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Chopra AK. Dietary management of dyslipidemia. Indian Heart J 2024; 76 Suppl 1:S65-S72. [PMID: 38122980 PMCID: PMC11019336 DOI: 10.1016/j.ihj.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The rising burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has made the achievement of optimal lipoprotein levels a major public health priority. As nearly a fifth of global mortality is associated with dietary factors, and recommendations have been mired in controversy, a fresh look on the available data is attempted. Well established concepts regarding nutrition and cardiometabolic health, role of macronutrients, calories, and controversial foods are discussed followed by recommendations in the Indian context. A healthy dietary pattern rather than individual foods or nutrients is emphasized, and this is generally plant based with optional consumption of dairy, eggs, and meats within the suggested limits. Suggestions/recommendations are given for consumption of individual foods, remembering that choosing appropriate replacement foods is as important as restricting unhealthy foods.
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Mohammed AS, Hashem HAA, Abdel Maksoud BS. Improving the quality properties of soybean oil by using rice bran oil. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2723. [PMID: 38302565 PMCID: PMC10834973 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aims to study the effect of substituting soybean oil (SO) with rice bran oil (RBO) at different levels (25%, 50%, and 75%) on the physical and chemical properties, fatty acid composition, and oxidative stability of SO, also, study the effect of storing SO, RBO, and their blend oils at ambient temperature for a period of 12 months on the content of free fatty acids (% FFA), peroxide value (PV), and thiobarbituric acid (TBA). RBO demonstrated good quality, as evidenced by its initial low values of % FFA, PV, and TBA. Furthermore, RBO was found to be an excellent source of γ-oryzanol, whereas the other oils lacked this compound. Consequently, increasing the proportion of RBO in SO resulted in the least degradation, while pure SO exhibited the highest degree of degradation. Moreover, the blend oils demonstrated an inhibitory effect against oxidation, allowing for a prolonged storage period without the use of industrial antioxidants. Throughout the entire storage period, the % FFA and PV of all tested blend oil samples remained within the limits recommended for human consumption. TBA exhibited a similar trend to PV. However, an incremental increase in TBA values was observed as the storage period of the oils extended. In SO, TBA levels increased from 0.533 mg malonaldehyde/kg oil at the beginning to 1.446 mg malonaldehyde/kg oil after 12 months of storage. In RBO, TBA levels increased from 0.336 mg malonaldehyde/kg oil at the beginning to 0.882 mg malonaldehyde/kg oil after 12 months of storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Sabry Mohammed
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, AL-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanafy Abdel Aziz Hashem
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, AL-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Badr Saed Abdel Maksoud
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, AL-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Bharati R, Kovach KA. Incorporating Lifestyle Medicine Into Primary Care Practice: Perceptions and Practices of Family Physicians. Am J Lifestyle Med 2023; 17:704-716. [PMID: 37711349 PMCID: PMC10498979 DOI: 10.1177/15598276211072506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Lifestyle medicine (LM) uses therapeutic lifestyle behavior change to address the root causes of chronic diseases. The purpose of this study was to assess family physicians' perceptions and utilization of LM principles in their primary care practices, as well as identify reported barriers to implementation. Methods: A survey was administered to 5770 family physicians registered with the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). The survey questions assessed the gap between perception and practice of LM core competencies and the 6 domains of LM. Results: The responses from 447 family physicians were included in the study. Respondents' perceived importance and reported practice was higher for clinical skills compared to the community partnerships and advocacy. There was a substantial gap in the reported comfort with and practice of certain LM domains, such as sleep (47%) and relationships (39.4%). However, LM board-certified physicians had a significantly higher frequency of practice in these domains. The majority of participants identified both difficulty with changing patient behavior (89%) and having limited time (81%) as major barriers to incorporate LM into their practice. Conclusion: Lifestyle medicine concepts resonate strongly with family physicians although gaps exist surrounding engaging in community partnerships, advocacy, and certain domains of LM. This study assesses family physicians' perceptions and utilization of LM principles in their primary care practices, and identifies reported barriers to implementation.
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Soto-Mota A, Pereira MA, Ebbeling CB, Aronica L, Ludwig DS. Evidence for the carbohydrate-insulin model in a reanalysis of the Diet Intervention Examining The Factors Interacting with Treatment Success (DIETFITS) trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2023; 117:599-606. [PMID: 36811468 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Diet Intervention Examining The Factors Interacting with Treatment Success (DIETFITS) trial demonstrated that meaningful weight loss can be achieved with either a "healthy low-carbohydrate diet" (LCD) or "healthy low-fat diet" (LFD). However, because both diets substantially decreased glycemic load (GL), the dietary factors mediating weight loss remain unclear. OBJECTIVES We aimed to explore the contribution of macronutrients and GL to weight loss in DIETFITS and examine a hypothesized relationship between GL and insulin secretion. DESIGN This study is a secondary data analysis of the DIETFITS trial, in which participants with overweight or obesity (aged 18-50 y) were randomized to a 12-mo LCD (N = 304) or LFD (N = 305). RESULTS Measures related to carbohydrate intake (total amount, glycemic index, added sugar, and fiber) showed strong associations with weight loss at 3-, 6-, and 12-mo time points in the full cohort, whereas those related to total fat intake showed weak to no associations. A biomarker of carbohydrate (triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio) predicted weight loss at all time points (3-mo: β [kg/biomarker z-score change] = 1.1, P = 3.5 × 10-9; 6-mo: β = 1.7, P = 1.1 × 10-9; and 12-mo: β = 2.6, P = 1.5 × 10-15), whereas that of fat (low-density lipoprotein cholesterol + HDL cholesterol) did not (all time points: P = NS). In a mediation model, GL explained most of the observed effect of total calorie intake on weight change. Dividing the cohort into quintiles of baseline insulin secretion and GL reduction revealed evidence of effect modification for weight loss, with P = 0.0009 at 3 mo, P = 0.01 at 6 mo, and P = 0.07 at 12 mo. CONCLUSIONS As predicted by the carbohydrate-insulin model of obesity, weight loss in both diet groups of DIETFITS seems to have been driven by the reduction of GL more so than dietary fat or calories, an effect that may be most pronounced among those with high insulin secretion. These findings should be interpreted cautiously in view of the exploratory nature of this study. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT01826591).
