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Caracci MO, Pizarro H, Alarcón-Godoy C, Fuentealba LM, Farfán P, De Pace R, Santibañez N, Cavieres VA, Pástor TP, Bonifacino JS, Mardones GA, Marzolo MP. The Reelin receptor ApoER2 is a cargo for the adaptor protein complex AP-4: Implications for Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. Prog Neurobiol 2024; 234:102575. [PMID: 38281682 PMCID: PMC10979513 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2024.102575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Adaptor protein complex 4 (AP-4) is a heterotetrameric complex that promotes export of selected cargo proteins from the trans-Golgi network. Mutations in each of the AP-4 subunits cause a complicated form of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP). Herein, we report that ApoER2, a receptor in the Reelin signaling pathway, is a cargo of the AP-4 complex. We identify the motif ISSF/Y within the ApoER2 cytosolic domain as necessary for interaction with the canonical signal-binding pocket of the µ4 (AP4M1) subunit of AP-4. AP4E1- knock-out (KO) HeLa cells and hippocampal neurons from Ap4e1-KO mice display increased co-localization of ApoER2 with Golgi markers. Furthermore, hippocampal neurons from Ap4e1-KO mice and AP4M1-KO human iPSC-derived cortical i3Neurons exhibit reduced ApoER2 protein expression. Analyses of biosynthetic transport of ApoER2 reveal differential post-Golgi trafficking of the receptor, with lower axonal distribution in KO compared to wild-type neurons, indicating a role of AP-4 and the ISSF/Y motif in the axonal localization of ApoER2. Finally, analyses of Reelin signaling in mouse hippocampal and human cortical KO neurons show that AP4 deficiency causes no changes in Reelin-dependent activation of the AKT pathway and only mild changes in Reelin-induced dendritic arborization, but reduces Reelin-induced ERK phosphorylation, CREB activation, and Golgi deployment. This work thus establishes ApoER2 as a novel cargo of the AP-4 complex, suggesting that defects in the trafficking of this receptor and in the Reelin signaling pathway could contribute to the pathogenesis of HSP caused by mutations in AP-4 subunits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario O Caracci
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Héctor Pizarro
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Alarcón-Godoy
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luz M Fuentealba
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Farfán
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raffaella De Pace
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Natacha Santibañez
- Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Viviana A Cavieres
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Fac. Med y Ciencia, USS, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tammy P Pástor
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan S Bonifacino
- Neurosciences and Cellular and Structural Biology Division, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gonzalo A Mardones
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia, Chile
| | - María-Paz Marzolo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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2
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Ovchinnikova EV, Garbuz MM, Ovchinnikova AA, Kumeiko VV. Epidemiology of Wilson's Disease and Pathogenic Variants of the ATP7B Gene Leading to Diversified Protein Disfunctions. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2402. [PMID: 38397079 PMCID: PMC10889319 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Wilson's disease (WD) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by toxic accumulation of copper in the liver, brain, and other organs. The disease is caused by pathogenic variants in the ATP7B gene, which encodes a P-type copper transport ATPase. Diagnosing WD is associated with numerous difficulties due to the wide range of clinical manifestations and its unknown dependence on the physiological characteristics of the patient. This leads to a delay in the start of therapy and the subsequent deterioration of the patient's condition. However, in recent years, molecular genetic testing of patients using next generation sequencing (NGS) has been gaining popularity. This immediately affected the detection speed of WD. If, previously, the frequency of this disease was estimated at 1:35,000-45,000 people, now, when conducting large molecular genetic studies, the frequency is calculated as 1:7026 people. This certainly points to the problem of identifying WD patients. This review provides an update on the performance of epidemiological studies of WD and describes normal physiological functions of the protein and diversified disfunctions depending on pathogenic variants of the ATP7B gene. Future prospects in the development of WD genetic diagnostics are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Vasilievna Ovchinnikova
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russia (M.M.G.)
| | - Mikhail Maksimovich Garbuz
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russia (M.M.G.)
| | - Anna Aleksandrovna Ovchinnikova
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russia (M.M.G.)
| | - Vadim Vladimirovich Kumeiko
- Institute of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, School of Natural Sciences, Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok 690922, Russia (M.M.G.)
- A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal University, Vladivostok 690041, Russia
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3
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Caracci MO, Pizarro H, Alarcón-Godoy C, Fuentealba LM, Farfán P, Pace RD, Santibañez N, Cavieres VA, Pástor TP, Bonifacino JS, Mardones GA, Marzolo MP. The Reelin Receptor ApoER2 is a Cargo for the Adaptor Protein Complex AP-4: Implications for Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.21.572896. [PMID: 38187774 PMCID: PMC10769347 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.21.572896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Adaptor protein complex 4 (AP-4) is a heterotetrameric complex that promotes protein export from the trans -Golgi network. Mutations in each of the AP-4 subunits cause a complicated form of Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia (HSP). Herein, we report that ApoER2, a receptor in the Reelin signaling pathway, is a cargo of the AP-4 complex. We identify the motif ISSF/Y within the ApoER2 cytosolic domain as necessary for interaction with the canonical signal-binding pocket of the µ4 (AP4M1) subunit of AP-4. AP4E1 -knock-out (KO) HeLa cells and hippocampal neurons from Ap4e1 -KO mice display increased Golgi localization of ApoER2. Furthermore, hippocampal neurons from Ap4e1 -KO mice and AP4M1 -KO human iPSC-derived cortical i3Neurons exhibit reduced ApoER2 protein expression. Analyses of biosynthetic transport of ApoER2 reveal differential post-Golgi trafficking of the receptor, with lower axonal distribution in KO compared to wild-type neurons, indicating a role of AP-4 and the ISSF/Y motif in the axonal localization of ApoER2. Finally, analyses of Reelin signaling in mouse hippocampal and human cortical KO neurons show that AP4 deficiency causes no changes in Reelin-dependent activation of the AKT pathway and only mild changes in Reelin-induced dendritic arborization, but reduces Reelin-induced ERK phosphorylation, CREB activation, and Golgi deployment. Altogether, this work establishes ApoER2 as a novel cargo of the AP-4 complex, suggesting that defects in the trafficking of this receptor and in the Reelin signaling pathway could contribute to the pathogenesis of HSP caused by mutations in AP-4 subunits.
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4
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Rivero-Ríos P, Tsukahara T, Uygun T, Chen A, Chavis GD, Giridharan SSP, Iwase S, Sutton MA, Weisman LS. Recruitment of the SNX17-Retriever recycling pathway regulates synaptic function and plasticity. J Cell Biol 2023; 222:e202207025. [PMID: 37141105 PMCID: PMC10165670 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202207025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Trafficking of cell-surface proteins from endosomes to the plasma membrane is a key mechanism to regulate synaptic function. In non-neuronal cells, proteins recycle to the plasma membrane either via the SNX27-Retromer-WASH pathway or via the recently discovered SNX17-Retriever-CCC-WASH pathway. While SNX27 is responsible for the recycling of key neuronal receptors, the roles of SNX17 in neurons are less understood. Here, using cultured hippocampal neurons, we demonstrate that the SNX17 pathway regulates synaptic function and plasticity. Disruption of this pathway results in a loss of excitatory synapses and prevents structural plasticity during chemical long-term potentiation (cLTP). cLTP drives SNX17 recruitment to synapses, where its roles are in part mediated by regulating the surface expression of β1-integrin. SNX17 recruitment relies on NMDAR activation, CaMKII signaling, and requires binding to the Retriever and PI(3)P. Together, these findings provide molecular insights into the regulation of SNX17 at synapses and define key roles for SNX17 in synaptic maintenance and in regulating enduring forms of synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Rivero-Ríos
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Takao Tsukahara
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Tunahan Uygun
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alex Chen
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Garrett D. Chavis
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, University, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sai Srinivas Panapakkam Giridharan
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Shigeki Iwase
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael A. Sutton
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Molecular and Integrative Physiology Graduate Program, University, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lois S. Weisman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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5
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Vos DY, Wijers M, Smit M, Huijkman N, Kloosterhuis NJ, Wolters JC, Tissink JJ, Pronk ACM, Kooijman S, Rensen PCN, Kuivenhoven JA, van de Sluis B. Cargo-Specific Role for Retriever Subunit VPS26C in Hepatocyte Lipoprotein Receptor Recycling to Control Postprandial Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:e29-e45. [PMID: 36353989 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.318169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The copper metabolism MURR1 domains/coiled-coil domain containing 22/coiled-coil domain containing 93 (CCC) complex is required for the transport of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and LRP1 (LDLR-related protein 1) from endosomes to the cell surface of hepatocytes. Impaired functioning of hepatocytic CCC causes hypercholesterolemia in mice, dogs, and humans. Retriever, a protein complex consisting of subunits VPS26C, VPS35L, and VPS29, is associated with CCC, but its role in endosomal lipoprotein receptor transport is unclear. We here investigated the contribution of retriever to hepatocytic lipoprotein receptor recycling and plasma lipids regulation. METHODS Using somatic CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing, we generated liver-specific VPS35L or VPS26C-deficient mice. We determined total and surface levels of LDLR and LRP1 and plasma lipids. In addition, we studied the protein levels and composition of CCC and retriever. RESULTS Hepatocyte VPS35L deficiency reduced VPS26C levels but had minimal impact on CCC composition. VPS35L deletion decreased hepatocytic surface expression of LDLR and LRP1, accompanied by a 21% increase in plasma cholesterol levels. Hepatic VPS26C ablation affected neither levels of VPS35L and CCC subunits, nor plasma lipid concentrations. However, VPS26C deficiency increased hepatic LDLR protein levels by 2-fold, probably compensating for reduced LRP1 functioning, as we showed in VPS26C-deficient hepatoma cells. Upon PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9)-mediated LDLR elimination, VPS26C ablation delayed postprandial triglyceride clearance and increased plasma triglyceride levels by 26%. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that VPS35L is shared between retriever and CCC to facilitate LDLR and LRP1 transport from endosomes to the cell surface. Conversely, retriever subunit VPS26C selectively transports LRP1, but not LDLR, and thereby may control hepatic uptake of postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoprotein remnants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyonne Y Vos
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (D.Y.V., M.W., M.S., N.H., N.J.K., J.C.W., J.AK., B.v.d.S.)
| | - Melinde Wijers
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (D.Y.V., M.W., M.S., N.H., N.J.K., J.C.W., J.AK., B.v.d.S.)
| | - Marieke Smit
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (D.Y.V., M.W., M.S., N.H., N.J.K., J.C.W., J.AK., B.v.d.S.)
| | - Nicolette Huijkman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (D.Y.V., M.W., M.S., N.H., N.J.K., J.C.W., J.AK., B.v.d.S.)
| | - Niels J Kloosterhuis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (D.Y.V., M.W., M.S., N.H., N.J.K., J.C.W., J.AK., B.v.d.S.)
| | - Justina C Wolters
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (D.Y.V., M.W., M.S., N.H., N.J.K., J.C.W., J.AK., B.v.d.S.)
| | - Joël J Tissink
- Institute for Diabetes and Cancer, Helmholtz Center Munich, Neuherberg, Germany. Joint Heidelberg-IDC Translational Diabetes Program, Inner Medicine 1, Heidelberg University Hospital, Germany (J.J.T.).,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany (J.J.T.)
| | - Amanda C M Pronk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (A.C.M.P., S.K., P.C.N.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (A.C.M.P., S.K., P.C.N.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (A.C.M.P., S.K., P.C.N.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (A.C.M.P., S.K., P.C.N.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology (A.C.M.P., S.K., P.C.N.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands.,Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine (A.C.M.P., S.K., P.C.N.R.), Leiden University Medical Center, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (D.Y.V., M.W., M.S., N.H., N.J.K., J.C.W., J.AK., B.v.d.S.)
