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Abbas D, Ciricillo JA, Elom HA, Moon AM. Extrahepatic Health Effects of Alcohol Use and Alcohol-associated Liver Disease. Clin Ther 2023; 45:1201-1211. [PMID: 37806811 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is a growing public health concern and an important contributor to global morbidity and mortality. While the hepatotoxic effects of alcohol are well known, the adverse effects of alcohol are manifested in almost every organ system. With the growing public health impact of AUD, the aim of this narrative review is to highlight the epidemiology and burden of AUD and its association with extrahepatic diseases including malignancy and disorders of the gastrointestinal (GI), cardiovascular, immunologic, neurologic, endocrine, and hematologic systems. METHODS A narrative review of the literature was performed to identify studies addressing the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, and therapy of extrahepatic health manifestations of alcohol use. FINDINGS In the United States, an estimated 14.5 million people have AUD and approximately 88,000 adults die yearly due to alcohol-related causes. The consumption of alcohol and AUD is associated with injuries, violence, cancers, nonmalignant conditions of the GI system, infections, effects on the cardiovascular system, and neurodegenerative diseases. These conditions contribute to the increased mortality associated with AUD and are burdensome to patients and caregivers. IMPLICATIONS Increased awareness of the extrahepatic manifestations of AUD, screening for AUD using validated screening tools, such as the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Concise (AUDIT-C) score, and offering evidence-based interventions to patients with AUD is imperative to reduce the public health burden of AUD. Although historically controversial, recent evidence suggests that any level of alcohol consumption can have negative health consequences. Further research is warranted to determine if any amount of alcohol is safe for consumption. Public health efforts are warranted to help curtail the growing burden of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniyal Abbas
- Department of Internal Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina
| | - Jacob A Ciricillo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medicine Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Hilary A Elom
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Andrew M Moon
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Lucerón-Lucas-Torres M, Cavero-Redondo I, Martínez-Vizcaíno V, Bizzozero-Peroni B, Pascual-Morena C, Álvarez-Bueno C. Association between wine consumption and cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1197745. [PMID: 37731399 PMCID: PMC10507274 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1197745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol consumption is related to the risk of developing different types of cancer. However, unlike other alcoholic beverages, moderate wine drinking has demonstrated a protective effect on the risk of developing several types of cancer. Objective To analyze the association between wine consumption and the risk of developing cancer. Methods We searched the MEDLINE (through PubMed), Scopus, Cochrane, and Web of Science databases to conduct this systematic review and meta-analysis. Pooled relative risks (RRs) were calculated using the DerSimonian and Laird methods. I2 was used to evaluate inconsistency, the τ2 test was used to assess heterogeneity, and The Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale were applied to evaluate the risk of bias. This study was previously registered in PROSPERO, with the registration number CRD42022315864. Results Seventy-three studies were included in the systematic review, and 26 were included in the meta-analysis. The pooled RR for the effect of wine consumption on the risk of gynecological cancers was 1.03 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.08), that for colorectal cancer was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.82, 1.03), and that for renal cancer was 0.92 (95% CI: 0.81, 1.04). In general, the heterogeneity was substantial. Conclusion The study findings reveal no association between wine consumption and the risk of developing any type of cancer. Moreover, wine drinking demonstrated a protective trend regarding the risk of developing pancreatic, skin, lung, and brain cancer as well as cancer in general. Systematic review registration https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42022315864, identifier CRD42022315864 (PROSPERO).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iván Cavero-Redondo
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Vicente Martínez-Vizcaíno
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Talca, Chile
| | - Bruno Bizzozero-Peroni
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
- Higher Institute of Physical Education, Universidad de la República, Rivera, Uruguay
| | | | - Celia Álvarez-Bueno
- Health and Social Research Center, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Cuenca, Spain
- Universidad Politécnica y Artística del Paraguay, Asunción, Paraguay
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McDonnell D, Cheang AWE, Wilding S, Wild SH, Frampton AE, Byrne CD, Hamady ZZ. Elevated Glycated Haemoglobin (HbA1c) Is Associated with an Increased Risk of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A UK Biobank Cohort Study. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4078. [PMID: 37627106 PMCID: PMC10452109 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15164078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of dysglycaemia as a risk marker for Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is uncertain. We investigated the relationship between glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and incident PDAC using a retrospective cohort study within the UK Biobank. METHODS A study involving 499,804 participants from the UK Biobank study was undertaken. Participants were stratified by diabetes mellitus (DM) status, and then by HbA1c values < 42 mmol/mol, 42-47 mmol/mol, or ≥48 mmol/mol. Cox proportional hazard models were used to describe the association between HbA1c category (with time-varying interactions) and incident PDAC. RESULTS PDAC occurred in 1157 participants during 11.6 (10.9-12.3) years follow up [(median (interquartile range)]. In subjects without known DM at baseline, 12 months after recruitment, the adjusted hazard ratios (aHR, 95% CI) for incident PDAC for HbA1c 42-47 mmol/mol compared to HbA1c < 42 mmol/mol (reference group) was 2.10 (1.31-3.37, p = 0.002); and was 8.55 (4.58-15.99, p < 0.001) for HbA1c ≥ 48 mmol/mol. The association between baseline HbA1c and incident PDAC attenuated with increasing duration of time of follow-up to PDAC diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Dysglycaemia detected by elevated HbA1c is associated with an increased risk of PDAC. The strength of the association between elevated HbA1c and incident PDAC is inversely proportional to the time from detecting dysglycaemia but remains significant for at least 60 months following HbA1c testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan McDonnell
- Human Development & Health, University of Southampton, University Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (A.W.E.C.); (S.W.); (C.D.B.); (Z.Z.H.)
- HPB Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Adrian W. E. Cheang
- Human Development & Health, University of Southampton, University Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (A.W.E.C.); (S.W.); (C.D.B.); (Z.Z.H.)
| | - Sam Wilding
- Human Development & Health, University of Southampton, University Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (A.W.E.C.); (S.W.); (C.D.B.); (Z.Z.H.)
| | - Sarah H. Wild
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9YL, UK;
| | - Adam E. Frampton
- Section of Oncology, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK;
- HPB Unit, Royal Surrey NHS Foundation Trust, Guildford GU2 7XX, UK
| | - Christopher D. Byrne
- Human Development & Health, University of Southampton, University Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (A.W.E.C.); (S.W.); (C.D.B.); (Z.Z.H.)
| | - Zaed Z. Hamady
- Human Development & Health, University of Southampton, University Hospital, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; (A.W.E.C.); (S.W.); (C.D.B.); (Z.Z.H.)
- HPB Unit, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Wu M, Gu K, Gong Y, Wu C, Pang Y, Zhang W, Wang C, Shi Y, Liu Y, Fu C. Pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality trends in urban Shanghai, China from 1973 to 2017: a joinpoint regression and age-period-cohort analysis. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1113301. [PMID: 37576894 PMCID: PMC10414985 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1113301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose To provide a comprehensive overview of epidemiological features and temporal trends of pancreatic cancer in urban Shanghai from 1973 to 2017. Methods Data on pancreatic cancer in urban Shanghai were obtained through the Shanghai Cancer Registry and the Vital Statistics System. Joinpoint analysis was used to describe the temporal trends and annual percent changes (APCs) and age-period-cohort analysis were used to estimate the effects of age, period, and birth cohort on pancreatic cancer. Results There were a total of 29,253 cases and 27,105 deaths of pancreatic cancer in urban Shanghai over the 45-year study period. The overall average annual age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were 5.45/100,000 and 5.02/100,000, respectively. Both the incidence and mortality rates demonstrated fluctuating upward trends, with an average annual increase rate of 1.51% (APC = 1.51, P < 0.001) and 1.04% (APC = 1.04, P < 0.001), respectively. The upward trend in incidence was greater for females than for males, while the trend in mortality was seen in both sexes equally and continuously. In recent years (2013-2017), the age-specific incidence rates increased further than before, with statistically significant changes in the 35-year, 45- to 55-year and 70- to 85-year age groups (P < 0.05). The age-specific mortality rates also showed obvious upward trends, which in the 50- to 55-year, and 75- to 85-year age groups increased significantly. The results of the age-period-cohort analysis suggested significant effects of age, period, and cohort on the prevalence of pancreatic cancer. Conclusion The prevalence of pancreatic cancer, dramatically influenced by socioeconomic development and lifestyles, demonstrated a significant upward trend from 1973 to 2017 in urban Shanghai and underscored the necessity and urgency for additional efforts in primary and secondary prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyin Wu
- Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Gu
- Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangming Gong
- Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunxiao Wu
- Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Pang
- Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- SKLORG & Department of Epidemiology, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunfang Wang
- Division of Public Health Informatics, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Division of Noncommunicable Diseases and Injury, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingbin Liu
- Department of Biliary-Pancreatic Surgery, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen Fu
- Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Shanghai, China
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5
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Marin AM, Sanchuki HBS, Namur GN, Uno M, Zanette DL, Aoki MN. Circulating Cell-Free Nucleic Acids as Biomarkers for Diagnosis and Prognosis of Pancreatic Cancer. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041069. [PMID: 37189687 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A lack of reliable early diagnostic tools represents a major challenge in the management of pancreatic cancer (PCa), as the disease is often only identified after it reaches an advanced stage. This highlights the urgent need to identify biomarkers that can be used for the early detection, staging, treatment monitoring, and prognosis of PCa. A novel approach called liquid biopsy has emerged in recent years, which is a less- or non-invasive procedure since it focuses on plasmatic biomarkers such as DNA and RNA. In the blood of patients with cancer, circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and cell-free nucleic acids (cfNAs) have been identified such as DNA, mRNA, and non-coding RNA (miRNA and lncRNA). The presence of these molecules encouraged researchers to investigate their potential as biomarkers. In this article, we focused on circulating cfNAs as plasmatic biomarkers of PCa and analyzed their advantages compared to traditional biopsy methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anelis Maria Marin
- Laboratory for Applied Science and Technology in Health, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Prof Algacyr Munhoz Mader 3775 Street, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil
| | - Heloisa Bruna Soligo Sanchuki
- Laboratory for Applied Science and Technology in Health, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Prof Algacyr Munhoz Mader 3775 Street, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Naccache Namur
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology (LIM24), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Miyuki Uno
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology (LIM24), Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (HCFMUSP), São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Dalila Luciola Zanette
- Laboratory for Applied Science and Technology in Health, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Prof Algacyr Munhoz Mader 3775 Street, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil
| | - Mateus Nóbrega Aoki
- Laboratory for Applied Science and Technology in Health, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Prof Algacyr Munhoz Mader 3775 Street, Curitiba 81350-010, Brazil
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6
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Qin X, Chen J, Jia G, Yang Z. Dietary Factors and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Prospective Observational Studies. Adv Nutr 2023; 14:451-464. [PMID: 36849084 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary factors may be associated with the occurrence of pancreatic cancer. This umbrella review aimed to review and grade the evidence for the associations between dietary factors and pancreatic cancer risk. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and CINAHL for eligible literature. We included meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or prospective observational studies. We used AMSTAR-2, a measurement tool to assess systematic reviews, to evaluate the methodological quality of the included meta-analyses. For each association, we calculated the summary effect size, 95% CI, heterogeneity, number of cases, 95% prediction interval, small-study effect, and excess significance bias. The protocol for this review was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42022333669). We included 41 meta-analyses of prospective observational studies describing 59 associations between dietary factors and pancreatic cancer risk. None of the retrieved meta-analyses included RCTs. No association was supported by convincing or highly suggestive evidence; however, there was suggestive evidence of a positive association between fructose intake and pancreatic cancer risk. There was weak evidence for an inverse association of nuts intake or adherence to the Mediterranean diet with pancreatic cancer incidence, and for positive associations between a higher intake of red meat or heavy alcohol intake and pancreatic cancer incidence. The remaining 54 associations were nonsignificant. Consistent with the American Institute for Cancer Research review, this umbrella review found that regular consumption of nuts and reduced intake of fructose, red meat, and alcohol were associated with a lower risk of pancreatic cancer. Emerging weak evidence supported an inverse association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and pancreatic cancer risk. As some associations were rated as weak and most were considered nonsignificant, further prospective studies are needed to investigate the role of dietary factors and risk of pancreatic cancer. Adv Nutr 2023;xx:xx-xx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianpeng Qin
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Guiqing Jia
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhou Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.
