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Li H, Zhang J, Zou X, Jia X, Zheng D, Guo X, Xie W, Yang Q. The Bidirectional Association Between Cognitive Function and Gait Speed in Chinese Older Adults: Longitudinal Observational Study. JMIR Public Health Surveill 2023; 9:e44274. [PMID: 36917163 PMCID: PMC10131755 DOI: 10.2196/44274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive and gait speed decline are common conditions in older adults and are often associated with future adverse consequences. Although an association between cognitive function and gait speed has been demonstrated, its temporal sequence remains unclear, especially in older Chinese adults. Clarifying this could help identify interventions to improve public health in older adults. OBJECTIVE This study aims to examine the longitudinal reciprocal association between gait speed and cognitive function and the possible temporal sequence of changes in both factors in a national longitudinal cohort. METHODS Data were derived from 2 waves (2011 baseline and 2015 follow-up) of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Participants 60 years or older, without dementia or Parkinson disease at baseline, and with completed data on gait speed and cognition at both baseline and follow-up were included. Usual gait speed was measured over two 2.5-m walks. Mental intactness and episodic memory were used to assess global cognitive function. Cross-lagged panel models and linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the association between cognition and gait speed over time. Standardized coefficients were reported. RESULTS A total of 3009 participants (mean age 66.4 years, SD 5.4 years; 1422/3009, 47.26%, female participants) were eligible for inclusion in our analyses. Cross-lagged panel analyses revealed that after accounting for baseline gait speed, cognition, and potential confounders, baseline global cognition (β=.117, 95% CI 0.082-0.152; P<.001), mental intactness (β=.082, 95% CI 0.047-0.118; P<.001), and episodic memory (β=.102, 95% CI 0.067-0.137; P<.001) were associated with subsequent gait speed. Simultaneously, baseline gait speed was also associated with subsequent global cognition (β=.056, 95% CI 0.024-0.087; P=.001), mental intactness (β=.039, 95% CI 0.008-0.069; P=.01), and episodic memory (β=.057, 95% CI 0.023-0.092; P=.001). The comparison of standardized cross-lagged coefficients suggested that the effect size of baseline global cognition on subsequent gait speed was significantly larger than the reverse effect (χ12=6.50, P for difference=.01). However, the effects of both mental intactness and episodic memory on subsequent gait speed were not significantly stronger than those of the reverse pathway (χ12=3.33, P for difference=.07 and χ12=3.21, P for difference=.07). Linear mixed-effects analyses further supported these bidirectional relationships, revealing that lower baseline cognitive scores predicted steeper declines in gait speed trajectory, and slower baseline gait speed predicted more declines in cognitive trajectory over time. CONCLUSIONS There is a longitudinal bidirectional association between usual gait speed and both global cognitive function and specific domains of mental intactness and episodic memory among Chinese older adults. Baseline global cognition is likely to have a stronger association with subsequent gait speed than the reverse pathway. This interlinkage is noteworthy and may have implications for public health. Maintaining normal cognitive function may be an important interventional strategy for mitigating age-related gait speed reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Li
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajia Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinye Zou
- Department of Education, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xiuqin Jia
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Deqiang Zheng
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuhua Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wuxiang Xie
- Peking University Clinical Research Institute, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Laboratory for Cardiovascular Precision Medicine, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Medical Engineering for Cardiovascular Disease, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
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Handing EP, Hayden KM, Leng XI, Kritchevsky SB. Predictors of cognitive and physical decline: Results from the Health Aging and Body Composition Study. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1122421. [PMID: 36891556 PMCID: PMC9986301 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1122421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Risk factors for cognitive decline and physical decline have been studied independently, however older adults might experience decline in both areas i.e., dual decline. Risk factors associated with dual decline are largely unknown and have significant implications on health outcomes. The aim of this study is to explore risk factors associated with dual decline. Methods Using data from the Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) study, a longitudinal prospective cohort study, we examined trajectories of decline based on repeated measures of the Modified Mini-Mental State Exam (3MSE) and the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) across 6 years (n=1,552). We calculated four mutually exclusive trajectories of decline and explored predictors of decline: cognitive decline (n = 306) = lowest quartile of slope on the 3MSE or 1.5 SD below mean at baseline, physical decline (n = 231) = lowest quartile of slope on the SPPB or 1.5 SD below mean at baseline, dual decline (n = 110) = lowest quartile in both measures or 1.5 SD below mean in both measures at baseline. Individuals who did not meet criteria for one of the decline groups were classified as the reference group. (n= 905). Results Multinomial logistic regression tested the association of 17 baseline risk factors with decline. Odds of dual decline where significantly higher for individuals at baseline with depressive symptoms (CES-D >16) (Odds Ratio (OR)=2.49, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 1.05-6.29), ApoE-ε4 carrier (OR= 2.09, 95% CI: 1.06-1.95), or if individuals had lost 5+lbs in past year (OR=1.79, 95% CI: 1.13-2.84). Odds were significantly lower for individuals with a higher score on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test per standard deviation (OR per SD: 0.47, 95% CI 0.36-0.62) and faster 400-meter gait (OR per SD= 0.49, 95% CI: 0.37-0.64). Conclusion Among predictors, depressive symptoms at baseline significantly increased the odds of developing dual decline but was not associated with decline in the exclusively cognitive or physical decline groups. APOE-ε4 status increased the odds for cognitive decline and dual decline but not physical decline. More research on dual decline is needed because this group represents a high risk, vulnerable subset of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P. Handing
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kathleen M. Hayden
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Xiaoyan Iris Leng
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Stephen B. Kritchevsky
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer’s Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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Kuo K, Zhang YR, Chen SD, He XY, Huang SY, Wu BS, Deng YT, Yang L, Ou YN, Guo Y, Zhang RQ, Zhang Y, Tan L, Dong Q, Cheng W, Yu JT. Associations of grip strength, walking pace, and the risk of incident dementia: A prospective cohort study of 340212 participants. Alzheimers Dement 2022; 19:1415-1427. [PMID: 36152312 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Grip strength and walking pace have been linked to cognitive dysfunction. Their relationships, however, demand further clarification as the evidence is derived primarily from less-comprehensive investigations. METHODS A total of 340212 UK Biobank participants without dementia and cardiovascular diseases at baseline were analyzed. Cox proportional hazard models assessed the longitudinal associations. RESULTS Over a mean follow-up of 8.51 ± 2.68 years, 2424 incident dementia cases were documented. A 5 kg increment of absolute grip strength was associated with lower risks of all-cause dementia (hazard ratio [HR] 0.857), Alzheimer's disease (HR 0.874), and vascular dementia (HR 0.788). The patterns of associations remained similar when grip strength was expressed in relative terms and quintiles. A slow walking pace demonstrated consistent associations with increased risks of all dementia types. DISCUSSION Our findings provide amplified evidence and suggest that muscle fitness, reflected by objective grip strength measures and self-reported walking pace, may be imperative for estimating the risks of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kuo
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Ru Zhang
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shi-Dong Chen
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yu He
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Yi Huang
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bang-Sheng Wu
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Ting Deng
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Nan Ou
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui-Qi Zhang
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qiang Dong
