletion triggered by oxygen and nutrient deprivation (OND), which led to reduced process motility, lysosomal exhaustion, and the induction of a protective macroautophagy/autophagy response in microglia. Basal autophagy, in charge of removing and recycling intracellular elements, was critical to maintain microglial physiology, including survival and phagocytosis, as we determined both in vivo and in vitro using pharmacological and transgenic approaches. Notably, the autophagy inducer rapamycin partially prevented the phagocytosis impairment induced by tMCAo in vivo but not by OND in vitro, where it even had a detrimental effect on microglia, suggesting that modulating microglial autophagy to optimal levels may be a hard to achieve goal. Nonetheless, our results show that pharmacological interventions, acting directly on microglia or indirectly on the brain environment, have the potential to recover phagocytosis efficiency in the diseased brain. We propose that phagocytosis is a therapeutic target yet to be explored in stroke and other brain disorders and provide evidence that it can be modulated in vivo using rapamycin.Abbreviations: AIF1/IBA1: allograft inflammatory factor 1; AMBRA1: autophagy/beclin 1 regulator 1; ATG4B: autophagy related 4B, cysteine peptidase; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BECN1: beclin 1, autophagy related; CASP3: caspase 3; CBF: cerebral blood flow; CCA: common carotid artery; CCR2: chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2; CIR: cranial irradiation; Csf1r/v-fms: colony stimulating factor 1 receptor; CX3CR1: chemokine (C-X3-C motif) receptor 1; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; DG: dentate gyrus; GO: Gene Ontology; HBSS: Hanks' balanced salt solution; HI: hypoxia-ischemia; LAMP1: lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MCA: medial cerebral artery; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; OND: oxygen and nutrient deprivation; Ph/A coupling: phagocytosis-apoptosis coupling; Ph capacity: phagocytic capacity; Ph index: phagocytic index; SQSTM1: sequestosome 1; RNA-Seq: RNA sequencing; TEM: transmission electron microscopy; tMCAo: transient medial cerebral artery occlusion; ULK1: unc-51 like kinase 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Beccari
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Virginia Sierra-Torre
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Jorge Valero
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Neural Plasticity and Neurorepair Group, Laboratory of Neuronal Plasticity and Neurorepair, Institute for Neuroscience of Castilla y León (INCyL), and Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca, University of Salamanca, 37007, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Marta Pereira-Iglesias
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Mikel García-Zaballa
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Federico N Soria
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation, 48009, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Laura De Las Heras-Garcia
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Carretero-Guillen
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Estibaliz Capetillo-Zarate
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation, 48009, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain.,Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Spain
| | - Maria Domercq
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Paloma R Huguet
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - David Ramonet
- INSERM U1060 CarMeN, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - IRIS team, CarMeN, bat. B13, gpt hosp. Est, 59 bld Pinel, 69500, Bron, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Ahmed Osman
- Department of Women and Children´s Health, Karolisnka Institute, 17164, Stockholm, Södermanland and Uppland, Sweden
| | - Wei Han
- Department of Women and Children´s Health, Karolisnka Institute, 17164, Stockholm, Södermanland and Uppland, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Dominguez
- Department of Women and Children´s Health, Karolisnka Institute, 17164, Stockholm, Södermanland and Uppland, Sweden
| | - Travis E Faust
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Omar Touzani
- Normandie-Univ, UNICAEN, CEA, CNRS, ISTCT/CERVOxy Group, 14000, Caen, Normandie, France
| | - Olatz Pampliega
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Patricia Boya
- Laboratory of Autophagy, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Madrid 28040, Spain.,Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Freiburg, Switzerland
| | - Dorothy Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 01605, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Guillermo Mariño
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Freiburg, Switzerland.,Department of Functional Biology, University of Oviedo, 33003, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Emmanuelle Canet-Soulas
- INSERM U1060 CarMeN, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 - IRIS team, CarMeN, bat. B13, gpt hosp. Est, 59 bld Pinel, 69500, Bron, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women and Children´s Health, Karolisnka Institute, 17164, Stockholm, Södermanland and Uppland, Sweden.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, 171 64, Stockholm, Södermanland and Uppland, Sweden
| | - Ainhoa Plaza-Zabala
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Amanda Sierra
- Glial Cell Biology Labb, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Department of Neuroscience, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation, 48009, Bilbao, Bizkaia, Spain
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18
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De Felice E, Gonçalves de Andrade E, Golia MT, González Ibáñez F, Khakpour M, Di Castro MA, Garofalo S, Di Pietro E, Benatti C, Brunello N, Tascedda F, Kaminska B, Limatola C, Ragozzino D, Tremblay ME, Alboni S, Maggi L. Microglial diversity along the hippocampal longitudinal axis impacts synaptic plasticity in adult male mice under homeostatic conditions. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:292. [PMID: 36482444 PMCID: PMC9730634 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02655-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a plastic brain area that shows functional segregation along its longitudinal axis, reflected by a higher level of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the CA1 region of the dorsal hippocampus (DH) compared to the ventral hippocampus (VH), but the mechanisms underlying this difference remain elusive. Numerous studies have highlighted the importance of microglia-neuronal communication in modulating synaptic transmission and hippocampal plasticity, although its role in physiological contexts is still largely unknown. We characterized in depth the features of microglia in the two hippocampal poles and investigated their contribution to CA1 plasticity under physiological conditions. We unveiled the influence of microglia in differentially modulating the amplitude of LTP in the DH and VH, showing that minocycline or PLX5622 treatment reduced LTP amplitude in the DH, while increasing it in the VH. This was recapitulated in Cx3cr1 knockout mice, indicating that microglia have a key role in setting the conditions for plasticity processes in a region-specific manner, and that the CX3CL1-CX3CR1 pathway is a key element in determining the basal level of CA1 LTP in the two regions. The observed LTP differences at the two poles were associated with transcriptional changes in the expression of genes encoding for Il-1, Tnf-α, Il-6, and Bdnf, essential players of neuronal plasticity. Furthermore, microglia in the CA1 SR region showed an increase in soma and a more extensive arborization, an increased prevalence of immature lysosomes accompanied by an elevation in mRNA expression of phagocytic markers Mertk and Cd68 and a surge in the expression of microglial outward K+ currents in the VH compared to DH, suggesting a distinct basal phenotypic state of microglia across the two hippocampal poles. Overall, we characterized the molecular, morphological, ultrastructural, and functional profile of microglia at the two poles, suggesting that modifications in hippocampal subregions related to different microglial statuses can contribute to dissect the phenotypical aspects of many diseases in which microglia are known to be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. De Felice
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - E. Gonçalves de Andrade
- grid.143640.40000 0004 1936 9465Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - M. T. Golia
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - F. González Ibáñez
- grid.143640.40000 0004 1936 9465Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada ,grid.411081.d0000 0000 9471 1794Faculté de Médecine and Centre de Recherche, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - M. Khakpour
- grid.143640.40000 0004 1936 9465Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - M. A. Di Castro
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - S. Garofalo
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - E. Di Pietro
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - C. Benatti
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy ,grid.7548.e0000000121697570Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - N. Brunello
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - F. Tascedda
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy ,grid.7548.e0000000121697570Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - B. Kaminska
- grid.419305.a0000 0001 1943 2944Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - C. Limatola
- grid.419543.e0000 0004 1760 3561IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - D. Ragozzino
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy ,grid.417778.a0000 0001 0692 3437Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - M. E. Tremblay
- grid.143640.40000 0004 1936 9465Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada ,grid.411081.d0000 0000 9471 1794Faculté de Médecine and Centre de Recherche, CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - S. Alboni
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy ,grid.7548.e0000000121697570Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - L. Maggi
- grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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Choi HG, Kim JH, Kim JH, Kim ES, Park HY, Min KW, Kwon MJ. Associations between proton pump inhibitors and Alzheimer’s disease: a nested case–control study using a Korean nationwide health screening cohort. Alzheimers Res Ther 2022; 14:91. [PMID: 35773740 PMCID: PMC9248149 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-022-01032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Background Safety concerns against the use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) based on the risk of dementia, especially Alzheimer’s disease (AD), remain controversial. Here, we investigated the likelihood of AD depending on previous PPI exposure, use duration, and PPI generation. Methods This nested case–control study comprised 17,225 AD patients who were 1:4 matched with 68,900 controls for age, sex, income, and region of residence from Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening Cohort data between 2002 and 2015 using propensity-score matching method. Conditional and unconditional logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the effects of previous PPI use on AD adjusting for multiple covariates. Results Prior PPI use increased likelihood for AD in current and past PPI users (adjusted odds ratio 1.36 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.26–1.46] and 1.11 [95% CI = 1.04–1.18], respectively). Participants with either < 30 days, 30–90 days, or > 90 days of PPI prescription showed higher odds for AD (1.13 [95% CI = 1.07–1.19]; 1.18 [95% CI = 1.10–1.27]; 1.26 [95% CI = 1.16–1.36], respectively). Participants with either 1st-generation or 2nd-generation PPIs demonstrated higher incidences of AD in those with < 30 days (1.14 [95% CI = 1.07–1.22] and 1.13 [95% CI = 1.05–1.22], respectively), 30–90 days (1.19 [95% CI = 1.09–1.30] and 1.17 [95% CI = 1.05–1.29], respectively), or > 90 days (1.18 [95% CI = 1.07–1.30] and 1.27 [95% CI = 1.14–1.43], respectively) of prescription. Conclusions Prior PPI use, regardless of current or past exposure, duration of use, or use of 1st- or 2nd-generation PPIs, may increase likelihood of AD, providing supportive evidence of previous pharmacoepidemiologic studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13195-022-01032-5.