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Soto-Mota
- Metabolic Diseases Research Unit, National Institute for Medical Sciences and Nutrition Salvador Zubiran, Tlalpan, Mexico City, Mexico; Monterrey Institute of Technology and Higher Education, Xochimilco, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mark A Pereira
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, MN, USA
| | - Cara B Ebbeling
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lucia Aronica
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David S Ludwig
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Beal T, Gardner CD, Herrero M, Iannotti LL, Merbold L, Nordhagen S, Mottet A. Friend or Foe? The Role of Animal-Source Foods in Healthy and Environmentally Sustainable Diets. J Nutr 2023; 153:409-425. [PMID: 36894234 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjnut.2022.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientific and political discussions around the role of animal-source foods (ASFs) in healthy and environmentally sustainable diets are often polarizing. To bring clarity to this important topic, we critically reviewed the evidence on the health and environmental benefits and risks of ASFs, focusing on primary trade-offs and tensions, and summarized the evidence on alternative proteins and protein-rich foods. ASFs are rich in bioavailable nutrients commonly lacking globally and can make important contributions to food and nutrition security. Many populations in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia could benefit from increased consumption of ASFs through improved nutrient intakes and reduced undernutrition. Where consumption is high, processed meat should be limited, and red meat and saturated fat should be moderated to lower noncommunicable disease risk-this could also have cobenefits for environmental sustainability. ASF production generally has a large environmental impact; yet, when produced at the appropriate scale and in accordance with local ecosystems and contexts, ASFs can play an important role in circular and diverse agroecosystems that, in certain circumstances, can help restore biodiversity and degraded land and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from food production. The amount and type of ASF that is healthy and environmentally sustainable will depend on the local context and health priorities and will change over time as populations develop, nutritional concerns evolve, and alternative foods from new technologies become more available and acceptable. Efforts by governments and civil society organizations to increase or decrease ASF consumption should be considered in light of the nutritional and environmental needs and risks in the local context and, importantly, integrally involve the local stakeholders impacted by any changes. Policies, programs, and incentives are needed to ensure best practices in production, curb excess consumption where high, and sustainably increase consumption where low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty Beal
- Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition, Washington, DC, USA; Institute for Social, Behavioral and Economic Research, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA.
| | - Christopher D Gardner
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mario Herrero
- Department of Global Development and Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Lutz Merbold
- Integrative Agroecology Group, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Anne Mottet
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy
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McCullough D, Harrison T, Boddy LM, Enright KJ, Amirabdollahian F, Schmidt MA, Doenges K, Quinn K, Reisdorph N, Mazidi M, Lane KE, Stewart CE, Davies IG. The Effect of Dietary Carbohydrate and Fat Manipulation on the Metabolome and Markers of Glucose and Insulin Metabolism: A Randomised Parallel Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:3691. [PMID: 36145067 PMCID: PMC9505524 DOI: 10.3390/nu14183691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
High carbohydrate, lower fat (HCLF) diets are recommended to reduce cardiometabolic disease (CMD) but low carbohydrate high fat (LCHF) diets can be just as effective. The effect of LCHF on novel insulin resistance biomarkers and the metabolome has not been fully explored. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of an ad libitum 8-week LCHF diet compared with a HCLF diet on CMD markers, the metabolome, and insulin resistance markers. n = 16 adults were randomly assigned to either LCHF (n = 8, <50 g CHO p/day) or HCLF diet (n = 8) for 8 weeks. At weeks 0, 4 and 8, participants provided fasted blood samples, measures of body composition, blood pressure and dietary intake. Samples were analysed for markers of cardiometabolic disease and underwent non-targeted metabolomic profiling. Both a LCHF and HCLF diet significantly (p < 0.01) improved fasting insulin, HOMA IR, rQUICKI and leptin/adiponectin ratio (p < 0.05) levels. Metabolomic profiling detected 3489 metabolites with 78 metabolites being differentially regulated, for example, an upregulation in lipid metabolites following the LCHF diet may indicate an increase in lipid transport and oxidation, improving insulin sensitivity. In conclusion, both diets may reduce type 2 diabetes risk albeit, a LCHF diet may enhance insulin sensitivity by increasing lipid oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deaglan McCullough
- Carnegie School of Sport, Leeds Beckett University, Leeds LS6 3QS, UK
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Tanja Harrison
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Chester, Chester CH1 4BJ, UK
| | - Lynne M. Boddy
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Kevin J. Enright
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | | | - Michael A. Schmidt
- Advanced Pattern Analysis and Countermeasures Group, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
- Sovaris Aerospace, Boulder, CO 80302, USA
| | - Katrina Doenges
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kevin Quinn
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nichole Reisdorph
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Mohsen Mazidi
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, South Wing St Thomas’, King’s College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Katie E. Lane
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Claire E. Stewart
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
| | - Ian G. Davies
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool L3 3AF, UK
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Navarro JA, Decara J, Medina-Vera D, Tovar R, Lopez-Gambero AJ, Suarez J, Pavón FJ, Serrano A, de Ceglia M, Sanjuan C, Baltasar YA, Baixeras E, Rodríguez de Fonseca F. Endocrine and Metabolic Impact of Oral Ingestion of a Carob-Pod-Derived Natural-Syrup-Containing D-Pinitol: Potential Use as a Novel Sweetener in Diabetes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14081594. [PMID: 36015220 PMCID: PMC9416495 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14081594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of added sugars or non-nutritive sweeteners in processed foods is a challenge for addressing the therapeutics of obesity and diabetes. Both types of sweeteners generate health problems, and both are being blamed for multiple complications associated with these prevalent diseases. As an example, fructose is proven to contribute to obesity and liver steatosis, while non-nutritive sweeteners generate gut dysbiosis that complicates the metabolic control exerted by the liver. The present work explores an alternative approach for sweetening through the use of a simple carob-pod-derived syrup. This sweetener consists of a balanced mixture of fructose (47%) and glucose (45%), as sweetening sugars, and a functional natural ingredient (D-Pinitol) at a concentration (3%) capable of producing active metabolic effects. The administration of this syrup to healthy volunteers (50 g of total carbohydrates) resulted in less persistent glucose excursions, a lower insulin response to the hyperglycemia produced by its ingestion, and an enhanced glucagon/insulin ratio, compared to that observed after the ingestion of 50 g of glucose. Daily administration of the syrup to Wistar rats for 10 days lowered fat depots in the liver, reduced liver glycogen, promoted fat oxidation, and was devoid of toxic effects. In addition, this repeated administration of the syrup improved glucose handling after a glucose (2 g/kg) load. Overall, this alternative functional sweetener retains the natural palatability of a glucose/fructose syrup while displaying beneficial metabolic effects that might serve to protect against the progression towards complicated obesity, especially the development of liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Navarro
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
| | - Dina Medina-Vera
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Unidad de Gestión del Corazón, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Ruben Tovar
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Facultad de Medicina, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonio J. Lopez-Gambero
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Facultad de Ciencias, Campus de Teatinos s/n, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Suarez
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Departamento de Anatomía Humana, Medicina Legal e Historia de la Ciencia, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Pavón
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Unidad de Gestión del Corazón, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, 29010 Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
| | - Marialuisa de Ceglia
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
| | - Carlos Sanjuan
- Euronutra S.L. Calle Johannes Kepler, 3, 29590 Málaga, Spain; (C.S.); (Y.A.B.)
| | | | - Elena Baixeras
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (F.R.d.F.); Tel.: +34-655373093 (E.B.); +34-669426548 (F.R.d.F.)
