1
|
Kim SH, Ki MR, Han Y, Pack SP. Biomineral-Based Composite Materials in Regenerative Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6147. [PMID: 38892335 PMCID: PMC11173312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine aims to address substantial defects by amplifying the body's natural regenerative abilities and preserving the health of tissues and organs. To achieve these goals, materials that can provide the spatial and biological support for cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as the micro-environment essential for the intended tissue, are needed. Scaffolds such as polymers and metallic materials provide three-dimensional structures for cells to attach to and grow in defects. These materials have limitations in terms of mechanical properties or biocompatibility. In contrast, biominerals are formed by living organisms through biomineralization, which also includes minerals created by replicating this process. Incorporating biominerals into conventional materials allows for enhanced strength, durability, and biocompatibility. Specifically, biominerals can improve the bond between the implant and tissue by mimicking the micro-environment. This enhances cell differentiation and tissue regeneration. Furthermore, biomineral composites have wound healing and antimicrobial properties, which can aid in wound repair. Additionally, biominerals can be engineered as drug carriers, which can efficiently deliver drugs to their intended targets, minimizing side effects and increasing therapeutic efficacy. This article examines the role of biominerals and their composite materials in regenerative medicine applications and discusses their properties, synthesis methods, and potential uses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Kim
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (S.H.K.); (M.-R.K.)
| | - Mi-Ran Ki
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (S.H.K.); (M.-R.K.)
- Institute of Industrial Technology, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngji Han
- Biological Clock-Based Anti-Aging Convergence RLRC, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seung Pil Pack
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, 2511 Sejong-ro, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea; (S.H.K.); (M.-R.K.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dabravolski SA, Isayenkov SV. The Physiological and Molecular Mechanisms of Silicon Action in Salt Stress Amelioration. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:525. [PMID: 38498577 PMCID: PMC10893008 DOI: 10.3390/plants13040525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Salinity is one of the most common abiotic stress factors affecting different biochemical and physiological processes in plants, inhibiting plant growth, and greatly reducing productivity. During the last decade, silicon (Si) supplementation was intensively studied and now is proposed as one of the most convincing methods to improve plant tolerance to salt stress. In this review, we discuss recent papers investigating the role of Si in modulating molecular, biochemical, and physiological processes that are negatively affected by high salinity. Although multiple reports have demonstrated the beneficial effects of Si application in mitigating salt stress, the exact molecular mechanism underlying these effects is not yet well understood. In this review, we focus on the localisation of Si transporters and the mechanism of Si uptake, accumulation, and deposition to understand the role of Si in various relevant physiological processes. Further, we discuss the role of Si supplementation in antioxidant response, maintenance of photosynthesis efficiency, and production of osmoprotectants. Additionally, we highlight crosstalk of Si with other ions, lignin, and phytohormones. Finally, we suggest some directions for future work, which could improve our understanding of the role of Si in plants under salt stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siarhei A. Dabravolski
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Braude Academic College of Engineering, Snunit 51, Karmiel 2161002, Israel;
| | - Stanislav V. Isayenkov
- International Research Centre for Environmental Membrane Biology, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
- Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Betty-Heimann-Strasse 3, 06120 Halle, Germany
- Department of Plant Food Products and Biofortification, Institute of Food Biotechnology and Genomics, The National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Baidi-Vyshneveckogo Str. 2a, 04123 Kyiv, Ukraine
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ayieko VO, Cohen L, Diehn S, Goobes G, Elbaum R. Siliplant1 B-domain precipitates silica spheres, aggregates, or gel, depending on Si-precursor to peptide ratios. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 232:113582. [PMID: 37862949 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Silica is extensively deposited by plants, however, only little is known about the molecular control over this process. Siliplant1 is the only known plant protein to precipitate biosilica. The protein contains seven repeats made of three domains. One of the domains exhibits a conserved sequence, which catalyzes silica precipitation in vitro. Here, silica was synthesized by the activity of a peptide carrying this conserved sequence. Infrared spectroscopy and thermal gravimetric analyses showed that the peptide was bound to the mineral. Scanning electron microscopy showed that silica-peptide particles of 22 ± 4 nm aggregated to spherical structures of 200-300 nm when the ratio of silicic acid to the peptide was below 183:1 molecules. When the ratio was about 183:1, similar particles aggregated into irregular structures, and silica gel formed at higher ratios. Solid-state NMR spectra indicated that the irregular aggregates were richer in Si-O-Si bonds as well as disordered peptide. Our results suggest that the peptide catalyzed the condensation of silicic acid and the formation of ∼20 nm particles, which aggregated into spheres. Excess of the peptide stabilized surface Si-OH groups that prevented spontaneous Si-O-Si bonding between aggregates. Under Si concentrations relevant to plant sap, the peptide and possibly Siliplant1, could catalyze nucleation of silica particles that aggregate into spherical aggregates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Otieno Ayieko
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Lilian Cohen
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Sabrina Diehn
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gil Goobes
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zexer N, Kumar S, Elbaum R. Silica deposition in plants: scaffolding the mineralization. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 131:897-908. [PMID: 37094329 PMCID: PMC10332400 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silicon and aluminium oxides make the bulk of agricultural soils. Plants absorb dissolved silicon as silicic acid into their bodies through their roots. The silicic acid moves with transpiration to target tissues in the plant body, where it polymerizes into biogenic silica. Mostly, the mineral forms on a matrix of cell wall polymers to create a composite material. Historically, silica deposition (silicification) was supposed to occur once water evaporated from the plant surface, leaving behind an increased concentration of silicic acid within plant tissues. However, recent publications indicate that certain cell wall polymers and proteins initiate and control the extent of plant silicification. SCOPE Here we review recent publications on the polymers that scaffold the formation of biogenic plant silica, and propose a paradigm shift from spontaneous polymerization of silicic acid to dedicated active metabolic processes that control both the location and the extent of the mineralization. CONCLUSION Protein activity concentrates silicic acid beyond its saturation level. Polymeric structures at the cell wall stabilize the supersaturated silicic acid and allow its flow with the transpiration stream, or bind it and allow its initial condensation. Silica nucleation and further polymerization are enabled on a polymeric scaffold, which is embedded within the mineral. Deposition is terminated once free silicic acid is consumed or the chemical moieties for its binding are saturated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerya Zexer
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Zuarinagar 403726, Goa, India
- School of Biotechnology, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar 751024, Odisha, India
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- R. H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vidya CSN, Shetty R, Bokor B, Fialová I, Luxová M, Jašková K, Vaculík M. Do Antimonite and Silicon Share the Same Root Uptake Pathway by Lsi1 in Sorghum bicolor L. Moench? PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2368. [PMID: 37375993 DOI: 10.3390/plants12122368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted to further develop our understanding of antimony (Sb) uptake in plants. Unlike other metal(loid)s, such as silicon (Si), the mechanisms of Sb uptake are not well understood. However, SbIII is thought to enter the cell via aquaglyceroporins. We investigated if the channel protein Lsi1, which aids in Si uptake, also plays a role in Sb uptake. Seedlings of WT sorghum, with normal silicon accumulation, and its mutant (sblsi1), with low silicon accumulation, were grown in Hoagland solution for 22 days in the growth chamber under controlled conditions. Control, Sb (10 mg Sb L-1), Si (1mM) and Sb + Si (10 mg Sb L-1 + 1 mM Si) were the treatments. After 22 days, root and shoot biomass, the concentration of elements in root and shoot tissues, lipid peroxidation and ascorbate levels, and relative expression of Lsi1 were determined. When mutant plants were exposed to Sb, they showed almost no toxicity symptoms compared to WT plants, indicating that Sb was not toxic to mutant plants. On the other hand, WT plants had decreased root and shoot biomass, increased MDA content and increased Sb uptake compared to mutant plants. In the presence of Sb, we also found that SbLsi1 was downregulated in the roots of WT plants. The results of this experiment support the role of Lsi1 in Sb uptake in sorghum plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chirappurathu Sukumaran Nair Vidya