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20
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Neurotoxicity of diesel exhaust extracts in zebrafish and its implications for neurodegenerative disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19371. [PMID: 36371460 PMCID: PMC9653411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23485-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term air pollution (AP) exposure, including diesel exhaust exposure, is increasingly being recognized as a major contributor to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. How AP increases the risk of neurodegeneration is not well understood but might include direct neurotoxicity and CNS inflammation. We investigated the impact of diesel exhaust particulate extract (DEPe) exposure on the brain and the mechanisms by which microglia and astroglia might mediate neuronal changes. Zebrafish (ZF) were utilized to determine neuronal toxicity of and microglial response to DEPe and single cell RNA sequencing was employed to study cell type-specific transcriptomic responses within the ZF brain. DEPe exposure induced neuronal injury and microglial activation in vivo. However, preventing the development of microglia did not attenuate DEPe-induced neuron loss, leading us to investigate microglial, astroglial, and neuronal response to DEPe exposure at single-cell resolution. Differentially expressed genes and disease-relevant pathways were identified within glial and neuronal clusters after DEPe exposure. Microglia and astroglia existed in multiple states, some of which appear toxic and others protective to neurons. Neuronal transcriptomic analysis revealed that DEPe exposure reduced expression of autophagy-related genes consistent with direct neurotoxicity. In summary, DEPe exposure was neurotoxic in developing ZF larvae and induced neuroinflammation. The microglial inflammatory response did not contribute to neurotoxicity of DEPe and in fact, some glial clusters upregulated transcriptional pathways that are likely protective. Furthermore, DEPe exposure led to reduced expression of autophagy-related genes in neurons that likely contribute to its toxicity.
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21
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Immunosenescence and Aging: Neuroinflammation Is a Prominent Feature of Alzheimer's Disease and Is a Likely Contributor to Neurodegenerative Disease Pathogenesis. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12111817. [PMID: 36579548 PMCID: PMC9698256 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12111817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a chronic multifactorial and complex neuro-degenerative disorder characterized by memory impairment and the loss of cognitive ability, which is a problem affecting the elderly. The pathological intracellular accumulation of abnormally phosphorylated Tau proteins, forming neurofibrillary tangles, and extracellular amyloid-beta (Aβ) deposition, forming senile plaques, as well as neural disconnection, neural death and synaptic dysfunction in the brain, are hallmark pathologies that characterize AD. The prevalence of the disease continues to increase globally due to the increase in longevity, quality of life, and medical treatment for chronic diseases that decreases the mortality and enhance the survival of elderly. Medical awareness and the accurate diagnosis of the disease also contribute to the high prevalence observed globally. Unfortunately, no definitive treatment exists that can be used to modify the course of AD, and no available treatment is capable of mitigating the cognitive decline or reversing the pathology of the disease as of yet. A plethora of hypotheses, ranging from the cholinergic theory and dominant Aβ cascade hypothesis to the abnormally excessive phosphorylated Tau protein hypothesis, have been reported. Various explanations for the pathogenesis of AD, such as the abnormal excitation of the glutamate system and mitochondrial dysfunction, have also been suggested. Despite the continuous efforts to deliver significant benefits and an effective treatment for this distressing, globally attested aging illness, multipronged approaches and strategies for ameliorating the disease course based on knowledge of the underpinnings of the pathogenesis of AD are urgently needed. Immunosenescence is an immune deficit process that appears with age (inflammaging process) and encompasses the remodeling of the lymphoid organs, leading to alterations in the immune function and neuroinflammation during advanced aging, which is closely linked to the outgrowth of infections, autoimmune diseases, and malignant cancers. It is well known that long-standing inflammation negatively influences the brain over the course of a lifetime due to the senescence of the immune system. Herein, we aim to trace the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of AD. Thus, we explore alternative avenues, such as neuroimmune involvement in the pathogenesis of AD. We determine the initial triggers of neuroinflammation, which is an early episode in the pre-symptomatic stages of AD and contributes to the advancement of the disease, and the underlying key mechanisms of brain damage that might aid in the development of therapeutic strategies that can be used to combat this devastating disease. In addition, we aim to outline the ways in which different aspects of the immune system, both in the brain and peripherally, behave and thus to contribute to AD.