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Huashan Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Jayakody O, Breslin M, Ayers E, Verghese J, Barzilai N, Milman S, Weiss E, Blumen HM. Relative Trajectories of Gait and Cognitive Decline in Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2022; 77:1230-1238. [PMID: 34791239 PMCID: PMC9159658 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glab346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gait and cognition decline with advancing age, and presage the onset of dementia. Yet, the relative trajectories of gait and cognitive decline in aging are poorly understood-particularly among those with the motoric cognitive risk (MCR) syndrome. This study compared changes in simple and complex gait performance and cognition, as a function of age and MCR. METHODS We examined gait and cognitive functions of 1 095 LonGenity study participants (mean age = 75.4 ± 6.7 years) with up to 12 years of annual follow-up. Participants were of Ashkenazi Jewish descent, free of dementia, ambulatory, and had a 12.2% MCR prevalence at baseline. Gait speed was measured at usual pace walking (single-task walking, STW-speed) and walking while talking (WWT-speed). Eleven neuropsychological test scores were examined separately, and as a global cognition composite. Linear mixed-effects models adjusted for baseline sex, education, parental longevity, cognitive impairment, and global health were used to estimate changes in gait and cognition, as a function of age and MCR. RESULTS STW-speed, WWT-speed, and cognitive tests performance declined in a nonlinear (accelerating) fashion with age. STW-speed declined faster than WWT-speed and cognitive test scores. People with MCR showed faster rates of decline on figure copy and phonemic fluency. CONCLUSIONS Gait declines at a faster rate than cognition in aging. People with MCR are susceptible to faster decline in visuospatial, executive, and language functions. This study adds important knowledge of trajectories of gait and cognitive decline in aging, and identifies MCR as a risk factor for accelerated cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oshadi Jayakody
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Monique Breslin
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Emmeline Ayers
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Joe Verghese
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Nir Barzilai
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Sofiya Milman
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Erica Weiss
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Helena M Blumen
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
- Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Behrendt T, Bielitzki R, Behrens M, Glazachev OS, Schega L. Effects of Intermittent Hypoxia-Hyperoxia Exposure Prior to Aerobic Cycling Exercise on Physical and Cognitive Performance in Geriatric Patients—A Randomized Controlled Trial. Front Physiol 2022; 13:899096. [PMID: 35694402 PMCID: PMC9178199 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.899096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: It was recently shown that intermittent hypoxic-hyperoxic exposure (IHHE) applied prior to a multimodal training program promoted additional improvements in cognitive and physical performance in geriatric patients compared to physical training only. However, there is a gap in the literature to which extent the addition of IHHE can enhance the effects of an aerobic training. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of IHHE applied prior to aerobic cycling exercise on cognitive and physical performance in geriatric patients. Methods: In a randomized, two-armed, controlled, and single-blinded trial, 25 geriatric patients (77–94 years) were assigned to two groups: intervention group (IG) and sham control group (CG). Both groups completed 6 weeks of aerobic training using a motorized cycle ergometer, three times a week for 20 min per day. The IG was additionally exposed to intermittent hypoxic and hyperoxic periods for 30 min prior to exercise. The CG followed the similar procedure breathing sham hypoxia and hyperoxia (i.e., normoxia). Within 1 week before and after the interventions, cognitive performance was assessed with the Dementia-Detection Test (DemTect) and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT), while physical performance was measured using the Timed “Up and Go” Test (TUG) and the Short-Physical-Performance-Battery (SPPB). Results: No interaction effect was found with respect to the DemTect (ηp2 = 0.02). An interaction effect with medium effect size (ηp2 = 0.08) was found for CDT performance with a higher change over time for IG (d = 0.57) compared to CG (d = 0.05). The ANCOVA with baseline-adjustment indicated between-group differences with a large and medium effect size at post-test for the TUG (ηp2 = 0.29) and SPPB (ηp2 = 0.06) performance, respectively, in favour of the IG. Within-group post-hoc analysis showed that the TUG performance was worsened in the CG (d = 0.65) and remained unchanged in the IG (d = 0.19). Furthermore, SPPB performance was increased (d = 0.58) in IG, but no relevant change over time was found for CG (d = 0.00). Conclusion: The current study suggests that an additional IHHE prior to aerobic cycling exercise seems to be more effective to increase global cognitive functions as well as physical performance and to preserve functional mobility in geriatric patients in comparison to aerobic exercise alone after a 6-week intervention period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Behrendt
- Department for Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Tom Behrendt,
| | - Robert Bielitzki
- Department for Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Behrens
- Department for Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- Department of Orthopedics, Rostock University Medical Center, Rostock, Germany
| | - Oleg S. Glazachev
- Department Human Physiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Lutz Schega
- Department for Sport Science, Chair for Health and Physical Activity, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Cochran G, Shen J, Cox N, Field C, Carlston K, Sengpraseut B, White A, Okifuji A, Jackman C, Haaland B, Ragsdale R, Gordon AJ, Tarter R. Addressing opioid medication misuse at point of service in community pharmacy: A study protocol for an interdisciplinary behavioral health trial. Contemp Clin Trials 2022; 116:106759. [PMID: 35417771 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND >1 in 3 of the 9 million individuals engaged in opioid medication misuse obtain legitimate opioid prescriptions and fill these in community pharmacies, which are subsequently misused. This study is testing the efficacy of a pharmacist-led intervention-Brief Intervention-Medication Therapy Management (BI-MTM)-compared to standard medication counseling (SMC) to address opioid medication misuse. METHODS Design. This study is a single-blinded 2-group parallel randomized trial within 13 community pharmacies that will enroll 350 individuals. Participant Recruitment. Pharmacy staff approach patients and ask about interest in completing a brief confidential screening tool, which includes opioid medication misuse assessment. Interested patients who report misuse are asked to provide informed consent. Enrolled patients are assessed for behavioral and physical health at enrollment, 2-months post-enrollment, and 6-months post-enrollment. INTERVENTIONS Following baseline assessment, participants are randomized (1:1 ratio) to: SMC, a medication information/counseling intervention or BI-MTM, an intervention comprised by 4 evidence-based components: medication therapy management, brief intervention, naloxone dispensing, and patient navigation. ANALYSES Primary analyses involve estimating 3-level generalized linear mixed models to relate repeated assessments across time of opioid medication misuse (i.e., the Prescription Opioid Misuse Index) to the intervention. CONCLUSION Study results will provide the first critical step towards integrating a highly accessible, low-cost approach to managing risks related to opioid use. Community pharmacies provide an incredibly important setting in which patients can receive high quality care to support health behavior change. Successfully completing this project sets the stage for a large-scale effectiveness study. (NCT#: NCT05141266).
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Cochran
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, Room 4C104, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Jincheng Shen
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, Room 4C104, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Nicholas Cox
- University of Utah, College of Pharmacy, 30 2000 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Craig Field
- University of Texas, El Paso, Department of Psychology, 500 W University, El Paso, TX 79902, USA.
| | - Kristi Carlston
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, Room 4C104, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Britnee Sengpraseut
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, Room 4C104, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Ashley White
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, Room 4C104, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Akiko Okifuji
- University of Utah, Department of Anesthesiology, 30 N 1900 E, RM 3C444 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Carina Jackman
- University of Utah, Department of Anesthesiology, 30 N 1900 E, RM 3C444 SOM, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Benjamin Haaland
- University of Utah, Department of Population Health Sciences, 295 Chipeta Way, Williams Building, Room 1N410, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, United States of America.
| | - Russ Ragsdale
- University of Utah Health, Pharmacy Administration, 127 500 E #160, Salt Lake City, UT 84102, USA.