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 14, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Rajpal Shetty
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 14, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina B2, Ilkovicova 6, SK-842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Boris Bokor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina B2, Ilkovicova 6, SK-842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Comenius University Science Park, SK-841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Fialová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 14, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Miroslava Luxová
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 14, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Jašková
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 14, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marek Vaculík
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 14, SK-845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina B2, Ilkovicova 6, SK-842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Orzoł A, Cruzado-Tafur E, Gołębiowski A, Rogowska A, Pomastowski P, Górecki RJ, Buszewski B, Szultka-Młyńska M, Głowacka K. Comprehensive Study of Si-Based Compounds in Selected Plants ( Pisum sativum L., Medicago sativa L., Triticum aestivum L.). Molecules 2023; 28:4311. [PMID: 37298792 PMCID: PMC10254194 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This review describes the role of silicon (Si) in plants. Methods of silicon determination and speciation are also reported. The mechanisms of Si uptake by plants, silicon fractions in the soil, and the participation of flora and fauna in the Si cycle in terrestrial ecosystems have been overviewed. Plants of Fabaceae (especially Pisum sativum L. and Medicago sativa L.) and Poaceae (particularly Triticum aestivum L.) families with different Si accumulation capabilities were taken into consideration to describe the role of Si in the alleviation of the negative effects of biotic and abiotic stresses. The article focuses on sample preparation, which includes extraction methods and analytical techniques. The methods of isolation and the characterization of the Si-based biologically active compounds from plants have been overviewed. The antimicrobial properties and cytotoxic effects of known bioactive compounds obtained from pea, alfalfa, and wheat were also described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Orzoł
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.O.); (A.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Edith Cruzado-Tafur
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.C.-T.); (R.J.G.)
| | - Adrian Gołębiowski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.O.); (A.G.); (B.B.)
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Rogowska
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Paweł Pomastowski
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Ryszard J. Górecki
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.C.-T.); (R.J.G.)
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.O.); (A.G.); (B.B.)
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Wilenska 4, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.R.); (P.P.)
| | - Małgorzata Szultka-Młyńska
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland; (A.O.); (A.G.); (B.B.)
| | - Katarzyna Głowacka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Genetics and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 1A, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland; (E.C.-T.); (R.J.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sheng H, Li Y, Feng J, Liu Y. Regulation of thermodynamics and kinetics of silica nucleation during the silicification process in higher plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 198:107674. [PMID: 37018864 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation mechanism of SiO2 aggregates is controversial because two contrasting hypotheses are often proposed to explain plant silicification. In this review, we summarize the physicochemical fundamentals of amorphous silica nucleation and discuss how plants regulate the process of silicification by influencing the thermodynamics and kinetics of silica nucleation. At silicification positions, plants overcome the thermodynamic barrier by establishing the supersaturation of the H4SiO4 solution and reducing the interfacial free energy. Among the thermodynamic-drivers, the establishment of supersaturation of H4SiO4 solution mainly depends on the expression of Si transporters for H4SiO4 supply, evapotranspiration for concentrating Si, and the other solutes in H4SiO4 solution for influencing the dissolution equilibrium of SiO2; while the interfacial free energy was reduced seemingly by the overexpression Na+/H+ antiporter SOS1 in high NaCl-stressed rice. Moreover, some kinetic-drivers, such as silicification-related proteins (Slp1 and PRP1) and new cell wall components, are actively expressed or synthesized by plants to interact with silicic acid, thereby reducing the kinetic barrier. According to classical nucleation theory, when the thermodynamic barrier is overcome, the super-saturated silicic acid solution (such as H4SiO4 in xylem sap) does not necessarily have to precipitate, just has the potential ability to precipitation. Thus, based on the mediators of SiO2 deposition at the thermodynamic-driven stage, it is difficult to evaluate whether the process of plant silicification is active or passive. We conclude that the characteristics of kinetic-drivers determine the mechanism of plant silicification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huachun Sheng
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610225, PR China; Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610225, PR China; Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610225, PR China.
| | - Ying Li
- Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610225, PR China; Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610225, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610225, PR China
| | - Jingqiu Feng
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610225, PR China; Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610225, PR China; Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610225, PR China.
| | - Yuan Liu
- Institute of Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610225, PR China; Tibetan Plateau Ethnic Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Key Laboratory of National Ethnic Affairs Commission of the People's Republic of China, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610225, PR China; Sichuan Provincial Qiang-Yi Medicinal Resources Protection and Utilization Technology and Engineering Laboratory, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610225, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nikolić D, Bosnić D, Samardžić J. Silicon in action: Between iron scarcity and excess copper. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1039053. [PMID: 36818840 PMCID: PMC9935840 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1039053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Essential micronutrients belonging to the transition metals, such as Fe and Cu, are indispensable for plant growth and stress tolerance; however, when present in excess, they can become potentially dangerous producers of reactive oxygen species. Therefore, their homeostases must be strictly regulated. Both microelement deficiencies and elevated concentrations of heavy metals in the soil are global problems that reduce the nutritional value of crops and seriously affect human health. Silicon, a beneficial element known for its protective properties, has been reported to alleviate the symptoms of Cu toxicity and Fe deficiency stress in plants; however, we are still far from a comprehensive understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms. Although Si-mediated mitigation of these stresses has been clearly demonstrated for some species, the effects of Si vary depending on plant species, growing conditions and experimental design. In this review, the proposed mechanistic models explaining the effect of Si are summarized and discussed. Iron and copper compete for the common metal transporters and share the same transport routes, hence, inadequate concentration of one element leads to disturbances of another. Silicon is reported to beneficially influence not only the distribution of the element supplied below or above the optimal concentration, but also the distribution of other microelements, as well as their molar ratios. The influence of Si on Cu immobilization and retention in the root, as well as Si-induced Fe remobilization from the source to the sink organs are of vital importance. The changes in cellular Cu and Fe localization are considered to play a crucial role in restoring homeostasis of these microelements. Silicon has been shown to stimulate the accumulation of metal chelators involved in both the mobilization of deficient elements and scavenging excess heavy metals. Research into the mechanisms of the ameliorative effects of Si is valuable for reducing mineral stress in plants and improving the nutritional value of crops. This review aims to provide a thorough and critical overview of the current state of knowledge in this field and to discuss discrepancies in the observed effects of Si and different views on its mode of action.