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22
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Sleat DE, Maita I, Banach-Petrosky W, Larrimore KE, Liu T, Cruz D, Baker L, Maxfield FR, Samuels B, Lobel P. Elevated levels of tripeptidyl peptidase 1 do not ameliorate pathogenesis in a mouse model of Alzheimer disease. Neurobiol Aging 2022; 118:106-107. [PMID: 35914472 PMCID: PMC11258943 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
One potential therapeutic strategy for Alzheimer disease (AD) is to promote degradation of amyloid beta (Aβ) and we previously demonstrated that the lysosomal protease tripeptidyl peptidase 1 (TPP1) can degrade Aβ fibrils in vitro. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that increasing levels of TPP1 might promote degradation of Aβ under physiological conditions, slowing or preventing its accumulation in the brain with subsequent therapeutic benefits. We used 2 approaches to increase TPP1 activity in the brain of J20 mice, an AD model that accumulates Aβ and exhibits cognitive defects: transgenic overexpression of TPP1 in the brain and a pharmacological approach employing administration of recombinant TPP1. While we clearly observed the expected AD phenotype of the J20 mice based on pathology and measurement of behavioral and cognitive defects, we found that elevation of TPP1 activity by either experimental approach failed to have any measurable beneficial effect on disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sleat
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Isabella Maita
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Katherine E Larrimore
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Tonia Liu
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Dana Cruz
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lukas Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Samuels
- Behavioral and Systems Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, Rutgers University-New Brunswick, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Peter Lobel
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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23
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Allen JK, Sutherland TC, Prater AR, Geoffroy CG, Pellois JP. In vivo peptide-based delivery of a gene-modifying enzyme into cells of the central nervous system. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo2954. [PMID: 36170360 PMCID: PMC9519033 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo2954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We report on the successful delivery of the Cre recombinase enzyme in the neural cells of mice in vivo by simple coinjection with peptides derived from HIV-TAT. Cre delivery activates the expression of a reporter gene in both neurons and astrocytes of the cortex without tissue damage and with a transduction efficiency that parallels or exceeds that of a commonly used adeno-associated virus. Our data indicate that the delivery peptides mediate efficient endosomal leakage and cytosolic escape in cells that have endocytosed Cre. The peptides, therefore, act in trans and do not require conjugation to the payload, greatly simplifying sample preparation. Moreover, the delivery peptides are exclusively composed of natural amino acids and are consequently readily degradable and processed by cells. We envision that this approach will be beneficial to applications that require the transient introduction of proteins into cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason K. Allen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Theresa C. Sutherland
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Austin R. Prater
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Cédric G. Geoffroy
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, Bryan, TX 77807, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Pellois
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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24
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Odfalk KF, Bieniek KF, Hopp SC. Microglia: Friend and foe in tauopathy. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 216:102306. [PMID: 35714860 PMCID: PMC9378545 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of misfolded microtubule associated protein tau into abnormal intracellular inclusions defines a class of neurodegenerative diseases known as tauopathies. The consistent spatiotemporal progression of tau pathology in Alzheimer's disease (AD) led to the hypothesis that tau aggregates spread in the brain via bioactive tau "seeds" underlying advancing disease course. Recent studies implicate microglia, the resident immune cells of the central nervous system, in both negative and positive regulation of tau pathology. Polymorphisms in genes that alter microglial function are associated with the development of AD and other tauopathies. Experimental manipulation of microglia function can alter tau pathology and microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory cascades can exacerbate tau pathology. Microglia also exert protective functions by mitigating tau spread: microglia internalize tau seeds and have the capacity to degrade them. However, when microglia fail to degrade these tau seeds there are deleterious consequences, including secretion of exosomes containing tau that can spread to neurons. This review explores the intersection of microglia and tau from the perspective of neuropathology, neuroimaging, genetics, transcriptomics, and molecular biology. As tau-targeted therapies such as anti-tau antibodies advance through clinical trials, it is critical to understand the interaction between tau and microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian F Odfalk
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Kevin F Bieniek
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Sarah C Hopp
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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25
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Zhang P, Li Z, Chen P, Zhang A, Zeng Y, Zhang X, Huang Q, Liu D, Qi S, Mao C. Regular proton pump inhibitor use and incident dementia: population-based cohort study. BMC Med 2022; 20:271. [PMID: 36045363 PMCID: PMC9434890 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-022-02478-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To examine the association between regular use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of incident dementia, including dementia subtypes, and whether the association differs between APOE genotypes. METHODS Based on a prospective analysis of data from the UK Biobank, 501,002 individuals (female, 54.4%) aged between 40 and 70 years, who had no prevalent dementia at baseline, were enrolled between 2006 and 2010 and followed up to 2018. We compared all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and vascular dementia (VaD) incidence rates between proton pump inhibitor users and non-users by the Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS During 4,438,839 person-years of follow-up (median length of follow-up, 9.0 years), there were 2505 incident cases of all-cause dementia, including 932 cases of AD and 524 cases of VaD. The incident rate of all-cause dementia among proton pump inhibitor users was 1.06 events per 1000 person-years, compared with 0.51 events per 1000 person-years among non-users. After adjustment for multiple confounders and indications, the hazard ratios (HRs) of the proton pump inhibitor users were 1.20 (95% CI, 1.07-1.35) for incident all-cause dementia, 1.23 (95% CI, 1.02-1.49) for incident AD, and 1.32 (95% CI, 1.05-1.67) for incident VaD. In addition, the association between proton pump inhibitor use and all-cause dementia differed by APOE genotype (P for interaction = 0.048). Among APOE ε4 heterozygotes, the fully adjusted HR of proton pump inhibitor use was 1.46 (95% CI, 1.22-1.75) and 1.68 (95% CI, 1.36-2.07), especially for individuals aged 65 years and older. CONCLUSIONS The finding of this large population-based cohort study indicates that the use of proton pump inhibitors is associated with an increased risk of incident dementia, particularly among APOE ε4 heterozygotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peidong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihao Li
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Peiliang Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Center of Systems Biology and Human Health, Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Bone and Joint Degeneration Diseases, Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiru Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingmei Huang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.,Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songtao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Laboratory for Precision Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Chen Mao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Microbiome Medicine Center, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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26
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Non-degradable autophagic vacuoles are indispensable for cell competition. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111292. [PMID: 36044857 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell competition is a process by which unwanted cells are eliminated from tissues. Apical extrusion is one mode whereby normal epithelial cells remove transformed cells, but it remains unclear how this process is mechanically effected. In this study, we show that autophagic and endocytic fluxes are attenuated in RasV12-transformed cells surrounded by normal cells due to lysosomal dysfunction, and that chemical manipulation of lysosomal activity compromises apical extrusion. We further find that RasV12 cells deficient in autophagy initiation machinery are resistant to elimination pressure exerted by normal cells, suggesting that non-degradable autophagic vacuoles are required for cell competition. Moreover, in vivo analysis revealed that autophagy-ablated RasV12 cells are less readily eliminated by cell competition, and remaining transformed cells destroy ductal integrity, leading to chronic pancreatitis. Collectively, our findings illuminate a positive role for autophagy in cell competition and reveal a homeostasis-preserving function of autophagy upon emergence of transformed cells.
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Microglia Phenotypes in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132091. [PMID: 35805174 PMCID: PMC9266143 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a hallmark of many neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) and plays a fundamental role in mediating the onset and progression of disease. Microglia, which function as first-line immune guardians of the central nervous system (CNS), are the central drivers of neuroinflammation. Numerous human postmortem studies and in vivo imaging analyses have shown chronically activated microglia in patients with various acute and chronic neuropathological diseases. While microglial activation is a common feature of many NDs, the exact role of microglia in various pathological states is complex and often contradictory. However, there is a consensus that microglia play a biphasic role in pathological conditions, with detrimental and protective phenotypes, and the overall response of microglia and the activation of different phenotypes depends on the nature and duration of the inflammatory insult, as well as the stage of disease development. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current research on the various microglia phenotypes and inflammatory responses in health, aging, and NDs, with a special emphasis on the heterogeneous phenotypic response of microglia in acute and chronic diseases such as hemorrhagic stroke (HS), Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The primary focus is translational research in preclinical animal models and bulk/single-cell transcriptome studies in human postmortem samples. Additionally, this review covers key microglial receptors and signaling pathways that are potential therapeutic targets to regulate microglial inflammatory responses during aging and in NDs. Additionally, age-, sex-, and species-specific microglial differences will be briefly reviewed.
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28
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Cholesterol and matrisome pathways dysregulated in astrocytes and microglia. Cell 2022; 185:2213-2233.e25. [PMID: 35750033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The impact of apolipoprotein E ε4 (APOE4), the strongest genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), on human brain cellular function remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of APOE4 on brain cell types derived from population and isogenic human induced pluripotent stem cells, post-mortem brain, and APOE targeted replacement mice. Population and isogenic models demonstrate that APOE4 local haplotype, rather than a single risk allele, contributes to risk. Global transcriptomic analyses reveal human-specific, APOE4-driven lipid metabolic dysregulation in astrocytes and microglia. APOE4 enhances de novo cholesterol synthesis despite elevated intracellular cholesterol due to lysosomal cholesterol sequestration in astrocytes. Further, matrisome dysregulation is associated with upregulated chemotaxis, glial activation, and lipid biosynthesis in astrocytes co-cultured with neurons, which recapitulates altered astrocyte matrisome signaling in human brain. Thus, APOE4 initiates glia-specific cell and non-cell autonomous dysregulation that may contribute to increased AD risk.