| | - Adam J Gordon
- University of Utah, Department of Internal Medicine, 30 N 1900 E, Room 4C104, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
| | - Ralph Tarter
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Pharmacy, 3501 Terrace St, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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Tirkkonen A, Kekäläinen T, Aukee P, Kujala UM, Laakkonen EK, Kokko K, Sipilä S. Bidirectional associations between cognitive functions and walking performance among middle-aged women. Menopause 2021; 29:200-209. [PMID: 34930867 PMCID: PMC8785773 DOI: 10.1097/gme.0000000000001896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether (1) cognitive functions change after the transition from the perimenopausal to the postmenopausal stage, (2) cognitive functions and walking are associated in middle-aged women, and (3) cognitive functions assessed in perimenopause are associated with walking after reaching the postmenopause or vice versa. METHODS In total, 342 women, categorized as early (n = 158) or late perimenopausal (n = 184), were included in the study and followed up until postmenopausal. Psychomotor speed, executive functions related to set-shifting and updating, working memory, and visual memory were assessed. Walking was assessed with walking speed, walking distance, and dual-task cost in walking speed. Data was analyzed using the paired-samples t test, Wilcoxon signed rank test, multiple linear regression analysis, and structural equation modeling. RESULTS We found small but significant improvements in psychomotor speed (P = 0.01) and working memory (P < 0.001) among early perimenopausal and in psychomotor speed (P = 0.001), set-shifting (P = 0.02), visual memory (P = 0.002), and working memory (P < 0.001) among late perimenopausal women after the transition from peri- to postmenopause. Walking speed (β = 0.264, P = 0.001) and dual-task cost (β = 0.160, P = 0.03) were associated with updating, and walking distance was associated with updating and set-shifting (β = 0.198, P = 0.02, β=-0.178 P = 0.04 respectively) among the late perimenopausal women. We found no longitudinal associations between cognitive functions and walking. CONCLUSION Cognitive performance remained unchanged or improved after reaching postmenopause. Cognitive functions and walking were associated during the late perimenopause, but the association depended on the cognitive process and nature of the physical task. Cognitive performance was not associated with walking after reaching postmenopause or vice versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Tirkkonen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tiia Kekäläinen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pauliina Aukee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Central Finland Health Care District, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Urho M. Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Eija K. Laakkonen
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Katja Kokko
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Sarianna Sipilä
- Gerontology Research Center and Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Heaw YC, Singh DKA, Tan MP, Kumar S. Bidirectional association between executive and physical functions among older adults: A systematic review. Australas J Ageing 2021; 41:20-41. [PMID: 34724301 DOI: 10.1111/ajag.13008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine the bidirectional associations between specific executive function (EF) and physical function (PF) subdomains among older adults. METHODS A systematic literature search (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, EBSCOHOST, Scopus and EmCare) was undertaken from February 2018 to May 2020. Observational studies measuring associations between EF and PF subdomains among older adults were included. RESULTS Twenty-nine studies met the inclusion criteria. Twenty-seven studies reported associations between EF and PF. There were bidirectional associations between slower processing speed and slower gait speed; slower processing speed and lower muscle strength; and lower verbal fluency and slower gait speed. Lower muscle strength was unilaterally associated with lower working memory. CONCLUSIONS We found consistent bidirectional associations between processing speed with gait speed and muscle strength, and verbal fluency and gait speed. There was a unidirectional association between muscle strength and working memory. Common causal mechanisms for EF and PF require further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chi Heaw
- Physiotherapy Programme and Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Physiotherapy Programme, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, INTI International University, Nilai, Malaysia
| | - Devinder Kaur Ajit Singh
- Physiotherapy Programme and Centre for Healthy Ageing and Wellness, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Maw Pin Tan
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saravana Kumar
- Allied Health and Human Performance Unit, City East Campus, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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van der Willik KD, Licher S, Vinke EJ, Knol MJ, Darweesh SKL, van der Geest JN, Schagen SB, Ikram MK, Luik AI, Ikram MA. Trajectories of Cognitive and Motor Function Between Ages 45 and 90 Years: A Population-Based Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:297-306. [PMID: 32750110 PMCID: PMC7812437 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To establish trajectories of cognitive and motor function, and to determine the sequence of change across individual tests in community-dwelling individuals aged 45–90 years. Method Between 1997 and 2016, we repeatedly assessed cognitive function with 5 tests in 9514 participants aged 45–90 years from the population-based Rotterdam Study. Between 1999 and 2016, we measured motor function with 3 tests in 8297 participants. All participants were free from dementia, stroke, and parkinsonism. We assessed overall and education-specific cognitive and motor trajectories using linear mixed models with age as time scale. Next, we determined the sequence of change across individual tests. Results The number of assessments per participant ranged between 1 and 6 (mean interval, years [SD]: 5.1 [1.4]) for cognitive function, and 1 and 4 (5.4 [1.4]) for motor function. Cognitive and motor trajectories declined linearly between ages 45 and 65 years, followed by steeper declines after ages 65–70 years. Lower educated participants had lower cognitive function at age 45 years (baseline), and declined faster on most cognitive, but not on motor tests than higher educated participants. Up to a 25-year age difference between the fastest and slowest declining test scores was observed. Conclusions On a population-level, cognitive and motor function decline similarly. Compared to higher educated individuals, lower educated individuals had lower cognitive function at baseline, and a faster rate of decline thereafter. These educational-effects were not seen for motor function. These findings benefit the understanding of the natural course of cognitive and motor function during aging, and highlight the role of education in the preservation of cognitive but not motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly D van der Willik
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam
| | - Silvan Licher
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth J Vinke
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria J Knol
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sirwan K L Darweesh
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jos N van der Geest
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne B Schagen
- Department of Psychosocial Research and Epidemiology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam.,Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Kamran Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Neurology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemarie I Luik
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Arfan Ikram
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Kim GM, Kim BK, Kim DR, Liao Y, Park JH, Park H. An Association between Lower Extremity Function and Cognitive Frailty: A Sample Population from the KFACS Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18031007. [PMID: 33498760 PMCID: PMC7908491 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18031007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to define the physical function and lipid profile for physical and cognitive frailty in community-dwelling Korean older adults. A total of 229 participants (age = 76.76 ± 3.72 years; body mass index = 24.83 ± 3.15) were classified into four groups: robust, pre-frailty, cognitive decline, and cognitive frailty. An analysis on the four groups was performed to measure their physical and cognitive function, as well as blood biomarkers. The area under (AUC) the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) indicated that the 6-min Walk Test (6MWT), Timed Up and Go test (TUG), and Five Times Sit-to-Stand test (FTSS) had the potential to distinguish the capacity of an old adult to predict cognitive frailty. The 6MWT had a higher sensitivity and the TUG and FTSS tests had greater specificity. With cognitive frailty as a categorical variable, cognitive frailty status was a significant predictor of the TUG (odds ratio (OR) 2.897; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.283–6.541), FTSS (OR 3.337; 95% CI 1.451–7.673), and 6MWT (OR 0.204; 95% CI 0.070–0.591) tests. Our findings indicate that the 6MWT, TUG, and FTSS tests are closely related to cognitive frailty and can provide potential prognostic cutoff points.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwon-Min Kim
- Health Convergence Medicine Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Korea; (G.-M.K.); (D.-R.K.)
| | - Bo-Kun Kim
- Faculty of Sports Health Care, In-je University, Gimhae 50834, Korea;
| | - Du-Ri Kim
- Health Convergence Medicine Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Korea; (G.-M.K.); (D.-R.K.)
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Graduate School of Inje University, Gimhae 50834, Korea
| | - Yung Liao
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 106, Taiwan;
| | - Jong-Hwan Park
- Health Convergence Medicine Laboratory, Biomedical Research Institute, Pusan National University Hospital, Busan 49241, Korea; (G.-M.K.); (D.-R.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-H.P.); (H.P.); Tel.: +82-51-240-7071 (J.-H.P.); +82-51-200-7979 (H.P.)
| | - Hyuntae Park
- Department of Health Sciences, Graduate School, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.P.); (H.P.); Tel.: +82-51-240-7071 (J.-H.P.); +82-51-200-7979 (H.P.)