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- Laboratorio de Medicina Regenerativa, Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, 29010 Málaga, Spain; (J.A.N.); (J.D.); (D.M.-V.); (R.T.); (A.J.L.-G.); (J.S.); (F.J.P.); (A.S.); (M.d.C.)
- Correspondence: (E.B.); (F.R.d.F.); Tel.: +34-655373093 (E.B.); +34-669426548 (F.R.d.F.)
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Zeng X, Li X, Zhang Z, Li H, Wang Y, Zhu Y, Hu A, Zhao Q, Tang M, Zhang X, Huang J, Yang W. A prospective study of carbohydrate intake and risk of all-cause and specific-cause mortality. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:3149-3160. [PMID: 35394201 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02877-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the associations between carbohydrate intake and the risk of overall and specific-cause mortality in a prospective cohort study. METHODS Diet was measured using 24 h dietary recalls. Underlying cause of death was identified through linkage to the National Death Index. Hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using Cox proportional hazards regression. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 7.1 years among 35,692 participants who aged 20-85 years, a total of 3854 deaths [783 cardiovascular disease (CVD)-specific and 884 cancer-specific death] were identified. Carbohydrate intake was not associated with risk of overall mortality (multivariable-adjusted HR comparing extreme quartiles 1.03, 95% CI 0.94, 1.13, ptrend = 0.799), while higher fiber intake was associated with lower mortality risk (HR 0.86, 95% CI 0.77, 0.95, ptrend = 0.004). Replacing 5% of energy from carbohydrate with both plant fat and plant protein was associated with 13% (95% CI 8%, 17%) and 13% (95% CI 3%, 22%) lower risk of total and CVD mortality, respectively. Whereas a positive or null association was found when replacing carbohydrate with both animal fat and animal protein. Higher carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio was associated with increased risk of overall (HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.09, 1.33, ptrend < 0.001) and cancer-specific (HR 1.17, 95% CI 0.95, 1.44, ptrend = 0.031) mortality. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggested that high fiber diet or diet with low carbohydrate-to-fiber ratio was associated with lower long-term death risk, and provided evidence for the health benefit from dietary substitution of both plant fat and plant protein for carbohydrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xufen Zeng
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics/Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiude Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Zhuang Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Hairong Li
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yingying Wang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Yu Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Anla Hu
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Qihong Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology and Clinical Nutrition, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230000, Anhui, China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiaqi Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, and Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Wanshui Yang
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics/Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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9
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Luna-Castillo KP, Olivares-Ochoa XC, Hernández-Ruiz RG, Llamas-Covarrubias IM, Rodríguez-Reyes SC, Betancourt-Núñez A, Vizmanos B, Martínez-López E, Muñoz-Valle JF, Márquez-Sandoval F, López-Quintero A. The Effect of Dietary Interventions on Hypertriglyceridemia: From Public Health to Molecular Nutrition Evidence. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14051104. [PMID: 35268076 PMCID: PMC8912493 DOI: 10.3390/nu14051104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 25–50% of the population worldwide exhibits serum triglycerides (TG) (≥150 mg/dL) which are associated with an increased level of highly atherogenic remnant-like particles, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and pancreatitis risk. High serum TG levels could be related to cardiovascular disease, which is the most prevalent cause of mortality in Western countries. The etiology of hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) is multifactorial and can be classified as primary and secondary causes. Among the primary causes are genetic disorders. On the other hand, secondary causes of HTG comprise lifestyle factors, medical conditions, and drugs. Among lifestyle changes, adequate diets and nutrition are the initial steps to treat and prevent serum lipid alterations. Dietary intervention for HTG is recommended in order to modify the amount of macronutrients. Macronutrient distribution changes such as fat or protein, low-carbohydrate diets, and caloric restriction seem to be effective strategies in reducing TG levels. Particularly, the Mediterranean diet is the dietary pattern with the most consistent evidence for efficacy in HTG while the use of omega-3 supplements consumption is the dietary component with the highest number of randomized clinical trials (RCT) carried out with effective results on reducing TG. The aim of this review was to provide a better comprehension between human nutrition and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Paulina Luna-Castillo
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Nutrición Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdeG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (K.P.L.-C.); (X.C.O.-O.); (R.G.H.-R.); (I.M.L.-C.); (S.C.R.-R.); (A.B.-N.); (B.V.); (E.M.-L.); (J.F.M.-V.)
| | - Xochitl Citlalli Olivares-Ochoa
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Nutrición Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdeG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (K.P.L.-C.); (X.C.O.-O.); (R.G.H.-R.); (I.M.L.-C.); (S.C.R.-R.); (A.B.-N.); (B.V.); (E.M.-L.); (J.F.M.-V.)
| | - Rocío Guadalupe Hernández-Ruiz
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Nutrición Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdeG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (K.P.L.-C.); (X.C.O.-O.); (R.G.H.-R.); (I.M.L.-C.); (S.C.R.-R.); (A.B.-N.); (B.V.); (E.M.-L.); (J.F.M.-V.)
| | - Iris Monserrat Llamas-Covarrubias
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Nutrición Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdeG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (K.P.L.-C.); (X.C.O.-O.); (R.G.H.-R.); (I.M.L.-C.); (S.C.R.-R.); (A.B.-N.); (B.V.); (E.M.-L.); (J.F.M.-V.)
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, CUCS, UdeG, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Saraí Citlalic Rodríguez-Reyes
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Nutrición Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdeG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (K.P.L.-C.); (X.C.O.-O.); (R.G.H.-R.); (I.M.L.-C.); (S.C.R.-R.); (A.B.-N.); (B.V.); (E.M.-L.); (J.F.M.-V.)
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, CUCS, UdeG, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Betancourt-Núñez
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Nutrición Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdeG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (K.P.L.-C.); (X.C.O.-O.); (R.G.H.-R.); (I.M.L.-C.); (S.C.R.-R.); (A.B.-N.); (B.V.); (E.M.-L.); (J.F.M.-V.)
| | - Barbara Vizmanos
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Nutrición Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdeG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (K.P.L.-C.); (X.C.O.-O.); (R.G.H.-R.); (I.M.L.-C.); (S.C.R.-R.); (A.B.-N.); (B.V.); (E.M.-L.); (J.F.M.-V.)