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29
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Sudwarts A, Ramesha S, Gao T, Ponnusamy M, Wang S, Hansen M, Kozlova A, Bitarafan S, Kumar P, Beaulieu-Abdelahad D, Zhang X, Collier L, Szekeres C, Wood LB, Duan J, Thinakaran G, Rangaraju S. BIN1 is a key regulator of proinflammatory and neurodegeneration-related activation in microglia. Mol Neurodegener 2022; 17:33. [PMID: 35526014 PMCID: PMC9077874 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-022-00535-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The BIN1 locus contains the second-most significant genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease. BIN1 undergoes alternate splicing to generate tissue- and cell-type-specific BIN1 isoforms, which regulate membrane dynamics in a range of crucial cellular processes. Whilst the expression of BIN1 in the brain has been characterized in neurons and oligodendrocytes in detail, information regarding microglial BIN1 expression is mainly limited to large-scale transcriptomic and proteomic data. Notably, BIN1 protein expression and its functional roles in microglia, a cell type most relevant to Alzheimer's disease, have not been examined in depth. METHODS Microglial BIN1 expression was analyzed by immunostaining mouse and human brain, as well as by immunoblot and RT-PCR assays of isolated microglia or human iPSC-derived microglial cells. Bin1 expression was ablated by siRNA knockdown in primary microglial cultures in vitro and Cre-lox mediated conditional deletion in adult mouse brain microglia in vivo. Regulation of neuroinflammatory microglial signatures by BIN1 in vitro and in vivo was characterized using NanoString gene panels and flow cytometry methods. The transcriptome data was explored by in silico pathway analysis and validated by complementary molecular approaches. RESULTS Here, we characterized microglial BIN1 expression in vitro and in vivo and ascertained microglia expressed BIN1 isoforms. By silencing Bin1 expression in primary microglial cultures, we demonstrate that BIN1 regulates the activation of proinflammatory and disease-associated responses in microglia as measured by gene expression and cytokine production. Our transcriptomic profiling revealed key homeostatic and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response pathways, as well as transcription factors PU.1 and IRF1 that are regulated by BIN1. Microglia-specific Bin1 conditional knockout in vivo revealed novel roles of BIN1 in regulating the expression of disease-associated genes while counteracting CX3CR1 signaling. The consensus from in vitro and in vivo findings showed that loss of Bin1 impaired the ability of microglia to mount type 1 interferon responses to proinflammatory challenge, particularly the upregulation of a critical type 1 immune response gene, Ifitm3. CONCLUSIONS Our convergent findings provide novel insights into microglial BIN1 function and demonstrate an essential role of microglial BIN1 in regulating brain inflammatory response and microglial phenotypic changes. Moreover, for the first time, our study shows a regulatory relationship between Bin1 and Ifitm3, two Alzheimer's disease-related genes in microglia. The requirement for BIN1 to regulate Ifitm3 upregulation during inflammation has important implications for inflammatory responses during the pathogenesis and progression of many neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Sudwarts
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XByrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613 USA ,grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Supriya Ramesha
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Tianwen Gao
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Moorthi Ponnusamy
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XByrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613 USA ,grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XByrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613 USA ,grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Mitchell Hansen
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XByrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613 USA ,grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Alena Kozlova
- grid.240372.00000 0004 0400 4439Center for Psychiatric Genetics, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, IL 60201 USA
| | - Sara Bitarafan
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Georgia W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Prateek Kumar
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - David Beaulieu-Abdelahad
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XByrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613 USA ,grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XByrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613 USA ,grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Lisa Collier
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XByrd Alzheimer’s Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33613 USA ,grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Charles Szekeres
- grid.170693.a0000 0001 2353 285XDepartment of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620 USA
| | - Levi B. Wood
- grid.213917.f0000 0001 2097 4943Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Georgia W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Jubao Duan
- grid.240372.00000 0004 0400 4439Center for Psychiatric Genetics, North Shore University Health System, Evanston, IL 60201 USA ,grid.170205.10000 0004 1936 7822Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Gopal Thinakaran
- Byrd Alzheimer's Center and Research Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33613, USA. .,Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33620, USA.
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Machhi J, Yeapuri P, Markovic M, Patel M, Yan W, Lu Y, Cohen JD, Hasan M, Abdelmoaty MM, Zhou Y, Xiong H, Wang X, Mosley RL, Gendelman HE, Kevadiya BD. Europium-Doped Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles for Microglial Amyloid Beta Clearance and Homeostasis. ACS Chem Neurosci 2022; 13:1232-1244. [PMID: 35312284 PMCID: PMC9227977 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder. Pathologically, the disease is characterized by the deposition of amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and the presence of neurofibrillary tangles. These drive microglia neuroinflammation and consequent neurodegeneration. While the means to affect Aβ plaque accumulation pharmacologically was achieved, how it affects disease outcomes remains uncertain. Cerium oxide (CeO2) reduces Aβ plaques, oxidative stress, inflammation, and AD signs and symptoms. In particular, CeO2 nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) induce free-radical-scavenging and cell protective intracellular signaling. This can ameliorate the pathobiology of an AD-affected brain. To investigate whether CeO2NPs affect microglia neurotoxic responses, a novel formulation of europium-doped CeO2NPs (EuCeO2NPs) was synthesized. We then tested EuCeO2NPs for its ability to generate cellular immune homeostasis in AD models. EuCeO2NPs attenuated microglia BV2 inflammatory activities after Aβ1-42 exposure by increasing the cells' phagocytic and Aβ degradation activities. These were associated with increases in the expression of the CD36 scavenger receptor. EuCeO2NPs facilitated Aβ endolysosomal trafficking and abrogated microglial inflammatory responses. We posit that EuCeO2NPs may be developed as an AD immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatin Machhi
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Pravin Yeapuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Milica Markovic
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Milankumar Patel
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Wenhui Yan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710061, China
| | - Yaman Lu
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Jacob D. Cohen
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Mai Mohamed Abdelmoaty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
- Therapeutic Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - You Zhou
- Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Huangui Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Xinglong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - R. Lee Mosley
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Howard E. Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Bhavesh D. Kevadiya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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31
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Carrasquel Martínez G, Aldana A, Carneiro J, Treviño CL, Darszon A. Acrosomal alkalinization occurs during human sperm capacitation. Mol Hum Reprod 2022; 28:6535714. [PMID: 35201340 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian sperm capacitation is a prerequisite for successful fertilization. Capacitation involves biochemical and physiological modifications of sperm as they travel through the female reproductive tract. These modifications prepare the sperm to undergo the acrosome reaction (AR), an acrosome vesicle exocytosis that is necessary for gamete fusion. Capacitation requires an increase in both intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) and pH (pHi). Mouse sperm capacitation is accompanied by acrosomal alkalinization and artificial elevation of the acrosome pH (pHa) is sufficient to trigger the AR in mouse and human sperm, but it is unknown if pHa increases naturally during human sperm capacitation. We used single-cell imaging and image-based flow cytometry to evaluate pHa during capacitation and its regulation. We found that pHa progressively increases during capacitation. The V-ATPase, which immunolocalized to the acrosome and equatorial segment, is mainly responsible for the acidity of the acrosome. It is likely that the regulation of V-ATPase is at least in part responsible for the progressive increase in pHa during capacitation. Acrosome alkalinization was dependent on extracellular HCO3- and Ca2+. Inhibition of the HCO3--dependent adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A induced significant pHa changes. Overall, alkalinization of the acrosome may be a key step in the path towards the AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Carrasquel Martínez
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular. Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, México
| | - Andrés Aldana
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular. Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, México.,Centro de Ciencias de la Complejidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jorge Carneiro
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Oeiras, Portugal.,Instituto de Tecnología Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universida de Nova, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Claudia Lydia Treviño
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular. Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, México
| | - Alberto Darszon
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular. Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62210, México
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32
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Interconnections between Inflammageing and Immunosenescence during Ageing. Cells 2022; 11:cells11030359. [PMID: 35159168 PMCID: PMC8834134 DOI: 10.3390/cells11030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute inflammation is a physiological response to injury or infection, with a cascade of steps that ultimately lead to the recruitment of immune cells to clear invading pathogens and heal wounds. However, chronic inflammation arising from the continued presence of the initial trigger, or the dysfunction of signalling and/or effector pathways, is harmful to health. While successful ageing in older adults, including centenarians, is associated with low levels of inflammation, elevated inflammation increases the risk of poor health and death. Hence inflammation has been described as one of seven pillars of ageing. Age-associated sterile, chronic, and low-grade inflammation is commonly termed inflammageing-it is not simply a consequence of increasing chronological age, but is also a marker of biological ageing, multimorbidity, and mortality risk. While inflammageing was initially thought to be caused by "continuous antigenic load and stress", reports from the last two decades describe a much more complex phenomenon also involving cellular senescence and the ageing of the immune system. In this review, we explore some of the main sources and consequences of inflammageing in the context of immunosenescence and highlight potential interventions. In particular, we assess the contribution of cellular senescence to age-associated inflammation, identify patterns of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers characteristic of inflammageing, describe alterations in the ageing immune system that lead to elevated inflammation, and finally assess the ways that diet, exercise, and pharmacological interventions can reduce inflammageing and thus, improve later life health.