Collapse
|
9
|
Silicon modifies C:N:P stoichiometry and improves the physiological efficiency and dry matter mass production of sorghum grown under nutritional sufficiency. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16082. [PMID: 36167895 PMCID: PMC9515215 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20662-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Silicon (Si) may be involved in the modification of C:N:P stoichiometry and in physiological processes, increasing sorghum growth and grain production. The objective was to evaluate the effect of Si supply on C:N:P:Si stoichiometry, physiological response, growth, and grain production of sorghum. The experiment was carried out in pots with four concentrations of Si: 0; 1.2; 2.4; and 3.6 mmol L−1 in a completely randomized design, with six replicates. Physiological attributes and dark green color index were measured and grain and biomass production were determined. Posteriorly, the plant material was ground to determine silicon (Si), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) contents in order to analyze C:N:P:Si stoichiometry. C:Si and C:N ratios decreased at all Si concentrations applied (1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 mmol L−1) and in all plant parts studied, being lower at 3.6 mmol L−1. The lowest C:P ratios of leaves and roots were observed at 3.6 mmol L−1 Si and the lowest C:P ratio of stems was observed at 1.2 mmol L−1 Si. Si concentrations were not significant for the N:P ratio of leaves. The highest N:P ratio of stems was observed at 3.6 mmol L−1, while the lowest N:P ratio of roots was observed at 2.4 and 3.6 mmol L−1. Regardless of photosynthetic parameters, the application of 1.2 mmol L−1 Si enhanced photosynthetic rate. The application of 2.4 and 3.6 mmol L−1 enhanced stomatal conductance and dark green color index. The mass of 1000 grains was not influenced by Si applications, while Si applications at all concentrations studied (1.2, 2.4, and 3.6 mmol L−1) enhanced shoot and total dry matter, not affecting root dry matter and grain production. In conclusion, Si supply modifies C:N:P:Si stoichiometry and increases physiologic parameters, growth, development, and grain production in sorghum.
Collapse
|
10
|
Rivai RR, Miyamoto T, Awano T, Yoshinaga A, Chen S, Sugiyama J, Tobimatsu Y, Umezawa T, Kobayashi M. Limiting silicon supply alters lignin content and structures of sorghum seedling cell walls. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 321:111325. [PMID: 35696925 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2022.111325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sorghum has been recognized as a promising energy crop. The composition and structure of lignin in the cell wall are important factors that affect the quality of plant biomass as a bioenergy feedstock. Silicon (Si) supply may affect the lignin content and structure, as both Si and lignin are possibly involved in plant mechanical strength. However, our understanding regarding the interaction between Si and lignin in sorghum is limited. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the lignin in the cell walls of sorghum seedlings cultured hydroponically with or without Si supplementation. Limiting the Si supply significantly increased the thioglycolic acid lignin content and thioacidolysis-derived syringyl/guaiacyl monomer ratio. At least part of the modification may be attributable to the change in gene expression, as suggested by the upregulation of phenylpropanoid biosynthesis-related genes under -Si conditions. The cell walls of the -Si plants had a higher mechanical strength and calorific value than those of the +Si plants. These results provide some insights into the enhancement of the value of sorghum biomass as a feedstock for energy production by limiting Si uptake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ramdan Rivai
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; National Research and Innovation Agency of the Republic of Indonesia, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Takuji Miyamoto
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Awano
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Arata Yoshinaga
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shuoye Chen
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Junji Sugiyama
- Division of Forest and Biomaterials Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuki Tobimatsu
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Umezawa
- Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masaru Kobayashi
- Division of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Möller SR, Lancefield CS, Oates NC, Simister R, Dowle A, Gomez LD, McQueen-Mason SJ. CRISPR/Cas9 suppression of OsAT10, a rice BAHD acyltransferase, reduces p-coumaric acid incorporation into arabinoxylan without increasing saccharification. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:926300. [PMID: 35937377 PMCID: PMC9355400 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.926300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Ester-linked hydroxycinnamic acids ferulic acid (FA) and para-coumaric acid (p-CA) play important roles in crosslinking within cell wall arabinoxylans (AX) and between AX and lignin in grass cell walls. The addition of hydroxycinnamates to AX, is mediated by the Mitchell clade of BAHD acyl-coenzyme A-utilizing transferases. Overexpression of OsAT10 (a Mitchell clade BAHD acyl transferase) in rice, has previously been shown to increase p-CA content in AX in leaves and stems, leading to increased cell wall digestibility, potentially associated with a concomitant decrease in FA content. To investigate the physiological role of OsAT10 we established CRISPR/Cas9 rice knock-out mutants devoid of OsAT10. Our analysis of hydroxycinnamic acid content in wild type plants revealed that AX associated p-CA is found almost exclusively in rice husks, with very little found in other tissues. Mutant plants were essentially devoid of ester-linked p-CA associated with AX, indicating that OsAT10 represents the major enzyme responsible for the addition of p-CA to arabinoxylan in rice plants. We found no change in the digestibility of rice husk lacking AX-associated p-CA, suggesting that the changes in digestibility seen in OsAT10 overexpressing plants were solely due to compensatory decreases in AX-associated FA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher S. Lancefield
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Science Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St.Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola C. Oates
- CNAP, Biology Department, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Rachael Simister
- CNAP, Biology Department, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Dowle
- Biology Department, Bioscience Technology Facility, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Singhal RK, Fahad S, Kumar P, Choyal P, Javed T, Jinger D, Singh P, Saha D, MD P, Bose B, Akash H, Gupta NK, Sodani R, Dev D, Suthar DL, Liu K, Harrison MT, Saud S, Shah AN, Nawaz T. Beneficial elements: New Players in improving nutrient use efficiency and abiotic stress tolerance. PLANT GROWTH REGULATION 2022. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s10725-022-00843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
|
13
|
Zexer N, Elbaum R. Hydrogen peroxide modulates silica deposits in sorghum roots. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1450-1463. [PMID: 34791152 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hydrated silica (SiO2·nH2O) aggregates in the root endodermis of grasses. Application of soluble silicates (Si) to roots is associated with variations in the balance of reactive oxygen species (ROS), increased tolerance to a broad range of stresses affecting ROS concentrations, and early lignin deposition. In sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), silica aggregation is patterned in an active silicification zone (ASZ) by a special type of aromatic material forming a spotted pattern. The deposition has a signature typical of lignin. Since lignin polymerization is mediated by ROS, we studied the formation of root lignin and silica controlled by ROS via modulating hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentrations in the growth medium. Sorghum seedlings were grown hydroponically and supplemented with Si, H2O2, and KI, an ionic compound that catalyses H2O2 decomposition. Lignin and silica deposits in the endodermis were studied by histology, scanning electron and Raman microscopies. Cell wall composition was quantified by thermal gravimetric analysis. Endodermal H2O2 concentration correlated to the extent of lignin-like deposition along the root, but did not affect its patterning in spots. Our results show that the ASZ spots were necessary for root silica aggregation, and suggest that silicification is intensified under oxidative stress as a result of increased ASZ lignin-like deposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerya Zexer