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, CUCS, UdeG, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Erika Martínez-López
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Nutrición Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdeG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (K.P.L.-C.); (X.C.O.-O.); (R.G.H.-R.); (I.M.L.-C.); (S.C.R.-R.); (A.B.-N.); (B.V.); (E.M.-L.); (J.F.M.-V.)
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, CUCS, UdeG, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Francisco Muñoz-Valle
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Nutrición Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdeG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (K.P.L.-C.); (X.C.O.-O.); (R.G.H.-R.); (I.M.L.-C.); (S.C.R.-R.); (A.B.-N.); (B.V.); (E.M.-L.); (J.F.M.-V.)
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, CUCS, UdeG, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Fabiola Márquez-Sandoval
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Nutrición Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdeG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (K.P.L.-C.); (X.C.O.-O.); (R.G.H.-R.); (I.M.L.-C.); (S.C.R.-R.); (A.B.-N.); (B.V.); (E.M.-L.); (J.F.M.-V.)
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, CUCS, UdeG, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Correspondence: (F.M.-S.); (A.L.-Q.); Tel.: +52-(33)1058-5200 (ext. 33644 or 33704) (F.M.-S.)
| | - Andres López-Quintero
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Nutrición Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud (CUCS), Universidad de Guadalajara (UdeG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (K.P.L.-C.); (X.C.O.-O.); (R.G.H.-R.); (I.M.L.-C.); (S.C.R.-R.); (A.B.-N.); (B.V.); (E.M.-L.); (J.F.M.-V.)
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, CUCS, UdeG, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Correspondence: (F.M.-S.); (A.L.-Q.); Tel.: +52-(33)1058-5200 (ext. 33644 or 33704) (F.M.-S.)
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Helgadottir H, Thorisdottir B, Gunnarsdottir I, Halldorsson TI, Palsson G, Thorsdottir I. Lower Intake of Saturated Fatty Acids Is Associated with Improved Lipid Profile in a 6-Year-Old Nationally Representative Population. Nutrients 2022; 14:671. [PMID: 35277030 PMCID: PMC8840010 DOI: 10.3390/nu14030671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
To strengthen the organization of new national dietary surveys and interventions in childhood, our aim was to study macronutrient intake and blood lipid profile at 6 years of age by comparing results from two earlier population-based cohorts. Subjects were n = 131 and n = 162 in the years 2001−2002 and 2011−2012, respectively. Three-day weighed food records were used to estimate diet and calculate nutrient intake. Total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerol were measured in serum and LDL-cholesterol was calculated. The average intake of saturated fatty acids (SFA) and trans FA was lower in 2011−2012 than 2001−2002 (13.3E% vs. 14.7E%, p < 0.001, and 0.8E% vs. 1.4E%, p < 0.001, respectively), replaced by a higher intake of unsaturated fatty acids. Total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were significantly lower in 2011−2012 than 2001−2002 (4.6 vs. 4.4 mmol/L, p = 0.003 and 2.8 vs. 2.5 mmol/L, p < 0.001, respectively). In a multiple linear regression model, one E% increase in SFA intake was related to a 0.03 mmol/L increase in LDL cholesterol (p = 0.04). A lower intake of saturated and trans fatty acids, replaced by unsaturated fatty acids, may have contributed to an improved lipid profile in a healthy 6-year-old population. Biological data for analysis of blood lipids are important in national dietary surveys in healthy children to monitor important health outcomes of interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafdis Helgadottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Health Science Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland; (H.H.); (B.T.); (I.G.); (T.I.H.)
| | - Birna Thorisdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Health Science Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland; (H.H.); (B.T.); (I.G.); (T.I.H.)
- Faculty of Sociology, Anthropology and Folkloristics, School of Social Sciences, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Ingibjorg Gunnarsdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Health Science Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland; (H.H.); (B.T.); (I.G.); (T.I.H.)
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Thorhallur I. Halldorsson
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Health Science Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland; (H.H.); (B.T.); (I.G.); (T.I.H.)
- Faculty of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Gestur Palsson
- Children’s Hospital, Landspitali University Hospital, 101 Reykjavik, Iceland;
| | - Inga Thorsdottir
- Unit for Nutrition Research, Health Science Institute, School of Health Sciences, University of Iceland, 102 Reykjavik, Iceland; (H.H.); (B.T.); (I.G.); (T.I.H.)
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11
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Naude CE, Brand A, Schoonees A, Nguyen KA, Chaplin M, Volmink J. Low-carbohydrate versus balanced-carbohydrate diets for reducing weight and cardiovascular risk. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022; 1:CD013334. [PMID: 35088407 PMCID: PMC8795871 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd013334.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Debates on effective and safe diets for managing obesity in adults are ongoing. Low-carbohydrate weight-reducing diets (also known as 'low-carb diets') continue to be widely promoted, marketed and commercialised as being more effective for weight loss, and healthier, than 'balanced'-carbohydrate weight-reducing diets. OBJECTIVES To compare the effects of low-carbohydrate weight-reducing diets to weight-reducing diets with balanced ranges of carbohydrates, in relation to changes in weight and cardiovascular risk, in overweight and obese adults without and with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). SEARCH METHODS We searched MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase (Ovid), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science Core Collection (Clarivate Analytics), ClinicalTrials.gov and WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) up to 25 June 2021, and screened reference lists of included trials and relevant systematic reviews. Language or publication restrictions were not applied. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) in adults (18 years+) who were overweight or living with obesity, without or with T2DM, and without or with cardiovascular conditions or risk factors. Trials had to compare low-carbohydrate weight-reducing diets to balanced-carbohydrate (45% to 65% of total energy (TE)) weight-reducing diets, have a weight-reducing phase of 2 weeks or longer and be explicitly implemented for the primary purpose of reducing weight, with or without advice to restrict energy intake. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently screened titles and abstracts and full-text articles to determine eligibility; and independently extracted data, assessed risk of bias using RoB 2 and assessed the certainty of the evidence using GRADE. We stratified analyses by participants without and with T2DM, and by diets with weight-reducing phases only and those with weight-reducing phases followed by weight-maintenance phases. Primary outcomes were change in body weight (kg) and the number of participants per group with weight loss of at least 5%, assessed at short- (three months to < 12 months) and long-term (≥ 12 months) follow-up. MAIN RESULTS We included 61 parallel-arm RCTs that randomised 6925 participants to either low-carbohydrate or balanced-carbohydrate weight-reducing diets. All trials were conducted in high-income countries except for one in China. Most participants (n = 5118 randomised) did not have T2DM. Mean baseline weight across trials was 95 kg (range 66 to 132 kg). Participants with T2DM were older (mean 57 years, range 50 to 65) than those without T2DM (mean 45 years, range 22 to 62). Most trials included men and women (42/61; 3/19 men only; 16/19 women only), and people without baseline cardiovascular conditions, risk factors or events (36/61). Mean baseline diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol across trials were within normal ranges. The longest weight-reducing phase of diets was two years in participants without and with T2DM. Evidence from studies with weight-reducing phases followed by weight-maintenance phases was limited. Most trials investigated low-carbohydrate diets (> 50 g to 150 g per day or < 45% of TE; n = 42), followed by very low (≤ 50 g per day or < 10% of TE; n = 14), and then incremental increases from very low to low (n = 5). The most common diets compared were low-carbohydrate, balanced-fat (20 to 35% of TE) and high-protein (> 20% of TE) treatment