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Pons V, Rivest S. Targeting Systemic Innate Immune Cells as a Therapeutic Avenue for Alzheimer Disease. Pharmacol Rev 2022; 74:1-17. [PMID: 34987086 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.121.000400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the first progressive neurodegenerative disease worldwide, and the disease is characterized by an accumulation of amyloid in the brain and neurovasculature that triggers cognitive decline and neuroinflammation. The innate immune system has a preponderant role in AD. The last decade, scientists focused their efforts on therapies aiming to modulate innate immunity. The latter is of great interest, since they participate to the inflammation and phagocytose the amyloid in the brain and blood vessels. We and others have developed pharmacological approaches to stimulate these cells using various ligands. These include toll-like receptor 4, macrophage colony stimulating factor, and more recently nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing 2 receptors. This review will discuss the great potential to take advantage of the innate immune system to fight naturally against amyloid β accumulation and prevent its detrimental consequence on brain functions and its vascular system. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: The focus on amyloid β removal from the perivascular space rather than targeting CNS plaque formation and clearance represents a new direction with a great potential. Small molecules able to act at the level of peripheral immunity would constitute a novel approach for tackling aberrant central nervous system biology, one of which we believe would have the potential of generating a lot of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pons
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
| | - Serge Rivest
- Neuroscience Laboratory, CHU de Québec Research Center and Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, 2705 Laurier Boul., Québec City, QC G1V 4G2, Canada
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34
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Yang M, Xiong Q, Kodaimati MS, Jiang X, Schweitzer NM, Schatz GC, Weiss EA. Dynamic Control of Photocatalytic Proton Reduction through the Mechanical Actuation of a Hydrogel Host Matrix. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:12135-12141. [PMID: 34913699 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes a photocatalytic hydrogen evolution system that is dynamically and reversibly responsive to the pH of the surrounding solution through the actuation of a microhydrogel (microgel) matrix that hosts the photocatalysts (CdSe/CdS nanorods). The reversible actuation occurs within 0.58 (swelling) and 1.7 s (contraction). ΔpH = 0.01 relative to the pKa of the tertiary amine on the microgel polymer (7.27) results in a reversible change in the average diameter of the microgel hosts by a factor of 2.4 and a change in the photocatalytic turnover frequency (TOF) by a factor of 5. Kinetic isotope effect and photoluminescence quenching experiments reveal that the scavenging of the photoexcited hole by sulfite ions is the rate-limiting step and leads to the observed response of the TOF to pH through the actuation of the microgel. Molecular dynamics simulations quantify a greater local concentration of sulfite hole scavengers for pH < pKa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muwen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Qinsi Xiong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Mohamad S Kodaimati
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Neil M Schweitzer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Emily A Weiss
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
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35
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Eto SF, Fernandes DC, Baldassi AC, Balbuena TS, da Costa Alecrim JV, Almeida de Carvalho FC, Lima C, Lopes-Ferreira M, Pizauro JM. Proteomic analysis capsule synthesis and redox mechanisms in the intracellular survival of group B Streptococcus in fish microglia. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:34-50. [PMID: 34464686 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) causes meningitis in neonates and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The molecular mechanisms regulating the intracellular survival of this pathogen in the host cell are complex and crucial for the progression of infection. Thus, we propose the use of GBS-infected Nile tilapia microglia as an in vitro model system simulating infection caused by homologous bacteria in humans. We used this model to evaluate the phagocytic activity, as well as the functional aspects of the capsular proteins A, B, C, and D and the major redox enzymes, and the synergistic role of mechanisms/proteins involved in blocking phagocytic process. We observed that in the intracellular phase, GBS showed enhanced synthesis of the polysaccharide capsule and used superoxide dismutase, thioredoxin, NADH oxidase, and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase to scavenge reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species produced by the host cell. Furthermore, although these virulence mechanisms were effective during the initial hours of infection, they were not able to subvert microglial responses, which partially neutralized the infection. Altogether, our findings provided important information regarding the intracellular survival mechanisms of GBS and perspectives for the production of new drugs and vaccines, through the druggability analysis of specific proteins. In conclusion, tilapia microglia serve as a potent in vitro experimental model for the study of meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silas Fernandes Eto
- Department of Postgraduate in Health Sciences-PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), Boa Vista, 69310-000, Brazil.
| | - Dayanne Carla Fernandes
- Immunochemistry Laboratory, Butantan Institute, (CeTICs/FAPESP), Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantã, 05503-009, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amanda Cristina Baldassi
- Department of Technology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Sao Paulo/ SP, Brazil
| | - Thiago Santana Balbuena
- Department of Technology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Sao Paulo/ SP, Brazil
| | - João Victor da Costa Alecrim
- Department of Postgraduate in Health Sciences-PROCISA, Federal University of Roraima (UFRR), Boa Vista, 69310-000, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Lima
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantã, 05503-009, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Monica Lopes-Ferreira
- Immunoregulation Unit of the Laboratory of Applied Toxinology (CeTICs/FAPESP), Butantan Institute, Vital Brazil Avenue, 1500, Butantã, 05503-009, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - João Martins Pizauro
- Department of Technology, School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, 14884-900, Sao Paulo/ SP, Brazil
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36
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Van Acker ZP, Perdok A, Bretou M, Annaert W. The microglial lysosomal system in Alzheimer's disease: Guardian against proteinopathy. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 71:101444. [PMID: 34391945 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, the brain-resident immune cells, play an essential role in the upkeep of brain homeostasis. They actively adapt into specific activation states based on cues from the microenvironment. One of these encompasses the activated response microglia (ARMs) phenotype. It arises along a healthy aging process and in a range of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). As the phenotype is characterized by an increased lipid metabolism, phagocytosis rate, lysosomal protease content and secretion of neuroprotective agents, it leaves to reason that the phenotype is adapted in an attempt to restore homeostasis. This is important to the conundrum of inflammatory processes. Inflammation per se may not be deleterious; it is only when microglial reactions become chronic or the microglial subtype is made dysfunctional by (multiple) risk proteins with single-nucleotide polymorphisms that microglial involvement becomes deleterious instead of beneficial. Interestingly, the ARMs up- and downregulate many late-onset AD-associated risk factor genes, the products of which are particularly active in the endolysosomal system. Hence, in this review, we focus on how the endolysosomal system is placed at the crossroad of inflammation and microglial capacity to keep pace with degradation.