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11
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Sphingolipids and physical function in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1169. [PMID: 33441925 PMCID: PMC7806657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80929-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-chain sphingomyelins (SMs) may play an important role in the stability of myelin sheath underlying physical function. The objective of this study was to examine the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations of long-chain SMs [SM (41:1), SM (41:2), SM (43:1)] and ceramides [Cer (41:1) and Cer (43:1)] with physical function in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Plasma concentrations of SM (41:1), SM (41:2), SM (43:1), Cer (41:1) and Cer (43:1) were measured in 389 ARIC participants in 2011-13. Physical function was assessed by grip strength, Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), 4-m walking speed at both 2011-13 and 2016-17, and the modified Rosow-Breslau questionnaire in 2016-2017. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were performed, controlling for demographic and clinical confounders. In cross-sectional analyses, plasma concentrations of SM 41:1 were positively associated with SPPB score (β-coefficients [95% confidence internal]: 0.33 [0.02, 0.63] per 1 standard deviation [SD] increase in log-transformed concentration, p value 0.04), 4-m walking speed (0.042 m/s [0.01, 0.07], p value 0.003), and negatively with self-reported disability (odds ratio = 0.73 [0.65, 0.82], p value < 0.0001). Plasma concentrations of the five metabolites examined were not significantly associated with longitudinal changes in physical function or incidence of poor mobility. In older adults, plasma concentrations of long-chain SM 41:1 were cross-sectionally positively associated with physical function.
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12
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Gonzales MM, Wang CP, Quiben M, MacCarthy D, Seshadri S, Jacob M, Hazuda H. Joint trajectories of cognition and gait speed in Mexican American and European American older adults: The San Antonio longitudinal study of aging. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2020; 35:897-906. [PMID: 32281153 PMCID: PMC10869030 DOI: 10.1002/gps.5310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cognitive decline and gait speed slowing are independent predictors of disability and mortality. While both factors increase in prevalence with advancing age, little is known about their combined patterns of change. The study goal was to identify joint trajectories of cognition and gait speed within an aging bi-ethnic cohort of Mexican Americans and European Americans. METHODS/DESIGN Participants included 182 Mexican Americans and 188 European Americans, ages 65 to 74, who were followed over a mean of 9.5 years. Cognition was assessed with the mini-mental state examination and gait speed was examined with a timed 10-ft walk. Joint trajectory classes of cognition and gait speed were identified with latent growth mixture modeling. Odd-ratios assessed predictors for trajectory classes. RESULTS Three latent trajectory classes were identified: (a) relatively stable cognition and gait (termed stable cognition and gait class, 65.4%); (b) deteriorating cognition and gait (termed cognitive and physical vulnerability class, 22.2%); (c) stable cognition and deteriorating gait (termed physical vulnerability class, 12.4%). The odds of classification in the cognitive and physical vulnerability class vs stable cognition and gait class was associated with Mexican American ethnicity (OR = 3.771, P = .016), age (OR = 1.186, P = .017), income (OR = 0.828, P = .029), education (OR = 0.703, P < .001), and diabetes (OR = 4.547, P = .010). The odds of classification in the physical vulnerability class was associated with female sex (OR = 6.481, P = .004) and body mass index (OR = 1.118, P = .025). CONCLUSIONS The trajectories of cognition and gait speed were generally parallel, suggesting the two domains may act synergistically to shape important health outcomes. Socioeconomic disparities and Mexican American ethnicity independently conferred risk for accelerated decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitzi M. Gonzales
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Chen-Pin Wang
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Myla Quiben
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas
| | - Daniel MacCarthy
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, Geriatric Research, Education & Clinical Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Mini Jacob
- Glenn Biggs Institute for Alzheimer’s and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Helen Hazuda
- Department of Medicine/Nephrology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
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13
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Zhao X, Jin L, Sun SB. The Bidirectional Association Between Physical and Cognitive Function Among Chinese Older Adults: A Mediation Analysis. Int J Aging Hum Dev 2020; 92:240-263. [PMID: 32677441 DOI: 10.1177/0091415020940214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the bidirectional association between physical and cognitive function in later life and examined the mechanisms underlying the interrelationship. We employed cross-lagged panel models to analyze a sample of 4232 unique participants aged 65 years and older from three waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey. Physical activity and social participation were tested as potential mediators between physical and cognitive function. Our findings revealed a reciprocal relationship between physical and cognitive function and a reciprocal relationship between physical and cognitive decline. Moreover, physical activity was confirmed to mediate the bidirectional association between physical and cognitive function, whereas social participation did not seem to be a mediator. A vicious cycle linking physical and cognitive decline may exist in Chinese older adults. However, leading a physically active lifestyle could be an effective intervention to slow physical and cognitive aging, thereby toning down the vicious cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohang Zhao
- 26451 Department of Sociology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Lei Jin
- 26451 Department of Sociology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Skylar Biyang Sun
- 26451 Department of Sociology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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14
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Okely JA, Deary IJ. Associations Between Declining Physical and Cognitive Functions in the Lothian Birth Cohort 1936. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:1393-1402. [PMID: 31957799 PMCID: PMC7447860 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ageing process is characterized by declines in physical and cognitive function. However, the relationship between these trajectories remains a topic of investigation. METHODS Using four data waves collected triennially between ages 70 and 79, we tested for associations between multiple cognitive ability domains (verbal memory, processing speed, and visuospatial ability) and physical functions (walking speed, grip strength, and lung function). We first tested for associations between linear declines in physical and cognitive functions over the entire 9-year study period, and then, for lead-lag coupling effects between 3-year changes in cognitive and physical functions. RESULTS Steeper linear decline in walking speed was moderately correlated with steeper linear declines in each cognitive domain. Steeper linear decline in grip strength was moderately correlated with steeper linear declines in verbal memory and processing speed. Lead-lag coupling models showed that decline in verbal memory was preceded by declines in walking speed and grip strength. By contrast, decline in grip strength was preceded by declines in processing speed and visuospatial ability, and decline in walking speed was preceded by decline in visuospatial ability. Following additional adjustment for covariates, only coupling effects from earlier decline in processing speed to later decline in grip strength remained significant (β = 0.545, p = .006). CONCLUSION Our findings provide further evidence of an association between cognitive and physical declines and point to the potential order in which these changes occur. Decline in processing speed in particular may serve as a unique early marker of declining upper body strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith A Okely
- Lothian Birth Cohort Studies, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Lothian Birth Cohort Studies, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
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15
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Sprague BN, Phillips CB, Ross LA. Age-Varying Relationships Between Physical Function and Cognition in Older Adulthood. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 2020; 74:772-784. [PMID: 29121330 DOI: 10.1093/geronb/gbx126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES There are positive relationships between physical and cognitive function in older adulthood; however, the strength of these relationships are inconsistent across studies. Although novel statistical tools provide flexibility to explore age-related differences in relationship magnitude, such methods have not been implemented in gerontological research. This study applied such methods to examine variations in relationship magnitude between physical function and cognition in healthy older adults (N = 2,783). METHOD Time-varying effects modeling (TVEM) is an extension of regression that models changes in relationships as a function of time-varying metrics like age. TVEM was used to examine if physical function (Turn 360, grip strength) predicted cognitive performance (memory, processing speed/attention, and reasoning) similarly across adults aged 65-90. RESULTS All associations between Turn 360 and all cognitive domains were significant and positive; however, speed of processing had significant magnitude variation across age such that the young-old and the old-old demonstrated the strongest relationships. Associations between grip strength and all cognitive domains significantly strengthened with increased age. DISCUSSION Results suggest that depending on the sample age, there may be inconsistencies in the relationships between physical and cognitive performance. Future research should explore these relationships longitudinally to better elucidate discrepant findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana N Sprague
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - Christine B Phillips
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park
| | - Lesley A Ross
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park
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16