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Shivaraj SM, Mandlik R, Bhat JA, Raturi G, Elbaum R, Alexander L, Tripathi DK, Deshmukh R, Sonah H. Outstanding Questions on the Beneficial Role of Silicon in Crop Plants. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 63:4-18. [PMID: 34558628 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcab145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is widely accepted as a beneficial element for plants. Despite the substantial progress made in understanding Si transport mechanisms and modes of action in plants, several questions remain unanswered. In this review, we discuss such outstanding questions and issues commonly encountered by biologists studying the role of Si in plants in relation to Si bioavailability. In recent years, advances in our understanding of the role of Si-solubilizing bacteria and the efficacy of Si nanoparticles have been made. However, there are many unknown aspects associated with structural and functional features of Si transporters, Si loading into the xylem, and the role of specialized cells like silica cells and compounds preventing Si polymerization in plant tissues. In addition, despite several 1,000 reports showing the positive effects of Si in high as well as low Si-accumulating plant species, the exact roles of Si at the molecular level are yet to be understood. Some evidence suggests that Si regulates hormonal pathways and nutrient uptake, thereby explaining various observed benefits of Si uptake. However, how Si modulates hormonal pathways or improves nutrient uptake remains to be explained. Finally, we summarize the knowledge gaps that will provide a roadmap for further research on plant silicon biology, leading to an exploration of the benefits of Si uptake to enhance crop production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S M Shivaraj
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
| | - Rushil Mandlik
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab 160014, India
| | - Javaid Akhter Bhat
- National Center for Soybean Improvement, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Gaurav Raturi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab 160014, India
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- R H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lux Alexander
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovičova 6, Bratislava SK-84215, Slovakia
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh 201313, India
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
| | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 140308, India
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang M, Wang R, Mur LAJ, Ruan J, Shen Q, Guo S. Functions of silicon in plant drought stress responses. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:254. [PMID: 34848683 PMCID: PMC8633297 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00681-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si), the second most abundant element in Earth's crust, exerts beneficial effects on the growth and productivity of a variety of plant species under various environmental conditions. However, the benefits of Si and its importance to plants are controversial due to differences among the species, genotypes, and the environmental conditions. Although Si has been widely reported to alleviate plant drought stress in both the Si-accumulating and nonaccumulating plants, the underlying mechanisms through which Si improves plant water status and maintains water balance remain unclear. The aim of this review is to summarize the morphoanatomical, physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes that are involved in plant water status that are regulated by Si in response to drought stress, especially the integrated modulation of Si-triggered drought stress responses in Si accumulators and intermediate- and excluder-type plants. The key mechanisms influencing the ability of Si to mitigate the effects of drought stress include enhancing water uptake and transport, regulating stomatal behavior and transpirational water loss, accumulating solutes and osmoregulatory substances, and inducing plant defense- associated with signaling events, consequently maintaining whole-plant water balance. This study evaluates the ability of Si to maintain water balance under drought stress conditions and suggests future research that is needed to implement the use of Si in agriculture. Considering the complex relationships between Si and different plant species, genotypes, and the environment, detailed studies are needed to understand the interactions between Si and plant responses under stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Luis Alejandro Jose Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang M, Wang R, Mur LAJ, Ruan J, Shen Q, Guo S. Functions of silicon in plant drought stress responses. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2021; 8:254. [PMID: 34848683 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-021-00681-1/6491157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si), the second most abundant element in Earth's crust, exerts beneficial effects on the growth and productivity of a variety of plant species under various environmental conditions. However, the benefits of Si and its importance to plants are controversial due to differences among the species, genotypes, and the environmental conditions. Although Si has been widely reported to alleviate plant drought stress in both the Si-accumulating and nonaccumulating plants, the underlying mechanisms through which Si improves plant water status and maintains water balance remain unclear. The aim of this review is to summarize the morphoanatomical, physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes that are involved in plant water status that are regulated by Si in response to drought stress, especially the integrated modulation of Si-triggered drought stress responses in Si accumulators and intermediate- and excluder-type plants. The key mechanisms influencing the ability of Si to mitigate the effects of drought stress include enhancing water uptake and transport, regulating stomatal behavior and transpirational water loss, accumulating solutes and osmoregulatory substances, and inducing plant defense- associated with signaling events, consequently maintaining whole-plant water balance. This study evaluates the ability of Si to maintain water balance under drought stress conditions and suggests future research that is needed to implement the use of Si in agriculture. Considering the complex relationships between Si and different plant species, genotypes, and the environment, detailed studies are needed to understand the interactions between Si and plant responses under stress conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruirui Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Luis Alejandro Jose Mur
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Jianyun Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Resources Utilization (Ministry of Agriculture), Tea Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qirong Shen
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shiwei Guo
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Solid Organic Waste Utilization, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Solid Organic Wastes, The Key Laboratory of Plant Immunity, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Felhofer M, Mayr K, Lütz-Meindl U, Gierlinger N. Raman imaging of Micrasterias: new insights into shape formation. PROTOPLASMA 2021; 258:1323-1334. [PMID: 34292402 PMCID: PMC8523415 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-021-01685-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The algae Micrasterias with its star-shaped cell pattern is a perfect unicellular model system to study morphogenesis. How the indentations are formed in the primary cell wall at exactly defined areas puzzled scientists for decades, and they searched for chemical differences in the primary wall of the extending tips compared to the resting indents. We now tackled the question by Raman imaging and scanned in situ Micrasterias cells at different stages of development. Thousands of Raman spectra were acquired from the mother cell and the developing semicell to calculate chemical images based on an algorithm finding the most different Raman spectra. Each of those spectra had characteristic Raman bands, which were assigned to molecular vibrations of BaSO4, proteins, lipids, starch, and plant cell wall carbohydrates. Visualizing the cell wall carbohydrates revealed a cell wall thickening at the indentations of the primary cell wall of the growing semicell and uniplanar orientation of the cellulose microfibrils to the cell surface in the secondary cell wall. Crystalline cellulose dominated in the secondary cell wall spectra, while in the primary cell wall spectra, also xyloglucan and pectin were reflected. Spectral differences between the indent and tip region of the primary cell wall were scarce, but a spectral mixing approach pointed to more cellulose fibrils deposited in the indent region. Therefore, we suggest that cell wall thickening together with a denser network of cellulose microfibrils stiffens the cell wall at the indent and induces different cell wall extensibility to shape the lobes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Felhofer
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Konrad Mayr
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Lütz-Meindl