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Khodabakhsh P, Bazrgar M, Dargahi L, Mohagheghi F, Asgari Taei A, Parvardeh S, Ahmadiani A. Does Alzheimer's disease stem in the gastrointestinal system? Life Sci 2021; 287:120088. [PMID: 34715145 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, our knowledge of the key pathogenic mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has dramatically improved. Regarding the limitation of current therapeutic strategies for the treatment of multifactorial diseases, such as AD, to be translated into the clinic, there is a growing trend in research to identify risk factors associated with the onset and progression of AD. Here, we review the current literature with a focus on the relationship between gastrointestinal (GI)/liver diseases during the lifespan and the incidence of AD, and discuss the possible mechanisms underlying the link between the diseases. We also aim to review studies evaluating the possible link between the chronic use of the most common GI medications and the future risk of AD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pariya Khodabakhsh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Bazrgar
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Dargahi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohagheghi
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Afsaneh Asgari Taei
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavash Parvardeh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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38
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Joseph A, Power D, Schallek J. Imaging the dynamics of individual processes of microglia in the living retina in vivo. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:6157-6183. [PMID: 34745728 PMCID: PMC8547988 DOI: 10.1364/boe.426157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are an essential population of resident immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and retina. These microscopic cells possess sub-cellular processes that make them challenging to image due to limited resolution and contrast. The baseline behavior of microglial processes in the living retina has been poorly characterized, and yet are essential to understanding how these cells respond under conditions of health, development, stress and disease. Here we use in vivo adaptive optics scanning light ophthalmoscopy combined with time-lapse imaging and quantification of process motility, to reveal the detailed behavior of microglial cells in a population of healthy mice. We find microglial processes to be dynamic at all branch-levels, from primary to end-protrusions. Cell-processes remodel at average speeds of 0.6 ± 0.4 µm/min with growth and deletion bursts of 0-7.6 µm/min. Longitudinal imaging in the same mice showed cell-somas to remain stable over seconds to minutes, but show migration over days to months. In addition to characterizing in vivo process motility and Sholl analysis using a microglial reporter mouse, we also demonstrate that microglia can be imaged without fluorescent labels at all. Phase-contrast imaging using safe levels of near-infrared light successfully imaged microglia soma and process remodeling with micron-level detail noninvasively, confirmed by simultaneous imaging of fluorescent microglial cells in transgenic mice. This label-free approach provides a new opportunity to investigate CNS immune system noninvasively without requiring transgenic or antibody labeling which could have off-target effects of changing normal microglial behavior. Additionally, CNS microglia study can now be conducted without the need for cranial window surgery which have the potential to change their behavior due to local or systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aby Joseph
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14620, USA
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Derek Power
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Jesse Schallek
- Center for Visual Science, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
- Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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39
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Influential role of 7-Ketocholesterol in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2021; 156:106582. [PMID: 34273491 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2021.106582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Millions of people are affected by neurodegenerative diseases worldwide. They occur due to the loss of brain functions or peripheral nervous system dysfunction. If untreated, prolonged condition ultimately leads to death. Mostly they are associated with stress, altered cholesterol metabolism, inflammation and organelle dysfunction. Endogenous cholesterol and phospholipids in brain undergo auto-oxidation by enzymatic as well as non-enzymatic modes leading to the formation of by-products such as 4-hydroxynonenal and oxysterols. Among various oxysterols, 7-ketocholesterol (7KCh) is one of the major toxic components involved in altering neuronal lipid metabolism, contributing to inflammation and nerve cell damage. More evidently 7KCh is proven to induce oxidative stress and affects membrane permeability. Loss in mitochondrial membrane potential affects metabolism of cell organelles such as lysosomes and peroxisomes which are involved in lipid and protein homeostasis. This in turn could affect amyloidogenesis, tau protein phosphorylation and accumulation in pathological conditions of neurodegenerative diseases. Lipid alterations and the consequent pathogenic protein accumulation, results in the damage of cell organelles and microglial cells. This could be a reason behind disease progression and predominantly reported characteristics of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. This review focuses on the role of 7KCh mediated neurodegenerative Alzheimer's disease with emphasis on alterations in the lipid raft microdomain. In addition, current trends in the significant therapies related to 7KCh inhibition are highlighted.
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40
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Kono R, Ikegaya Y, Koyama R. Phagocytic Glial Cells in Brain Homeostasis. Cells 2021; 10:1348. [PMID: 34072424 PMCID: PMC8229427 DOI: 10.3390/cells10061348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytosis by glial cells has been shown to play an important role in maintaining brain homeostasis. Microglia are currently considered to be the major phagocytes in the brain parenchyma, and these cells phagocytose a variety of materials, including dead cell debris, abnormally aggregated proteins, and, interestingly, the functional synapses of living neurons. The intracellular signaling mechanisms that regulate microglial phagocytosis have been studied extensively, and several important factors, including molecules known as "find me" signals and "eat me" signals and receptors on microglia that are involved in phagocytosis, have been identified. In addition, recent studies have revealed that astrocytes, which are another major glial cell in the brain parenchyma, also have phagocytic abilities. In this review, we will discuss the roles of microglia and astrocytes in phagocytosis-mediated brain homeostasis, focusing on the characteristics and differences of their phagocytic abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rena Kono
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (R.K.); (Y.I.)
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (R.K.); (Y.I.)
- Institute for AI and Beyond, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Suita City 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryuta Koyama
- Laboratory of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; (R.K.); (Y.I.)