diets versus control diets balanced for the three macronutrients (24/61). In most trials (45/61) the energy prescription or approach used to restrict energy intake was similar in both groups. We assessed the overall risk of bias of outcomes across trials as predominantly high, mostly from bias due to missing outcome data. Using GRADE, we assessed the certainty of evidence as moderate to very low across outcomes. Participants without and with T2DM lost weight when following weight-reducing phases of both diets at the short (range: 12.2 to 0.33 kg) and long term (range: 13.1 to 1.7 kg). In overweight and obese participants without T2DM: low-carbohydrate weight-reducing diets compared to balanced-carbohydrate weight-reducing diets (weight-reducing phases only) probably result in little to no difference in change in body weight over three to 8.5 months (mean difference (MD) -1.07 kg, (95% confidence interval (CI) -1.55 to -0.59, I2 = 51%, 3286 participants, 37 RCTs, moderate-certainty evidence) and over one to two years (MD -0.93 kg, 95% CI -1.81 to -0.04, I2 = 40%, 1805 participants, 14 RCTs, moderate-certainty evidence); as well as change in DBP and LDL cholesterol over one to two years. The evidence is very uncertain about whether there is a difference in the number of participants per group with weight loss of at least 5% at one year (risk ratio (RR) 1.11, 95% CI 0.94 to 1.31, I2 = 17%, 137 participants, 2 RCTs, very low-certainty evidence). In overweight and obese participants with T2DM: low-carbohydrate weight-reducing diets compared to balanced-carbohydrate weight-reducing diets (weight-reducing phases only) probably result in little to no difference in change in body weight over three to six months (MD -1.26 kg, 95% CI -2.44 to -0.09, I2 = 47%, 1114 participants, 14 RCTs, moderate-certainty evidence) and over one to two years (MD -0.33 kg, 95% CI -2.13 to 1.46, I2 = 10%, 813 participants, 7 RCTs, moderate-certainty evidence); as well in change in DBP, HbA1c and LDL cholesterol over 1 to 2 years. The evidence is very uncertain about whether there is a difference in the number of participants per group with weight loss of at least 5% at one to two years (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.68 to 1.20, I2 = 0%, 106 participants, 2 RCTs, very low-certainty evidence). Evidence on participant-reported adverse effects was limited, and we could not draw any conclusions about these. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is probably little to no difference in weight reduction and changes in cardiovascular risk factors up to two years' follow-up, when overweight and obese participants without and with T2DM are randomised to either low-carbohydrate or balanced-carbohydrate weight-reducing diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste E Naude
- Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Amanda Brand
- Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anel Schoonees
- Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kim A Nguyen
- Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marty Chaplin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jimmy Volmink
- Centre for Evidence-based Health Care, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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12
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Ebbeling CB, Knapp A, Johnson A, Wong JMW, Greco KF, Ma C, Mora S, Ludwig DS. Effects of a low-carbohydrate diet on insulin-resistant dyslipoproteinemia-a randomized controlled feeding trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 115:154-162. [PMID: 34582545 PMCID: PMC8755039 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbohydrate restriction shows promise for diabetes, but concerns regarding high saturated fat content of low-carbohydrate diets limit widespread adoption. OBJECTIVES This preplanned ancillary study aimed to determine how diets varying widely in carbohydrate and saturated fat affect cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors during weight-loss maintenance. METHODS After 10-14% weight loss on a run-in diet, 164 participants (70% female; BMI = 32.4 ± 4.8 kg/m2) were randomly assigned to 3 weight-loss maintenance diets for 20 wk. The prepared diets contained 20% protein and differed 3-fold in carbohydrate (Carb) and saturated fat as a proportion of energy (Low-Carb: 20% carbohydrate, 21% saturated fat; Moderate-Carb: 40%, 14%; High-Carb: 60%, 7%). Fasting plasma samples were collected prerandomization and at 20 wk. Lipoprotein insulin resistance (LPIR) score was calculated from triglyceride-rich, high-density, and low-density lipoprotein particle (TRL-P, HDL-P, LDL-P) sizes and subfraction concentrations (large/very large TRL-P, large HDL-P, small LDL-P). Other outcomes included lipoprotein(a), triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, adiponectin, and inflammatory markers. Repeated measures ANOVA was used for intention-to-treat analysis. RESULTS Retention was 90%. Mean change in LPIR (scale 0-100) differed by diet in a dose-dependent fashion: Low-Carb (-5.3; 95% CI: -9.2, -1.5), Moderate-Carb (-0.02; 95% CI: -4.1, 4.1), High-Carb (3.6; 95% CI: -0.6, 7.7), P = 0.009. Low-Carb also favorably affected lipoprotein(a) [-14.7% (95% CI: -19.5, -9.5), -2.1 (95% CI: -8.2, 4.3), and 0.2 (95% CI: -6.0, 6.8), respectively; P = 0.0005], triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, large/very large TRL-P, large HDL-P, and adiponectin. LDL cholesterol, LDL-P, and inflammatory markers did not differ by diet. CONCLUSIONS A low-carbohydrate diet, high in saturated fat, improved insulin-resistant dyslipoproteinemia and lipoprotein(a), without adverse effect on LDL cholesterol. Carbohydrate restriction might lower CVD risk independently of body weight, a possibility that warrants study in major multicentered trials powered on hard outcomes. The registry is available through ClinicialTrials.gov: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02068885.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cara B Ebbeling
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's
Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA
| | - Amy Knapp
- Department of Biology, Framingham State University,
Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Ann Johnson
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Framingham State
University, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Julia M W Wong
- New Balance Foundation Obesity Prevention Center, Boston Children's
Hospital, Boston, MA, USA,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA
| | - Kimberly F Greco
- Institutional Centers for Clinical and Translational Research, Boston
Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clement Ma
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA,Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders
Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samia Mora
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA,
USA,Center for Lipid Metabolomics, Divisions of Preventive and Cardiovascular
Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston,
MA, USA
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13
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Lipidomic Signatures of Changes in Adiposity: A Large Prospective Study of 5849 Adults from the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11090646. [PMID: 34564462 PMCID: PMC8471381 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11090646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is tightly linked to adiposity. Comprehensive lipidomic profiling offers new insights into the dysregulation of lipid metabolism in relation to weight gain. Here, we investigated the relationship of the human plasma lipidome and changes in waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI). Adults (2653 men and 3196 women), 25–95 years old who attended the baseline survey of the Australian Diabetes, Obesity and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab) and the 5-year follow-up were enrolled. A targeted lipidomic approach was used to quantify 706 distinct molecular lipid species in the plasma samples. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine the relationship between the baseline lipidomic profile and changes in WC and BMI. Metabolic scores for change in WC were generated using a ridge regression model. Alkyl-diacylglycerol such as TG(O-50:2) [NL-18:1] displayed the strongest association with change in WC (β-coefficient = 0.125 cm increment per SD increment in baseline lipid level, p = 2.78 × 10−11. Many lipid species containing linoleate (18:2) fatty acids were negatively associated with both WC and BMI gain. Compared to traditional models, multivariate models containing lipid species identify individuals at a greater risk of gaining WC: top quintile relative to bottom quintile (odds ratio, 95% CI = 5.4, 3.8–6.6 for women and 2.3, 1.7–3.0 for men). Our findings define metabolic profiles that characterize individuals at risk of weight gain or WC increase and provide important insight into the biological role of lipids in obesity.