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Dansereau A, Hunter SW, Gomez F, Guralnik JM, DePaul VG, Auais M. Global cognition predicts the incidence of poor physical performance among older adults: A cross-national study. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20:218-222. [PMID: 31960569 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The relationship between physical performance and cognition is well established. However, findings on the relationship between global cognition and the incidence of functional disability has been inconsistent. Using data from the International Mobility in Aging Study, we investigated the relationship between baseline cognitive function and the incidence of poor physical performance 2 years later. METHODS A total of 1071 community-dwelling participants (aged 64-75 years) from four sites in Canada and Latin America, with a Short Physical Performance Battery score ≥9 at baseline (good performance) were included. We carried out two sets of analyses, measuring cognition with either the Leganés Cognitive Test or the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. We used three logistic regression models, controlling for either no confounders, sociodemographic confounders or sociodemographic and health confounders. The full model was also stratified by site. A score <9 on the Short Physical Performance Battery indicated poor physical performance. RESULTS In the fully adjusted model, each 1-point increase in the baseline Leganés Cognitive Test score (range 0-32) was associated with a 10% decrease in the odds of incidence of poor physical performance at the 2-year follow-up (P = 0.019). Likewise, each 1-point increase in the baseline Montreal Cognitive Assessment score (range 0-30) was associated with a 16% decrease in the odds of developing poor physical performance (P = 0.005). When stratified by site, the results were significant at the Latin American sites (P = 0.02), but not at the Canadian sites (P = 0.08). CONCLUSIONS Poor baseline cognition is associated with the incidence of poor physical performance in community-dwelling older adults. To prevent physical disability, interventions addressing both cognitive and physical performance are required. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; ••: ••-••.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Dansereau
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan W Hunter
- School of Physical Therapy, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fernando Gomez
- Research Group on Geriatrics and Gerontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad de Caldas, Manizales, Colombia
| | - Jack M Guralnik
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vincent G DePaul
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammad Auais
- School of Rehabilitation Therapy, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Brigola AG, Ottaviani AC, Carvalho DHT, Oliveira NA, Souza ÉN, Pavarini SCI. Association between cognitive impairment and criteria for frailty syndrome among older adults. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2020; 78:2-8. [PMID: 32074186 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20190138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The association between cognitive impairment and physical frailty has been studied in older adults. The criteria degree of frailty may be keys to associated cognitive impairment. To analyze the association between cognitive impairment and the criteria for frailty. METHODS We cross-sectionally examined data from 667 older adults (≥60 years of age) from a study entitled 'Variables associated to cognition in elderly caregivers' involving patients in an urban and rural primary healthcare center. We defined cognitive impairment based on different groups of scores on the Mini Mental State Examination, and defined frailty and prefrailty using the criteria by the Cardiovascular Health Study. We performed multinomial regression models to analyze the association between levels of frailty and cognitive impairment. RESULTS Similar proportions of women (54.8%) and men (45.2%) participated in the study (mean age: 71 years old). We found cognitive impairment, prefrailty and frailty in 34, 54, and 24% of the participants, respectively. Concomitant cognitive impairment and frailty was found in 13% of them. The chances of cognitive impairment increased up to 330% (Odds Ratio [OR]: 4.3; 95% confidence interval [95%CI] 2.4‒7.7; p<0.001) among frail individuals, and 70% (OR: 1.7; 95%CI 1.0‒2.8; p=0.033) among prefrail individuals compared to robust/non-frail individuals. After controlling for age, education, place of residence and functional dependence, slowness and fatigue criteria were significantly associated with cognitive impairment. CONCLUSION Older adults with frailty have a greater likelihood of concomitant cognitive impairment than prefrail and robust older adults. The prevalence of cognitive impairment and frailty is consistent with data reported in literature. The present findings contribute to the investigation of cognitive frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan Gustavo Brigola
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, São Carlos SP, Brazil
- University of East Anglia, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Kingdom
| | - Ana Carolina Ottaviani
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, São Carlos SP, Brazil
| | | | - Nathalia Alves Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, São Carlos SP, Brazil
| | - Érica Nestor Souza
- Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Enfermagem, São Carlos SP, Brazil
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18
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Armstrong NM, Andrews RM, Gross AL, Varma VR, Xue QL, Carlson MC. The association of a novel cognitive frailty index and physical functioning in older at-risk adults. Aging Ment Health 2020; 24:129-136. [PMID: 30668137 PMCID: PMC6646107 DOI: 10.1080/13607863.2018.1531377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Cognitive frailty is a state at the lower end of the continuum of cognitive resilience in which one is at elevated risk for cognitive impairment and dementia. Metrics of a newly developed Cognitive Frailty Index (CFI) were examined for their association with objective functional limitations.Methods: We used baseline data from 607 participants from the Baltimore Experience Corps Trial with measures on the CFI, a computerized Stroop test, and Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score ≤9. Multivariable log-binomial regression models were used to evaluate the associations of CFI metrics (mean reaction time (RT) for total, first-half and second-half trials per condition) with the SPPB. Latent growth models were used to create additional CFI metrics of initial level (intercept) and change (slope) in RT across accurate trials by easy (Color-X) and difficult (Color-Word) conditions. Models were adjusted for race, sex, age, income, major morbidities, depressive symptoms, self-reported health, and Stroop interference (for Color-Word condition only).Results: All CFI RT metrics were associated with SPPB <9, yet latent growth model approaches were most informative. Initial levels of performance on easy (Risk Ratio, [RR] = 1.24; 95% Confidence Interval, [CI]: 1.03, 1.49) and difficult conditions (RR = 1.22; 95% CI: 1.05, 1.41), not rates of learning (slope) (RR = 1.08, 95% CI: 0.81, 1.45 and RR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.96, 1.27 respectively), were associated with worse physical functioning.Conclusions: The association between the CFI and physical functioning demonstrates the interplay of cognitive frailty and worse objective mobility within a sociodemographic at-risk sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M. Armstrong
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ryan M. Andrews
- Departments of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alden L. Gross
- Departments of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vijay R. Varma
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Qian-Li Xue
- Departments of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michelle C. Carlson
- Departments of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Departments of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, and Johns Hopkins Center on Aging and Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Jayakody O, Breslin M, Srikanth VK, Callisaya ML. Gait Characteristics and Cognitive Decline: A Longitudinal Population-Based Study. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 71:S5-S14. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-181157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oshadi Jayakody
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Monique Breslin
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Velandai K. Srikanth
- Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Departments of Medicine & Geriatric Medicine, Frankston Hospital, Peninsula Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michele L. Callisaya
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
- Peninsula Clinical School, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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20
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Grande G, Triolo F, Nuara A, Welmer AK, Fratiglioni L, Vetrano DL. Measuring gait speed to better identify prodromal dementia. Exp Gerontol 2019; 124:110625. [PMID: 31173841 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Slow gait speed has been shown to predict incident dementia and cognitive decline in older individuals. We aimed to summarize the evidence concerning the association of slow gait speed with cognitive decline and dementia, and discuss the possible shared pathways leading to cognitive and motor impairments, under the unifying hypothesis that body and mind are intimately connected. This is a scoping review supported by a systematic search of the literature, performed on PubMed and Web of Science. Longitudinal studies providing information on the role of gait speed in the prediction of cognitive decline and dementia in cognitively intact people and in those with initial cognitive impairment were eligible. Of 39 studies selected, including overall 57,456 participants, 33 reported a significant association between gait speed and cognitive outcomes, including dementia. Neurodegenerative pathology and cerebrovascular burden may damage cerebral areas involved in both cognitive functions and motor control. At the same time, systemic conditions, characterized by higher cardiorespiratory, and metabolic and inflammatory burden, can affect a number of organs and systems involved in motor functions, including the brain, having ultimately an impact on cognition. The interplay of body and mind seems relevant during the development of cognitive decline and dementia. The measurement of gait speed may improve the detection of prodromal dementia and cognitive impairment in individuals with and without initial cognitive deficits. The potential applicability of such a measure in both clinical and research settings points at the importance of expanding our knowledge about the common underlying mechanisms of cognitive and motor decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Grande
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Federico Triolo
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Arturo Nuara
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Metaboliche e Neuroscienze, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Neuroscienze, Parma, Italy
| | - Anna-Karin Welmer
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Physiotherapy, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Allied Health Professionals, Function Area Occupational Therapy & Physiotherapy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Laura Fratiglioni
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Stockholm Gerontology Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Davide L Vetrano
- Aging Research Center, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Centro Medicina dell'Invecchiamento, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" IRCCS, and Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy.