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Ozawa S, Hori Y, Shimizu Y, Taniguchi A, Suzuki T, Wang W, Chiu YW, Koike R, Yokoshima S, Fukuyama T, Takatori S, Sohma Y, Kanai M, Tomita T. Photo-oxygenation by a biocompatible catalyst reduces amyloid-β levels in Alzheimer's disease mice. Brain 2021; 144:1884-1897. [PMID: 33851209 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awab058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid formation and the deposition of the amyloid-β peptide are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. Immunotherapies using anti-amyloid-β antibodies have been highlighted as a promising approach for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease by enhancing microglial clearance of amyloid-β peptide. However, the efficiency of antibody delivery into the brain is limited, and therefore an alternative strategy to facilitate the clearance of brain amyloid is needed. We previously developed an artificial photo-oxygenation system using a low molecular weight catalytic compound. The photocatalyst specifically attached oxygen atoms to amyloids upon irradiation with light, and successfully reduced the neurotoxicity of aggregated amyloid-β via inhibition of amyloid formation. However, the therapeutic effect and mode of actions of the photo-oxygenation system in vivo remained unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that photo-oxygenation facilitates the clearance of aggregated amyloid-β from the brains of living Alzheimer's disease model mice, and enhances the microglial degradation of amyloid-β peptide. These results suggest that photo-oxygenation may represent a novel anti-amyloid-β strategy in Alzheimer's disease, which is compatible with immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuta Ozawa
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Hori
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Shimizu
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiko Taniguchi
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takanobu Suzuki
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wenbo Wang
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yung Wen Chiu
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Reiko Koike
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokoshima
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tohru Fukuyama
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Sho Takatori
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Youhei Sohma
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motomu Kanai
- Laboratory of Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taisuke Tomita
- Laboratory of Neuropathology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Lin HC, Huang KT, Lin HL, Uang YS, Ho Y, Keller JJ, Wang LH. Use of gastric acid-suppressive agents increases the risk of dementia in patients with upper gastrointestinal disease: A population-based retrospective cohort study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249050. [PMID: 33765029 PMCID: PMC7993796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prescriptions for gastric acid-suppressive agents, including proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine type-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs), are rising. However, little data exist regarding their association with dementia in the Asian population. The objective of this study was thus to investigate the impact of the use of PPIs and H2RAs on the risk of dementia in an Asian population with upper gastrointestinal disease (UGID). METHODS We conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study with a 10-year follow-up using data from 2000 to 2015 derived from Taiwan's Longitudinal Health Insurance Database. We included 6711 patients with UGID receiving gastric acid-suppressive agents, 6711 patients with UGID not receiving agents, and 6711 patients without UGID or treatment thereof, all at least 20 years of age. Groups were matched for age, sex, and index date. The association between gastric acid-suppressive agent use and dementia was analyzed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model adjusted for potential confounders. RESULTS The adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of dementia for patients with UGID receiving gastric acid-suppressive agents compared with patients with UGID without gastric acid-suppressive agents was 1.470 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.267-1.705, p < 0.001). Both PPIs and H2RAs increase the risk of dementia (PPIs: aHR 1.886 [95% CI 1.377-2.582], p < 0.001; H2RAs: aHR 1.357 [95% CI 1.098-1.678], p < 0.01), with PPIs exhibiting significantly greater risk (aHR 1.456 [95% CI 1.022-2.075], p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate an increased risk of dementia in patients with UGID receiving gastric acid-suppressive agents, including PPIs and H2RAs, and the use of PPIs was associated with a significantly greater risk than H2RA use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiu-Chen Lin
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Tzu Huang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Li Lin
- Department of Neurology, General Cathay Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yow-Sheng Uang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi Ho
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Joseph Jordan Keller
- College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Li-Hsuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Campagno KE, Mitchell CH. The P2X 7 Receptor in Microglial Cells Modulates the Endolysosomal Axis, Autophagy, and Phagocytosis. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:645244. [PMID: 33790743 PMCID: PMC8005553 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.645244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Microglial cells regulate neural homeostasis by coordinating both immune responses and clearance of debris, and the P2X7 receptor for extracellular ATP plays a central role in both functions. The P2X7 receptor is primarily known in microglial cells for its immune signaling and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. However, the receptor also affects the clearance of extracellular and intracellular debris through modifications of lysosomal function, phagocytosis, and autophagy. In the absence of an agonist, the P2X7 receptor acts as a scavenger receptor to phagocytose material. Transient receptor stimulation induces autophagy and increases LC3-II levels, likely through calcium-dependent phosphorylation of AMPK, and activates microglia to an M1 or mixed M1/M2 state. We show an increased expression of Nos2 and Tnfa and a decreased expression of Chil3 (YM1) from primary cultures of brain microglia exposed to high levels of ATP. Sustained stimulation can reduce lysosomal function in microglia by increasing lysosomal pH and slowing autophagosome-lysosome fusion. P2X7 receptor stimulation can also cause lysosomal leakage, and the subsequent rise in cytoplasmic cathepsin B activates the NLRP3 inflammasome leading to caspase-1 cleavage and IL-1β maturation and release. Support for P2X7 receptor activation of the inflammasome following lysosomal leakage comes from data on primary microglia showing IL-1β release following receptor stimulation is inhibited by cathepsin B blocker CA-074. This pathway bridges endolysosomal and inflammatory roles and may provide a key mechanism for the increased inflammation found in age-dependent neurodegenerations characterized by excessive lysosomal accumulations. Regardless of whether the inflammasome is activated via this lysosomal leakage or the better-known K+-efflux pathway, the inflammatory impact of P2X7 receptor stimulation is balanced between the autophagic reduction of inflammasome components and their increase following P2X7-mediated priming. In summary, the P2X7 receptor modulates clearance of extracellular debris by microglial cells and mediates lysosomal damage that can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome. A better understanding of how the P2X7 receptor alters phagocytosis, lysosomal health, inflammation, and autophagy can lead to therapies that balance the inflammatory and clearance roles of microglial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E Campagno
- Department of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Claire H Mitchell
- Department of Basic and Translational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent localization of TmaR that controls activity of a major bacterial sugar regulator by polar sequestration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2016017118. [PMID: 33376208 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2016017118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The poles of Escherichia coli cells are emerging as hubs for major sensory systems, but the polar determinants that allocate their components to the pole are largely unknown. Here, we describe the discovery of a previously unannotated protein, TmaR, which localizes to the E. coli cell pole when phosphorylated on a tyrosine residue. TmaR is shown here to control the subcellular localization and activity of the general PTS protein Enzyme I (EI) by binding and polar sequestration of EI, thus regulating sugar uptake and metabolism. Depletion or overexpression of TmaR results in EI release from the pole or enhanced recruitment to the pole, which leads to increasing or decreasing the rate of sugar consumption, respectively. Notably, phosphorylation of TmaR is required to release EI and enable its activity. Like TmaR, the ability of EI to be recruited to the pole depends on phosphorylation of one of its tyrosines. In addition to hyperactivity in sugar consumption, the absence of TmaR also leads to detrimental effects on the ability of cells to survive in mild acidic conditions. Our results suggest that this survival defect, which is sugar- and EI-dependent, reflects the difficulty of cells lacking TmaR to enter stationary phase. Our study identifies TmaR as the first, to our knowledge, E. coli protein reported to localize in a tyrosine-dependent manner and to control the activity of other proteins by their polar sequestration and release.