- Department of Biosciences, University of Salzburg, 5020, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Notburga Gierlinger
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna (BOKU), 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wang D, Hou L, Zhang L, Liu P. The mechanisms of silicon on maintaining water balance under water deficit stress. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 173:1253-1262. [PMID: 34389991 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water deficit stress severely threatens crop yield and numerous reports have shown silicon could enhance plants resistance to water deficit. One of the most important mechanisms is that silicon maintains the water balance. In this review, we summarized advanced research to elucidate the effect of silicon on plant water transport processes, including leaf water loss, vessel water transport, and root water uptake. In leaves, the deposition of silica phytolith on cuticle and stomata decreases transpirational water loss under water deficit stress. However, accumulating evidence suggest that silicon maintaining leaf water content is not through reducing water loss, but through osmotic adjustments, enhancing water transport and uptake. Enhancement of stem water transport efficiency by silicon is due to silica phytolith depositing in the cell wall of vessel tubes and pits, which support it avoiding to collapse and embolism, respectively. The improvement of root water uptake capacity by silicon acts as a key role in maintaining water balance. The underlying mechanisms include (i) enlargement of the root water uptake area, (ii) improvement of the water driving force, (iii) the prevention of water loss from root to soil, and (iv) the up-regulation of aquaporin activity. This review provides three simple models to understand the mechanism of silicon on water balance and highlights the future research area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lei Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Anderson AJ, Kim YC. The Plant-Stress Metabolites, Hexanoic Aacid and Melatonin, Are Potential "Vaccines" for Plant Health Promotion. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2021; 37:415-427. [PMID: 34847628 PMCID: PMC8632612 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.01.2021.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A plethora of compounds stimulate protective mechanisms in plants against microbial pathogens and abiotic stresses. Some defense activators are synthetic compounds and trigger responses only in certain protective pathways, such as activation of defenses under regulation by the plant regulator, salicylic acid (SA). This review discusses the potential of naturally occurring plant metabolites as primers for defense responses in the plant. The production of the metabolites, hexanoic acid and melatonin, in plants means they are consumed when plants are eaten as foods. Both metabolites prime stronger and more rapid activation of plant defense upon subsequent stress. Because these metabolites trigger protective measures in the plant they can be considered as "vaccines" to promote plant vigor. Hexanoic acid and melatonin instigate systemic changes in plant metabolism associated with both of the major defense pathways, those regulated by SA- and jasmonic acid (JA). These two pathways are well studied because of their induction by different microbial triggers: necrosis-causing microbial pathogens induce the SA pathway whereas colonization by beneficial microbes stimulates the JA pathway. The plant's responses to the two metabolites, however, are not identical with a major difference being a characterized growth response with melatonin but not hexanoic acid. As primers for plant defense, hexanoic acid and melatonin have the potential to be successfully integrated into vaccination-like strategies to protect plants against diseases and abiotic stresses that do not involve man-made chemicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne J. Anderson
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322, USA
| | - Young Cheol Kim
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Agriculture & Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ge S, Dupuy LX, MacDonald MP. In situ laser manipulation of root tissues in transparent soil. PLANT AND SOIL 2021; 468:475-489. [PMID: 34789948 PMCID: PMC8580905 DOI: 10.1007/s11104-021-05133-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Laser micromanipulation such as dissection or optical trapping enables remote physical modification of the activity of tissues, cells and organelles. To date, applications of laser manipulation to plant roots grown in soil have been limited. Here, we show laser manipulation can be applied in situ when plant roots are grown in transparent soil. METHODS We have developed a Q-switched laser manipulation and imaging instrument to perform controlled dissection of roots and to study light-induced root growth responses. We performed a detailed characterisation of the properties of the cutting beams through the soil, studying dissection and optical ablation. Furthermore, we also studied the use of low light doses to control the root elongation rate of lettuce seedlings (Lactuca sativa) in air, agar, gel and transparent soil. RESULTS We show that whilst soil inhomogeneities affect the thickness and circularity of the beam, those distortions are not inherently limiting. The ability to induce changes in root elongation or complete dissection of microscopic regions of the root is robust to substrate heterogeneity and microscopy set up and is maintained following the limited distortions induced by the transparent soil environment. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show that controlled in situ laser dissection of root tissues is possible with a simple and low-cost optical set-up. We also show that, in the absence of dissection, a reduced laser light power density can provide reversible control of root growth, achieving a precise "point and shoot" method for root manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sisi Ge
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee, DD1 4HN UK
| | - Lionel X. Dupuy
- Neiker, Department of Conservation of Natural Resources, Berreaga 1, 48.160, Derio, Spain
- The James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, DD2 5DA UK
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Michael P. MacDonald
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Dundee, Nethergate, Dundee, DD1 4HN UK
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Silicon and cadmium interaction of maize (Zea mays L.) plants cultivated in vitro. Biologia (Bratisl) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
22
|
Raturi G, Sharma Y, Rana V, Thakral V, Myaka B, Salvi P, Singh M, Dhar H, Deshmukh R. Exploration of silicate solubilizing bacteria for sustainable agriculture and silicon biogeochemical cycle. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 166:827-838. [PMID: 34225007 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si), a quasi-essential element for plants, is abundant in the soil typically as insoluble silicate forms. However, plants can uptake Si only in the soluble form of monosilicic acid. Production of monosilicic acid by rock-weathering mostly depends on temperature, pH, redox-potential, water-content, and microbial activities. In the present review, approaches involved in the efficient exploration of silicate solubilizing bacteria (SSB), its potential applications, and available technological advances are discussed. Present understanding of Si uptake, deposition, and subsequent benefits to plants has also been discussed. In agricultural soils, pH is found to be one of the most critical factors deciding silicate solubilization and the formation of different Si compounds. Numerous studies have predicted the role of Indole-3-Acetic Acid (IAA) and organic acids produced by SSB in silicate solubilization. In this regard, approaches for the isolation and characterization of SSB, quantification of IAA, and subsequent Si solubilization mechanisms are addressed. Phylogenetic evaluation of previously reported SSB showed a highly diverse origin which provides an opportunity to study different mechanisms involved in Si solubilization. Soil biochemistry in concern of silicon availability, microbial activity and silicon mediated changes in plant physiology are addressed. In addition, SSB's role in Si-biogeochemical cycling is summarized. The information presented here will be helpful to explore the potential of SSB more efficiently to promote sustainable agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Raturi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Yogesh Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Varnika Rana
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Vandana Thakral
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India; Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Balaraju Myaka
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Prafull Salvi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India
| | - Manish Singh
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Mohali, India
| | - Hena Dhar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India.