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21
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Kim GR, Sun J, Han M, Nam CM, Park S. Evaluation of the directional relationship between handgrip strength and cognitive function: the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing. Age Ageing 2019; 48:426-432. [PMID: 30794286 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afz013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND recent studies suggest that handgrip strength is linked with cognitive impairment at older ages. However, it remains unclear as to whether muscular strength influences subsequent cognitive performance, or whether lower levels of cognitive function increase the likelihood of muscle strength decline. OBJECTIVE to investigate the directional relationship between handgrip strength and cognitive impairment using longitudinal data among older adults. METHODS repeated measures of handgrip strength and cognitive function were collected in a sample of 5,995 participants of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) over a period of 8 years. Time-lagged general estimating equations, while accounting for correlation among repeated measures, was used to assess the temporal effect of handgrip strength on cognitive impairment and vice versa with adjustment for other confounding factors. RESULTS after adjustment, greater handgrip strength was related to subsequent reduction in the risk of cognitive impairment, such that participants in the highest quartile presented approximately 50% decrease in their risk of cognitive impairment [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.499 (95% CI 0.422 to 0.589] compared to the lowest quartile after controlling for potential confounding factors. Conversely, cognitive impairment was a significant predictor of reduced muscular strength [β regression coefficient -0.804, 95% CI, -1.168 to -0.439, for participants with dementia compared with those with normal cognitive function]. CONCLUSIONS in conclusion, a significant bi-directional relationship was found between muscular strength and cognitive function, suggesting that these may have shared common pathways that are worthy of being further elucidated in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Ri Kim
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiyu Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Minkyung Han
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chung Mo Nam
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Preventive Medicine, College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sohee Park
- Department of Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea
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22
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Stahl ST, Albert SM. Walking Tests: Are They Sensitive Enough to Detect Cognitive Decline in Older Adults? Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 26:449-450. [PMID: 29395855 PMCID: PMC6836674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah T Stahl
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA.
| | - Steven M Albert
- Department of Behavioral and Community Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA
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23
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Donoghue O, Feeney J, O'Leary N, Kenny RA. Baseline Mobility is Not Associated with Decline in Cognitive Function in Healthy Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Findings From The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA). Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2018; 26:438-448. [PMID: 29275903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Few studies examine the relationship between Timed Up-and-Go (TUG), a commonly used clinical test, and cognitive decline. This study examines whether TUG, usual gait speed (UGS), and dual-task gait speed (DTGS) predict decline in global cognition, executive function, processing speed, memory, and attention with follow-up of up to 5.9 years. DESIGN Longitudinal study. SETTING The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), a nationally representative cohort study. PARTICIPANTS Community-dwelling adults aged ≥65 years, with Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score ≥18 and no known history of memory impairment, dementia, Alzheimer's disease or Parkinson's disease were included (N = 2,250). MEASUREMENTS Participants completed mobility tasks during the baseline health assessment and cognitive tasks during interviews conducted at 2 year intervals (waves 1, 2, and 3) and health assessments (waves 1 and 3). Linear and Poisson mixed effects regression models were used to examine longitudinal associations between mobility and each cognitive test, adjusting for sociodemographics and physical and mental health. RESULTS There was little evidence of an association between TUG, UGS, or DTGS with decline in cognitive function after adjusting for confounders. CONCLUSIONS These mobility tasks are not sensitive predictors of cognitive decline in this high-functioning, community-dwelling sample; nonetheless, limited decline in cognitive function was observed during follow-up. Further work with longer follow-up and/or analysis of more specific and comprehensive measures associated with gait is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Donoghue
- From The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Joanne Feeney
- Centre for Public Health, Queens University, Belfast, UK
| | - Neil O'Leary
- From The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rose Anne Kenny
- From The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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24
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Palta P, Carlson MC, Crum RM, Colantuoni E, Sharrett AR, Yasar S, Nahin RL, DeKosky ST, Snitz B, Lopez O, Williamson JD, Furberg CD, Rapp SR, Golden SH. Diabetes and Cognitive Decline in Older Adults: The Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 73:123-130. [PMID: 28510619 PMCID: PMC5861864 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glx076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that individuals with diabetes exhibit accelerated cognitive decline. However, methodological limitations have limited the quality of this evidence. Heterogeneity in study design, cognitive test administration, and methods of analysis of cognitive data have made it difficult to synthesize and translate findings to practice. We analyzed longitudinal data from the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study to test our hypothesis that older adults with diabetes have greater test-specific and domain-specific cognitive declines compared to older adults without diabetes. METHODS Tests of memory, visuo-spatial construction, language, psychomotor speed, and executive function were administered. Test scores were standardized to z-scores and averaged to yield domain scores. Linear random effects models were used to compare baseline differences and changes over time in test and domain scores among individuals with and without diabetes. RESULTS Among the 3,069 adults, aged 72-96 years, 9.3% reported diabetes. Over a median follow-up of 6.1 years, participants with diabetes exhibited greater baseline differences in a test of executive function (trail making test, Part B) and greater declines in a test of language (phonemic verbal fluency). For the composite cognitive domain scores, participants with diabetes exhibited lower baseline executive function and global cognition domain scores, but no significant differences in the rate of decline. CONCLUSIONS Identifying cognitive domains most affected by diabetes can lead to targeted risk modification, possibly in the form of lifestyle interventions such as diet and physical activity, which we know to be beneficial for improving vascular risk factors, such as diabetes, and therefore may reduce the risk of executive dysfunction and possible dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Palta
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
| | - Michelle C Carlson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rosa M Crum
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth Colantuoni
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - A Richey Sharrett
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sevil Yasar
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard L Nahin
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Steven T DeKosky
- Department of Neurology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Beth Snitz
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Oscar Lopez
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeff D Williamson
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Curt D Furberg
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Stephen R Rapp
- Division of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sherita Hill Golden
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology, and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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25
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Kuate-Tegueu C, Avila-Funes JA, Simo N, Le Goff M, Amiéva H, Dartigues JF, Tabue-Teguo M. Association of Gait Speed, Psychomotor Speed, and Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 60:585-592. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-170267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - José-Alberto Avila-Funes
- Department of Geriatrics, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
| | - Nadine Simo
- Centre Hospitalier de Villeneuve/lot, France
| | - Mélanie Le Goff
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux University, ISPED, Bordeaux, France
| | - Hélène Amiéva
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux University, ISPED, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jean-François Dartigues
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux University, ISPED, Bordeaux, France
| | - Maturin Tabue-Teguo
- Centre Hospitalier de Villeneuve/lot, France
- University Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux, France
- Bordeaux University, ISPED, Bordeaux, France
- CHU of Pointe-à-Pitre, French West Indies University (Guadeloupe)
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26
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Stijntjes M, Aartsen MJ, Taekema DG, Gussekloo J, Huisman M, Meskers CGM, de Craen AJM, Maier AB. Temporal Relationship Between Cognitive and Physical Performance in Middle-Aged to Oldest Old People. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2017; 72:662-668. [PMID: 27481882 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cognitive and physical impairment frequently co-occur in older people. The aim of this study was to assess the temporal order of these age-related changes in cognitive and physical performance and to assess whether a relationship was different across specific cognitive and physical domains and age groups. Methods Cognitive domains included global, executive, and memory function; physical domains included gait speed and handgrip strength. These domains were assessed in two population-based longitudinal cohorts covering the age ranges of 55-64, 65-74, 75-85, and 85-90 years with a follow-up of 5-12 years. Cross-lagged panel models were applied to assess the temporal relationships between the different cognitive and physical domains adjusting for age, sex, education, comorbidity, depressive symptoms, and physical activity. Results Over all age groups, poorer executive function was associated with a steeper decline in gait speed (p < .05). From the age of 85 years, this relationship was found across all cognitive and physical domains (p < .02). From the age of 65 years, slower gait speed and/or weaker handgrip strength were associated with steeper declines in global cognitive function (p < .02), with statistically significant results across all cognitive domains in the age group of 75-85 years (p < .04). Conclusions The temporal relationship between cognitive and physical performance differs across domains and age, suggesting a specific rather than a general relationship. This emphasizes the importance of repeated measurements on different domains and encourages future research to the development of domain- and age-specific interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjon Stijntjes