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Xu F, Huang M, Bai Y, Yin X, Yan J, Liu F, Chen J, Weng X. Landmarks in pancreatic cancer studies. Cancer Cell Int 2022; 22:383. [PMID: 36476236 PMCID: PMC9730569 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-022-02803-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a rare but fatal disease. Patients present advanced disease due to the lack of or typical symptoms when the tumor is still localized. A high-quality image processing system has been in practice to detect the pancreatic tumor and determine the possibility of surgery, and preoperative methods, such as ERCP are increasingly used to complement the staging modality. Pancreaticoduodenectomy is one of the complicated surgeries with potential morbidity. The minimally invasive pancreatic resections, both robot-assisted and laparoscopic, have become a part of standard surgical practice worldwide over the last decade. Moreover, advancements in adjuvant chemotherapy have improved the long-term outcomes in current clinical practice. The systemic conservative treatment, including targeted agents, remains the mainstay of treatment for patients with advanced disease. An increasing number of studies are focused on modulating the pancreatic tumor microenvironment to improve the efficacy of the immunotherapeutic strategies. Herein, the role of preoperative therapy, the novel surgical strategy, and individualized systemic treatment in pancreatic cancer is investigated. Also, the randomized controlled studies that have defined the neoadjuvant and surgical management of pancreatic cancer have been summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Xu
- grid.413856.d0000 0004 1799 3643Department of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Min Huang
- grid.413856.d0000 0004 1799 3643Department of Physiology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Yun Bai
- grid.413856.d0000 0004 1799 3643Department of Public Health, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Xueshi Yin
- grid.413856.d0000 0004 1799 3643Department of Clinic Medicine, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Jingzhe Yan
- grid.440230.10000 0004 1789 4901Department of Abdominal Oncosurgery-2, Jilin Province Tumor Hospital, Changchun, 130012 China
| | - Fangfang Liu
- grid.412723.10000 0004 0604 889XArt college, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, 610041 Sichuan China
| | - Jie Chen
- grid.412277.50000 0004 1760 6738Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China ,grid.194645.b0000000121742757School of Chinese Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077 China
| | - Xiechuan Weng
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839Department of Neuroscience, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850 China
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8
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Afghani E, Klein AP. Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Trends in Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Outcomes. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2022; 36:879-895. [PMID: 36154788 PMCID: PMC10548451 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal cancers in the world; it is a silent disease in which symptoms do not present until advanced stages, thereby reducing the 5-year survival rate to 10%. The global burden of pancreatic cancer has doubled over the past 25 years despite advancements in medicine. This review aims to discuss the global trends and disparities in pancreatic cancer, as well as the up-to-date literature on the known risk factors. A better understanding of these risk factors will reduce mortality by providing opportunities to screen these patients as well as counseling on lifestyle modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Afghani
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1830 E Monument Street, Room 436, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Alison P Klein
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1830 E Monument Street, Room 436, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, 1550 Orleans Street, Baltimore, MD 21231, USA.
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9
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Julián-Serrano S, Reedy J, Robien K, Stolzenberg-Solomon R. Adherence to 5 Diet Quality Indices and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in a Large US Prospective Cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2022; 191:1584-1600. [PMID: 35474368 PMCID: PMC9989353 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwac082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Few prospective studies have examined associations between diet quality and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), or comprehensively compared diet quality indices. We conducted a prospective analysis of adherence to the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2015, alternative HEI-2010, alternate Mediterranean diet (aMed), and 2 versions of Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH; Fung and Mellen) and PDAC within the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-AARP Diet and Health Study (United States, 1995-2011). The dietary quality indices were calculated using responses from a 124-item food frequency questionnaire completed by 535,824 participants (315,780 men and 220,044 women). We used Cox proportional hazards regression models to calculate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each diet quality index and PDAC. During follow-up through 2011 (15.5-year median), 3,137 incident PDAC cases were identified. Compared with those with the lowest adherence quintile, participants with the highest adherence to the HEI-2015 (HR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.75, 0.94), aMed (HR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.73, 0.93), DASH-Fung (HR = 0.85, 95% CI: 0.77, 0.95), and DASH-Mellen (HR = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.77, 0.96) had a statistically significant, lower PDAC risk; this was not found for the alternative HEI-2010 (HR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.83, 1.04). This prospective observational study supports the hypothesis that greater adherence to the HEI-2015, aMed, and DASH dietary recommendations may reduce PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachelly Julián-Serrano
- Correspondence to Sachelly Julián-Serrano, 9609 Medical Center Drive, NCI Shady Grove, Room 6E574, Rockville, MD 20850 (e-mail: ); or Dr. Rachael Stolzenberg-Solomon, 9609 Medical Center Drive, NCI Shady Grove, Room 6E420, Rockville, MD 20850 (e-mail: )
| | | | | | - Rachael Stolzenberg-Solomon
- Correspondence to Sachelly Julián-Serrano, 9609 Medical Center Drive, NCI Shady Grove, Room 6E574, Rockville, MD 20850 (e-mail: ); or Dr. Rachael Stolzenberg-Solomon, 9609 Medical Center Drive, NCI Shady Grove, Room 6E420, Rockville, MD 20850 (e-mail: )
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Park JH, Han K, Hong JY, Park YS, Park JO. Association between alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer risk differs by glycaemic status: A nationwide cohort study. Eur J Cancer 2022; 163:119-127. [PMID: 35065369 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2021.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dose-response association between alcohol consumption and the subsequent pancreatic cancer risk by individuals' glycaemic status is unclear. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHOD This large-scale nationwide cohort study included 9,514,171 adults without cancer who underwent health examinations under the Korean National Health Insurance Service in 2009 and were followed-up until December 2017 for pancreatic cancer development. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was performed. RESULTS During a median follow-up period of 7.3 years, 12,818 patients were newly-diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. Among individuals with normoglycemia, a J-shaped association was observed between the frequency of alcohol consumption (1-2 and ≥5 days/week: hazards ratio [HR]; 95% CI, 0.91; 0.85-0.97 and 1.13; 1.002-1.27, respectively) and pancreatic cancer risk, after adjusting for potential confounders. However, in patients with impaired fasting glucose (IFG), pancreatic cancer risk increased with increased frequency and average daily amount of alcohol consumption (all P for trend <0.01). IFG combined with heavy alcohol consumption (30 g/day) was associated with 38% increased pancreatic cancer risk (HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.23-1.54). Diabetes was associated with an increased pancreatic cancer risk regardless of alcohol consumption and 70% increased risk even in non-drinkers (HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.61-1.80). CONCLUSIONS The J-shaped dose-response association between alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer risk was observed only in individuals with normoglycemia, not in patients with IFG and diabetes. Complete alcohol abstinence may help reduce pancreatic cancer risk in patients with IFG and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo-Hyun Park
- Department of Family Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungdo Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Yong Hong
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Young Suk Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon Oh Park
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Hsueh HY, Pita-Grisanti V, Gumpper-Fedus K, Lahooti A, Chavez-Tomar M, Schadler K, Cruz-Monserrate Z. A review of physical activity in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: Epidemiology, intervention, animal models, and clinical trials. Pancreatology 2022; 22:98-111. [PMID: 34750076 PMCID: PMC8748405 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2021.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest types of cancer, and the increasing incidence of PDAC may be related to the prevalence of obesity. Physical activity (PA), a method known to mitigate obesity by increasing total energy expenditure, also modifies multiple cellular pathways associated with cancer hallmarks. Epidemiologic evidence has shown that PA can lower the risk of developing a variety of cancers, reduce some of the detrimental side effects of treatments, and improve patient's quality of life during cancer treatment. However, little is known about the pathways underlying the correlations observed between PA interventions and PDAC. Moreover, there is no standard dose of PA intervention that is ideal for PDAC prevention or as an adjuvant of cancer treatments. In this review, we summarize relevant literature showing how PDAC patients can benefit from PA, the potential of PA as an adjuvant treatment for PDAC, the studies using preclinical models of PDAC to study PA, and the clinical trials to date assessing the effects of PA in PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiang-Yin Hsueh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Valentina Pita-Grisanti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kristyn Gumpper-Fedus
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ali Lahooti
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Myrriah Chavez-Tomar
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Keri Schadler
- Department of Pediatrics Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zobeida Cruz-Monserrate
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Division of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA; The Comprehensive Cancer Center-Arthur G. James Cancer Hospital and Richard J. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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12
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Stolzenberg-Solomon R. Are Prediagnostic Biomarkers of Inflammation and an Empirically Based Proinflammatory Dietary Pattern Associated With Poorer Pancreatic Cancer Survival? J Natl Cancer Inst 2021; 113:1123-1124. [PMID: 33739407 PMCID: PMC8418422 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djab043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Stolzenberg-Solomon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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Teng Y, Yu Y, Li S, Huang Y, Xu D, Tao X, Fan Y. Ultraviolet Radiation and Basal Cell Carcinoma: An Environmental Perspective. Front Public Health 2021; 9:666528. [PMID: 34368047 PMCID: PMC8339433 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.666528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a known carcinogen participated for the development of skin cancers. Solar UVR exposure, particularly ultraviolet B (UVB), is the mostly significant environmental risk factor for the occurrence and progress of basal cell carcinoma(BCC). Both cumulative and intermittent high-grade UVR exposure could promote the uncontrolled replication of skin cells. There are also exsiting other contributing environmental factors that combine with the UVR exposure to promote the development of BCC. DNA damage in formation of skin cancers is considered to be a result of UVR toxicity. It is UVR that could activate a series of oncogenes simultaneously inactivating tumor suppressor genes and aberrant proliferation and survival of keratinocytes that repair these damages. Furthermore, mounting evidence demonstrates that inflammatory responses of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment plays crucial role in the skin tumorigenesis as well. In this chapter, we will follow the function of UVR in the onset and development of BCC. We describe the factors that influence BCC induced by UVR, and also review the recent advances of pathogenesis of BCC induced by UVR from the genetic and inflammatory aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Teng
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sujing Li
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, China
| | - Youming Huang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danfeng Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Tao
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yibin Fan
- Department of Dermatology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
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14
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Pancreatic cancer epidemiology: understanding the role of lifestyle and inherited risk factors. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 18:493-502. [PMID: 34002083 PMCID: PMC9265847 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-021-00457-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a leading cause of cancer death worldwide and its global burden has more than doubled over the past 25 years. The highest incidence regions for pancreatic cancer include North America, Europe and Australia, and although much of this increase is due to ageing worldwide populations, there are key modifiable risk factors for pancreatic cancer such as cigarette smoking, obesity, diabetes and alcohol intake. The prevalence of these risk factors is increasing in many global regions, resulting in increasing age-adjusted incidence rates for pancreatic cancer, but the relative contribution from these risk factors varies globally due to variation in the underlying prevalence and prevention strategies. Inherited genetic factors, although not directly modifiable, are an important component of pancreatic cancer risk, and include pathogenic variants in hereditary cancer genes, genes associated with hereditary pancreatitis, as well as common variants identified in genome-wide association studies. Identification of the genetic changes that underlie pancreatic cancer not only provides insight into the aetiology of this cancer but also provides an opportunity to guide early detection strategies. The goal of this Review is to provide an up-to-date overview of the established modifiable and inherited risk factors for pancreatic cancer.