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, India.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Biju S, Fuentes S, Gupta D. Silicon modulates nitro-oxidative homeostasis along with the antioxidant metabolism to promote drought stress tolerance in lentil plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2021; 172:1382-1398. [PMID: 33887059 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lentil is the fifth most important grain legume growing in arid/semi-arid regions of the world. Drought is one of the major constraints leading up to 50% of production losses just in lentil. Application of silicon (Si) has been shown to be a promising solution to improve drought tolerance; however, the biochemical mechanisms and interactions involved are not fully understood, especially in legumes. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of Si on drought stress tolerance of lentil genotypes. Seven lentil genotypes with different drought tolerance levels (tolerant, moderately tolerant and sensitive) were subjected to moderate and severe drought stress at the onset of the reproductive stage. Results showed that different drought stress treatments significantly decreased the above ground biomass, water status and the concentration of chlorophyll pigments, whereas Si supplementation of drought stressed lentil genotypes significantly improved the same traits, irrespective of their drought tolerant levels. On the other hand, Si effect on osmoregulation leads to a decline in the membrane damage and osmolytes (proline and glycine betaine) concentration in drought-stressed lentil. Application of Si to drought-stressed lentil plants significantly maintained the nitro-oxidative homeostasis by balancing the concentrations of reactive oxygen/nitrogen species, superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide and nitrous oxide, thereby reducing the oxidative damage caused due to drought stress. Furthermore, Si supplementation also stimulated the efficiency of the glutathione (GSH)-ascorbate (ASC) cycle by increasing the concentrations of GSH and ASC as well as the activities of antioxidant enzymes like ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, dehydro-ascorbate reductase and nitrate reductase for better protection of cell membranes from reactive oxygen species. Although Si showed the same regulatory mechanisms in all the studied genotypes to protect lentil plants from moderate and severe drought stress, the defensive role of Si against drought stress was more conspicuous in drought sensitive genotypes than in the tolerant ones. Thus, this study suggests the protective role of Si on drought-stressed lentil genotypes through the modulation of nitro-oxidative homeostasis and antioxidant defence responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajitha Biju
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sigfredo Fuentes
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dorin Gupta
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Dhiman P, Rajora N, Bhardwaj S, Sudhakaran SS, Kumar A, Raturi G, Chakraborty K, Gupta OP, Devanna BN, Tripathi DK, Deshmukh R. Fascinating role of silicon to combat salinity stress in plants: An updated overview. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 162:110-123. [PMID: 33667964 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Salt stress limits plant growth and productivity by severely impacting the fundamental physiological processes. Silicon (Si) supplementation is considered one of the promising methods to improve plant resilience under salt stress. Here, the role of Si in modulating physiological and biochemical processes that get adversely affected by high salinity, is discussed. Although numerous reports show the beneficial effects of Si under stress, the precise molecular mechanism underlying this is not well understood. Questions like whether all plants are equally benefitted with Si supplementation despite having varying Si uptake capability and salinity tolerance are still elusive. This review illustrates the Si uptake and accumulation mechanism to understand the direct or indirect participation of Si in different physiological processes. Evaluation of plant responses at transcriptomics and proteomics levels are promising in understanding the role of Si. Integration of physiological understanding with omics scale information highlighted Si supplementation affecting the phytohormonal and antioxidant responses under salinity as a key factor defining improved resilience. Similarly, the crosstalk of Si with lignin and phenolic content under salt stress also seems to be an important phenomenon helping plants to reduce the stress. The present review also addressed various crucial mechanisms by which Si application alleviates salt stress, such as a decrease in oxidative damage, decreased lipid peroxidation, improved photosynthetic ability, and ion homeostasis. Besides, the application and challenges of using Si-nanoparticles have also been addressed. Comprehensive information and discussion provided here will be helpful to better understand the role of Si under salt stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Dhiman
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Nitika Rajora
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Shubham Bhardwaj
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research (NIPGR), New Delhi, India
| | - Sreeja S Sudhakaran
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Gaurav Raturi
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India; Department of Biotechnology Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | | | - Om Prakash Gupta
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana, India
| | - B N Devanna
- ICAR-National Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha, India
| | - Durgesh Kumar Tripathi
- Amity Institute of Organic Agriculture (AIOA), Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Noida, India
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI) Mohali, Punjab, India.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bathoova M, Švubová R, Bokor B, Neděla V, Tihlaříková E, Martinka M. Silicon triggers sorghum root enzyme activities and inhibits the root cell colonization by Alternaria alternata. PLANTA 2021; 253:29. [PMID: 33423117 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03560-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silicon inhibits the growth of Alternaria alternata into sorghum root cells by maintaining their integrity through stimulating biochemical defense reactions rather than by silica-based physical barrier creation. Although the ameliorating effect of silicon (Si) on plant resistance against fungal pathogens has been proven, the mechanism of its action needs to be better understood on a cellular level. The present study explores the effect of Si application in sorghum roots infected with fungus Alternaria alternata under controlled in vitro conditions. Detailed anatomical and cytological observations by both fluorescent and electron microscopy revealed that Si supplementation results in the inhibition of fungal hyphae growth into the protoplast of root cells. An approach of environmental scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy enabling spatial detection of Si even at low concentrations showed that there is no continual solid layer of silica in the root cell walls of the rhizodermis, mesodermis and exodermis physically blocking the fungal growth into the protoplasts. Additionally, biochemical evidence suggests that Si speeds up the onset of activities of phenylpropanoid pathway enzymes phenylalanine ammonia lyase, peroxidases and polyphenol oxidases involved in phenolic compounds production and deposition to plant cell walls. In conclusion, Si alleviates the negative impact of A. alternata infection by limiting hyphae penetration through sorghum root cell walls into protoplasts, thus maintaining their structural and functional integrity. This might occur by triggering plant biochemical defense responses rather than by creating compact Si layer deposits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monika Bathoova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic.
| | - Renáta Švubová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic
| | - Boris Bokor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic
- Comenius University Science Park, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 8, 841 04, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Vilém Neděla
- Environmental Electron Microscopy Group, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 147, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Tihlaříková
- Environmental Electron Microscopy Group, Institute of Scientific Instruments of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Kralovopolska 147, 612 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Martinka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina, Ilkovicova 6, 842 15, Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zexer N, Elbaum R. Unique lignin modifications pattern the nucleation of silica in sorghum endodermis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6818-6829. [PMID: 32154874 PMCID: PMC7709913 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Silicon dioxide in the form of hydrated silica is a component of plant tissues that can constitute several percent by dry weight in certain taxa. Nonetheless, the mechanism of plant silica formation is mostly unknown. Silicon (Si) is taken up from the soil by roots in the form of monosilicic acid molecules. The silicic acid is carried in the xylem and subsequently polymerizes in target sites to silica. In roots of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor), silica aggregates form in an orderly pattern along the inner tangential cell walls of endodermis cells. Using Raman microspectroscopy, autofluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy, we investigated the structure and composition of developing aggregates in roots of sorghum seedlings. Putative silica aggregation loci were identified in roots grown under Si starvation. These micrometer-scale spots were constructed of tightly packed modified lignin, and nucleated trace concentrations of silicic acid. Substantial variation in cell wall autofluorescence between Si+ and Si- roots demonstrated the impact of Si on cell wall chemistry. We propose that in Si- roots, the modified lignin cross-linked into the cell wall and lost its ability to nucleate silica. In Si+ roots, silica polymerized on the modified lignin and altered its structure. Our work demonstrates a high degree of control over lignin and silica deposition in cell walls.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nerya Zexer
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Kumar S, Adiram-Filiba N, Blum S, Sanchez-Lopez JA, Tzfadia O, Omid A, Volpin H, Heifetz Y, Goobes G, Elbaum R. Siliplant1 protein precipitates silica in sorghum silica cells. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6830-6843. [PMID: 32485738 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Silicon is absorbed by plant roots as silicic acid. The acid moves with the transpiration stream to the shoot, and mineralizes as silica. In grasses, leaf epidermal cells called silica cells deposit silica in most of their volume using an unknown biological factor. Using bioinformatics tools, we identified a previously uncharacterized protein in Sorghum bicolor, which we named Siliplant1 (Slp1). Slp1 is a basic protein with seven repeat units rich in proline, lysine, and glutamic acid. We found Slp1 RNA in sorghum immature leaf and immature inflorescence. In leaves, transcription was highest just before the active silicification zone (ASZ). There, Slp1 was localized specifically to developing silica cells, packed inside vesicles and scattered throughout the cytoplasm or near the cell boundary. These vesicles fused with the membrane, releasing their content in the apoplastic space. A short peptide that is repeated five times in Slp1 precipitated silica in vitro at a biologically relevant silicic acid concentration. Transient overexpression of Slp1 in sorghum resulted in ectopic silica deposition in all leaf epidermal cell types. Our results show that Slp1 precipitates silica in sorghum silica cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar
- Robert H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Shula Blum
- Robert H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Javier Arturo Sanchez-Lopez
- Department of Entomology, Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Oren Tzfadia
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, VIB/Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - Ayelet Omid
- Danziger Innovations Limited, Mishmar Hashiva, Israel
| | - Hanne Volpin
- Danziger Innovations Limited, Mishmar Hashiva, Israel
| | - Yael Heifetz