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Landry MJ, Crimarco A, Gardner CD. Benefits of Low Carbohydrate Diets: a Settled Question or Still Controversial? Curr Obes Rep 2021; 10:409-422. [PMID: 34297345 PMCID: PMC9621749 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-021-00451-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review was to provide an update on the available data on the benefits of low-carbohydrate (low-carb) diets for weight management and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and determine if low-carb diets were a settled question or still controversial. RECENT FINDINGS Most of the recent published literature in this area consists of reviews of past trials, with a relatively smaller number of recent trials. Low-carb is most commonly compared to low-fat, with problematically inconsistent definitions of both. There are numerous challenges in trying to draw clear conclusions about efficacy and effectiveness. Short-term vs. long-term effects can differ, which is likely impacted by adherence. Adherence is very different between metabolic chamber or feeding studies vs. free-living. Body weight alone is a crude measure that fails to capture potentially important differences in lean-mass, fat-mass, and body water. Benefits for glycemic control need to be balanced with impacts on non-glycemic outcomes such as LDL-cholesterol, the microbiome, and inflammation. It is important to differentiate between low-carb and very-low carbohydrate diets (VLCD). To date no large-scale long-term clinical trials have been conducted testing whether low-carb diets can prevent T2DM. Many issues regarding benefits and risks of low-carb diets remain controversial or unresolved, particularly for VLCD. Some of the recent, better studies highlighted in this review suggest strategies for resolving these controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Landry
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Anthony Crimarco
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Christopher D Gardner
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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15
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Small-scale integrated farming systems can abate continental-scale nutrient leakage. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001264. [PMID: 34081691 PMCID: PMC8174726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Beef is the most resource intensive of all commonly used food items. Disproportionate synthetic fertilizer use during beef production propels a vigorous one-way factory-to-ocean nutrient flux, which alternative agriculture models strive to rectify by enhancing in-farm biogeochemical cycling. Livestock, especially cattle, are central to these models, which advocates describe as the context most likely to overcome beef’s environmental liabilities. Yet the dietary potential of such models is currently poorly known. Here, I thus ask whether nitrogen-sparing agriculture (NSA) can offer a viable alternative to the current US food system. Focusing on the most common eutrophication-causing element, N, I devise a specific model of mixed-use NSA comprising numerous small farms producing human plant-based food and forage, the latter feeding a core intensive beef operation that forgoes synthetic fertilizer and relies only on locally produced manure and N fixers. Assuming the model is deployed throughout the high-quality, precipitation-rich US cropland (delimiting approximately 100 million ha, less than half of today’s agricultural land use) and neglecting potential macroeconomic obstacles to wide deployment, I find that NSA could produce a diverse, high-quality nationwide diet distinctly better than today’s mean US diet. The model also permits 70%–80% of today’s beef consumption, raises today’s protein delivery by 5%–40%, and averts approximately 60% of today’s fertilizer use and approximately 10% of today’s total greenhouse gas emissions. As defined here, NSA is thus potentially a viable, scalable environmentally superior alternative to the current US food system, but only when combined with the commitment to substantially enhance our reliance on plant food. Is nutrient-sparing agriculture a viable alternative to the current U.S. food system? Using a model of nitrogen-sparing agriculture (NSA), this study finds that exclusive reliance on NSA could markedly improve the nutritional quality of the national diet, enhance protein availability, permit some beef consumption, and reduce eutrophication. It will require, however, substantially elevated reliance on plants as the backbone of the diet.
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Dowis K, Banga S. The Potential Health Benefits of the Ketogenic Diet: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051654. [PMID: 34068325 PMCID: PMC8153354 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Considering the lack of a comprehensive, multi-faceted overview of the ketogenic diet (KD) in relation to health issues, we compiled the evidence related to the use of the ketogenic diet in relation to its impact on the microbiome, the epigenome, diabetes, weight loss, cardiovascular health, and cancer. The KD diet could potentially increase genetic diversity of the microbiome and increase the ratio of Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes. The epigenome might be positively affected by the KD since it creates a signaling molecule known as β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB). KD has helped patients with diabetes reduce their HbA1c and reduce the need for insulin. There is evidence to suggest that a KD can help with weight loss, visceral adiposity, and appetite control. The evidence also suggests that eating a high-fat diet improves lipid profiles by lowering low-density lipoprotein (LDL), increasing high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and lowering triglycerides (TG). Due to the Warburg effect, the KD is used as an adjuvant treatment to starve cancer cells, making them more vulnerable to chemotherapy and radiation. The potential positive impacts of a KD on each of these areas warrant further analysis, improved studies, and well-designed randomized controlled trials to further illuminate the therapeutic possibilities provided by this dietary intervention.