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, the Netherlands (D.Y.V., M.W., M.S., N.H., N.J.K., J.C.W., J.AK., B.v.d.S.)
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6
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Sandoval L, Labarca M, Retamal C, Sánchez P, Larraín J, González A. Sonic hedgehog is basolaterally sorted from the TGN and transcytosed to the apical domain involving Dispatched-1 at Rab11-ARE. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:833175. [PMID: 36568977 PMCID: PMC9768590 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.833175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog proteins (Hhs) secretion from apical and/or basolateral domains occurs in different epithelial cells impacting development and tissue homeostasis. Palmitoylation and cholesteroylation attach Hhs to membranes, and Dispatched-1 (Disp-1) promotes their release. How these lipidated proteins are handled by the complex secretory and endocytic pathways of polarized epithelial cells remains unknown. We show that polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells address newly synthesized sonic hedgehog (Shh) from the TGN to the basolateral cell surface and then to the apical domain through a transcytosis pathway that includes Rab11-apical recycling endosomes (Rab11-ARE). Both palmitoylation and cholesteroylation contribute to this sorting behavior, otherwise Shh lacking these lipid modifications is secreted unpolarized. Disp-1 mediates first basolateral secretion from the TGN and then transcytosis from Rab11-ARE. At the steady state, Shh predominates apically and can be basolaterally transcytosed. This Shh trafficking provides several steps for regulation and variation in different epithelia, subordinating the apical to the basolateral secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisette Sandoval
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Labarca
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile,Centro Ciencia y Vida, Fundación Ciencia para la Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudio Retamal
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile,Centro Ciencia y Vida, Fundación Ciencia para la Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paula Sánchez
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Larraín
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfonso González
- Centro de Biología Celular y Biomedicina (CEBICEM), Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Santiago, Chile,Centro Ciencia y Vida, Fundación Ciencia para la Vida, Santiago, Chile,Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración (CARE), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile,*Correspondence: Alfonso González,
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7
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Heterozygous LRP1 deficiency causes developmental dysplasia of the hip by impairing triradiate chondrocytes differentiation due to inhibition of autophagy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2203557119. [PMID: 36067312 PMCID: PMC9477389 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2203557119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is one of the most common congenital skeletal malformations; however, its etiology remains unclear. Here, we conducted whole-exome sequencing and identified likely pathogenic variants in the LRP1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1) gene in two families and seven unrelated patients. We found that the timing of triradiate cartilage development was brought forward 1 or 2 wk earlier in the LRP-deficient mice, which leads to malformation of the acetabulum and femoral head. Furthermore, Lrp1 deficiency caused a significant decrease of chondrogenic ability in vitro. Our study reveals a critical role of LRP1 in the etiology and pathogenesis of DDH, opening an avenue for its treatment. Developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH) is one of the most common congenital skeletal malformations; however, its etiology remains unclear. Here, we conducted whole-exome sequencing in eight DDH families followed by targeted sequencing of 68 sporadic DDH patients. We identified likely pathogenic variants in the LRP1 (low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1) gene in two families and seven unrelated patients. All patients harboring the LRP1 variants presented a typical DDH phenotype. The heterozygous Lrp1 knockout (KO) mouse (Lrp1+/−) showed phenotypes recapitulating the human DDH phenotypes, indicating Lrp1 loss of function causes DDH. Lrp1 knockin mice with a missense variant corresponding to a human variant identified in DDH (Lrp1R1783W) also presented DDH phenotypes, which were milder in heterozygotes and severer in homozygotes than those of the Lrp1 KO mouse. The timing of triradiate cartilage development was brought forward 1 or 2 wk earlier in the LRP-deficient mice, which leads to malformation of the acetabulum and femoral head. Furthermore, Lrp1 deficiency caused a significant decrease of chondrogenic ability in vitro. During the chondrogenic induction of mice bone marrow stem cells and ATDC5 (an inducible chondrogenic cell line), Lrp1 deficiency caused decreased autophagy levels with significant β-catenin up-regulation and suppression of chondrocyte marker genes. The expression of chondrocyte markers was rescued by PNU-74654 (a β-catenin antagonist) in an shRNA-Lrp1–expressed ATDC5 cell. Our study reveals a critical role of LRP1 in the etiology and pathogenesis of DDH, opening an avenue for its treatment.
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Xie S, Dierlam C, Smith E, Duran R, Williams A, Davis A, Mathew D, Naslavsky N, Iyer J, Caplan S. The retromer complex regulates C. elegans development and mammalian ciliogenesis. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:jcs259396. [PMID: 35510502 PMCID: PMC9189432 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian retromer consists of subunits VPS26 (either VPS26A or VPS26B), VPS29 and VPS35, and a loosely associated sorting nexin (SNX) heterodimer or a variety of other SNX proteins. Despite involvement in yeast and mammalian cell trafficking, the role of retromer in development is poorly understood, and its impact on primary ciliogenesis remains unknown. Using CRISPR/Cas9 editing, we demonstrate that vps-26-knockout worms have reduced brood sizes, impaired vulval development and decreased body length, all of which have been linked to ciliogenesis defects. Although preliminary studies did not identify worm ciliary defects, and impaired development limited additional ciliogenesis studies, we turned to mammalian cells to investigate the role of retromer in ciliogenesis. VPS35 localized to the primary cilium of mammalian cells, and depletion of VPS26, VPS35, VPS29, SNX1, SNX2, SNX5 or SNX27 led to decreased ciliogenesis. Retromer also coimmunoprecipitated with the centriolar protein, CP110 (also known as CCP110), and was required for its removal from the mother centriole. Herein, we characterize new roles for retromer in C. elegans development and in the regulation of ciliogenesis in mammalian cells, suggesting a novel role for retromer in CP110 removal from the mother centriole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuwei Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Carter Dierlam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Ellie Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Ramon Duran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Allana Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Angelina Davis
- School of Science and Mathematics, Tulsa Community College, Tulsa, OK 74115, USA
| | - Danita Mathew
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Naava Naslavsky
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jyoti Iyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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9
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Silva-Aguiar RP, Peruchetti DB, Florentino LS, Takiya CM, Marzolo MP, Dias WB, Pinheiro AAS, Caruso-Neves C. Albumin Expands Albumin Reabsorption Capacity in Proximal Tubule Epithelial Cells through a Positive Feedback Loop between AKT and Megalin. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020848. [PMID: 35055044 PMCID: PMC8776186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal proximal tubule cells (PTECs) act as urine gatekeepers, constantly and efficiently avoiding urinary protein waste through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Despite its importance, little is known about how this process is modulated in physiologic conditions. Data suggest that the phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) pathway regulates PTEC protein reabsorption. Here, we worked on the hypothesis that the physiologic albumin concentration and PI3K/AKT pathway form a positive feedback loop to expand endocytic capacity. Using LLC-PK1 cells, a model of PTECs, we showed that the PI3K/AKT pathway is required for megalin recycling and surface expression, affecting albumin uptake. Inhibition of this pathway stalls megalin at EEA1+ endosomes. Physiologic albumin concentration (0.01 mg/mL) activated AKT; this depends on megalin-mediated albumin endocytosis and requires previous activation of PI3K/mTORC2. This effect is correlated to the increase in albumin endocytosis, a phenomenon that we refer to as “albumin-induced albumin endocytosis”. Mice treated with L-lysine present decreased albumin endocytosis leading to proteinuria and albuminuria associated with inhibition of AKT activity. Renal cortex explants obtained from control mice treated with MK-2206 decreased albumin uptake and promoted megalin internalization. Our data highlight the mechanism behind the capacity of PTECs to adapt albumin reabsorption to physiologic fluctuations in its filtration, avoiding urinary excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo P. Silva-Aguiar
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (R.P.S.-A.); (D.B.P.); (L.S.F.); (C.M.T.); (W.B.D.); (A.A.S.P.)
| | - Diogo B. Peruchetti
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (R.P.S.-A.); (D.B.P.); (L.S.F.); (C.M.T.); (W.B.D.); (A.A.S.P.)
| | - Lucas S. Florentino
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (R.P.S.-A.); (D.B.P.); (L.S.F.); (C.M.T.); (W.B.D.); (A.A.S.P.)
| | - Christina M. Takiya
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (R.P.S.-A.); (D.B.P.); (L.S.F.); (C.M.T.); (W.B.D.); (A.A.S.P.)
| | - María-Paz Marzolo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8330163, Chile;
| | - Wagner B. Dias
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (R.P.S.-A.); (D.B.P.); (L.S.F.); (C.M.T.); (W.B.D.); (A.A.S.P.)
| | - Ana Acacia S. Pinheiro
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (R.P.S.-A.); (D.B.P.); (L.S.F.); (C.M.T.); (W.B.D.); (A.A.S.P.)
- Redes de Pesquisa em Nanotecnologia para Saúde, NanoSaúde/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Celso Caruso-Neves
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; (R.P.S.-A.); (D.B.P.); (L.S.F.); (C.M.T.); (W.B.D.); (A.A.S.P.)