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15
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Gurwara S, Dai A, Ajami NJ, Graham DY, White DL, Chen L, Jang A, Chen E, El-Serag HB, Petrosino JF, Jiao L. Alcohol use alters the colonic mucosa-associated gut microbiota in humans. Nutr Res 2020; 83:119-128. [PMID: 33096423 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol misuse is a risk factor for many adverse health outcomes. Alcohol misuse has been associated with an imbalance of gut microbiota in preclinical models and alcoholic diseases. We hypothesized that daily alcohol use would change the community composition and structure of the human colonic gut microbiota. Thirty-four polyp-free individuals donated 97 snap-frozen colonic biopsies. Microbial DNA was sequenced for the 16S ribosomal RNA gene hypervariable region 4. The SILVA database was used for operational taxonomic unit classification. Alcohol use was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. We compared the biodiversity and relative abundance of the taxa among never drinkers (ND, n = 9), former drinkers (FD, n = 10), current light drinkers (LD, <2 drinks daily, n = 9), and current heavy drinkers (HD, ≥2 drinks daily, n = 6). False discovery rate-adjusted P values (q values) < .05 indicated statistical significance. HD had the lowest α diversity (Shannon index q value < 0.001), and HD's microbial composition differed the most from the other groups (P value = .002). LD had the highest relative abundance of Akkermansia (q values < 0.001). HD had the lowest relative abundance of Subdoligranulum, Roseburia, and Lachnospiraceaeunc91005 but the highest relative abundance of Lachnospiraceaeunc8895 (all q values < 0.05). The multivariable negative binomial regression model supported these observations. ND and FD had a similar microbial profile. Heavy alcohol use was associated with impaired gut microbiota that may partially mediate its effect on health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Gurwara
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Annie Dai
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Nadim J Ajami
- The Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - David Y Graham
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Donna L White
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Albert Jang
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Ellie Chen
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Hashem B El-Serag
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Joseph F Petrosino
- The Alkek Center for Metagenomics and Microbiome Research, Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Li Jiao
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Section of Gastroenterology, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Medical Center Digestive Disease Center, Houston, TX, USA; Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Translational Research on Inflammatory Diseases (CTRID), Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, USA.
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16
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Asahina K, Balog S, Hwang E, Moon E, Wan E, Skrypek K, Chen Y, Fernandez J, Romo J, Yang Q, Lai K, French SW, Tsukamoto H. Moderate alcohol intake promotes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma development in mice expressing oncogenic Kras. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 318:G265-G276. [PMID: 31760766 PMCID: PMC7052574 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00218.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Kras mutations are associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Although tobacco smoking, pancreatitis, and obesity are known environmental risk factors for PDAC, the contribution of moderate alcohol intake to PDAC remains elusive. In the present study, we tested whether a combination of risk factors or moderate alcohol intake induces PDAC development in mice. Control Pdx1Cre and Pdx1Cre;LSL-KrasG12D mutant mice were fed a Western alcohol diet containing high levels of cholesterol and saturated fat, 3.5% alcohol, and lipopolysaccharide for 5 mo. In addition, mice were treated with cerulein, for induction of pancreatitis, and nicotine every month. Treatment with all of these risk factors promoted development of advanced pancreatic neoplasia and PDAC in the Pdx1Cre;LSL-KrasG12D mice but not in the control Pdx1Cre mice. Moderate alcohol intake or Western diet feeding also significantly promoted advanced neoplasia and PDAC development in Pdx1Cre;LSL-KrasG12D mice compared with mice fed a regular chow. Alcohol, but not Western diet, increased tumor development in the liver in the Pdx1Cre;LSL-KrasG12D mice, but its origin remained elusive due to leakiness of Pdx1Cre in hepatocytes. RNA-seq analysis revealed that alcohol feeding increases expression of markers for tumors (Epcam, Krt19, Prom1, Wt1, and Wwtr1), stroma (Dcn, Fn1, and Tnc), and cytokines (Tgfb1 and Tnf) and decreases expression of Fgf21 and Il6 in the pancreatic tumor tissues. Immunostaining showed heterogeneous expression of nephronectin, S100 calcium-binding protein A6, and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 in pancreatic tumors surrounded by podoplanin-positive stromal cells. Our data indicate that moderate alcohol drinking is a risk factor for development of PDAC.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Heavy alcohol intake has been suspected to be a risk factor of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) in humans. However, the contribution of moderate alcohol intake to PDAC development remains elusive. In the present study, we experimentally show that moderate alcohol feeding significantly induces advanced stages of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia development and invasive PDAC in Pdx1Cre;LSL-KrasG12D mutant mice. Our data indicate that moderate alcohol drinking is a risk factor for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinji Asahina
- 1The Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Steven Balog
- 1The Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Edward Hwang
- 1The Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Eugene Moon
- 1The Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Emily Wan
- 1The Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Kaitlin Skrypek
- 1The Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yibu Chen
- 2Bioinformatics Service, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jay Fernandez
- 1The Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Janet Romo
- 1The Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Qihong Yang
- 1The Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Keane Lai
- 1The Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Samuel W. French
- 3Harbor-Univeristy of California, Los Angeles, Medical Center, Torrance, California
| | - Hidekazu Tsukamoto
- 1The Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California,4Department of Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
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17
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Gordon-Dseagu VL, Devesa SS, Goggins M, Stolzenberg-Solomon R. Pancreatic cancer incidence trends: evidence from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) population-based data. Int J Epidemiol 2019; 47:427-439. [PMID: 29149259 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyx232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Annual pancreatic cancer incidence rates have been increasing. We examine pancreatic cancer incidence trends by demographics and histologic type. Methods Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registries were available to assess temporal trends and pancreatic cancer rates from 1974 to 2013. Results Pancreatic cancer incidence rates declined between the 1970s and 1990s but increased from 1994 to 2013 among White males. Among non-Hispanic White and Hispanic males, the annual percent change (APC) in incidence between 1992 and 2013 was 0.84% and 0.73%, respectively. Rates also rose among White non-Hispanic, Hispanic and Asian females (APC = 0.81%, 0.56% and 1.23%, respectively) and even more rapidly among females aged 25-34 years (APC > 2.5%). Rates among Black males and females remained unchanged, but higher compared with the other racial/ethnic groups. By histologic type, the increases were greatest for non-secretory endocrine cancers ( > 6%), followed by ductal adenocarcinomas (∼5%) and adenocarcinoma, NOS (∼1.4%)-the largest histologic subgroup of pancreatic cancer. Rates for mucinous adenocarcinomas and poorly specified pancreatic cancer decreased. Overall, incidence rates during 2000-13 were higher among males than females [MF incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.28]. The IRR was >1.00 at all ages ≥ 35, but rates among females were higher at younger ages (IRRs 15-24: 0.66, 25-34: 0.81). The MF IRRs for most of the histologic types were elevated among males apart from solid pseudopapillary adenocarcinoma and cystic carcinomas (IRR = 0.22, confidence interval: 0.14-0.34 and 0.52, 0.41-0.65, respectively). Conclusion Pancreatic cancer has been increasing overall, but patterns differ by demographic group and histologic type. Many of the trends parallel changing prevalence of lifestyle risk factors such as smoking, overweight and obesity, and diabetes in the USA, particularly for pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and improved diagnosis methods during the past 40 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa L Gordon-Dseagu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20850, USA
| | - Susan S Devesa
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20850, USA
| | | | - Rachael Stolzenberg-Solomon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20850, USA
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18
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Lifetime alcohol intake and pancreatic cancer incidence and survival: findings from the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study. Cancer Causes Control 2019; 30:323-331. [PMID: 30798509 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-019-01146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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19
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Santo L, Liao LM, Andreotti G, Purdue MP, Hofmann JN. Alcohol consumption and risk of multiple myeloma in the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study. Int J Cancer 2019; 144:43-48. [PMID: 29971781 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiologic evidence regarding the relationship between alcohol consumption and multiple myeloma (MM) risk remains limited and inconsistent, although recent studies suggest a potential protective effect. We prospectively investigated the risk of MM in relation to alcohol consumption frequency among 499,292 participants enrolled in the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-AARP Diet and Health Study in 1995-1996. A total of 1,312 MM cases were identified during follow-up through December 2011. Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for categories of alcohol consumption relative to those defined as light drinkers (<1 drink/week) were estimated using multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. Overall, increasing frequency of alcohol consumption was inversely associated with MM (p-trend = 0.01), with a statistically significant association among those who consumed 2 drinks per day (HR = 0.70, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.98); similar but not statistically significant associations were observed for greater frequency of alcohol consumption. Among women, risk of MM was reduced among those who consumed less than one drink per day (HR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.56, 0.97) and associations with greater frequency of alcohol consumption were inverse although not statistically significant. The findings of this large prospective investigation suggest that moderate alcohol consumption may be associated with reduced future risk of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana Santo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Linda M Liao
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Gabriella Andreotti
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Mark P Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Jonathan N Hofmann
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
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20
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Naudin S, Li K, Jaouen T, Assi N, Kyrø C, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Boutron-Ruault MC, Rebours V, Védié AL, Boeing H, Kaaks R, Katzke V, Bamia C, Naska A, Trichopoulou A, Berrino F, Tagliabue G, Palli D, Panico S, Tumino R, Sacerdote C, Peeters PH, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Weiderpass E, Gram IT, Skeie G, Chirlaque MD, Rodríguez-Barranco M, Barricarte A, Quirós J, Dorronsoro M, Johansson I, Sund M, Sternby H, Bradbury KE, Wareham N, Riboli E, Gunter M, Brennan P, Duell EJ, Ferrari P. Lifetime and baseline alcohol intakes and risk of pancreatic cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:801-812. [PMID: 29524225 PMCID: PMC6481554 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence suggested a weak relationship between alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer (PC) risk. In our study, the association between lifetime and baseline alcohol intakes and the risk of PC was evaluated, including the type of alcoholic beverages and potential interaction with smoking. Within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study, 1,283 incident PC (57% women) were diagnosed from 476,106 cancer-free participants, followed up for 14 years. Amounts of lifetime and baseline alcohol were estimated through lifestyle and dietary questionnaires, respectively. Cox proportional hazard models with age as primary time variable were used to estimate PC hazard ratios (HR) and their 95% confidence interval (CI). Alcohol intake was positively associated with PC risk in men. Associations were mainly driven by extreme alcohol levels, with HRs comparing heavy drinkers (>60 g/day) to the reference category (0.1-4.9 g/day) equal to 1.77 (95% CI: 1.06, 2.95) and 1.63 (95% CI: 1.16, 2.29) for lifetime and baseline alcohol, respectively. Baseline alcohol intakes from beer (>40 g/day) and spirits/liquors (>10 g/day) showed HRs equal to 1.58 (95% CI: 1.07, 2.34) and 1.41 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.94), respectively, compared to the reference category (0.1-2.9 g/day). In women, HR estimates did not reach statistically significance. The alcohol and PC risk association was not modified by smoking status. Findings from a large prospective study suggest that baseline and lifetime alcohol intakes were positively associated with PC risk, with more apparent risk estimates for beer and spirits/liquors than wine intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Naudin