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Cheang I, Liao S, Zhu X, Lu X, Zhu Q, Yao W, Zhou Y, Zhang H, Li X. Association of acrylamide hemoglobin biomarkers with serum lipid levels in general US population: NHANES 2013-2016. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 214:112111. [PMID: 33690009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of present study was to investigate the association of acrylamide (AA) hemoglobin biomarkers and serum lipids level in a general population. Data set of our study were extracted from an open database - National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES) 2013-2016. In total 2899 participants were enrolled. The associations between AA hemoglobin parameters [hemoglobin adducts of AA (HbAA) and glycidamide (HbGA), total of HbAA and HbGA (HbAA+HbGA), and ratio of HbGA to HbAA (HbGA/HbAA)] and lipid levels [total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C)] were analyzed. Generalized linear models and restricted cubic spline plots were conducted to address the relationship between lipid levels and acrylamide markers. Comparing the lowest quantiles, HbGA and HbGA/HbAA both remained a significant trend regardless of lipid types. Analyses using a generalized linear model with restricted cubic spline and validated with regression models, all 4 AA parameters demonstrated a linear association and positive correlation with TG. Furthermore, there were also opposite nonlinear association between HbGA/HbAA and LDL-C (positive correlation), and HbGA/HbAA and HDL-C (negative correlation). Further analysis with threshold effect analysis or regression analysis showed HbGA and HbGA/HbAA remained significant association with all TC, TG, LDL-C, and HDL-C. The hemoglobin adducts AA parameters as long-term exposure biomarkers are associated with the atherosclerotic lipid changes in a population of US adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iokfai Cheang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Shengen Liao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xinyi Lu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Wenming Yao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Yanli Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Haifeng Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Xinli Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Guangzhou Road 300, Nanjing 210029, China.
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Nouri F, Sadeghi M, Mohammadifard N, Roohafza H, Feizi A, Sarrafzadegan N. Longitudinal association between an overall diet quality index and latent profiles of cardiovascular risk factors: results from a population based 13-year follow up cohort study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021; 18:28. [PMID: 33691729 PMCID: PMC7948330 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-021-00560-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are associated with an unhealthy lifestyle, including poor diet. Indices reflecting the overall quality of diets are more effective than single food or nutrient-based approaches in clarifying the diet disease relationship. The present study aims to use latent variable modeling to examine the longitudinal joint relationships between the latent profiles of CVDs risk factors and the diet quality index (DQI). METHODS A total of 4390 Iranian adults aged 35 and older within the framework of the Isfahan Cohort Study were included in the current secondary analysis. DQI focused on food groups, including fast foods, sweets, vegetables, fruits, fats, and proteins, based on a validated food frequency questionnaire. The score of DQI has a range between 0 (indicating healthy and high diet quality) and 2 (indicating unhealthy and low diet quality). Blood pressure (BP), anthropometric measurements, blood glucose, serum lipids, and high-sensitivity C-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) were measured according to standard protocols in 2001, 2007, and 2013 to evaluate the profiles of CVDs risk factors. A Bayesian Multidimensional Graded Responses Linear Mixed Model was used for data analysis. RESULTS At baseline, the participants' mean ± standard deviation age was 50.09 ± 11.21, and 49.5% of them were male. Three latent profiles of CVDs risk factors were derived: (1) Fit Pre-Metabolic Syndrome (FPMS) profile characterized by normal anthropometric indices and some impaired metabolic risk factors; (2) DysLipoproteinemia Central Obese (DLCO) profile with abdominal obesity and impaired low-density lipoprotein cholesterol as well as other normal risk factors; (3) Impaired Laboratory Inflammatory State (ILIS) profile with impaired high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and hs-CRP and other normal risk factors. In general, higher scores of the extracted latent profiles indicated more impaired function in the related risk factors. After controlling for various potential fixed and time-varying confounding variables, a significant positive longitudinal association was found between FPMS, DLCO, and ILIS profiles and DQI (β (95% CrI): 0.26 (0.03,0.51), 0.14 (0.01,0.27), and 0.24 (0.11,0.38), respectively), demonstrating that lower overall diet quality was associated with more impaired function of the related risk factors. CONCLUSIONS More adherence to a healthy quality diet is associated with lower levels of all emerging latent profiles of CVDs risk factors. Increasing the knowledge of the community about the importance of the quality of consumed foods may help to prevent CVDs. It is recommended that further investigations, particularly interventional studies, be conducted to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Nouri
- Student Research Committee, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Sadeghi
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib Street, 8174673461, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Noushin Mohammadifard
- Hypertension Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Roohafza
- Heart Failure Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Awat Feizi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran.
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Hezar Jerib Street, 8174673461, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Nizal Sarrafzadegan
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Chung S, Chung MY, Choi HK, Park JH, Hwang JT, Joung H. Animal Protein Intake Is Positively Associated with Metabolic Syndrome Risk Factors in Middle-Aged Korean Men. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113415. [PMID: 33172198 PMCID: PMC7694953 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Few studies have examined the relationship of protein intake by food source with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults, even though animal food intake has increased. This study examined the association between plant and animal protein intake and metabolic syndrome among middle-aged Korean adults. A total of 13,485 subjects aged 30-64 years were selected from the 2013-2018 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Protein intake was assessed using 24-h dietary recall data and divided into quintiles. Men had a higher percentage of energy intake from animal protein (7.4%) than plant protein (6.9%). Men in the highest quintile group of animal protein intake had a higher prevalence of abdominal obesity (OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.00-1.70), reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (OR: 1.43, 95% CI: 1.07-1.90), and elevated fasting glucose (OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.01-1.74), after adjusting for covariates. Furthermore, stronger associations of animal protein intake with abdominal obesity were shown in men who consumed less than estimated energy requirements (OR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.11-2.31). Plant protein intake was negatively associated with increased blood pressure in men. Neither animal nor plant protein intakes were significantly associated with any of the metabolic syndrome risk factors in women. The results imply that lower animal protein intake may be a beneficial factor for metabolic syndrome management in middle-aged Korean men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwon Chung
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (S.C.); (M.-Y.C.); (H.-K.C.); (J.H.P.); (J.-T.H.)
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Min-Yu Chung
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (S.C.); (M.-Y.C.); (H.-K.C.); (J.H.P.); (J.-T.H.)
| | - Hyo-Kyoung Choi
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (S.C.); (M.-Y.C.); (H.-K.C.); (J.H.P.); (J.-T.H.)
| | - Jae Ho Park
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (S.C.); (M.-Y.C.); (H.-K.C.); (J.H.P.); (J.-T.H.)
| | - Jin-Taek Hwang
- Research Group of Healthcare, Korea Food Research Institute, Jeollabuk-do 55365, Korea; (S.C.); (M.-Y.C.); (H.-K.C.); (J.H.P.); (J.-T.H.)