- Redes de Pesquisa em Nanotecnologia para Saúde, NanoSaúde/FAPERJ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Medicina Regenerativa, INCT-Regenera, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-3938-6582
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Wu Y, Zhou Y, Huang J, Ma K, Yuan T, Jiang Y, Ye M, Li J. The Role of Sorting Nexin 17 in Cardiac Development. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 8:748891. [PMID: 34988124 PMCID: PMC8720881 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.748891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorting nexin 17 (SNX17), a member of sorting nexin (SNX) family, acts as a modulator for endocytic recycling of membrane proteins. Results from our previous study demonstrated the embryonic lethality of homozygous defect of SNX17. In this study, we investigated the role of SNX17 in rat fetal development. Specifically, we analyzed patterns of SNX17 messenger RNA (mRNA) expression in multiple rat tissues and found high expression in the cardiac outflow tract (OFT). This expression was gradually elevated during the cardiac OFT morphogenesis. Homozygous deletion of the SNX17 gene in rats resulted in mid-gestational embryonic lethality, which was accompanied by congenital heart defects, including the double-outlet right ventricle and atrioventricular and ventricular septal defects, whereas heterozygotes exhibited normal fetal development. Moreover, we found normal migration distance and the number of cardiac neural crest cells during the OFT morphogenesis. Although cellular proliferation in the cardiac OFT endocardial cushion was not affected, cellular apoptosis was significantly suppressed. Transcriptomic profiles and quantitative real-time PCR data in the cardiac OFT showed that SNX17 deletion resulted in abnormal expression of genes associated with cardiac development. Overall, these findings suggest that SNX17 plays a crucial role in cardiac development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Wu
- School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqun Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ke Ma
- Department of Endovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Tianyou Yuan
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Echocardiography, Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Maoqing Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Clinical Geriatric Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Chandra M, Kendall AK, Jackson LP. Toward Understanding the Molecular Role of SNX27/Retromer in Human Health and Disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:642378. [PMID: 33937239 PMCID: PMC8083963 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.642378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrations in membrane trafficking pathways have profound effects in cellular dynamics of cellular sorting processes and can drive severe physiological outcomes. Sorting nexin 27 (SNX27) is a metazoan-specific sorting nexin protein from the PX-FERM domain family and is required for endosomal recycling of many important transmembrane receptors. Multiple studies have shown SNX27-mediated recycling requires association with retromer, one of the best-known regulators of endosomal trafficking. SNX27/retromer downregulation is strongly linked to Down's Syndrome (DS) via glutamate receptor dysfunction and to Alzheimer's Disease (AD) through increased intracellular production of amyloid peptides from amyloid precursor protein (APP) breakdown. SNX27 is further linked to addiction via its role in potassium channel trafficking, and its over-expression is linked to tumorigenesis, cancer progression, and metastasis. Thus, the correct sorting of multiple receptors by SNX27/retromer is vital for normal cellular function to prevent human diseases. The role of SNX27 in regulating cargo recycling from endosomes to the cell surface is firmly established, but how SNX27 assembles with retromer to generate tubulovesicular carriers remains elusive. Whether SNX27/retromer may be a putative therapeutic target to prevent neurodegenerative disease is now an emerging area of study. This review will provide an update on our molecular understanding of endosomal trafficking events mediated by the SNX27/retromer complex on endosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mintu Chandra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Amy K. Kendall
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Lauren P. Jackson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
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12
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Jausoro I, Marzolo MP. Reelin activates the small GTPase TC10 and VAMP7 to promote neurite outgrowth and regeneration of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. J Neurosci Res 2021; 99:392-406. [PMID: 32652719 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Axonal outgrowth is a fundamental process during the development of central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous system as well as in nerve regeneration and requires accurate axonal navigation and extension to the correct target. These events need proper coordination between membrane trafficking and cytoskeletal rearrangements and are under the control of the small GTPases of the Rho family, among other molecules. Reelin, a relevant protein for CNS development and synaptic function in the adult, is also present in the PNS. Upon sciatic nerve damage, Reelin expression increases and, on the other hand, mice deficient in Reelin exhibit an impaired nerve regeneration. However, the mechanism(s) involved the Reelin-dependent axonal growth is still poorly understood. In this work, we present evidence showing that Reelin stimulates dorsal root ganglia (DRG) regeneration after axotomy. Moreover, dissociated DRG neurons express the Reelin receptor Apolipoprotein E-receptor 2 and also require the presence of TC10 to develop their axons. TC10 is a Rho GTPase that promotes neurite outgrowth through the exocytic fusion of vesicles at the growth cone. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that Reelin controls TC10 activation in DRG neurons. Besides, we confirmed that the known CNS Reelin target Cdc42 is also activated in DRG and controls TC10 activity. Finally, in the process of membrane addition, we found that Reelin stimulates the fusion of membrane carriers containing the v-SNARE protein VAMP7 in vesicles that contain TC10. Altogether, our work shows a new role of Reelin in PNS, opening the option of therapeutic interventions to improve the regeneration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Jausoro
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria-Paz Marzolo
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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13
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Dhawan K, Naslavsky N, Caplan S. Sorting nexin 17 (SNX17) links endosomal sorting to Eps15 homology domain protein 1 (EHD1)-mediated fission machinery. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3837-3850. [PMID: 32041776 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Following endocytosis, receptors that are internalized to sorting endosomes are sorted to different pathways, in part by sorting nexin (SNX) proteins. Notably, SNX17 interacts with a multitude of receptors in a sequence-specific manner to regulate their recycling. However, the mechanisms by which SNX17-labeled vesicles that contain sorted receptors bud and undergo vesicular fission from the sorting endosomes remain elusive. Recent studies suggest that a dynamin-homolog, Eps15 homology domain protein 1, catalyzes fission and releases endosome-derived vesicles for recycling to the plasma membrane. However, the mechanism by which EHD1 is coupled to various receptors and regulates their recycling remains unknown. Here we sought to characterize the mechanism by which EHD1 couples with SNX17 to regulate recycling of SNX17-interacting receptors. We hypothesized that SNX17 couples receptors to the EHD1 fission machinery in mammalian cells. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments and in vitro assays provided evidence that EHD1 and SNX17 directly interact. We also found that inducing internalization of a SNX17 cargo receptor, low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), led to recruitment of cytoplasmic EHD1 to endosomal membranes. Moreover, surface rendering and quantification of overlap volumes indicated that SNX17 and EHD1 partially colocalize on endosomes and that this overlap further increases upon LRP1 internalization. Additionally, SNX17-containing endosomes were larger in EHD1-depleted cells than in WT cells, suggesting that EHD1 depletion impairs SNX17-mediated endosomal fission. Our findings help clarify our current understanding of endocytic trafficking, providing significant additional insight into the process of endosomal fission and connecting the sorting and fission machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanika Dhawan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198
| | - Naava Naslavsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198 .,Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198
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14
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Fischer AW, Albers K, Schlein C, Sass F, Krott LM, Schmale H, Gordts PLSM, Scheja L, Heeren J. PID1 regulates insulin-dependent glucose uptake by controlling intracellular sorting of GLUT4-storage vesicles. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2019; 1865:1592-1603. [PMID: 30904610 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The phosphotyrosine interacting domain-containing protein 1 (PID1) serves as a cytosolic adaptor protein of the LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). By regulating its intracellular trafficking, PID1 controls the hepatic, LRP1-dependent clearance of pro-atherogenic lipoproteins. In adipose and muscle tissues, LRP1 is present in endosomal storage vesicles containing the insulin-responsive glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4). This prompted us to investigate whether PID1 modulates GLUT4 translocation and function via its interaction with the LRP1 cytosolic domain. We initially evaluated this in primary brown adipocytes as we observed an inverse correlation between brown adipose tissue glucose uptake and expression of LRP1 and PID1. Insulin stimulation in wild type brown adipocytes induced LRP1 and GLUT4 translocation from endosomal storage vesicles to the cell surface. Loss of PID1 expression in brown adipocytes prompted LRP1 and GLUT4 sorting to the plasma membrane independent of insulin signaling. When placed on a diabetogenic high fat diet, systemic and adipocyte-specific PID1-deficient mice presented with improved hyperglycemia and glucose tolerance as well as reduced basal plasma insulin levels compared to wild type control mice. Moreover, the improvements in glucose parameters associated with increased glucose uptake in adipose and muscle tissues from PID1-deficient mice. The data provide evidence that PID1 serves as an insulin-regulated retention adaptor protein controlling translocation of LRP1 in conjunction with GLUT4 to the plasma membrane of adipocytes. Notably, loss of PID1 corrects for insulin resistance-associated hyperglycemia emphasizing its pivotal role and therapeutic potential in the regulation of glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Albers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Schlein
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frederike Sass
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lucia M Krott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartwig Schmale
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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The emerging role of sorting nexins in cardiovascular diseases. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:723-737. [PMID: 30877150 PMCID: PMC6418407 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The sorting nexin (SNX) family consists of a diverse group of cytoplasmic- and membrane-associated phosphoinositide-binding proteins that play pivotal roles in the regulation of protein trafficking. This includes the entire endocytic pathway, such as endocytosis, endosomal sorting, and endosomal signaling. Dysfunctions of SNX pathway are involved in several forms of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Moreover, SNX gene variants are associated with CVDs. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on SNX-mediated regulatory mechanisms and their roles in the pathogenesis and treatment of CVDs.