- Nutritional Methodology and Biostatistics group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Kuanrong Li
- Nutritional Methodology and Biostatistics group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Tristan Jaouen
- Nutritional Methodology and Biostatistics group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Nada Assi
- Nutritional Methodology and Biostatistics group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Cecilie Kyrø
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kim Overvad
- Section for Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- CESP, INSERM U1018, University of Paris-Sud, UVSQ, University of Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Vinciane Rebours
- Pancreatology Unit, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France, INSERM U1149, University Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Laure Védié
- Pancreatology Unit, Beaujon Hospital, Clichy, France, INSERM U1149, University Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Postdam, Germany
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Verena Katzke
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Bamia
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Androniki Naska
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
- WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece
| | - Franco Berrino
- Department of Preventive & Predictive Medicine, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tagliabue
- Lombardy Cancer Registry Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Palli
- Cancer Risk Factors and Life-Style Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute (ISPO), Florence, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medecine, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Department, Civic M.P.Arezzo Hospital, Ragusa, Italy, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza University, Hospital and Center for Cancer Prevention (CPO), Turin, Italy
| | - Petra H. Peeters
- Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases (DCD), National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Social & Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Genetic Epidemiology Group, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Inger Torhild Gram
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Guri Skeie
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Maria-Dolores Chirlaque
- Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Health and Social Sciences, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Miguel Rodríguez-Barranco
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Biosanitary Investigation Institute (IBS) of Granada, University Hospital and University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Aurelio Barricarte
- CIBER of Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- Navarra Institute for Health Research (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Miren Dorronsoro
- Subdirección de Salud Pública de Gipuzkoa, Gobierno Vasco, San Sebastian, Spain
| | | | - Malin Sund
- Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hanna Sternby
- Department of Surgery, Institution of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Kathryn E Bradbury
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Wareham
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Gunter
- Nutrition and Epidemiology group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Paul Brennan
- Genetic Epidemiology group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Eric J Duell
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-Idibell), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pietro Ferrari
- Nutritional Methodology and Biostatistics group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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21
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Andersson G, Borgquist S, Jirström K. Hormonal factors and pancreatic cancer risk in women: The Malmö Diet and Cancer Study. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:52-62. [PMID: 29424426 PMCID: PMC5969235 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of pancreatic cancer is leveling between sexes. Smoking, high age and heredity are established risk factors, but evidence regarding the influence of hormonal factors is unclear. In this study, we investigated the associations of reproductive factors, use of oral contraceptives (OC) and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with pancreatic cancer risk in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study, a prospective, population‐based cohort encompassing 17,035 women. Up until 31 December 2015, 110 women were identified with incident pancreatic cancer through the Swedish Cancer Registry. Higher age at menarche was significantly associated with pancreatic cancer risk (age‐adjusted [hazard ratio] HR = 1.17; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.04–1.32, and fully adjusted HR = 1.17; 95% CI 1.04–1.32). Ever use of OC was not significantly associated with pancreatic cancer risk but ever use of HRT was significantly associated with a decreased risk of pancreatic cancer (age‐adjusted HR = 0.47, 95% CI 0.23–0.97, and fully adjusted HR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.23–1.00), in particular use of estrogen‐only regimen (age‐adjusted HR = 0.21; 95% CI 0.05–0.87 and fully adjusted HR = 0.22; 95% CI 0.05–0.90). Age at menopause or first childbirth, parity and breastfeeding history were not significantly associated with pancreatic cancer risk. Collectively, these findings suggest a protective role of female hormones against pancreatic cancer. Further studies are needed, and potential modifying genetic factors and indirect hazardous effects of smoking should also be considered. What's new? Female hormones appear to protect against pancreatic cancer, at least in Sweden. Numerous studies have investigated the relationship between the two, but no clear picture has yet emerged. These authors used data from the Malmö Diet and Cancer study, looking for correlations between hormone levels and cancer risk. They found that a younger start to menstruation—indicating an earlier boost in estrogen—correlated with less chance of developing pancreatic cancer. Use of hormone replacement therapy, particularly estrogen‐only therapy, significantly reduced risk among postmenopausal women. Breastfeeding, oral contraceptive use and parity did not appear to affect pancreatic cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Andersson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Signe Borgquist
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Clinical Trial Unit, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Jirström
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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22
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Farajzadeh Valilou S, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Silvestris N, Argentiero A, Rezaei N. The role of inflammatory cytokines and tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) in microenvironment of pancreatic cancer. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 39:46-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Wilsnack RW, Wilsnack SC, Gmel G, Kantor LW. Gender Differences in Binge Drinking. Alcohol Res 2018; 39:57-76. [PMID: 30557149 PMCID: PMC6104960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Just as binge drinking rates differ for men and women, the predictors and consequences of binge drinking vary by gender as well. This article examines these differences and how binge drinking definitions and research samples and methods may influence findings. It also describes the relationship between age and binge drinking among men and women, and how drinking culture and environment affect this relationship. It examines gender-specific trends in binge drinking, predictors of binge drinking for men and women, and binge drinking in the context of smoking. The article reviews current findings on gender differences in the health consequences of binge drinking, including morbidity and mortality, suicidality, cancer, cardiovascular disorders, liver disorders, and brain and neurocognitive implications. It also discusses gender differences in the behavioral and social consequences of binge drinking, including alcohol-impaired driving, sexual assault, and intimate partner violence, and includes implications for treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard W Wilsnack
- Richard W. Wilsnack, Ph.D., is a professor emeritus in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota. Sharon C. Wilsnack, Ph.D., is the Chester Fritz Distinguished Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota. Gerhard Gmel, Ph.D., is a professor, University of Lausanne, and is affiliated with the Alcohol Treatment Center, University of Lausanne Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. He is also an invited professor, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom. Lori Wolfgang Kantor, M.A., is a science writer at CSR, Incorporated
| | - Sharon C Wilsnack
- Richard W. Wilsnack, Ph.D., is a professor emeritus in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota. Sharon C. Wilsnack, Ph.D., is the Chester Fritz Distinguished Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota. Gerhard Gmel, Ph.D., is a professor, University of Lausanne, and is affiliated with the Alcohol Treatment Center, University of Lausanne Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. He is also an invited professor, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom. Lori Wolfgang Kantor, M.A., is a science writer at CSR, Incorporated
| | - Gerhard Gmel
- Richard W. Wilsnack, Ph.D., is a professor emeritus in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota. Sharon C. Wilsnack, Ph.D., is the Chester Fritz Distinguished Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota. Gerhard Gmel, Ph.D., is a professor, University of Lausanne, and is affiliated with the Alcohol Treatment Center, University of Lausanne Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. He is also an invited professor, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom. Lori Wolfgang Kantor, M.A., is a science writer at CSR, Incorporated
| | - Lori Wolfgang Kantor
- Richard W. Wilsnack, Ph.D., is a professor emeritus in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota. Sharon C. Wilsnack, Ph.D., is the Chester Fritz Distinguished Professor in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, North Dakota. Gerhard Gmel, Ph.D., is a professor, University of Lausanne, and is affiliated with the Alcohol Treatment Center, University of Lausanne Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland. He is also an invited professor, University of the West of England, Bristol, United Kingdom. Lori Wolfgang Kantor, M.A., is a science writer at CSR, Incorporated
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24
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Korc M, Jeon CY, Edderkaoui M, Pandol SJ, Petrov MS. Tobacco and alcohol as risk factors for pancreatic cancer. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2017; 31:529-536. [PMID: 29195672 PMCID: PMC5747325 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is projected to become the leading cause of cancer deaths by 2050. The risk for pancreatic cancer may be reduced by up to 27% by modifying lifestyle risk factors, most notably tobacco smoking. Based on analysis of more than 2 million unselected individuals from general population, this article quantified the risk of pancreatic cancer in relation to lifelong tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption status, both alone and in combination. It also provided a state-of-the-art review of animal studies on the effect of tobacco smoke and alcohol on genetically engineered mouse models of pancreatic precursor lesions, as well as the role of immune microenvironment in pancreatic carcinogenesis activated by tobacco and alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murray Korc
- Departments of Medicine, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center and the Pancreatic Cancer Signature Center, Indianapolis, USA
| | - Christie Y Jeon
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mouad Edderkaoui
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Maxim S Petrov
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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25
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Association between Alcohol Consumption, Folate Intake, and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: A Case-Control Study. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9050448. [PMID: 28468303 PMCID: PMC5452178 DOI: 10.3390/nu9050448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most fatal common cancers affecting both men and women, representing about 3% of all new cancer cases in the United States. In this study, we aimed to investigate the association of pancreatic cancer risk with alcohol consumption as well as folate intake. We performed a case-control study of 384 patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer from May 2004 to December 2009 and 983 primary care healthy controls in a largely white population (>96%). Our findings showed no significant association between risk of pancreatic cancer and either overall alcohol consumption or type of alcohol consumed (drinks/day). Our study showed dietary folate intake had a modest effect size, but was significantly inversely associated with pancreatic cancer (odds ratio (OR) = 0.99, p < 0.0001). The current study supports the hypothesis that pancreatic cancer risk is reduced with higher food-based folate intake.