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands.,Deparment of Biomechanical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Marja J Aartsen
- Department of Ageing Research and Housing Studies, Norwegian Social Research (NOVA), Oslo, Norway
| | - Diana G Taekema
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Jacobijn Gussekloo
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn Huisman
- Department of Sociology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research and
| | - Carel G M Meskers
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Department of Human Movement Sciences, VU University, The Netherlands
| | - Anton J M de Craen
- Department of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea B Maier
- MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Department of Human Movement Sciences, VU University, The Netherlands.,Department of Medicine and Aged Care, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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27
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Godin J, Armstrong JJ, Rockwood K, Andrew MK. Dynamics of Frailty and Cognition After Age 50: Why It Matters that Cognitive Decline is Mostly Seen in Old Age. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 58:231-242. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-161280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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28
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Gurven M, Fuerstenberg E, Trumble B, Stieglitz J, Beheim B, Davis H, Kaplan H. Cognitive performance across the life course of Bolivian forager-farmers with limited schooling. Dev Psychol 2017; 53:160-176. [PMID: 27584668 PMCID: PMC5191915 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cognitive performance is characterized by at least two distinct life course trajectories. Many cognitive abilities (e.g., "effortful processing" abilities, including fluid reasoning and processing speed) improve throughout early adolescence and start declining in early adulthood, whereas other abilities (e.g., "crystallized" abilities like vocabulary breadth) improve throughout adult life, remaining robust even at late ages. Although schooling may impact performance and cognitive "reserve," it has been argued that these age patterns of cognitive performance are human universals. Here we examine age patterns of cognitive performance among Tsimane forager-horticulturalists of Bolivia and test whether schooling is related to differences in cognitive performance over the life course to assess models of active versus passive cognitive reserve. We used a battery of eight tasks to assess a range of latent cognitive traits reflecting attention, processing speed, verbal declarative memory, and semantic fluency (n = 919 individuals, 49.9% female). Tsimane cognitive abilities show similar age-related differences as observed in industrialized populations: higher throughout adolescence and only slightly lower in later adulthood for semantic fluency but substantially lower performance beginning in early adulthood for all other abilities. Schooling is associated with greater cognitive abilities at all ages controlling for sex but has no attenuating effect on cognitive performance in late adulthood, consistent with models of passive cognitive reserve. We interpret the minimal attenuation of semantic fluency late in life in light of evolutionary theories of postreproductive life span, which emphasize indirect fitness contributions of older adults through the transfer of information, labor, and food to descendant kin. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gurven
- Department of Anthropology, University of California-Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Eric Fuerstenberg
- Department of Anthropology, University of California-Santa Barbara, USA
| | - Ben Trumble
- Department of Anthropology, University of California-Santa Barbara, USA
- Center for Evolutionary Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
- School of Human Evolution and Social Change, Arizona State University, Tempe, USA
| | | | - Bret Beheim
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
| | - Helen Davis
- Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, USA
| | - Hillard Kaplan
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
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29
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Qualls C, Waters DL, Vellas B, Villareal DT, Garry PJ, Gallini A, Andrieu S. Reversible States of Physical and/or Cognitive Dysfunction: A 9-Year Longitudinal Study. J Nutr Health Aging 2017; 21:271-275. [PMID: 28244566 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-017-0878-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine 1) age-adjusted transition probabilities to worsening physical/cognitive function states, reversal to normal cognition/physical function, or maintenance of normal state; 2) whether these transitions are modulated by sex, BMI, education, hypertension (HTN), health status, or APOE4; 3) whether worsening gait speed preceded cognition change, or vice versa. DESIGN Analysis of 9-year prospective cohort data from the New Mexico Aging Process Study. SETTING Healthy independent-living adults. PARTICIPANTS 60+ years of age (n= 598). MEASUREMENTS Gait speed, cognitive function (3MSE score), APOE4, HTN, BMI, education, health status. RESULTS Over 9 years, 2129 one-year transitions were observed. 32.6% stayed in the same state, while gait speed and cognitive function (3MSE scores) improved for 38% and 43% of participants per year, respectively. Transitions to improved function decreased with age (P< 0.001), APOE4 status (P=0.02), BMI (P=0.009), and health status (P=0.009). Transitions to worse function were significantly increased for the same factors (all P<0.05). Times to lower gait speed and cognitive function did not precede each other (P=0.91). CONCLUSIONS Transitions in gait speed and cognition were mutable with substantial likelihood of transition to improvement in physical and cognitive function even in oldest-old, which may have clinical implications for treatment interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Qualls
- Prof Clifford Qualls, Department of Mathematics and Statistics and School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA,
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30
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Best JR, Liu-Ambrose T, Boudreau RM, Ayonayon HN, Satterfield S, Simonsick EM, Studenski S, Yaffe K, Newman AB, Rosano C. An Evaluation of the Longitudinal, Bidirectional Associations Between Gait Speed and Cognition in Older Women and Men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2016; 71:1616-1623. [PMID: 27069098 PMCID: PMC5106856 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glw066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few cohort studies have examined longitudinal associations between age-related changes in cognition and physical performance. Further, whether these associations differ for men versus women or can be attributed to differences in physical activity (PA) is unknown. METHODS Participants were 2,876 initially well-functioning community-dwelling older adults (aged 70-79 years at baseline; 52% female; 39% black) studied over a 9-year period. Usual gait speed, self-reported PA, and two cognitive measures-Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) and Mini-Modified Mental State examination (3MS)-were assessed years 0 (ie, baseline), 4, and 9. RESULTS Early decline between years 0 and 4 in gait speed predicted later decline between years 4 and 9 in performance on the 3MS (β = 0.10, p = .004) and on the DSST (β = 0.16, p < .001). In contrast, the associations between early decline in cognition and later decline in gait speed were weaker and were non-significant after correcting for multiple comparisons (β = 0.08, p = .019 for 3MS and β = .06, p = .051 for DSST). All associations were similar for women and men and were unaltered when accounting for PA levels. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate declining gait speed as a precursor to declining cognitive functioning, and suggest a weaker reciprocal process among older women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R Best
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Teresa Liu-Ambrose
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert M Boudreau
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Hilsa N Ayonayon
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Suzanne Satterfield
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | - Eleanor M Simonsick
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Stephanie Studenski
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Caterina Rosano
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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31
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Kawasaki M, Arai Y, Takayama M, Hirata T, Takayama M, Abe Y, Niimura H, Mimura M, Takebayashi T, Hirose N. Carotid atherosclerosis, cytomegalovirus infection, and cognitive decline in the very old: a community-based prospective cohort study. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 38:29. [PMID: 26886582 PMCID: PMC5005896 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-016-9890-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To investigate various risk factors of cognitive decline in the very old, we studied 494 subjects over 85 years old without diagnosis of dementia at baseline from the Tokyo Oldest Old Survey on Total Health, an ongoing, community-based cohort in Japan. Cognitive function was assessed at baseline and at 3-year follow-up using Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Plasma samples were assayed for levels of cytomegalovirus (CMV) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, and blood chemistry. Carotid artery plaques were measured using an ultrasonography. In the cross-sectional analyses using Tobit regression, individuals with high carotid artery plaque score (≥5.0) had MMSE scores that were 1.08 points lower compared to those with no plaque (95 % confidence interval (CI) -1.95 to -0.20; p = 0.016), adjusted for age, sex, and education. Individuals with CMV IgG titers in the highest quartile had MMSE scores that were 1.47 points lower compared to individuals in the lowest quartile (95 % CI -2.44 to -0.50; p = 0.003). CMV and carotid atherosclerosis showed evidence of an interaction, where the association between CMV and MMSE was present only in subjects with carotid artery plaque. In the longitudinal analyses using linear regression, carotid atherosclerosis, smoking, low grip strength, and poor activities of daily living (ADL) status were associated with faster cognitive decline, adjusted for age, sex, education, and baseline cognitive function. Our findings suggest that carotid atherosclerosis is consistently associated with low cognitive function in the very old and modifies the association between latent CMV infection and cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Midori Kawasaki