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Grosso RA, Caldarone PVS, Sánchez MC, Chiabrando GA, Colombo MI, Fader CM. Hemin induces autophagy in a leukemic erythroblast cell line through the LRP1 receptor. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181156. [PMID: 30523204 PMCID: PMC6328880 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemin is an erythropoietic inductor capable of inducing autophagy in erythroid-like cell lines. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) is a transmembrane receptor involved in a wide range of cellular processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism. Our aim was to evaluate whether LRP1 is responsible for hemin activity in K562 cells, with the results demonstrating a three-fold increase in LRP1 gene expression levels (P-values <0.001) when assessed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). Moreover, a 70% higher protein amount was observed compared with control condition (P-values <0.01) by Western blot (WB). Time kinetic assays demonstrated a peak in light chain 3 (LC3) II (LC3II) levels after 8 h of hemin stimulation and the localization of LRP1 in the autophagosome structures. Silencing LRP1 by siRNA decreased drastically the hemin-induced autophagy activity by almost 80% compared with control cells (P-values <0.01). Confocal localization and biochemical analysis indicated a significant redistribution of LRP1 from early endosomes and recycling compartments to late endosomes and autophagolysosomes, where the receptor is degraded. We conclude that LRP1 is responsible for hemin-induced autophagy activity in the erythroblastic cell line and that hemin-LRP1 complex activation promotes a self-regulation of the receptor. Our results suggest that hemin, via the LRP1 receptor, favors erythroid maturation by inducing an autophagic response, making it a possible therapeutic candidate to help in the treatment of hematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Adrian Grosso
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Paula Virginia Subirada Caldarone
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5016, Argentina
| | - María Cecilia Sánchez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5016, Argentina
| | - Gustavo Alberto Chiabrando
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba 5016, Argentina
| | - María Isabel Colombo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Claudio Marcelo Fader
- Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Odontología, Mendoza, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Instituto de Histología y Embriología (IHEM), Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
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Fischer AW, Albers K, Krott LM, Hoffzimmer B, Heine M, Schmale H, Scheja L, Gordts PLSM, Heeren J. The adaptor protein PID1 regulates receptor-dependent endocytosis of postprandial triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Mol Metab 2018; 16:88-99. [PMID: 30100244 PMCID: PMC6158030 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Insulin resistance is associated with impaired receptor dependent hepatic uptake of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRL), promoting hypertriglyceridemia and atherosclerosis. Next to low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) and syndecan-1, the LDLR-related protein 1 (LRP1) stimulated by insulin action contributes to the rapid clearance of TRL in the postprandial state. Here, we investigated the hypothesis that the adaptor protein phosphotyrosine interacting domain-containing protein 1 (PID1) regulates LRP1 function, thereby controlling hepatic endocytosis of postprandial lipoproteins. Methods Localization and interaction of PID1 and LRP1 in cultured hepatocytes was studied by confocal microscopy of fluorescent tagged proteins, by indirect immunohistochemistry of endogenous proteins, by GST-based pull down and by immunoprecipitation experiments. The in vivo relevance of PID1 was assessed using whole body as well as liver-specific Pid1-deficient mice on a wild type or Ldlr-deficient (Ldlr−/−) background. Intravital microscopy was used to study LRP1 translocation in the liver. Lipoprotein metabolism was investigated by lipoprotein profiling, gene and protein expression as well as organ-specific uptake of radiolabelled TRL. Results PID1 co-localized in perinuclear endosomes and was found associated with LRP1 under fasting conditions. We identified the distal NPxY motif of the intracellular C-terminal domain (ICD) of LRP1 as the site critical for the interaction with PID1. Insulin-mediated NPxY-phosphorylation caused the dissociation of PID1 from the ICD, causing LRP1 translocation to the plasma membrane. PID1 deletion resulted in higher LRP1 abundance at the cell surface, higher LDLR protein levels and, paradoxically, reduced total LRP1. The latter can be explained by higher receptor shedding, which we observed in cultured Pid1-deficient hepatocytes. Consistently, PID1 deficiency alone led to increased LDLR-dependent endocytosis of postprandial lipoproteins and lower plasma triglycerides. In contrast, hepatic PID1 deletion on an Ldlr−/− background reduced lipoprotein uptake into liver and caused plasma TRL accumulation. Conclusions By acting as an insulin-dependent retention adaptor, PID1 serves as a regulator of LRP1 function controlling the disposal of postprandial lipoproteins. PID1 inhibition provides a novel approach to lower plasma levels of pro-atherogenic TRL remnants by stimulating endocytic function of both LRP1 and LDLR in the liver. PID1 is a retention adaptor protein that regulates activity of the endocytic receptor LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1). PID1 regulates the insulin-dependent LRP1-mediated endocytosis of lipoproteins in vivo. PID1 deficiency in liver reduces LRP1 levels via cell surface shedding, and paradoxically increases LDL receptor activity. PID1 antagonism has therapeutic potential to reduce pro-atherogenic lipoproteins in hyperlipidemic and diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander W Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kirstin Albers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lucia M Krott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Britta Hoffzimmer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Heine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartwig Schmale
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ludger Scheja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philip L S M Gordts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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Naslavsky N, Caplan S. The enigmatic endosome - sorting the ins and outs of endocytic trafficking. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/13/jcs216499. [PMID: 29980602 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.216499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The early endosome (EE), also known as the sorting endosome (SE) is a crucial station for the sorting of cargoes, such as receptors and lipids, through the endocytic pathways. The term endosome relates to the receptacle-like nature of this organelle, to which endocytosed cargoes are funneled upon internalization from the plasma membrane. Having been delivered by the fusion of internalized vesicles with the EE or SE, cargo molecules are then sorted to a variety of endocytic pathways, including the endo-lysosomal pathway for degradation, direct or rapid recycling to the plasma membrane, and to a slower recycling pathway that involves a specialized form of endosome known as a recycling endosome (RE), often localized to the perinuclear endocytic recycling compartment (ERC). It is striking that 'the endosome', which plays such essential cellular roles, has managed to avoid a precise description, and its characteristics remain ambiguous and heterogeneous. Moreover, despite the rapid advances in scientific methodologies, including breakthroughs in light microscopy, overall, the endosome remains poorly defined. This Review will attempt to collate key characteristics of the different types of endosomes and provide a platform for discussion of this unique and fascinating collection of organelles. Moreover, under-developed, poorly understood and important open questions will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naava Naslavsky
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Steve Caplan
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA .,The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, The University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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Zhao D, Li X, Liang H, Zheng N, Pan Z, Zhou Y, Liu X, Qian M, Xu B, Zhang Y, Feng Y, Qili M, Wu Q, Yang B, Shan H. SNX17 produces anti-arrhythmic effects by preserving functional SERCA2a protein in myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol 2018; 272:298-305. [PMID: 30025651 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorting nexin 17 (SNX17) is a critical cytoplasmic adaptor protein that regulates endosomal trafficking of membrane proteins to determine their recycling and/or degradation. The potential role of SNX17 in cardiovascular pathophysiology has not been reported. METHODS AND RESULTS Cardiac arrhythmias were monitored using standard limb lead II electrocardiograph, and cardiac performances were determined by echocardiography in a rat model of myocardial infarction (MI) created by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation. We found that SNX17 was substantially downregulated in ischemic myocardium. The downregulation contributed to the cardiac electrical disturbances and contractile dysfunction as SNX17 replacement mitigated the detrimental alterations of MI hearts. Specifically, silence of SNX17 expression using RNA interference caused intracellular Ca2+ overload as revealed by the abnormal rise of resting [Ca2+]i and deceleration of Ca2+ decay, whereas SNX17 overexpression using vectors elicited the opposite effects. Moreover, the protein level of SERCA2a was significantly decreased by silencing SNX17. Immunohistochemistry indicated that SNX17 and SERCA2a were co-localized, and co-immunoprecipitation revealed the binding between the phox-homology domain of SNX17 and SERCA2a protein. Furthermore, lysosome inhibitor chloroquine prevented SNX17 silencing-induced reduction of SERCA2a protein level. CONCLUSION Abnormal downregulation of SNX17 contributes to ischemic damages of cardiac electrophysiology and contractile function. SNX17 is an endogenous anti-arrhythmic factor acting by preserving functional SERCA2a protein in MI thereby offering a new strategy for the management of MI to alleviate ischemic myocardial injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xuelian Li
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Haihai Liang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhenwei Pan
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuhong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ming Qian
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Bozhi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Muge Qili
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiuxia Wu
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Baofeng Yang
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
| | - Hongli Shan
- Department of Pharmacology (State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), College of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.