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26
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Kahlert J, Gribsholt SB, Gammelager H, Dekkers OM, Luta G. Control of confounding in the analysis phase - an overview for clinicians. Clin Epidemiol 2017; 9:195-204. [PMID: 28408854 PMCID: PMC5384727 DOI: 10.2147/clep.s129886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In observational studies, control of confounding can be done in the design and analysis phases. Using examples from large health care database studies, this article provides the clinicians with an overview of standard methods in the analysis phase, such as stratification, standardization, multivariable regression analysis and propensity score (PS) methods, together with the more advanced high-dimensional propensity score (HD-PS) method. We describe the progression from simple stratification confined to the inclusion of a few potential confounders to complex modeling procedures such as the HD-PS approach by which hundreds of potential confounders are extracted from large health care databases. Stratification and standardization assist in the understanding of the data at a detailed level, while accounting for potential confounders. Incorporating several potential confounders in the analysis typically implies the choice between multivariable analysis and PS methods. Although PS methods have gained remarkable popularity in recent years, there is an ongoing discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of PS methods as compared to those of multivariable analysis. Furthermore, the HD-PS method, despite its generous inclusion of potential confounders, is also associated with potential pitfalls. All methods are dependent on the assumption of no unknown, unmeasured and residual confounding and suffer from the difficulty of identifying true confounders. Even in large health care databases, insufficient or poor data may contribute to these challenges. The trend in data collection is to compile more fine-grained data on lifestyle and severity of diseases, based on self-reporting and modern technologies. This will surely improve our ability to incorporate relevant confounders or their proxies. However, despite a remarkable development of methods that account for confounding and new data opportunities, confounding will remain a serious issue. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of different methods, we emphasize the importance of the clinical input and of the interplay between clinicians and analysts to ensure a proper analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Kahlert
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine
| | - Sigrid Bjerge Gribsholt
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine
| | - Henrik Gammelager
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Olaf M Dekkers
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology
- Department of Medicine, Section Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - George Luta
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine
- Department of Biostatistics, Bioinformatics, and Biomathematics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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27
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Lu PY, Shu L, Shen SS, Chen XJ, Zhang XY. Dietary Patterns and Pancreatic Cancer Risk: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9010038. [PMID: 28067765 PMCID: PMC5295082 DOI: 10.3390/nu9010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have examined the associations between dietary patterns and pancreatic cancer risk, but the findings have been inconclusive. Herein, we conducted this meta-analysis to assess the associations between dietary patterns and the risk of pancreatic cancer. MEDLINE (provided by the National Library of Medicine) and EBSCO (Elton B. Stephens Company) databases were searched for relevant articles published up to May 2016 that identified common dietary patterns. Thirty-two studies met the inclusion criteria and were finally included in this meta-analysis. A reduced risk of pancreatic cancer was shown for the highest compared with the lowest categories of healthy patterns (odds ratio, OR = 0.86; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.77–0.95; p = 0.004) and light–moderate drinking patterns (OR = 0.90; 95% CI: 0.83–0.98; p = 0.02). There was evidence of an increased risk for pancreatic cancer in the highest compared with the lowest categories of western-type pattern (OR = 1.24; 95% CI: 1.06–1.45; p = 0.008) and heavy drinking pattern (OR = 1.29; 95% CI: 1.10–1.48; p = 0.002). The results of this meta-analysis demonstrate that healthy and light–moderate drinking patterns may decrease the risk of pancreatic cancer, whereas western-type and heavy drinking patterns may increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. Additional prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ying Lu
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310013, China.
| | - Long Shu
- Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Hospital, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310013, China.
| | - Shan-Shan Shen
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310013, China.
| | - Xu-Jiao Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, Zhejiang Hospital, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310013, China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Zhejiang Hospital, Xihu District, Hangzhou 310013, China.
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28
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Andersson G, Wennersten C, Borgquist S, Jirström K. Pancreatic cancer risk in relation to sex, lifestyle factors, and pre-diagnostic anthropometry in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study. Biol Sex Differ 2016; 7:66. [PMID: 27980714 PMCID: PMC5148828 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-016-0120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lifestyle factors may influence the risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Whereas cigarette smoking is an established risk factor, the effects of high alcohol intake and obesity are more uncertain. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations of pre-diagnostic anthropometry, alcohol consumption, and smoking habits with pancreatic cancer risk in a Swedish prospective, population-based cohort, with particular reference to potential sex differences. Methods The studied cohort consists of 28,098 participants, including all incident cases of pancreatic cancer, in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study up until December 31, 2013 (n = 163). Non-parametric and chi-squared tests were applied to compare the distribution of risk factors between cases and non-cases. Cox regression proportional hazards models were used to estimate the relationship between investigative factors and pancreatic cancer risk. Anthropometric factors included height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, waist-hip ratio (WHR), and body fat percentage. Results BMI was not a significant risk factor for pancreatic cancer, but a higher WHR was significantly associated with an increased risk in the entire cohort (hazard ratio (HR) 2.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28–4.35, p for trend = 0.009). Regular smoking was a significant risk factor among both women (HR 2.62, 95% CI 1.61–4.27) and men (HR 3.57, 95% CI 1.70–7.47), whereas occasional smoking was a significant risk factor only in women (HR 3.29, 95% CI 1.50–7.19). Passive smoking at work for >20 years was significantly associated with an increased risk in the entire cohort (HR 1.73, 95% CI 1.15–2.58) and in women selectively (HR 2.01, 95% CI 1.21–3.31). Alcohol consumption was not a significant risk factor. A significant interaction was found between female sex and age (p = 0.045), but no other factor, in relation to pancreatic cancer risk. Conclusions WHR was the only pre-diagnostic anthropometric factor associated with pancreatic cancer risk, with no sex-related differences. Regular smoking was confirmed as a significant risk factor in both sexes, whereas occasional and passive smoking were significant risk factors only in women. Despite the lack of a significant interaction between smoking and sex in relation with pancreatic cancer risk, potential sex differences should be considered in future epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Andersson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Wennersten
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Signe Borgquist
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Jirström
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
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29
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Epidemiology and Inherited Predisposition for Sporadic Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2016; 29:619-40. [PMID: 26226901 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Given the changing demographics of Western populations, the numbers of pancreatic cancer cases are projected to increase during the next decade. Diabetes, recent cigarette smoking, and excess body weight are the cancer's most consistent risk factors. The search for common and rare germline variants that influence risk of pancreatic cancer through genome-wide association studies and high-throughput-sequencing-based studies is underway and holds the promise of increasing the knowledge of variants and genes that play a role in inherited susceptibility of this disease. Research reported in this review has advanced the understanding of pancreatic cancer.
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30
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Wang YT, Gou YW, Jin WW, Xiao M, Fang HY. Association between alcohol intake and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:212. [PMID: 26968702 PMCID: PMC4788838 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2241-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Studies examining the association between alcohol intake and the risk of pancreatic cancer have given inconsistent results. The purpose of this study was to summarize and examine the evidence regarding the association between alcohol intake and pancreatic cancer risk based on results from prospective cohort studies. Methods We searched electronic databases consisting of PubMed, Ovid, Embase, and the Cochrane Library identifying studies published up to Aug 2015. Only prospective studies that reported effect estimates with 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for the risk of pancreatic cancer, examining different alcohol intake categories compared with a low alcohol intake category were included. Results of individual studies were pooled using a random-effects model. Results We included 19 prospective studies (21 cohorts) reporting data from 4,211,129 individuals. Low-to-moderate alcohol intake had little or no effect on the risk of pancreatic cancer. High alcohol intake was associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer (risk ratio [RR], 1.15; 95 % CI: 1.06–1.25). Pooled analysis also showed that high liquor intake was associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer (RR, 1.43; 95 % CI: 1.17–1.74). Subgroup analyses suggested that high alcohol intake was associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer in North America, when the duration of follow-up was greater than 10 years, in studies scored as high quality, and in studies with adjustments for smoking status, body mass index, diabetes mellitus, and energy intake.. Conclusions Low-to-moderate alcohol intake was not significantly associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer, whereas high alcohol intake was associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, liquor intake in particular was associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-016-2241-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Tao Wang
- Department of gastroenterology, Anhui provincial hospital, NO.17, Lujiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230001, China
| | - Ya-Wen Gou
- Department of gastroenterology, Anhui provincial hospital, NO.17, Lujiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230001, China
| | - Wen-Wen Jin
- Department of gastroenterology, Anhui provincial hospital, NO.17, Lujiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230001, China
| | - Mei Xiao
- Department of gastroenterology, Anhui provincial hospital, NO.17, Lujiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230001, China
| | - Hua-Ying Fang
- Department of gastroenterology, Anhui provincial hospital, NO.17, Lujiang Road, Hefei City, Anhui Province, 230001, China.