- Center for Supercentenarian Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yasumichi Arai
- Center for Supercentenarian Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Michiyo Takayama
- Center for Preventive Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takumi Hirata
- Center for Supercentenarian Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Midori Takayama
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 4-1-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 252-8520, Japan
| | - Yukiko Abe
- Center for Supercentenarian Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hidehito Niimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Masaru Mimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toru Takebayashi
- Department of Preventative Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Nobuyoshi Hirose
- Center for Supercentenarian Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
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Bishop NJ, Eggum-Wilkens ND, Haas SA, Kronenfeld JJ. Estimating the Co-Development of Cognitive Decline and Physical Mobility Limitations in Older U.S. Adults. Demography 2016; 53:337-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s13524-016-0458-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study examines the co-development of cognitive and physical function in older Americans using an age-heterogeneous sample drawn from the Health and Retirement Study (1998–2008). We used multiple-group parallel process latent growth models to estimate the association between trajectories of cognitive function as measured by immediate word recall scores, and limitations in physical function as measured as an index of functional mobility limitations. Nested model fit testing was used to assess model fit for the separate trajectories followed by estimation of an unconditional parallel process model. Controls for demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status, and chronic health conditions were added to the best-fitting parallel process model. Pattern mixture models were used to assess the sensitivity of the parameter estimates to the effect of selective attrition. Results indicated that favorable cognitive health and mobility at initial measurement were associated with faster decline in the alternate functional domain. The cross-process associations remained significant when we adjusted estimates for the influence of covariates and selective attrition. Demographic and socioeconomic characteristics were consistently associated with initial cognitive and physical health but had few relations with change in these measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Bishop
- School of Family and Consumer Sciences, Texas State University–San Marcos, 601 University Drive, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA
| | | | - Steven A. Haas
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Jennie J. Kronenfeld
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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Abstract
In this chapter, we review the use of neuropsychologic assessment in epidemiologic studies. First, we provide a brief introduction to the history of clinical neuropsychology and neuropsychologic assessment. We expand on the principal components of a neuropsychologic assessment and cognitive domains most commonly examined. This chapter also seeks to highlight specific domains and tests with validated psychometric properties that are widely accepted in clinical practice, as well as how data from a neuropsychologic test should be interpreted. Additionally, the important roles that neuropsychologic assessments play in tracking normative changes, patient diagnoses, care, and research will be discussed. Factors to consider when deciding on the inclusion of test instruments for a research study will also be reviewed. Lastly, we shed light on the contributions that neuropsychology has played in epidemiologic studies, as well as some challenges frequently faced when participating in this field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Palta
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - B Snitz
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M C Carlson
- Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Snitz BE, Small BJ, Wang T, Chang CCH, Hughes TF, Ganguli M. Do Subjective Memory Complaints Lead or Follow Objective Cognitive Change? A Five-Year Population Study of Temporal Influence. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2015; 21:732-42. [PMID: 26477680 PMCID: PMC4615611 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617715000922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between subjective memory complaints (SM) and objective memory (OM) performance in aging has been variably characterized in a substantial literature, to date. In particular, cross-sectional studies often observe weak or no associations. We investigated whether subjective memory complaints and objectively measured cognition influence each other over time, and if so, which is the stronger pathway of change-objective to subjective, or subjective to objective-or whether they are both important. Using bivariate latent change score modeling in data from a population study (N=1980) over 5 annual assessment cycles, we tested four corresponding hypotheses: (1) no coupling between SM and OM over time; (2) SM as leading indicator of change in OM; (3) OM as leading indicator of change in SM; (4) dual coupling over time, with both SM and OM leading subsequent change in the other. We also extended objective cognition to two other domains, language and executive functions. The dual-coupling models best fit the data for all three objective cognitive domains. The SM-OM temporal dynamics differ qualitatively compared to other domains, potentially reflecting changes in insight and self-awareness specific to memory impairment. Subjective memory and objective cognition reciprocally influence each other over time. The temporal dynamics between subjective and objective cognition in aging are nuanced, and must be carefully disentangled to shed light on the underlying processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth E Snitz
- 1University of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania
| | | | - Tianxiu Wang
- 1University of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Mary Ganguli
- 1University of Pittsburgh,Pittsburgh,Pennsylvania
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Finkel D, Ernsth-Bravell M, Pedersen NL. Temporal Dynamics of Motor Functioning and Cognitive Aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 71:109-16. [PMID: 26286604 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because of the possible implications for intervention and thus successful aging, researchers have striven to determine whether the age changes in physical and cognitive functioning are coincident or does functioning in one domain change before, and possibly contribute to, functioning in the other. METHODS Bivariate dual change score models were applied to four cognitive factors and three motor functioning factors available from 813 adults who participated in the Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging. Participants were aged 50-88 at the first of six waves of testing covering a 19-year follow-up period; 68% participated in at least three waves. RESULTS Model comparisons indicated dynamic coupling relationships between Balance and Fine Motor factors and the Speed cognitive factor. Decline in motor function precedes decline in performance on processing speed tasks, even though the motor function tasks were not timed. Results indicated possible bidirectional coupling between Fine Motor and Speed. CONCLUSIONS Combined with other dual change score model analyses of cognition and physical function, a picture is beginning to emerge of the cascade of events that may lead to cognitive aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Finkel
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University Southeast, New Albany.
| | | | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden. Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles
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Callisaya ML, Blizzard CL, Wood AG, Thrift AG, Wardill T, Srikanth VK. Longitudinal Relationships Between Cognitive Decline and Gait Slowing: The Tasmanian Study of Cognition and Gait. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 70:1226-32. [PMID: 26009641 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gait slowing and cognitive decline are both common in older people. Although cross-sectionally related, the longitudinal associations between specific cognitive functions and gait speed are less well understood. We aimed to determine whether decline in specific cognitive domains are associated with change in gait speed. METHODS Participants aged 60-85, randomly selected from the electoral roll, were assessed twice over 3 years. Gait speed was obtained using the GAITRite walkway. Raw scores from a cognitive battery were subjected to principal component analyses deriving summary domains of executive function, processing speed, memory, and visuospatial ability. Multivariable linear regression was used to examine the associations between change in each cognitive domain and change in gait speed, adjusting for covariates and stratifying for the presence of baseline cognitive impairment. RESULTS Mean age at baseline was 71.1 years (SD = 6.7) and 56% (159/284) were men. Mean follow-up was 2.55 (0.47) years. Decline in executive function, but not other cognitive domains (p > .05), was associated with decline in gait speed, cm/s (β = -3.55, 95% CI = -5.49, -1.61; p < .001), both in the presence and absence of baseline cognitive impairment. Stronger associations were seen for those with baseline multiple domain cognitive impairment (β = -6.38, 95% CI = -12.49, -0.27) and nonamnestic single-domain cognitive impairment (β = -7.74, 95% CI = -14.76, -0.72). CONCLUSION Decline in nonamnestic function (specifically executive function) was associated with decline in gait speed irrespective of the presence of baseline cognitive impairment. Strategies to improve or maintain executive function may prevent gait slowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele L Callisaya
- Stroke and Aging Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia.
| | | | - Amanda G Wood
- Stroke and Aging Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Amanda G Thrift
- Stroke and Aging Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tracey Wardill
- Melbourne Neuropsychology Services, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Velandai K Srikanth
- Stroke and Aging Research Group, Department of Medicine, Southern Clinical School, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. Menzies Research Institute Tasmania, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
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