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45
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Guo X, Liu Y, Morgan D, Zhao LR. Reparative Effects of Stem Cell Factor and Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in Aged APP/PS1 Mice. Aging Dis 2020; 11:1423-1443. [PMID: 33269098 PMCID: PMC7673847 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2020.0201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), characterized by the accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and tau neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, is the most common form of neurodegenerative disease among the elderly. No effective treatment is available now in restricting the pathological progression of AD. The aim of this study is to determine the therapeutic efficacy of stem cell factor (SCF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) (SCF+G-CSF) in aged APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice. SCF+G-CSF was subcutaneously injected for 12 days to 25-month-old male APP/PS1 mice. We observed that SCF+G-CSF treatment reduced the Aβ plaques in both the cortex and hippocampus. SCF+G-CSF treatment increased the association of TREM2+/Iba1+ cells with Aβ plaques and enhanced Aβ uptake by Iba1+ and CD68+cells in the brains of aged APP/PS1 mice. Importantly, cerebral expression area of P2RY12+and TMEM119+ homeostatic microglia and the branches of P2RY12+ homeostatic microglia were increased in the SCF+G-CSF-treated aged APP/PS1 mice. SCF+G-CSF treatment also decreased NOS-2 and increased IL-4 in the brains of aged APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, the loss of MAP2+dendrites and PSD-95+post-synapses and the accumulation of aggregated tau in the brains of aged APP/PS1 mice were ameliorated by SCF+G-CSF treatment. Furthermore, the density of P2RY12+ microglia was negatively correlated with Aβ deposits, but positively correlated with the densities of MAP2+ dendrites and PSD-95+ puncta in the brains of aged APP/PS1 mice. These findings reveal the therapeutic potential of SCF+G-CSF treatment in ameliorating AD pathology at the late stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhi Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, 13210, USA
| | - Yanying Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, 13210, USA
| | - David Morgan
- Translational Neuroscience, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, Michigan, 49503, USA
| | - Li-Ru Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, 13210, USA
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Webb BA, Aloisio FM, Charafeddine RA, Cook J, Wittmann T, Barber DL. pHLARE: a new biosensor reveals decreased lysosome pH in cancer cells. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 32:131-142. [PMID: 33237838 PMCID: PMC8120692 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e20-06-0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Many lysosome functions are determined by a lumenal pH of ∼5.0, including the activity of resident acid-activated hydrolases. Lysosome pH (pHlys) is often increased in neurodegenerative disorders and predicted to be decreased in cancers, making it a potential target for therapeutics to limit the progression of these diseases. Accurately measuring pHlys, however, is limited by currently used dyes that accumulate in multiple intracellular compartments and cannot be propagated in clonal cells for longitudinal studies or used for in vivo determinations. To resolve this limitation, we developed a genetically encoded ratiometric pHlys biosensor, pHLARE (pHLysosomal Activity REporter), which localizes predominantly in lysosomes, has a dynamic range of pH 4.0 to 6.5, and can be stably expressed in cells. Using pHLARE we show decreased pHlys with inhibiting activity of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1). Also, cancer cells from different tissue origins have a lower pHlys than untransformed cells, and stably expressing oncogenic RasV12 in untransformed cells is sufficient to decrease pHlys. pHLARE is a new tool to accurately measure pHlys for improved understanding of lysosome dynamics, which is increasingly considered a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Webb
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94941
| | - Francesca M Aloisio
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94941
| | - Rabab A Charafeddine
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94941
| | - Jessica Cook
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94941
| | - Torsten Wittmann
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94941
| | - Diane L Barber
- Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94941
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Hoore M, Khailaie S, Montaseri G, Mitra T, Meyer-Hermann M. Mathematical Model Shows How Sleep May Affect Amyloid-β Fibrillization. Biophys J 2020; 119:862-872. [PMID: 32758420 PMCID: PMC7451937 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Deposition of amyloid-β (Aβ) fibers in the extracellular matrix of the brain is a ubiquitous feature associated with several neurodegenerative disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although many of the biological aspects that contribute to the formation of Aβ plaques are well addressed at the intra- and intercellular levels in short timescales, an understanding of how Aβ fibrillization usually starts to dominate at a longer timescale despite the presence of mechanisms dedicated to Aβ clearance is still lacking. Furthermore, no existing mathematical model integrates the impact of diurnal neural activity as emanated from circadian regulation to predict disease progression due to a disruption in the sleep-wake cycle. In this study, we develop a minimal model of Aβ fibrillization to investigate the onset of AD over a long timescale. Our results suggest that the diseased state is a manifestation of a phase change of the system from soluble Aβ (sAβ) to fibrillar Aβ (fAβ) domination upon surpassing a threshold in the production rate of sAβ. By incorporating the circadian rhythm into our model, we reveal that fAβ accumulation is crucially dependent on the regulation of the sleep-wake cycle, thereby indicating the importance of good sleep hygiene in averting AD onset. We also discuss potential intervention schemes to reduce fAβ accumulation in the brain by modification of the critical sAβ production rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Hoore
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sahamoddin Khailaie
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ghazal Montaseri
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tanmay Mitra
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, Chennai, India; Homi Bhaba National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Michael Meyer-Hermann
- Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany; Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, Hannover, Germany; Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Cetin H, Sun J, Almqvist C, Reichardt B, Tomschik M, Zimprich F, Fang F, Ingre C. No association between proton pump inhibitor use and ALS risk: a nationwide nested case-control study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13371. [PMID: 32770128 PMCID: PMC7414209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) has been proposed as a potential risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases, but little is known regarding its role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We therefore aimed to assess the association of PPI use with the subsequent risk of ALS, and performed a register-based nationwide nested case–control study, including 2,484 ALS cases diagnosed during July 2006–December 2013 in Sweden and 10 population controls per case that were individually matched to the case by sex, age, and area of residence. Dispenses and cumulative defined daily doses (cDDDs) of PPIs were extracted from the Swedish Prescribed Drug Register. The association of PPI use with the risk of ALS was assessed using conditional logistic regression, after applying different lag windows to avoid reverse causation. ALS patients were more likely to be dispensed with PPIs before diagnosis than controls. However, previous PPI use was not associated with an increased risk of ALS (OR = 1.08, 95% CI 0.97–1.19), and there was no dose–response relationship between cDDDs of PPIs and ALS risk (p = 0.0874), after excluding dispenses during the year before ALS diagnosis. The results were similar after excluding dispenses during the 2 or 3 years before ALS diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Cetin
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jiangwei Sun
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Catarina Almqvist
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Matthias Tomschik
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fritz Zimprich
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fang Fang
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Caroline Ingre
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Quarta A, Berneman Z, Ponsaerts P. Neuroprotective modulation of microglia effector functions following priming with interleukin 4 and 13: current limitations in understanding their mode-of-action. Brain Behav Immun 2020; 88:856-866. [PMID: 32224056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years the long-standing theory of microglia's properties for dual polarization towards a pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotype has been deeply challenged. Furthermore, the elucidation of microglia ontogenesis exposed intrinsic differences between microglia and peripheral myeloid cells, thereby further underscoring the need to re-evaluate microglia-specific activation behavior, especially within an inflamed central nervous system (CNS) environment. This review critically summarizes recent literature on the in vitro and in vivo response of murine microglia to the immune-modulatory cytokines interleukin 4 (IL4) and interleukin 13 (IL13), i.e. those driving the so-called anti-inflammatory phenotype. Here we highlight several pivotal factors that may influence experimental outcome and/or interpretation of in vitro and in vivo studies evaluating microglia's phenotypical and functional properties upon IL4/IL13 treatment. Finally, the current therapeutic relevance of IL4/IL13-induced microglia activation in both acute and chronic CNS disorders is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Quarta
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Ponsaerts
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (Vaxinfectio), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Designer Cathinones N-Ethylhexedrone and Buphedrone Show Different In Vitro Neurotoxicity and Mice Behaviour Impairment. Neurotox Res 2020; 39:392-412. [PMID: 32535718 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-020-00229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
N-Ethylhexedrone (NEH) and buphedrone (Buph) are emerging synthetic cathinones (SC) with limited information about their detrimental effects within central nervous system. Objectives: To distinguish mice behavioural changes by NEH and Buph and validate their differential harmful impact on human neurons and microglia. In vivo safety data showed the typical induced behaviour of excitation and stereotypies with 4-64 mg/kg, described for other SC. Buph additionally produced jumping and aggressiveness signs, while NEH caused retropulsion and circling. Transient reduction in body-weight gain was obtained with NEH at 16 mg/kg and induced anxiolytic-like behaviour mainly with Buph. Both drugs generated place preference shift in mice at 4 and 16 mg/kg, suggestive of abuse potential. In addition, mice withdrawn NEH displayed behaviour suggestive of depression, not seen with Buph. When tested at 50-400 μM in human nerve cell lines, NEH and Buph caused neuronal viability loss at 100 μM, but only NEH produced similar results in microglia, indicating different cell susceptibilities. NEH mainly induced microglial late apoptosis/necrosis, while Buph caused early apoptosis. NEH was unique in triggering microglia shorter/thicker branches indicative of cell activation, and more effective in increasing microglial lysosomal biogenesis (100 μM vs. 400 μM Buph), though both produced the same effect on neurons at 400 μM. These findings indicate that NEH and Buph exert neuro-microglia toxicities by distinct mechanisms and highlight NEH as a specific inducer of microglia activation. Buph and NEH showed in vivo/in vitro neurotoxicities but enhanced specific NEH-induced behavioural and neuro-microglia dysfunctionalities pose safety concerns over that of Buph.
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