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31
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Wu S, Li WQ, Qureshi AA, Cho E. Alcohol consumption and risk of cutaneous basal cell carcinoma in women and men: 3 prospective cohort studies. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:1158-66. [PMID: 26423390 PMCID: PMC4625594 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.115196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol consumption has been associated with an increased prevalence of sunburn, which is an established skin cancer risk factor. OBJECTIVE We investigated whether alcohol consumption is associated with risk of cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC). DESIGN We conducted a prospective analysis on alcohol consumption and risk of BCC on the basis of data from 167,765 women in the NHS (Nurses' Health Study) (1984-2010) and NHS II (1991-2011) and 43,697 men in the Health Professionals Follow-Up Study (1986-2010). Alcohol intake was repeatedly assessed every 2-4 y over the follow-up period. HRs and 95% CIs for BCC in association with alcohol intake were computed with the use of Cox proportional hazards models with adjustment for sun exposure and other skin cancer risk factors. RESULTS A total of 28,951 incident BCC cases were documented over 3.74 million person-years of follow-up. Increased alcohol intake was associated with increased BCC risk in both women and men (both P-trend < 0.0001). Pooled multivariable-adjusted HRs over increasing cumulative averaged alcohol intake categories were 1.00 (reference) for nondrinkers, 1.13 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.20) for 0.1-9.9 g/d, 1.24 (95% CI: 1.14, 1.35) for 10.0-19.9 g/d, 1.27 (95% CI: 1.20, 1.35) for 20.0-29.9 g/d, and 1.22 (95% CI: 1.15, 1.30) for ≥30.0 g/d (P-trend < 0.0001, P-heterogeneity by study = 0.10 ). The association remained consistent when we used alcohol intakes over different latency periods (0-4, 4-8, 8-12, and 12-16 y) as exposures and over categories of sun exposure-related factors. In the individual alcoholic beverages, white wine and liquor were positively associated with BCC risk. CONCLUSION Alcohol consumption is associated with increased risk of cutaneous BCC in both women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaowei Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, and Department of Environmental Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA;
| | - Wen-Qing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Abrar A Qureshi
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and Department of Dermatology, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI
| | - Eunyoung Cho
- Department of Dermatology, Warren Alpert Medical School, and Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Brown University, Providence, RI; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
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Epidemiology of Pancreatic and Periampullary Cancer. Indian J Surg 2015; 77:358-61. [PMID: 26722197 DOI: 10.1007/s12262-015-1365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an important public health problem, although infrequent but with an exceptionally high mortality rate worldwide. Given that the majority of cancers occur in association with smoking, diabetes, pancreatitis, genetic factors, and others and with a growing population worldwide in mind, more cases would be expected in the near future giving further impetus to investigating prevention and treatment strategies to this international issue. The representative data on epidemiology of carcinoma of pancreas in India and Nepal are very poor. While there are many questions to be resolved, it is apparent that many facets of pancreatic cancer are becoming increasingly understood, and prospects for prevention are becoming apparent. Hence, screening research, recommendations, and implementation is an obvious priority. Although previous studies have contributed to the knowledge of carcinoma of pancreas epidemiology, such association needs to be further verified with proper epidemiological work. A new and global approach to the study of carcinoma of pancreas epidemiology is required if the disease prevention and treatment strategies are to be adequately directed and supported in the coming years. The collection and analysis of epidemiologic carcinoma of pancreas data will play a critical role in guiding future disease prevention strategies and optimizing patient management.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE We describe the first mouse model of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions induced by alcohol in the presence and absence of chronic pancreatitis. METHODS Pdx1-Cre;LSL-K-ras mice were exposed to Lieber-DeCarli alcohol diet for 6 weeks with cerulein injections. The PanIN lesions and markers of fibrosis, inflammation, histone deacetylation, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and cancer stemness were measured by immunohistochemistry and Western. RESULTS Exposure of Pdx1-Cre;LSL-K-ras mice to an alcohol diet significantly stimulated fibrosis and slightly but not significantly increased the level of PanIN lesions associated with an increase in tumor-promoting M2 macrophages. Importantly, the alcohol diet did not increase activation of stellate cells. Alcohol diet and cerulein injections resulted in synergistic and additive effects on PanIN lesion and M2 macrophage phenotype induction, respectively. Cerulein pancreatitis caused stellate cell activation, EMT, and cancer stemness in the pancreas. Pancreatitis caused histone deacetylation, which was promoted by the alcohol diet. Pancreatitis increased EMT and cancer stemness markers, which were not further affected by the alcohol diet. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that alcohol has independent effects on promotion of PDAC associated with fibrosis formed through a stellate cell-independent mechanism and that it further promotes early PDAC and M2 macrophage induction in the context of chronic pancreatitis.
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Rahman F, Cotterchio M, Cleary SP, Gallinger S. Association between alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer risk: a case-control study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124489. [PMID: 25856529 PMCID: PMC4391718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Evidence is inconsistent regarding alcohol and pancreatic cancer risk, although heavy drinking may increase risk. Methods A population-based case-control study was conducted using 345 pancreas cancer cases diagnosed 2011–2012 and 1,285 frequency-matched controls from Ontario, Canada. Logistic regression was used to evaluate alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer risk; data was also stratified by sex and smoking status to assess interaction. Results Alcohol consumption was not associated with pancreatic cancer risk (age-adjusted odds ratio=0.78, 95% CI: 0.58, 1.05 for 1 - 3 drinks/week; age-adjusted odds ratio=0.86, 95% CI: 0.63, 1.17 for 4 - 20 drinks/week), however there was a non-significant increased risk for heavy drinkers consuming ≥21 drinks/week (age-adjusted odds ratio=1.35, 95% CI: 0.81, 2.27). Cigarette smoking modified the alcohol-cancer relationship; among current smokers, heavy alcohol consumption was associated with a significantly increased pancreatic cancer risk (age-adjusted odds ratio=4.04, 95% CI: 1.58, 10.37), whereas this significant association with heavy drinking was not observed among non-smokers (age-adjusted odds ratio=2.01, 95% CI: 0.50, 8.18). Furthermore, light – moderate alcohol intake was associated with increased pancreas cancer risk among current smokers. Conclusions While alcohol was not significantly associated with pancreatic cancer risk, smoking status modified this relationship such that among current smokers, alcohol intake was associated with a greater than two-fold increased risk of pancreatic cancer. The results should be interpreted with caution due to small sample sizes within subgroups and correction for multiple comparisons should be considered. These findings should be replicated in larger studies where more precise estimates of risk can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Rahman
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Michelle Cotterchio
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean P. Cleary
- Department of Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Huang Q, Luo K, Yang H, Wen J, Zhang S, Li J, Ela Bella A, Liu Q, Yang F, Zheng Y, Hu R, Chen J, Fu J. Impact of alcohol consumption on survival in patients with esophageal carcinoma: a large cohort with long-term follow-up. Cancer Sci 2014; 105:1638-46. [PMID: 25287715 PMCID: PMC4317962 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcohol is a well-established cause of esophageal carcinoma, but its effect on survival is little known and contradictory. To clarify whether drinking is an independent predictor of survival in esophageal carcinoma, 2151 Chinese patients, receiving surgical resection from January 1997 to December 2008, were followed until March 2014. Cox proportional hazards analysis was applied to evaluate the prognostic effect of alcohol consumption. The median follow-up was 64 months. The median overall survival (OS; 42 months) and disease-free survival (DFS; 33 months) for never-drinkers were significantly higher than ever-drinkers (27 and 22 months, respectively). In the multivariate Cox model that was adjusted for age, weight loss, stage according to criteria set by the American Joint Committee on Cancer, radicality of surgery, adjuvant treatment, smoking status, and gender, the hazard ratios of ever-drinking were 1.22 (1.06-1.41, P = 0.005) on OS, and 1.16 (1.01-1.34, P = 0.037) on DFS. The hazardous effect on OS and DFS of drinking grew statistically significantly in a dose-dependent manner with increasing amount of alcohol consumption per day (both P-value for trend < 0.05). The predictive effect of drinking on OS (P = 0.596) or DFS (P = 0.207) was not significant in the subgroup with esophageal adenocarcinoma (n = 195). The current study revealed that the survival is shortened, of those patients who consume alcohol before diagnosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, which are not attributable to differences in stage, smoking status, and gender. Alcohol control should be emphasized to reduce mortality of esophageal carcinoma, and further outcome studies should include alcohol as a potential prognosticator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Huang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Guangdong Esophageal Cancer Institute, Guangzhou, China
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Alsamarrai A, Das SLM, Windsor JA, Petrov MS. Factors that affect risk for pancreatic disease in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014; 12:1635-44.e5; quiz e103. [PMID: 24509242 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2014.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Pancreatic diseases place significant burdens on health care systems worldwide. However, there is lack of agreement about which factors increase or reduce risk for pancreatic disease. We reviewed high-quality studies of factors that affect risk for pancreatic diseases in the general population. METHODS We searched 3 databases (Medline, Embase, and Scopus) for prospective cohort studies of modifiable risk and/or protective factors for acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer in adult populations. Factors that were investigated in 2 or more studies were assessed by meta-analysis if the required data were available. Subgroup analyses were performed when appropriate. Outcome measures were relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS Our analysis included 51 population-based studies with more than 3 million individuals and nearly 11,000 patients with pancreatic diseases. A total of 31 different factors were investigated. Current tobacco use was the single most important risk factor for pancreatic diseases (RR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.54-2.27), followed by obesity (RR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.15-1.92) and heavy use of alcohol (RR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.19-1.58). Tobacco and heavy use of alcohol had bigger effects on risk of acute pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis than pancreatic cancer. Vegetable consumption (RR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.57-0.88) and fruit consumption (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.60-0.90) provided the greatest degree of protection against pancreatic diseases on the basis of meta-analyses. Vegetable consumption had stronger association with protection against acute pancreatitis and fruit consumption with protection against pancreatic cancer. CONCLUSIONS On the basis of systematic review and meta-analysis, current tobacco use, obesity, and heavy use of alcohol are associated with significant increases in risk for pancreatic diseases. Vegetables and fruit consumption are associated with reduced risk for pancreatic diseases. Prevention strategies for acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and pancreatic cancer should consider these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Alsamarrai