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20
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Wujak L, Böttcher RT, Pak O, Frey H, El Agha E, Chen Y, Schmitt S, Bellusci S, Schaefer L, Weissmann N, Fässler R, Wygrecka M. Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 couples β1 integrin activation to degradation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1671-1685. [PMID: 29116364 PMCID: PMC11105666 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2707-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) 1 modulates cell adhesion and motility under normal and pathological conditions. Previous studies documented that LRP1 binds several integrin receptors and mediates their trafficking to the cell surface and endocytosis. However, the mechanism by which LRP1 may regulate integrin activation remains unknown. Here we report that LRP1 promotes the activation and subsequent degradation of β1 integrin and thus supports cell adhesion, spreading, migration and integrin signaling on fibronectin. LRP1 interacts with surface β1 integrin, binds the integrin activator kindlin2 and stimulates β1 integrin-kindlin2 complex formation. Specifically, serine 76 in the LRP1 cytoplasmic tail is crucial for the interaction with kindlin2, β1 integrin activation and cell adhesion. Interestingly, a loss of LRP1 induces the accumulation of several integrin receptors on the cell surface. Following internalization, intracellular trafficking of integrins is driven by LRP1 in a protein kinase C- and class II myosin-dependent manner. Ultimately, LRP1 dictates the fate of endocytosed β1 integrin by directing it down the pathway of lysosomal and proteasomal degradation. We propose that LRP1 mediates cell adhesion by orchestrating a multi-protein pathway to activate, traffic and degrade integrins. Thus, LRP1 may serve as a focal point in the integrin quality control system to ensure a firm connection to the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Wujak
- Department of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralph T Böttcher
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Oleg Pak
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Helena Frey
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University School of Medicine, University Hospital, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elie El Agha
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sigrid Schmitt
- Department of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Goethe University School of Medicine, University Hospital, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Reinhard Fässler
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Malgorzata Wygrecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Justus Liebig University, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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21
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Fedoseienko A, Wijers M, Wolters JC, Dekker D, Smit M, Huijkman N, Kloosterhuis N, Klug H, Schepers A, Willems van Dijk K, Levels JHM, Billadeau DD, Hofker MH, van Deursen J, Westerterp M, Burstein E, Kuivenhoven JA, van de Sluis B. The COMMD Family Regulates Plasma LDL Levels and Attenuates Atherosclerosis Through Stabilizing the CCC Complex in Endosomal LDLR Trafficking. Circ Res 2018; 122:1648-1660. [PMID: 29545368 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.312004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE COMMD (copper metabolism MURR1 domain)-containing proteins are a part of the CCC (COMMD-CCDC22 [coiled-coil domain containing 22]-CCDC93 [coiled-coil domain containing 93]) complex facilitating endosomal trafficking of cell surface receptors. Hepatic COMMD1 inactivation decreases CCDC22 and CCDC93 protein levels, impairs the recycling of the LDLR (low-density lipoprotein receptor), and increases plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in mice. However, whether any of the other COMMD members function similarly as COMMD1 and whether perturbation in the CCC complex promotes atherogenesis remain unclear. OBJECTIVE The main aim of this study is to unravel the contribution of evolutionarily conserved COMMD proteins to plasma lipoprotein levels and atherogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS Using liver-specific Commd1, Commd6, or Commd9 knockout mice, we investigated the relation between the COMMD proteins in the regulation of plasma cholesterol levels. Combining biochemical and quantitative targeted proteomic approaches, we found that hepatic COMMD1, COMMD6, or COMMD9 deficiency resulted in massive reduction in the protein levels of all 10 COMMDs. This decrease in COMMD protein levels coincided with destabilizing of the core (CCDC22, CCDC93, and chromosome 16 open reading frame 62 [C16orf62]) of the CCC complex, reduced cell surface levels of LDLR and LRP1 (LDLR-related protein 1), followed by increased plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. To assess the direct contribution of the CCC core in the regulation of plasma cholesterol levels, Ccdc22 was deleted in mouse livers via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated somatic gene editing. CCDC22 deficiency also destabilized the complete CCC complex and resulted in elevated plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Finally, we found that hepatic disruption of the CCC complex exacerbates dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis in ApoE3*Leiden mice. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these findings demonstrate a strong interrelationship between COMMD proteins and the core of the CCC complex in endosomal LDLR trafficking. Hepatic disruption of either of these CCC components causes hypercholesterolemia and exacerbates atherosclerosis. Our results indicate that not only COMMD1 but all other COMMDs and CCC components may be potential targets for modulating plasma lipid levels in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Fedoseienko
- From the Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics (A.F., M. Wijers, J.C.W., D.D., M.S., N.H., N.K., M.H.H., M. Westerterp, J.A.K., B.v.d.S)
| | - Melinde Wijers
- From the Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics (A.F., M. Wijers, J.C.W., D.D., M.S., N.H., N.K., M.H.H., M. Westerterp, J.A.K., B.v.d.S)
| | - Justina C Wolters
- From the Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics (A.F., M. Wijers, J.C.W., D.D., M.S., N.H., N.K., M.H.H., M. Westerterp, J.A.K., B.v.d.S)
| | - Daphne Dekker
- From the Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics (A.F., M. Wijers, J.C.W., D.D., M.S., N.H., N.K., M.H.H., M. Westerterp, J.A.K., B.v.d.S)
| | - Marieke Smit
- From the Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics (A.F., M. Wijers, J.C.W., D.D., M.S., N.H., N.K., M.H.H., M. Westerterp, J.A.K., B.v.d.S)
| | - Nicolette Huijkman
- From the Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics (A.F., M. Wijers, J.C.W., D.D., M.S., N.H., N.K., M.H.H., M. Westerterp, J.A.K., B.v.d.S)
| | - Niels Kloosterhuis
- From the Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics (A.F., M. Wijers, J.C.W., D.D., M.S., N.H., N.K., M.H.H., M. Westerterp, J.A.K., B.v.d.S)
| | - Helene Klug
- University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands; PolyQuant GmbH, Bad Abbach, Germany (H.K.)
| | - Aloys Schepers
- Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility and Research Group, Institute for Diabetes and Obesity, Helmholtz Zentrum, München, Germany (A.S.)
| | - Ko Willems van Dijk
- Department of Human Genetics (K.W.v.D.) and Department of Medicine (K.W.v.D.)
| | - Johannes H M Levels
- Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands; Department of Vascular and Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.H.M.L.)
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Division of Oncology Research, Department of Immunology and Biochemistry (D.D.B.)
| | - Marten H Hofker
- From the Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics (A.F., M. Wijers, J.C.W., D.D., M.S., N.H., N.K., M.H.H., M. Westerterp, J.A.K., B.v.d.S)
| | - Jan van Deursen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine (J.v.D.).,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine (J.v.D.)
| | - Marit Westerterp
- From the Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics (A.F., M. Wijers, J.C.W., D.D., M.S., N.H., N.K., M.H.H., M. Westerterp, J.A.K., B.v.d.S)
| | - Ezra Burstein
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; and University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (E.B.)
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- From the Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics (A.F., M. Wijers, J.C.W., D.D., M.S., N.H., N.K., M.H.H., M. Westerterp, J.A.K., B.v.d.S)
| | - Bart van de Sluis
- From the Molecular Genetics Section, Department of Pediatrics (A.F., M. Wijers, J.C.W., D.D., M.S., N.H., N.K., M.H.H., M. Westerterp, J.A.K., B.v.d.S) .,iPSC/CRISPR Center Groningen (B.v.d.S.)
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22
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Pohlkamp T, Wasser CR, Herz J. Functional Roles of the Interaction of APP and Lipoprotein Receptors. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:54. [PMID: 28298885 PMCID: PMC5331069 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological fates of the key initiator of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the amyloid precursor protein (APP), and a family of lipoprotein receptors, the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor-related proteins (LRPs) and their molecular roles in the neurodegenerative disease process are inseparably interwoven. Not only does APP bind tightly to the extracellular domains (ECDs) of several members of the LRP group, their intracellular portions are also connected through scaffolds like the one established by FE65 proteins and through interactions with adaptor proteins such as X11/Mint and Dab1. Moreover, the ECDs of APP and LRPs share common ligands, most notably Reelin, a regulator of neuronal migration during embryonic development and modulator of synaptic transmission in the adult brain, and Agrin, another signaling protein which is essential for the formation and maintenance of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) and which likely also has critical, though at this time less well defined, roles for the regulation of central synapses. Furthermore, the major independent risk factors for AD, Apolipoprotein (Apo) E and ApoJ/Clusterin, are lipoprotein ligands for LRPs. Receptors and ligands mutually influence their intracellular trafficking and thereby the functions and abilities of neurons and the blood-brain-barrier to turn over and remove the pathological product of APP, the amyloid-β peptide. This article will review and summarize the molecular mechanisms that are shared by APP and LRPs and discuss their relative contributions to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Pohlkamp
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
| | - Catherine R Wasser
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
| | - Joachim Herz
- Department of Molecular Genetics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Center for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, UT Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, USA
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Low Density Lipoprotein Receptor Related Proteins as Regulators of Neural Stem and Progenitor Cell Function. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2108495. [PMID: 26949399 PMCID: PMC4754494 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2108495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) is a highly organised structure. Many signalling systems work in concert to ensure that neural stem cells are appropriately directed to generate progenitor cells, which in turn mature into functional cell types including projection neurons, interneurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Herein we explore the role of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor family, in particular family members LRP1 and LRP2, in regulating the behaviour of neural stem and progenitor cells during development and adulthood. The ability of LRP1 and LRP2 to bind a diverse and extensive range of ligands, regulate ligand endocytosis, recruit nonreceptor tyrosine kinases for direct signal transduction and signal in conjunction with other receptors, enables them to modulate many crucial neural cell functions.
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25
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Lalioti V, Peiró R, Pérez-Berlanga M, Tsuchiya Y, Muñoz A, Villalba T, Sanchez C, Sandoval IV. Basolateral sorting and transcytosis define the Cu+-regulated translocation of ATP7B to the bile canaliculus. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:2190-201. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.184663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The Cu+ pump ATP7B plays an irreplaceable role in the elimination of excess Cu+ by the hepatocyte into the bile. The traffic and site of ATP7B action is a subject of controversy. One current proposal is that an increase in intracellular Cu+ results in the translocation of ATP7B to the lysosomes and excretion of excess Cu+ by lysosomal mediated exocytosis at the bile canaliculus. Here we show that ATP7B is transported from the trans-Golgi network to the bile canaliculus by basolateral sorting and endocytosis, and microtubule mediated transcytosis through the subapical compartment. Trafficking ATP7B is not incorporated into lysosomes and addition of Cu+ does not cause relocalization of lysosomes and the appearance of lysosome markers in the bile canaliculus. Our data describes the pathway of the Cu+-mediated transport of ATP7B from the TGN to the bile canaliculus and indicates that the bile canaliculus is the prime site of ATP7B action in the elimination of excess Cu+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Lalioti
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Peiró
- Genomics and Massive Sequencing, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuela Pérez-Berlanga
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Yo Tsuchiya
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Angeles Muñoz
- Optical and Confocal Microscopy, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Villalba
- Optical and Confocal Microscopy, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Sanchez
- Optical and Confocal Microscopy, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ignacio V. Sandoval
- Department of Cell Biology and Immunology, Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Endocytosis and Trafficking of Natriuretic Peptide Receptor-A: Potential Role of Short Sequence Motifs. MEMBRANES 2015; 5:253-87. [PMID: 26151885 PMCID: PMC4584282 DOI: 10.3390/membranes5030253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The targeted endocytosis and redistribution of transmembrane receptors among membrane-bound subcellular organelles are vital for their correct signaling and physiological functions. Membrane receptors committed for internalization and trafficking pathways are sorted into coated vesicles. Cardiac hormones, atrial and brain natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP) bind to guanylyl cyclase/natriuretic peptide receptor-A (GC-A/NPRA) and elicit the generation of intracellular second messenger cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cGMP), which lowers blood pressure and incidence of heart failure. After ligand binding, the receptor is rapidly internalized, sequestrated, and redistributed into intracellular locations. Thus, NPRA is considered a dynamic cellular macromolecule that traverses different subcellular locations through its lifetime. The utilization of pharmacologic and molecular perturbants has helped in delineating the pathways of endocytosis, trafficking, down-regulation, and degradation of membrane receptors in intact cells. This review describes the investigation of the mechanisms of internalization, trafficking, and redistribution of NPRA compared with other cell surface receptors from the plasma membrane into the cell interior. The roles of different short-signal peptide sequence motifs in the internalization and trafficking of other membrane receptors have been briefly reviewed and their potential significance in the internalization and trafficking of NPRA is discussed.