- Department of Entomology, Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Gil Goobes
- Department of Chemistry, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- Robert H Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kreszies T, Kreszies V, Ly F, Thangamani PD, Shellakkutti N, Schreiber L. Suberized transport barriers in plant roots: the effect of silicon. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6799-6806. [PMID: 32333766 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant roots are the major organs that take up water and dissolved nutrients. It has been widely shown that apoplastic barriers such as Casparian bands and suberin lamellae in the endo- and exodermis of roots have an important effect on regulating radial water and nutrient transport. Furthermore, it has been described that silicon can promote plant growth and survival under different conditions. However, the potential effects of silicon on the formation and structure of apoplastic barriers are controversial. A delayed as well as an enhanced suberization of root apoplastic barriers with silicon has been described in the literature. Here we review the effects of silicon on the formation of suberized apoplastic barriers in roots, and present results of the effect of silicon treatment on the formation of endodermal suberized barriers on barley seminal roots under control conditions and when exposed to osmotic stress. Chemical analysis confirmed that osmotic stress enhanced barley root suberization. While a supplementation with silicon in both, control conditions and osmotic stress, did not enhanced barley root suberization. These results suggest that enhanced stress tolerance of plants after silicon treatment is due to other responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tino Kreszies
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Victoria Kreszies
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Falko Ly
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Priya Dharshini Thangamani
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Nandhini Shellakkutti
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lukas Schreiber
- Department of Ecophysiology, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bonn, Kirschallee 1, Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Soukup M, Rodriguez Zancajo VM, Kneipp J, Elbaum R. Formation of root silica aggregates in sorghum is an active process of the endodermis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:6807-6817. [PMID: 31504726 PMCID: PMC7709912 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Silica deposition in plants is a common phenomenon that correlates with plant tolerance to various stresses. Deposition occurs mostly in cell walls, but its mechanism is unclear. Here we show that metabolic processes control the formation of silica aggregates in roots of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.), a model plant for silicification. Silica formation was followed in intact roots and root segments of seedlings. Root segments were treated to enhance or suppress cell wall biosynthesis. The composition of endodermal cell walls was analysed by Raman microspectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. Our results were compared with in vitro reactions simulating lignin and silica polymerization. Silica aggregates formed only in live endodermal cells that were metabolically active. Silicic acid was deposited in vitro as silica onto freshly polymerized coniferyl alcohol, simulating G-lignin, but not onto coniferyl alcohol or ferulic acid monomers. Our results show that root silica aggregates form under tight regulation by endodermal cells, independently of the transpiration stream. We raise the hypothesis that the location and extent of silicification are primed by the chemistry and structure of polymerizing lignin as it cross-links to the wall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Soukup
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Ilkovicova 6, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Victor M Rodriguez Zancajo
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Janina Kneipp
- Chemistry Department and School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Strasse 2, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Protein-driven biomineralization: Comparing silica formation in grass silica cells to other biomineralization processes. J Struct Biol 2020; 213:107665. [PMID: 33227416 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2020.107665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization is a common strategy adopted by organisms to support their body structure. Plants practice significant silicon and calcium based biomineralization in which silicon is deposited as silica in cell walls and intracellularly in various cell-types, while calcium is deposited mostly as calcium oxalate in vacuoles of specialized cells. In this review, we compare cellular processes leading to protein-dependent mineralization in plants, diatoms and sponges (phylum Porifera). The mechanisms of biomineralization in these organisms are inherently different. The composite silica structure in diatoms forms inside the cytoplasm in a membrane bound vesicle, which after maturation is exocytosed to the cell surface. In sponges, separate vesicles with the mineral precursor (silicic acid), an inorganic template, and organic molecules, fuse together and are extruded to the extracellular space. In plants, calcium oxalate mineral precipitates in vacuolar crystal chambers containing a protein matrix which is never exocytosed. Silica deposition in grass silica cells takes place outside the cell membrane when the cells secrete the mineralizing protein into the apoplasm rich with silicic acid (the mineral precursor molecules). Our review infers that the organism complexity and precursor reactivity (calcium and oxalate versus silicic acid) are main driving forces for the evolution of varied mineralization mechanisms.
Collapse
|
31
|
Zancajo VMR, Lindtner T, Eisele M, Huber AJ, Elbaum R, Kneipp J. FTIR Nanospectroscopy Shows Molecular Structures of Plant Biominerals and Cell Walls. Anal Chem 2020; 92:13694-13701. [PMID: 32847355 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Plant tissues are complex composite structures of organic and inorganic components whose function relies on molecular heterogeneity at the nanometer scale. Scattering-type near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) in the mid-infrared (IR) region is used here to collect IR nanospectra from both fixed and native plant samples. We compared structures of chemically extracted silica bodies (phytoliths) to silicified and nonsilicified cell walls prepared as a flat block of epoxy-embedded awns of wheat (Triticum turgidum), thin sections of native epidermis cells from sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) comprising silica phytoliths, and isolated cells from awns of oats (Avena sterilis). The correlation of the scanning-probe IR images and the mechanical phase image enables a combined probing of mechanical material properties together with the chemical composition and structure of both the cell walls and the phytolith structures. The data reveal a structural heterogeneity of the different silica bodies in situ, as well as different compositions and crystallinities of cell wall components. In conclusion, IR nanospectroscopy is suggested as an ideal tool for studies of native plant materials of varied origins and preparations and could be applied to other inorganic-organic hybrid materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor M R Zancajo
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Chemistry Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tom Lindtner
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Chemistry Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Max Eisele
- Neaspec GmbH, Eglfinger Weg 2, D-85540 Munich-Haar, Germany
| | | | - Rivka Elbaum
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Janina Kneipp
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.,Chemistry Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
George N, Antony A, Ramachandran T, Hamed F, Kamal-Eldin A. Microscopic Investigationsof Silicification and Lignification Suggest Their Coexistence in Tracheary Phytoliths in Date Fruits ( Phoenix dactylifera L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:977. [PMID: 32733510 PMCID: PMC7359715 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Date fruits are special representative of hard fruits and one of the richest sources of dietary silica and edible lignin, which are believed to have several health benefits. In this study, we used optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to investigate the presence of associations between silicification and lignification in date fruits (Phoenix dactylifera, L.). Phloroglucinol staining was employed to observe lignification in date fruits, while silicification was studied by SEM of whole fruits and their acid digesta. This work revealed the presence of heterogeneity and complexity in the silica phytoliths and the lignified structures in date fruits. It was found that lignin exists independently of silica in the secondary cell walls of parenchymal and sclereid cells and that silica exists independently of lignin in the spheroid phytoliths that surround the sclereid cells. Interestingly, a small proportion of lignin and silica seemed to co-exist as partners in the spiral coils of the tracheid phytoliths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Navomy George
- Department of Food, Nutrition & Health, College of Food & Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asha Antony
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food & Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tholkappiyan Ramachandran
- Department of Physics, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Fathalla Hamed
- Department of Physics, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Afaf Kamal-Eldin
- Department of Food, Nutrition & Health, College of Food & Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Putra R, Powell JR, Hartley SE, Johnson SN. Is it time to include legumes in plant silicon research? Funct Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rocky Putra
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Jeff R. Powell
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Susan E. Hartley
- York Environmental Sustainability Institute, Department of Biology University of York York UK
| | - Scott N. Johnson
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lux A, Lukačová Z, Vaculík M, Švubová R, Kohanová J, Soukup M, Martinka M, Bokor B. Silicification of Root Tissues. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E111. [PMID: 31952260 PMCID: PMC7020167 DOI: 10.3390/plants9010111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Silicon (Si) is not considered an essential element, however, its tissue concentration can exceed that of many essential elements in several evolutionary distant plant species. Roots take up Si using Si transporters and then translocate it to aboveground organs. In some plant species, root tissues are also places where a high accumulation of Si can be found. Three basic modes of Si deposition in roots have been identified so far: (1) impregnation of endodermal cell walls (e.g., in cereals, such as Triticum (wheat)); (2) formation of Si-aggregates associated with endodermal cell walls (in the Andropogoneae family, which includes Sorghum and Saccharum (sugarcane)); (3) formation of Si aggregates in "stegmata" cells, which form a sheath around sclerenchyma fibers e.g., in some palm species (Phoenix (date palm)). In addition to these three major and most studied modes of Si deposition in roots, there are also less-known locations, such as deposits in xylem cells and intercellular deposits. In our research, the ontogenesis of individual root cells that accumulate Si is discussed. The documented and expected roles of Si deposition in the root is outlined mostly as a reaction of plants to abiotic and biotic stresses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Lux
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 36 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Zuzana Lukačová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Marek Vaculík
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 23 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Renáta Švubová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Jana Kohanová
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Milan Soukup
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 36 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Michal Martinka
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Boris Bokor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.L.); (Z.L.); (M.V.); (R.Š.); (J.K.); (M.S.); (M.M.)