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie L M Das
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John A Windsor
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Maxim S Petrov
- Department of Surgery, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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TTD consensus document on the diagnosis and management of exocrine pancreatic cancer. Clin Transl Oncol 2014; 16:865-78. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-014-1177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Tsekouras V. Smoking, alcohol and thyroid cancer occurrence: systematic review and meta-analysis of case-control studies. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2013; 8:505-515. [PMID: 30736135 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.2013.856137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
English language case-control studies reporting on the association of thyroid cancer occurrence with smoking and alcohol drinking are summarized. Two independent researchers performed study selection and data extraction. Random effects model was applied and external adjustment was performed to control for important confounders. Twenty reports published between 1987 and 2007 were included in quantitative synthesis. For smoking, mean association was inverse (odds ratio [OR]: 0.785; 95% CI: 0.701-0.879) remaining after adjustment for alcohol drinking; heterogeneity was moderate. For alcohol drinking, mean association was inverse (OR: 0.795; 95% CI: 0.660-0.958) (remaining after adjustment for smoking, OR: 0.832; 95% CI: 0.688-1.007); heterogeneity was large becoming moderate after adjustment. Data from case-control studies identified showed inverse mean association between thyroid cancer occurrence and ever-smoking or ever-drinking alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileios Tsekouras
- a Department of Hygiene Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens, Athens Medical School, 75 Mikras Asias Str., Athens 11527, Greece
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Arem H, Reedy J, Sampson J, Jiao L, Hollenbeck AR, Risch H, Mayne ST, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ. The Healthy Eating Index 2005 and risk for pancreatic cancer in the NIH-AARP study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2013; 105:1298-305. [PMID: 23949329 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djt185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dietary pattern analyses characterizing combinations of food intakes offer conceptual and statistical advantages over food- and nutrient-based analyses of disease risk. However, few studies have examined dietary patterns and pancreatic cancer risk and none focused on the 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. We used the Healthy Eating Index 2005 (HEI-2005) to estimate the association between meeting those dietary guidelines and pancreatic cancer risk. METHODS We calculated the HEI-2005 score for 537 218 men and women in the National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons Diet and Health Study using responses to food frequency questionnaires returned in 1995 and 1996. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for risk of pancreatic cancer according to HEI-2005 quintiles and explored effect modification by known risk factors. P interaction values were calculated using the Wald test. All statistical tests were two-sided. RESULTS We identified 2383 incident, exocrine pancreatic cancer cases (median = 10.5 years follow-up). Comparing participants who met the most dietary guidelines (Q5) with those who met the fewest guidelines (Q1), we observed a reduced risk of pancreatic cancer (HR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.74 to 0.97). Among men there was an interaction by body mass index (P interaction = .03), with a hazard ratio of 0.72 (95% CI = 0.59 to 0.88) comparing Q5 vs Q1 in overweight/obese men (body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m(2)) but no association among normal weight men. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the hypothesis that consuming a high-quality diet, as scored by the HEI-2005, may reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Arem
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT , USA.
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Nelson DE, Jarman DW, Rehm J, Greenfield TK, Rey G, Kerr WC, Miller P, Shield KD, Ye Y, Naimi TS. Alcohol-attributable cancer deaths and years of potential life lost in the United States. Am J Public Health 2013; 103:641-8. [PMID: 23409916 PMCID: PMC3673233 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2012.301199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our goal was to provide current estimates of alcohol-attributable cancer mortality and years of potential life lost (YPLL) in the United States. METHODS We used 2 methods to calculate population-attributable fractions. We based relative risks on meta-analyses published since 2000, and adult alcohol consumption on data from the 2009 Alcohol Epidemiologic Data System, 2009 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, and 2009-2010 National Alcohol Survey. RESULTS Alcohol consumption resulted in an estimated 18,200 to 21,300 cancer deaths, or 3.2% to 3.7% of all US cancer deaths. The majority of alcohol-attributable female cancer deaths were from breast cancer (56% to 66%), whereas upper airway and esophageal cancer deaths were more common among men (53% to 71%). Alcohol-attributable cancers resulted in 17.0 to 19.1 YPLL for each death. Daily consumption of up to 20 grams of alcohol (≤ 1.5 drinks) accounted for 26% to 35% of alcohol-attributable cancer deaths. CONCLUSIONS Alcohol remains a major contributor to cancer mortality and YPLL. Higher consumption increases risk but there is no safe threshold for alcohol and cancer risk. Reducing alcohol consumption is an important and underemphasized cancer prevention strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Nelson
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892-7105, USA.
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Brodovicz KG, Kou TD, Alexander CM, O'Neill EA, Engel SS, Girman CJ, Goldstein BJ. Impact of diabetes duration and chronic pancreatitis on the association between type 2 diabetes and pancreatic cancer risk. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14:1123-8. [PMID: 22831166 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01667.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM To examine the impact of diabetes duration, chronic pancreatitis and other factors on pancreatic cancer risk. METHODS This retrospective cohort study using the UK General Practice Research Database compared pancreatic cancer incidence and risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) versus patients without diabetes. Multivariate Cox regression adjusting for age, sex, history of chronic pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, obesity, smoking and alcohol use and Charlson comorbidity index was used to estimate hazard ratio (HR) [95% confidence interval, CI]. Analyses were repeated using various time windows for diabetes duration. RESULTS A total of 1903 incident pancreatic cancers were identified, 436 in patients with T2DM (78.76 per 100 000 person-years [95% CI: 71.54, 86.51]) and 1467 in patients without diabetes (11.46 per 100 000 person-years [10.88, 12.06]). Pancreatic cancer risk was significant for T2DM (adjusted HR 1.80 [1.52, 2.14]), increasing age, history of chronic pancreatitis and tobacco use. For patients with chronic pancreatitis and T2DM, the adjusted HR was 12.12 [6.02, 24.40]. Incidence was highest in patients with ≥5 year duration of T2DM. In patient populations with duration of T2DM ranging from ≥1 to ≥5 years, adjusted HRs remained significant but point estimates attenuated slightly with longer duration of T2DM. CONCLUSIONS Patients with T2DM had an 80% increased risk of pancreatic cancer versus patients without diabetes. Patients with T2DM and chronic pancreatitis were 12 times more likely to develop pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Brodovicz
- Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., Whitehouse Station, NJ, USA
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Haq S, Ali S, Mohammad R, Sarkar FH. The complexities of epidemiology and prevention of gastrointestinal cancers. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23202913 PMCID: PMC3497287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131012556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer epidemiology and prevention is one of the most well studied fields today. The more we can understand about the incidence and pathogenesis of this disease, the better we will be able to prevent it. Effective prevention strategies can decrease the mortality rate of cancer significantly; this is why it is important to delineate the underlying causes. It has been well recognized that genetic mutations, sporadic or hereditary, may lead to increased chance of tumorigenesis. Detecting genetic mutations can lead to the identification of high-risk individuals with hereditary cancer syndromes, which may assist in devising prevention strategies. Further, environmental factors are known to play important roles in epidemiology and suggest prevention tools that could be implemented to reduce cancer incidence and subsequent cancer-associated morbidity and mortality. Chemoprevention has been tried in colon cancer and is finding new advancements in other carcinomas as well. Out of many environmental cancer preventive agents, the most notable developments are the identification of the role of vitamins E, vitamin D and folic acid. Increased consumption of these vitamins has shown to be inversely correlated with cancer risk. This review will highlight important aspects of cancer epidemiology in the most aggressive carcinomas of the gastrointestinal system focusing on colorectal adenocarcinoma and pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Additionally, some of the well-known and evolving aspects of epidemiology of colorectal and pancreatic cancer along with current and new prevention strategies will also be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Haq
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Shadan Ali
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; E-Mails: (S.A.); (R.M.)
| | - Ramzi Mohammad
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; E-Mails: (S.A.); (R.M.)
| | - Fazlul H. Sarkar
- Department of Pathology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; E-Mail:
- Department of Oncology, Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; E-Mails: (S.A.); (R.M.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-313-576-8327; Fax: +1-313-576-8389
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Involvement of inflammatory factors in pancreatic carcinogenesis and preventive effects of anti-inflammatory agents. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 35:203-27. [PMID: 22955327 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is known to be a risk for many cancers, including pancreatic cancer. Heavy alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking are major causes of pancreatitis, and epidemiological studies have shown that smoking and chronic pancreatitis are risk factors for pancreatic cancer. Meanwhile, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) are elevated in pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer tissues in humans and in animal models. Selective inhibitors of iNOS and COX-2 suppress pancreatic cancer development in a chemical carcinogenesis model of hamsters treated with N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP). In addition, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and type II diabetes are also suggested to be associated with chronic inflammation in the pancreas and involved in pancreatic cancer development. We have shown that a high-fat diet increased pancreatic cancer development in BOP-treated hamsters, along with aggravation of hyperlipidemia, severe fatty infiltration, and increased expression of adipokines and inflammatory factors in the pancreas. Of note, fatty pancreas has been observed in obese and/or diabetic cases in humans. Preventive effects of anti-hyperlipidemic/anti-diabetic agents on pancreatic cancer have also been shown in humans and animals. Taking this evidence into consideration, modulation of inflammatory factors by anti-inflammatory agents will provide useful data for prevention of pancreatic cancer.