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27
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Chi RJ, Harrison MS, Burd CG. Biogenesis of endosome-derived transport carriers. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 72:3441-3455. [PMID: 26022064 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-1935-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Sorting of macromolecules within the endosomal system is vital for physiological control of nutrient homeostasis, cell motility, and proteostasis. Trafficking routes that export macromolecules from the endosome via vesicle and tubule transport carriers constitute plasma membrane recycling and retrograde endosome-to-Golgi pathways. Proteins of the sorting nexin family have been discovered to function at nearly every step of endosomal transport carrier biogenesis and it is becoming increasingly clear that they form the core machineries of cargo-specific transport pathways that are closely integrated with cellular physiology. Here, we summarize recent progress in elucidating the pathways that mediate the biogenesis of endosome-derived transport carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Chi
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, SHM C425B, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Megan S Harrison
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, SHM C425B, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Christopher G Burd
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, SHM C425B, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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28
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Li Y, Klena NT, Gabriel GC, Liu X, Kim AJ, Lemke K, Chen Y, Chatterjee B, Devine W, Damerla RR, Chang C, Yagi H, San Agustin JT, Thahir M, Anderton S, Lawhead C, Vescovi A, Pratt H, Morgan J, Haynes L, Smith CL, Eppig JT, Reinholdt L, Francis R, Leatherbury L, Ganapathiraju MK, Tobita K, Pazour GJ, Lo CW. Global genetic analysis in mice unveils central role for cilia in congenital heart disease. Nature 2015; 521:520-4. [PMID: 25807483 DOI: 10.1038/nature14269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most prevalent birth defect, affecting nearly 1% of live births; the incidence of CHD is up to tenfold higher in human fetuses. A genetic contribution is strongly suggested by the association of CHD with chromosome abnormalities and high recurrence risk. Here we report findings from a recessive forward genetic screen in fetal mice, showing that cilia and cilia-transduced cell signalling have important roles in the pathogenesis of CHD. The cilium is an evolutionarily conserved organelle projecting from the cell surface with essential roles in diverse cellular processes. Using echocardiography, we ultrasound scanned 87,355 chemically mutagenized C57BL/6J fetal mice and recovered 218 CHD mouse models. Whole-exome sequencing identified 91 recessive CHD mutations in 61 genes. This included 34 cilia-related genes, 16 genes involved in cilia-transduced cell signalling, and 10 genes regulating vesicular trafficking, a pathway important for ciliogenesis and cell signalling. Surprisingly, many CHD genes encoded interacting proteins, suggesting that an interactome protein network may provide a larger genomic context for CHD pathogenesis. These findings provide novel insights into the potential Mendelian genetic contribution to CHD in the fetal population, a segment of the human population not well studied. We note that the pathways identified show overlap with CHD candidate genes recovered in CHD patients, suggesting that they may have relevance to the more complex genetics of CHD overall. These CHD mouse models and >8,000 incidental mutations have been sperm archived, creating a rich public resource for human disease modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- You Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA
| | - Nikolai T Klena
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA
| | - George C Gabriel
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA
| | - Xiaoqin Liu
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA
| | - Andrew J Kim
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA
| | - Kristi Lemke
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA
| | - Bishwanath Chatterjee
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA
| | - William Devine
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
| | - Rama Rao Damerla
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA
| | - Chienfu Chang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA
| | - Hisato Yagi
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA
| | - Jovenal T San Agustin
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Mohamed Thahir
- 1] Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15206, USA [2] Intelligent Systems Program, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 16260, USA
| | - Shane Anderton
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA
| | - Caroline Lawhead
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA
| | - Anita Vescovi
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA
| | - Herbert Pratt
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
| | - Judy Morgan
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
| | - Leslie Haynes
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
| | | | - Janan T Eppig
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
| | | | - Richard Francis
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA
| | - Linda Leatherbury
- The Heart Center, Children's National Medical Center, Washington DC 20010, USA
| | - Madhavi K Ganapathiraju
- 1] Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15206, USA [2] Intelligent Systems Program, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 16260, USA
| | - Kimimasa Tobita
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA
| | - Gregory J Pazour
- Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Cecilia W Lo
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15201, USA
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Zhang Y, Moeini-Naghani I, Bai J, Santos-Sacchi J, Navaratnam DS. Tyrosine motifs are required for prestin basolateral membrane targeting. Biol Open 2015; 4:197-205. [PMID: 25596279 PMCID: PMC4365488 DOI: 10.1242/bio.201410629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Prestin is targeted to the lateral wall of outer hair cells (OHCs) where its electromotility is critical for cochlear amplification. Using MDCK cells as a model system for polarized epithelial sorting, we demonstrate that prestin uses tyrosine residues, in a YXXΦ motif, to target the basolateral surface. Both Y520 and Y667 are important for basolateral targeting of prestin. Mutation of these residues to glutamine or alanine resulted in retention within the Golgi and delayed egress from the Golgi in Y667Q. Basolateral targeting is restored upon mutation to phenylalanine suggesting the importance of a phenol ring in the tyrosine side chain. We also demonstrate that prestin targeting to the basolateral surface is dependent on AP1B (μ1B), and that prestin uses transferrin containing early endosomes in its passage from the Golgi to the basolateral plasma membrane. The presence of AP1B (μ1B) in OHCs, and parallels between prestin targeting to the basolateral surface of OHCs and polarized epithelial cells suggest that outer hair cells resemble polarized epithelia rather than neurons in this important phenotypic measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | | | - JunPing Bai
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Joseph Santos-Sacchi
- Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Dhasakumar S Navaratnam
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA Department of Neurobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Sotelo P, Farfán P, Benitez ML, Bu G, Marzolo MP. Sorting nexin 17 regulates ApoER2 recycling and reelin signaling. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93672. [PMID: 24705369 PMCID: PMC3976305 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
ApoER2 is a member of the low density-lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) family. As a receptor for reelin, ApoER2 participates in neuronal migration during development as well as synaptic plasticity and survival in the adult brain. A previous yeast two-hybrid screen showed that ApoER2 is a binding partner of sorting nexin 17 (SNX17) - a cytosolic adaptor protein that regulates the trafficking of several membrane proteins in the endosomal pathway, including LRP1, P-selectin and integrins. However, no further studies have been performed to investigate the role of SNX17 in ApoER2 trafficking and function. In this study, we present evidence based on GST pull-down and inmunoprecipitation assays that the cytoplasmic NPxY endocytosis motif of ApoER2 interacts with the FERM domain of SNX17. SNX17 stimulates ApoER2 recycling in different cell lines including neurons without affecting its endocytic rate and also facilitates the transport of ApoER2 from the early endosomes to the recycling endosomes. The reduction of SNX17 was associated with accumulation of an ApoER2 carboxy-terminal fragment (CTF). In addition, in SNX17 knockdown cells, constitutive ApoER2 degradation was not modified, whereas reelin-induced ApoER2 degradation was increased, implying that SNX17 is a regulator of the receptor's half-life. Finally, in SNX17 silenced hippocampal and cortical neurons, we underscored a positive role of this endosomal protein in the development of the dendritic tree and reelin signaling. Overall, these results establish the role of SNX17 in ApoER2 trafficking and function and aid in identifying new links between endocytic trafficking and receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Sotelo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millenium Nucleus for Renerative Biology (MINREB), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Farfán
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millenium Nucleus for Renerative Biology (MINREB), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Luisa Benitez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millenium Nucleus for Renerative Biology (MINREB), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, United States of America
| | - María-Paz Marzolo
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millenium Nucleus for Renerative Biology (MINREB), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Polarized cells such as epithelial cells and neurons exhibit different plasma membrane domains with distinct protein compositions. Recent studies have shown that sorting of transmembrane proteins to the basolateral domain of epithelial cells and the somatodendritic domain of neurons is mediated by recognition of signals in the cytosolic domains of the proteins by adaptors. These adaptors are components of protein coats associated with the trans-Golgi network and/or recycling endosomes. The clathrin-associated adaptor protein 1 (AP-1) complex plays a preeminent role in this process, although other adaptors and coat proteins, such as AP-4, ARH, Numb, exomer, and retromer, have also been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan S Bonifacino
- Cell Biology and Metabolism Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Measuring interactions of FERM domain-containing sorting Nexin proteins with endosomal lipids and cargo molecules. Methods Enzymol 2014; 534:331-49. [PMID: 24359963 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-397926-1.00019-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endosomal recycling pathways regulate cellular homeostasis via the transport of internalized material back to the plasma membrane. Phox homology (PX) and band 4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin (FERM) domain-containing proteins are a recently identified subfamily of PX proteins that are critical for the recycling of numerous transmembrane cargo molecules. The PX-FERM subfamily includes three endosome-associated proteins called sorting nexin (SNX) 17, SNX27, and SNX31. These are modular peripheral membrane proteins that act as central scaffolds mediating protein-lipid interactions, cargo binding, and regulatory protein recruitment. This chapter outlines the methodology employed to classify the PX-FERM family using combined bioinformatics and structure prediction tools. It further details the application of isothermal titration calorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to understand the mechanisms that underpin their endosomal membrane recruitment and subsequent recognition of NPxY/NxxY peptide sorting motifs, present in many cargo receptors and required for their trafficking. It is now increasingly recognized that the formation of a stable trafficking complex is dictated by a multitude of coordinated protein-protein and protein-lipid interactions, and the approaches highlighted here will be useful for future studies aimed at understanding these biomolecular interactions in greater detail.