- Department of Food Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Hyojee Joung
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-880-2716
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Tan LJ, Kim SA, Shin S. Association between Three Low-Carbohydrate Diet Scores and Lipid Metabolism among Chinese Adults. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12051307. [PMID: 32375291 PMCID: PMC7284749 DOI: 10.3390/nu12051307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the blood lipid levels of 5921 Chinese adults aged >18 years using data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2009. Diet information was collected through 3 day, 24 h recalls by trained professionals. The low-carbohydrate diet (LCD) score was determined according to the percentage of energy obtained from carbohydrate, protein, and fat consumption. Dyslipidemia was defined when one or more of the following abnormal lipid levels were observed: high cholesterol levels, high triglyceride levels, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Multivariate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using logistic regression models. After adjusting the confounding variables, in males, the OR of hypercholesterolemia was 1.87 (95% CI, 1.23–2.85; p for trend = 0.0017) and the OR of hypertriglyceridemia was 1.47 (95% CI, 1.04–2.06; p for trend = 0.0336), on comparing the highest and lowest quartiles of the LCD score. The animal-based LCD score showed a similar trend. The OR of hypercholesterolemia was 2.15 (95% CI, 1.41–3.29; p for trend = 0.0006) and the OR of hypertriglyceridemia was 1.51 (95% CI, 1.09–2.10; p for trend = 0.0156). However, there was no significant difference between plant-based LCD scores and dyslipidemia. In females, lipid profiles did not differ much among the quartiles of LCD scores—only the animal-based LCD score was statistically significant with hypercholesterolemia. The OR of hypercholesterolemia was 1.64 (95% CI, 1.06–2.55), on comparing the highest and lowest quartiles of the LCD score. In conclusion, a higher LCD score, indicating lower carbohydrate intake and higher fat intake, especially animal-based fat, was significantly associated with higher odds of hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia in Chinese males. Future studies investigating the potential mechanisms by which macronutrient types and sex hormones affect lipid metabolism are required.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sangah Shin
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-31-670-3259; Fax: +82-31-675-1381
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21
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Shan Z, Guo Y, Hu FB, Liu L, Qi Q. Association of Low-Carbohydrate and Low-Fat Diets With Mortality Among US Adults. JAMA Intern Med 2020; 180:513-523. [PMID: 31961383 PMCID: PMC6990856 DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.6980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE It is crucial to incorporate quality and types of carbohydrate and fat when investigating the associations of low-fat and low-carbohydrate diets with mortality. OBJECTIVE To investigate the associations of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets with total and cause-specific mortality among US adults. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This prospective cohort study used data from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2014 from 37 233 adults 20 years or older with 24-hour dietary recall data. Data were analyzed from July 5 to August 27, 2019. EXPOSURES Overall, unhealthy, and healthy low-carbohydrate-diet and low-fat-diet scores based on the percentage of energy as total and subtypes of carbohydrate, fat, and protein. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES All-cause mortality from baseline until December 31, 2015, linked to National Death Index mortality data. RESULTS A total of 37 233 US adults (mean [SD] age, 49.7 [18.3] years; 19 598 [52.6%] female) were included in the present analysis. During 297 768 person-years of follow-up, 4866 total deaths occurred. Overall low-carbohydrate-diet and low-fat-diet scores were not associated with total mortality. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios for total mortality per 20-percentile increase in dietary scores were 1.07 (95% CI, 1.02-1.11; P = .01 for trend) for unhealthy low-carbohydrate-diet score, 0.91 (95% CI, 0.87-0.95; P < .001 for trend) for healthy low-carbohydrate-diet score, 1.06 (95% CI, 1.01-1.12; P = .04 for trend) for unhealthy low-fat-diet score, and 0.89 (95% CI, 0.85-0.93; P < .001 for trend) for healthy low-fat-diet score. The associations remained similar in the stratification and sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE In this study, overall low-carbohydrate-diet and low-fat-diet scores were not associated with total mortality. Unhealthy low-carbohydrate-diet and low-fat-diet scores were associated with higher total mortality, whereas healthy low-carbohydrate-diet and low-fat-diet scores were associated with lower total mortality. These findings suggest that the associations of low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets with mortality may depend on the quality and food sources of macronutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhilei Shan
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yanjun Guo
- Division of Preventive Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Liegang Liu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Hubei Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qibin Qi
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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22
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Abstract
Abstract
The American Heart Association (AHA) recently published a meta-analysis that confirmed their 60-year-old recommendation to limit saturated fat (SFA, saturated fatty acid) and replace it with polyunsaturated fat to reduce the risk of heart disease based on the strength of 4 Core Trials. To assess the evidence for this recommendation, meta-analyses on the effect of SFA consumption on heart disease outcomes were reviewed. Nineteen meta-analyses addressing this topic were identified: 9 observational studies and 10 randomized controlled trials. Meta-analyses of observational studies found no association between SFA intake and heart disease, while meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials were inconsistent but tended to show a lack of an association. The inconsistency seems to have been mediated by the differing clinical trials included. For example, the AHA meta-analysis only included 4 trials (the Core Trials), and those trials contained design and methodological flaws and did not meet all the predefined inclusion criteria. The AHA stance regarding the strength of the evidence for the recommendation to limit SFAs for heart disease prevention may be overstated and in need of reevaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery L Heileson
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Robbins College of Health and Human Sciences, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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23
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Dietary Neuroketotherapeutics for Alzheimer's Disease: An Evidence Update and the Potential Role for Diet Quality. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081910. [PMID: 31443216 PMCID: PMC6722814 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease with growing prevalence as the global population ages. Currently available treatments for AD have minimal efficacy and there are no proven treatments for its prodrome, mild cognitive impairment (MCI). AD etiology is not well understood and various hypotheses of disease pathogenesis are currently under investigation. A consistent hallmark in patients with AD is reduced brain glucose utilization; however, evidence suggests that brain ketone metabolism remains unimpaired, thus, there is a great deal of increased interest in the potential value of ketone-inducing therapies for the treatment of AD (neuroketotherapeutics; NKT). The goal of this review was to discuss dietary NKT approaches and mechanisms by which they exert a possible therapeutic benefit, update the evidence available on NKTs in AD and consider a potential role of diet quality in the clinical use of dietary NKTs. Whether NKTs affect AD symptoms through the restoration of bioenergetics, the direct and indirect modulation of antioxidant and inflammation pathways, or both, preliminary positive evidence suggests that further study of dietary NKTs as a disease-modifying treatment in AD is warranted.
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