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Ward ST, Dangi-Garimella S, Shields MA, Collander BA, Siddiqui MAQ, Krantz SB, Munshi HG. Ethanol differentially regulates snail family of transcription factors and invasion of premalignant and malignant pancreatic ductal cells. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:2966-73. [PMID: 21678462 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest of cancers with a dismal 5-year survival rate. Epidemiological studies have identified chronic pancreatitis as a risk factor for pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer cells also demonstrate increased expression of the transcription factor Snail, a key regulator of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. As ethanol is one of the major causes of pancreatitis, we examined the effect of ethanol on Snail family members in immortalized human pancreatic ductal epithelial (HPDE) cells and in pancreatic cancer cells. Ethanol induced Snail mRNA levels 2.5-fold in HPDE cells, with only 1.5-fold mRNA induction of the Snail-related protein slug. In contrast, ethanol increased Slug mRNA levels 1.5- to 2-fold in pancreatic cancer cells, with minimal effect on Snail. Because Snail increases invasion of cancer cells, we examined the effect of ethanol on invasion of HPDE and pancreatic cancer cells. Surprisingly, ethanol decreased invasion of HPDE cells, but had no effect on invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. Mechanistically, ethanol increased adhesion of HPDE cells to collagen and increased expression of the collagen binding α2- and β1-integrins. In contrast, ethanol did not affect collagen adhesion or integrin expression in pancreatic cancer cells. Also in contrast to HPDE cells, ethanol did not attenuate ERK1/2 phosphorylation in pancreatic cancer cells; however, inhibiting ERK1/2 decreased pancreatic cancer cell invasion. Overall, our results identify the differential effects of ethanol on premalignant and malignant pancreatic cells, and demonstrate the pleiotropic effects of ethanol on pancreatic cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Ward
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA
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Lucenteforte E, La Vecchia C, Silverman D, Petersen GM, Bracci PM, Ji BT, Bosetti C, Li D, Gallinger S, Miller AB, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Talamini R, Polesel J, Ghadirian P, Baghurst PA, Zatonski W, Fontham E, Bamlet WR, Holly EA, Gao YT, Negri E, Hassan M, Cotterchio M, Su J, Maisonneuve P, Boffetta P, Duell EJ. Alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer: a pooled analysis in the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (PanC4). Ann Oncol 2012; 23:374-82. [PMID: 21536662 PMCID: PMC3265544 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Revised: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy alcohol drinking has been related to pancreatic cancer, but the issue is still unsolved. METHODS To evaluate the role of alcohol consumption in relation to pancreatic cancer, we conducted a pooled analysis of 10 case-control studies (5585 cases and 11,827 controls) participating in the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium. We computed pooled odds ratios (ORs) by estimating study-specific ORs adjusted for selected covariates and pooling them using random effects models. RESULTS Compared with abstainers and occasional drinkers (< 1 drink per day), we observed no association for light-to-moderate alcohol consumption (≤ 4 drinks per day) and pancreatic cancer risk; however, associations were above unity for higher consumption levels (OR = 1.6, 95% confidence interval 1.2-2.2 for subjects drinking ≥ 9 drinks per day). Results did not change substantially when we evaluated associations by tobacco smoking status, or when we excluded participants who reported a history of pancreatitis, or participants whose data were based upon proxy responses. Further, no notable differences in pooled risk estimates emerged across strata of sex, age, race, study type, and study area. CONCLUSION This collaborative-pooled analysis provides additional evidence for a positive association between heavy alcohol consumption and the risk of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Lucenteforte
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri” Milan
- Department of Occupational Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C. La Vecchia
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri” Milan
- Department of Occupational Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - P. M. Bracci
- University of California – San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - B. T. Ji
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda
| | - C. Bosetti
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri” Milan
| | - D. Li
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | | | - A. B. Miller
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - H. B. Bueno-de-Mesquita
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R. Talamini
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) – National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - J. Polesel
- Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO) – National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy
| | - P. Ghadirian
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Research Center of the University of Montreal Hospital Centre (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
| | - P. A. Baghurst
- Public Health, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - W. Zatonski
- Cancer Center & Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E. Fontham
- Louisiana State University, New Orleans, USA
| | | | - E. A. Holly
- University of California – San Francisco, San Francisco
| | - Y. T. Gao
- Shanghai Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China
| | - E. Negri
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri” Milan
| | - M. Hassan
- MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - M. Cotterchio
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Population Studies and Surveillance, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - J. Su
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda
| | | | - P. Boffetta
- International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA
| | - E. J. Duell
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO-IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
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Singal V, Singal AK, Kuo YF. Racial disparities in treatment for pancreatic cancer and impact on survival: a population-based analysis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2012; 138:715-22. [PMID: 22246279 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1156-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths in both men and women. Mortality from pancreatic cancer is higher amongst blacks compared to other races. We performed this analysis with the aim of examining racial disparity for receipt pancreatic cancer treatment and its association with survival. METHODS Using the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results (SEER) database from 1988 to 2008, cases with locoregional pancreatic cancer were analysed. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were assessed to assess the survival amongst various races. Cox proportional hazard model was built to assess the impact of receipt of treatment on the racial disparity in survival. RESULTS Of 16,282 cases with locoregional pancreatic cancer, 1,806 (11%) occurred in blacks. Median survival was 8-9 months with poorest survival in blacks. Blacks and Hispanics received radiation treatment less often compared to other races. On Cox regression logistic regression analysis, blacks had 20% poorer survival compared to whites. Treatment for pancreatic cancer explained only one-fourth of this poorer survival. CONCLUSION Blacks have worst survival from locoregional pancreatic cancer. Receiving treatment for pancreatic cancer only explains 25% of the poorer survival amongst blacks, suggesting role of other factors. Studies are suggested to (a) identify barriers in receipt of treatment for pancreatic cancer amongst blacks and (b) to assess role of genetic and other factors to examine racial differences in survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinamrata Singal
- Departments of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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Duell EJ. Epidemiology and potential mechanisms of tobacco smoking and heavy alcohol consumption in pancreatic cancer. Mol Carcinog 2012; 51:40-52. [PMID: 22162230 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco smoking represents an important known cause of ductal pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Recent data from pooled analyses in consortia involving multiple case-control and cohort studies suggest that heavy (but not moderate or light) alcohol consumption also may increase pancreatic cancer risk. Animal and human evidence indicate that tobacco carcinogens and metabolites may act in concert and have both genetic and epigenetic effects at early and later stages in pancreatic tumorigenesis. One of the more important tobacco-related carcinogens, NNK, probably acts via multiple pathways. Heavy alcohol consumption may increase pancreatic cancer risk by potentiating the effects of other risk factors such as tobacco smoking, poor nutrition, and inflammatory pathways related to chronic pancreatitis, but also may have independent genetic and epigenetic effects. Animal and human studies of tobacco- and alcohol-related pancreatic carcinogenesis suggest multi-modal, overlapping mechanistic pathways. Tobacco smoking and heavy alcohol consumption are preventable exposures, and their avoidance would substantially decrease the burden of pancreatic cancer worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Duell
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
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Sharma C, Eltawil KM, Renfrew PD, Walsh MJ, Molinari M. Advances in diagnosis, treatment and palliation of pancreatic carcinoma: 1990-2010. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:867-97. [PMID: 21412497 PMCID: PMC3051138 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i7.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several advances in genetics, diagnosis and palliation of pancreatic cancer (PC) have occurred in the last decades. A multidisciplinary approach to this disease is therefore recommended. PC is relatively common as it is the fourth leading cause of cancer related mortality. Most patients present with obstructive jaundice, epigastric or back pain, weight loss and anorexia. Despite improvements in diagnostic modalities, the majority of cases are still detected in advanced stages. The only curative treatment for PC remains surgical resection. No more than 20% of patients are candidates for surgery at the time of diagnosis and survival remains quite poor as adjuvant therapies are not very effective. A small percentage of patients with borderline non-resectable PC might benefit from neo-adjuvant chemoradiation therapy enabling them to undergo resection; however, randomized controlled studies are needed to prove the benefits of this strategy. Patients with unresectable PC benefit from palliative interventions such as biliary decompression and celiac plexus block. Further clinical trials to evaluate new chemo and radiation protocols as well as identification of genetic markers for PC are needed to improve the overall survival of patients affected by PC, as the current overall 5-year survival rate of patients affected by PC is still less than 5%. The aim of this article is to review the most recent high quality literature on this topic.
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Chiang KC, Yeh CN, Chen TC. Vitamin d and pancreatic cancer-an update. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:213-26. [PMID: 24212614 PMCID: PMC3756357 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 12/31/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The non-classical actions of vitamin D, namely anti-proliferation, pro-differentiation, immune function modulation, and anti-inflammation, have received great attention during the past decade, in particular, the potential of vitamin D analogs alone or in combination with other anticancer agents for the treatment of a variety of cancers. The association between vitamin D status and the higher incidence of many forms of cancer has suggested that vitamin D may play a role in the etiology of these types of cancer. Although it is still controversial whether this association exists for pancreatic cancer, biochemical evidence clearly indicates pancreatic cancer cells are responsive to the inhibitory effect of vitamin D and its analogs. In this review, we discuss briefly the origin and current therapy of pancreatic cancer, the history, source, metabolism and functions of vitamin D, the recent progress in the epidemiological studies of sunlight, and vitamin D status, and biochemical studies of vitamin D analogs in the prevention and treatment of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Chun Chiang
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taiwan; E-Mails: (K.C.C.); (C.N.Y.)
| | - Chun-Nan Yeh
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University, Taiwan; E-Mails: (K.C.C.); (C.N.Y.)
| | - Tai C. Chen
- Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
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Superoxide dismutase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate: quinone oxidoreductase polymorphisms and pancreatic cancer risk. Pancreas 2011; 40:72-8. [PMID: 20966810 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0b013e3181f74ad7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pancreatic carcinoma etiology and molecular pathogenesis is weakly understood. According to the assumption that genetic variation in carcinogen metabolism further modifies the risk of exposure-related cancers, an association of functional polymorphisms in oxidative stress-modifying genes superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2 [Ala16Val, rs4880]), SOD3 (Arg231Gly, rs1799895), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate:quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1 [Pro187Ser, rs1800566], and NQO2 (Phe47Leu, rs1143684) with pancreatic cancer risk was studied. METHODS Polymorphisms were studied by allelic discrimination. RESULTS In a hospital-based case-control study on 500 individuals (235 cases and 265 controls) of Czech white origin, SOD2, SOD3, NQO1, and NQO2 polymorphisms showed no significant association with pancreatic cancer risk. Major lifestyle factors such as smoking and alcohol, coffee, or tea consumption did not modify the effect of the studied polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS The first European study of the SOD2, SOD3, NQO1, and NQO2 roles in pancreatic cancer etiology did not find significant associations. Despite this observation, other populations with different lifestyle(s) may be at risk and should be further studied.
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