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Traub LM, Bonifacino JS. Cargo recognition in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2013; 5:a016790. [PMID: 24186068 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a016790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endosomal system is expansive and complex, characterized by swift morphological transitions, dynamic remodeling of membrane constituents, and intracellular positioning changes. To properly navigate this ever-altering membrane labyrinth, transmembrane protein cargoes typically require specific sorting signals that are decoded by components of protein coats. The best-characterized sorting process within the endosomal system is the rapid internalization of select transmembrane proteins within clathrin-coated vesicles. Endocytic signals consist of linear motifs, conformational determinants, or covalent modifications in the cytosolic domains of transmembrane cargo. These signals are interpreted by a diverse set of clathrin-associated sorting proteins (CLASPs) that translocate from the cytosol to the inner face of the plasma membrane. Signal recognition by CLASPs is highly cooperative, involving additional interactions with phospholipids, Arf GTPases, other CLASPs, and clathrin, and is regulated by large conformational changes and covalent modifications. Related sorting events occur at other endosomal sorting stations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linton M Traub
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261
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34
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Abstract
Phosphoinositides (PIs) make up only a small fraction of cellular phospholipids, yet they control almost all aspects of a cell's life and death. These lipids gained tremendous research interest as plasma membrane signaling molecules when discovered in the 1970s and 1980s. Research in the last 15 years has added a wide range of biological processes regulated by PIs, turning these lipids into one of the most universal signaling entities in eukaryotic cells. PIs control organelle biology by regulating vesicular trafficking, but they also modulate lipid distribution and metabolism via their close relationship with lipid transfer proteins. PIs regulate ion channels, pumps, and transporters and control both endocytic and exocytic processes. The nuclear phosphoinositides have grown from being an epiphenomenon to a research area of its own. As expected from such pleiotropic regulators, derangements of phosphoinositide metabolism are responsible for a number of human diseases ranging from rare genetic disorders to the most common ones such as cancer, obesity, and diabetes. Moreover, it is increasingly evident that a number of infectious agents hijack the PI regulatory systems of host cells for their intracellular movements, replication, and assembly. As a result, PI converting enzymes began to be noticed by pharmaceutical companies as potential therapeutic targets. This review is an attempt to give an overview of this enormous research field focusing on major developments in diverse areas of basic science linked to cellular physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamas Balla
- Section on Molecular Signal Transduction, Program for Developmental Neuroscience, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Farfán P, Lee J, Larios J, Sotelo P, Bu G, Marzolo MP. A sorting nexin 17-binding domain within the LRP1 cytoplasmic tail mediates receptor recycling through the basolateral sorting endosome. Traffic 2013; 14:823-38. [PMID: 23593972 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sorting nexin 17 (SNX17) is an adaptor protein present in early endosomal antigen 1 (EEA1)-positive sorting endosomes that promotes the efficient recycling of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) to the plasma membrane through recognition of the first NPxY motif in the cytoplasmic tail of this receptor. The interaction of LRP1 with SNX17 also regulates the basolateral recycling of the receptor from the basolateral sorting endosome (BSE). In contrast, megalin, which is apically distributed in polarized epithelial cells and localizes poorly to EEA1-positive sorting endosomes, does not interact with SNX17, despite containing three NPxY motifs, indicating that this motif is not sufficient for receptor recognition by SNX17. Here, we identified a cluster of 32 amino acids within the cytoplasmic domain of LRP1 that is both necessary and sufficient for SNX17 binding. To delineate the function of this SNX17-binding domain, we generated chimeric proteins in which the SNX17-binding domain was inserted into the cytoplasmic tail of megalin. This insertion mediated the binding of megalin to SNX17 and modified the cell surface expression and recycling of megalin in non-polarized cells. However, the polarized localization of chimeric megalin was not modified in polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. These results provide evidence regarding the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the specificity of SNX17-binding receptors and the restricted function of SNX17 in the BSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Farfán
- Laboratorio de Tráfico Intracelular y Señalización, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Casilla 114-D, Santiago, Chile
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36
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Zhang L, Qin D, Hao C, Shu X, Pei D. SNX16 negatively regulates the migration and tumorigenesis of MCF-7 cells. CELL REGENERATION 2013; 2:3. [PMID: 25408875 PMCID: PMC4230745 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9769-2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorting nexins are a large family of proteins that are associated with various components of the endosome system and they play many roles in processes such as endocytosis, intracellular protein trafficking and cell signaling. The subcellular distribution patterns of many of them remain controversial and their in vivo functions have not been characterized yet. RESULTS We investigated the subcellular distribution and function of SNX16 in this study. SNX16 is detected on Rab5-positive endosomes localized adjacent to focal adhesions at cell cortex. Inhibition of SNX23, polymerization of microtubule filaments as well as the PI3-kinase all disrupt the cell cortex distribution of SNX16. Ectopic expression of SNX16 reduces the migration and the tumor formation activity of MCF-7 cells. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that, in addition to the PI3P, there is a SNX23- and microtubule-dependent cargo transport pathway required for the proper subcellular distribution of SNX16. SNX16 plays a negative regulatory role during cell migration and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, 510530 China
| | - Dajiang Qin
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, 510530 China
| | - Chunfang Hao
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, 510530 China
| | - Xiaodong Shu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, 510530 China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou, 510530 China
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38
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Ghai R, Bugarcic A, Liu H, Norwood SJ, Skeldal S, Coulson EJ, Li SSC, Teasdale RD, Collins BM. Structural basis for endosomal trafficking of diverse transmembrane cargos by PX-FERM proteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E643-52. [PMID: 23382219 PMCID: PMC3581954 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1216229110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Transit of proteins through the endosomal organelle following endocytosis is critical for regulating the homeostasis of cell-surface proteins and controlling signal transduction pathways. However, the mechanisms that control these membrane-transport processes are poorly understood. The Phox-homology (PX) domain-containing proteins sorting nexin (SNX) 17, SNX27, and SNX31 have emerged recently as key regulators of endosomal recycling and bind conserved Asn-Pro-Xaa-Tyr-sorting signals in transmembrane cargos via an atypical band, 4.1/ezrin/radixin/moesin (FERM) domain. Here we present the crystal structure of the SNX17 FERM domain bound to the sorting motif of the P-selectin adhesion protein, revealing both the architecture of the atypical FERM domain and the molecular basis for recognition of these essential sorting sequences. We further show that the PX-FERM proteins share a promiscuous ability to bind a wide array of putative cargo molecules, including receptor tyrosine kinases, and propose a model for their coordinated molecular interactions with membrane, cargo, and regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huadong Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and
- Siebens Drake Medical Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1
| | | | - Sune Skeldal
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; and
| | - Elizabeth J. Coulson
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; and
| | - Shawn Shun-Cheng Li
- Department of Biochemistry and
- Siebens Drake Medical Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada N6A 5C1
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Gabathuler R. [New protein vectors for physiological transfer of therapeutic agents to the central nervous system]. Biol Aujourdhui 2012; 206:191-203. [PMID: 23171842 DOI: 10.1051/jbio/2012018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The central nervous system is a sanctuary protected by barriers, among which the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is formed by the specific nature of the endothelial cells of the brain capillaries, that allow brain access only to nutrients necessary for brain cell survival and function. These properties of the BBB result in the incapacity of therapeutic compounds, both small and large, to reach the brain at therapeutic concentrations. Various strategies are now being developed to enhance the amount and concentration of these compounds in the brain parenchyma. The development of new technologies such as peptide vectors will achieve the delivery of active agents in therapeutic concentration across the BBB to treat brain diseases such as cancer or neurodegenerative disorders. In this paper, design of new active peptides and the development of new protein, peptide, vectors for drug brain delivery using physiological approaches will be addressed. In addition to the Angiopep platform technology which is in development at Angiochem Inc. and is to date the most advanced in human clinical trials, the new Transcend technology using a protein melanotransferrin for the transport of biologics such as lysosomal enzymes and antibodies will be discussed.
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Development of new peptide vectors for the transport of therapeutic across the blood-brain barrier. Ther Deliv 2012; 1:571-86. [PMID: 22833968 DOI: 10.4155/tde.10.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is formed by the special nature of the endothelial cells of the brain capillaries characterized by tight junctions between cells and a high expression of efflux pumps only allowing the brain access to nutrients necessary for cell survival and function. These properties of the BBB result in the incapacity of small and large therapeutic compounds to reach the brain at therapeutic concentrations. Various strategies are now being developed to enhance the amount and concentration of these compounds in the brain parenchyma. The development of new technologies such as peptide vectors has the potential to achieve the delivery of active agents in therapeutic concentrations across the BBB to treat brain diseases such as brain primary and metastatic cancers and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, the design of new active peptides and development of new peptide vectors for drug brain delivery using physiological approaches will be addressed. A new chemical entity incorporating angiopep peptide in a small anticancer agent (paclitaxel) is now in clinical trials. It is the first of such designed agents to be validated for the treatment of human brain cancers and opens the door for such approaches.
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Spuch C, Ortolano S, Navarro C. LRP-1 and LRP-2 receptors function in the membrane neuron. Trafficking mechanisms and proteolytic processing in Alzheimer's disease. Front Physiol 2012; 3:269. [PMID: 22934024 PMCID: PMC3429044 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) belongs to the low-density lipoprotein receptor family, generally recognized as cell surface endocytic receptors, which bind and internalize extracellular ligands for degradation in lysosomes. Neurons require cholesterol to function and keep the membrane rafts stable. Cholesterol uptake into the neuron is carried out by ApoE via LRPs receptors on the cell surface. In neurons the most important are LRP-1 and LRP-2, even it is thought that a causal factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the malfunction of this process which cause impairment intracellular signaling as well as storage and/or release of nutrients and toxic compounds. Both receptors are multifunctional cell surface receptors that are widely expressed in several tissues including neurons and astrocytes. LRPs are constituted by an intracellular (ICD) and extracellular domain (ECD). Through its ECD, LRPs bind at least 40 different ligands ranging from lipoprotein and protease inhibitor complex to growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins. These receptors has also been shown to interact with scaffolding and signaling proteins via its ICD in a phosphorylation-dependent manner and to function as a co-receptor partnering with other cell surface or integral membrane proteins. Thus, LRPs are implicated in two major physiological processes: endocytosis and regulation of signaling pathways, which are both involved in diverse biological roles including lipid metabolism, cell growth processes, degradation of proteases, and tissue invasion. Interestingly, LRPs were also localized in neurons in different stages, suggesting that both receptors could be implicated in signal transduction during embryonic development, neuronal outgrowth or in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Spuch
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of VigoVigo, Spain
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42
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Yin W, Liu D, Liu N, Xu L, Li S, Lin S, Shu X, Pei D. SNX17 regulates Notch pathway and pancreas development through the retromer-dependent recycling of Jag1. CELL REGENERATION 2012; 1:4. [PMID: 25408867 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9769-1-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Notch is one of the most important signaling pathways involved in cell fate determination. Activation of the Notch pathway requires the binding of a membrane-bound ligand to the Notch receptor in the adjacent cell which induces proteolytic cleavages and the activation of the receptor. A unique feature of the Notch signaling is that processes such as modification, endocytosis or recycling of the ligand have been reported to play critical roles during Notch signaling, however, the underlying molecular mechanism appears context-dependent and often controversial. RESULTS Here we identified SNX17 as a novel regulator of the Notch pathway. SNX17 is a sorting nexin family protein implicated in vesicular trafficking and we find it is specifically required in the ligand-expressing cells for Notch signaling. Mechanistically, SNX17 regulates the protein level of Jag1a on plasma membrane by binding to Jag1a and facilitating the retromer-dependent recycling of the ligand. In zebrafish, inhibition of this SNX17-mediated Notch signaling pathway results in defects in neurogenesis as well as pancreas development. CONCLUSIONS Our results reveal that SNX17, by acting as a cargo-specific adaptor, promotes the retromer dependent recycling of Jag1a and Notch signaling and this pathway is involved in cell fate determination during zebrafish neurogenesis and pancreas development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenguang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530 China
| | - Dapeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530 China
| | - Nian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530 China
| | - Liangliang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530 China
| | - Song Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055 China
| | - Shuo Lin
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Genomics, Shenzhen Graduate School of Peking University, Shenzhen, 518055 China ; Department of Molecular, Cell & Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Xiaodong Shu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530 China
| | - Duanqing Pei
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530 China
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Gordts PL, Bartelt A, Nilsson SK, Annaert W, Christoffersen C, Nielsen LB, Heeren J, Roebroek AJ. Impaired LDL receptor-related protein 1 translocation correlates with improved dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis in apoE-deficient mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38330. [PMID: 22701627 PMCID: PMC3368875 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Determination of the in vivo significance of LDL receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) dysfunction on lipid metabolism and atherosclerosis development in absence of its main ligand apoE. Methods and Results LRP1 knock-in mice carrying an inactivating mutation in the NPxYxxL motif were crossed with apoE-deficient mice. In the absence of apoE, relative to LRP1 wild-type animals, LRP1 mutated mice showed an increased clearance of postprandial lipids despite a compromised LRP1 endocytosis rate and inefficient insulin-mediated translocation of the receptor to the plasma membrane, likely due to inefficient slow recycling of the mutated receptor. Postprandial lipoprotein improvement was explained by increased hepatic clearance of triglyceride-rich remnant lipoproteins and accompanied by a compensatory 1.6-fold upregulation of LDLR expression in hepatocytes. One year-old apoE-deficient mice having the dysfunctional LRP1 revealed a 3-fold decrease in spontaneous atherosclerosis development and a 2-fold reduction in LDL-cholesterol levels. Conclusion These findings demonstrate that the NPxYxxL motif in LRP1 is important for insulin-mediated translocation and slow perinuclear endosomal recycling. These LRP1 impairments correlated with reduced atherogenesis and cholesterol levels in apoE-deficient mice, likely via compensatory LDLR upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L.S.M. Gordts
- Laboratory for Experimental Mouse Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alexander Bartelt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology
- Department of Orthopedics University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan K. Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biosciences/Physiological Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Wim Annaert
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Lars Bo Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joerg Heeren
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology
- * E-mail: (AJMR); (JH)
| | - Anton J.M. Roebroek
- Laboratory for Experimental Mouse Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail: (AJMR); (JH)
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Böttcher RT, Stremmel C, Meves A, Meyer H, Widmaier M, Tseng HY, Fässler R. Sorting nexin 17 prevents lysosomal degradation of β1 integrins by binding to the β1-integrin tail. Nat Cell Biol 2012; 14:584-92. [DOI: 10.1038/ncb2501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2011] [Accepted: 04/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Pflanzner T, Petsch B, André-Dohmen B, Müller-Schiffmann A, Tschickardt S, Weggen S, Stitz L, Korth C, Pietrzik CU. Cellular prion protein participates in amyloid-β transcytosis across the blood-brain barrier. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2012; 32:628-32. [PMID: 22293988 PMCID: PMC3318156 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2012.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2011] [Revised: 11/30/2011] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) facilitates amyloid-β (Aβ) exchange between the blood and the brain. Here, we found that the cellular prion protein (PrP(c)), a putative receptor implicated in mediating Aβ neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease (AD), participates in Aβ transcytosis across the BBB. Using an in vitro BBB model, [(125)I]-Aβ(1-40) transcytosis was reduced by genetic knockout of PrP(c) or after addition of a competing PrP(c)-specific antibody. Furthermore, we provide evidence that PrP(c) is expressed in endothelial cells and, that monomeric Aβ(1-40) binds to PrP(c). These observations provide new mechanistic insights into the role of PrP(c) in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Pflanzner
- Molecular Neurodegeneration, Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benjamin Petsch
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Bettina André-Dohmen
- Molecular Neurodegeneration, Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Sabrina Tschickardt
- Molecular Neurodegeneration, Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sascha Weggen
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lothar Stitz
- Institute of Immunology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Korth
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Molecular Neurodegeneration, Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
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Insights into the PX (phox-homology) domain and SNX (sorting nexin) protein families: structures, functions and roles in disease. Biochem J 2011; 441:39-59. [DOI: 10.1042/bj20111226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian genome encodes 49 proteins that possess a PX (phox-homology) domain, responsible for membrane attachment to organelles of the secretory and endocytic system via binding of phosphoinositide lipids. The PX domain proteins, most of which are classified as SNXs (sorting nexins), constitute an extremely diverse family of molecules that play varied roles in membrane trafficking, cell signalling, membrane remodelling and organelle motility. In the present review, we present an overview of the family, incorporating recent functional and structural insights, and propose an updated classification of the proteins into distinct subfamilies on the basis of these insights. Almost all PX domain proteins bind PtdIns3P and are recruited to early endosomal membranes. Although other specificities and localizations have been reported for a select few family members, the molecular basis for binding to other lipids is still not clear. The PX domain is also emerging as an important protein–protein interaction domain, binding endocytic and exocytic machinery, transmembrane proteins and many other molecules. A comprehensive survey of the molecular interactions governed by PX proteins highlights the functional diversity of the family as trafficking cargo adaptors and membrane-associated scaffolds regulating cell signalling. Finally, we examine the mounting evidence linking PX proteins to different disorders, in particular focusing on their emerging importance in both pathogen invasion and amyloid production in Alzheimer's disease.
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Norambuena A, Metz C, Jung JE, Silva A, Otero C, Cancino J, Retamal C, Valenzuela JC, Soza A, González A. Phosphatidic acid induces ligand-independent epidermal growth factor receptor endocytic traffic through PDE4 activation. Mol Biol Cell 2010; 21:2916-29. [PMID: 20554760 PMCID: PMC2921116 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e10-02-0167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Endocytic traffic can control cell surface versus intracellular distribution of empty/inactive EGFR, an thus its accessibility to external stimuli, through a pathway involving down regulation of PKA activity mediated by PA signaling towards PDE4. This novel control mechanism can trans-modulate EGFR function by heterologous stimuli of PLD. Endocytosis modulates EGFR function by compartmentalizing and attenuating or enhancing its ligand-induced signaling. Here we show that it can also control the cell surface versus intracellular distribution of empty/inactive EGFR. Our previous observation that PKA inhibitors induce EGFR internalization prompted us to test phosphatidic acid (PA) generated by phospholipase D (PLD) as an endogenous down-regulator of PKA activity, which activates rolipram-sensitive type 4 phosphodiesterases (PDE4) that degrade cAMP. We found that inhibition of PA hydrolysis by propranolol, in the absence of ligand, provokes internalization of inactive (neither tyrosine-phosphorylated nor ubiquitinated) EGFR, accompanied by a transient increase in PA levels and PDE4s activity. This EGFR internalization is mimicked by PA micelles and is strongly counteracted by PLD2 silencing, rolipram or forskolin treatment, and PKA overexpression. Accelerated EGFR endocytosis seems to be mediated by clathrin-dependent and -independent pathways, leading to receptor accumulation in juxtanuclear recycling endosomes, also due to a decreased recycling. Internalized EGFR can remain intracellular without degradation for several hours or return rapidly to the cell surface upon discontinuation of the stimulus. This novel regulatory mechanism of EGFR, also novel function of signaling PA, can transmodulate receptor accessibility in response to heterologous stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Norambuena
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Reekmans SM, Pflanzner T, Gordts PLSM, Isbert S, Zimmermann P, Annaert W, Weggen S, Roebroek AJM, Pietrzik CU. Inactivation of the proximal NPXY motif impairs early steps in LRP1 biosynthesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:135-45. [PMID: 19856143 PMCID: PMC11115674 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The proximal NPXY and distal NPXYXXL motifs in the intracellular domain of LRP1 play an important role in regulation of the function of the receptor. The impact of single and double inactivating knock-in mutations of these motifs on receptor maturation, cell surface expression, and ligand internalization was analyzed in mutant and control wild-type mice and MEFs. Single inactivation of the proximal NPXY or in combination with inactivation of the distal NPXYXXL motif are both shown to be associated with an impaired maturation and premature proteasomal degradation of full-length LRP1. Therefore, only a small mature LRP1 pool is able to reach the cell surface resulting indirectly in severe impairment of ligand internalization. Single inactivation of the NPXYXXL motif revealed normal maturation, but direct impairment of ligand internalization. In conclusion, the proximal NPXY motif proves to be essential for early steps in the LRP1 biosynthesis, whereas NPXYXXL appears rather relevant for internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Reekmans
- Laboratory for Experimental Mouse Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 602, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Experimental Mouse Genetics, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thorsten Pflanzner
- Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Philip L. S. M. Gordts
- Laboratory for Experimental Mouse Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 602, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Experimental Mouse Genetics, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Simone Isbert
- Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Pascale Zimmermann
- Laboratory for Signal Integration in Cell Fate Decision, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Annaert
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Membrane Trafficking, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sascha Weggen
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anton J. M. Roebroek
- Laboratory for Experimental Mouse Genetics, Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, bus 602, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory for Experimental Mouse Genetics, Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, VIB, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Claus U. Pietrzik
- Molecular Neurodegeneration, Department of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany
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Gonzalez A, Rodriguez-Boulan E. Clathrin and AP1B: key roles in basolateral trafficking through trans-endosomal routes. FEBS Lett 2009; 583:3784-95. [PMID: 19854182 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2009.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 10/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Research following introduction of the MDCK model system to study epithelial polarity (1978) led to an initial paradigm that posited independent roles of the trans Golgi network (TGN) and recycling endosomes (RE) in the generation of, respectively, biosynthetic and recycling routes of plasma membrane (PM) proteins to apical and basolateral PM domains. This model dominated the field for 20 years. However, studies over the past decade and the discovery of the involvement of clathrin and clathrin adaptors in protein trafficking to the basolateral PM has led to a new paradigm. TGN and RE are now believed to cooperate closely in both biosynthetic and recycling trafficking routes. Here, we critically review these recent advances and the questions that remain unanswered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Gonzalez
- Departamento de Inmunología Clínica y Reumatología, Facultad de Medicina, Centro de Regulación Celular y Patología and Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 6510260 Santiago, Chile.
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