- Comenius University Science Park, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Rice Husk Hydrolytic Lignin Transformation in Carbonization Process. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24173075. [PMID: 31450574 PMCID: PMC6749279 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24173075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignin processing products have an extensive using range. Because products properties depend on lignin precursor quality it was interesting to study lignin isolated from rice husk being a large tonnage waste of rice production and its structural transformations during carbonization. Lignin isolated by the thermal hydrolysis method with H2SO4 1 wt % solution and its carbonized products prepared under different carbonization conditions were characterized using elemental analysis, IR, TPD-MS, XRD, TEM, and EPR. It was shown lignin degradation takes place over the wide (220–520 °C) temperature range. Silica presenting in lignin affects the thermal destruction of this polymer. Due to the strong chemical bond with phenolic hydroxylic group it decreases an evaporation of volatile compounds and as a result increases the temperature range of the lignin degradation. Rice husk hydrolytic lignin transformations during carbonization occur with generation of free radicals. Their concentration is decreased after condensation of aromatic rings with carbon polycycles formation, i.e., the graphite-like structure. Quantity and X-ray diffraction characteristics of the graphite-like phase depend on carbonization conditions. Morphology of the lignin-based carbonized products is represented by carbon fibers, carbon and silica nanoparticles, and together with another structure characteristics provides prospective performance properties of lignin-based end products.
Collapse
|
36
|
Bokor B, Soukup M, Vaculík M, Vd’ačný P, Weidinger M, Lichtscheidl I, Vávrová S, Šoltys K, Sonah H, Deshmukh R, Bélanger RR, White PJ, El-Serehy HA, Lux A. Silicon Uptake and Localisation in Date Palm ( Phoenix dactylifera) - A Unique Association With Sclerenchyma. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:988. [PMID: 31456812 PMCID: PMC6701203 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) can accumulate as much as 1% silicon (Si), but not much is known about the mechanisms inherent to this process. Here, we investigated in detail the uptake, accumulation and distribution of Si in date palms, and the phylogeny of Si transporter genes in plants. We characterized the PdNIP2 transporter following heterologous expression in Xenopus oocytes and used qPCR to determine the relative expression of Si transporter genes. Silicon accumulation and distribution was investigated by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with X-ray microanalysis and Raman microspectroscopy. We proved that PdNIP2-1 codes for a functional Si-permeable protein and demonstrated that PdNIP2 transporter genes were constitutively expressed in date palm. Silicon aggregates/phytoliths were found in specific stegmata cells present in roots, stems and leaves and their surfaces were composed of pure silica. Stegmata were organized on the outer surface of the sclerenchyma bundles or associated with the sclerenchyma of the vascular bundles. Phylogenetic analysis clustered NIP2 transporters of the Arecaceae in a sister position to those of the Poaceae. It is suggested, that Si uptake in date palm is mediated by a constitutively expressed Si influx transporter and accumulated as Si aggregates in stegmata cells abundant in the outer surface of the sclerenchyma bundles (fibers).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boris Bokor
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Comenius University Science Park, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Milan Soukup
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marek Vaculík
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Institute of Botany, Plant Science and Biodiversity Centre, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Peter Vd’ačný
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Marieluise Weidinger
- Core Facility of Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Lichtscheidl
- Core Facility of Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Vávrová
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Katarína Šoltys
- Comenius University Science Park, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Humira Sonah
- Department of Plant Science, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- Department of Plant Science, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | | | - Philip J. White
- The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Distinguished Scientist Fellowship Program, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamed A. El-Serehy
- Zoology Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alexander Lux
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Comenius University Science Park, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Zancajo VMR, Diehn S, Filiba N, Goobes G, Kneipp J, Elbaum R. Spectroscopic Discrimination of Sorghum Silica Phytoliths. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1571. [PMID: 31921236 PMCID: PMC6917640 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Grasses accumulate silicon in the form of silicic acid, which is precipitated as amorphous silica in microscopic particles termed phytoliths. These particles comprise a variety of morphologies according to the cell type in which the silica was deposited. Despite the evident morphological differences, phytolith chemistry has mostly been analysed in bulk samples, neglecting differences between the varied types formed in the same species. In this work, we extracted leaf phytoliths from mature plants of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Using solid state NMR and thermogravimetric analysis, we show that the extraction methods alter greatly the silica molecular structure, its condensation degree and the trapped organic matter. Measurements of individual phytoliths by Raman and synchrotron FTIR microspectroscopies in combination with multivariate analysis separated bilobate silica cells from prickles and long cells, based on the silica molecular structures and the fraction and composition of occluded organic matter. The variations in structure and composition of sorghum phytoliths suggest that the biological pathways leading to silica deposition vary between these cell types.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor M. R. Zancajo
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Victor M. R. Zancajo, ; Janina Kneipp, ; Rivka Elbaum,
| | - Sabrina Diehn
- Chemistry Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nurit Filiba
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Gil Goobes
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Janina Kneipp
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Victor M. R. Zancajo, ; Janina Kneipp, ; Rivka Elbaum,
| | - Rivka Elbaum
- R. H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
- *Correspondence: Victor M. R. Zancajo, ; Janina Kneipp, ; Rivka Elbaum,
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Harris-Shultz KR, Hayes CM, Knoll JE. Mapping QTLs and Identification of Genes Associated with Drought Resistance in Sorghum. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1931:11-40. [PMID: 30652280 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9039-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water limits global agricultural production. Increases in global aridity, a growing human population, and the depletion of aquifers will only increase the scarcity of water for agriculture. Water is essential for plant growth and in areas that are prone to drought, the use of drought-resistant crops is a long-term solution for growing more food for more people with less water. Sorghum is well adapted to hot and dry environments and has been used as a dietary staple for millions of people. Increasing the drought resistance in sorghum hybrids with no impact on yield is a continual objective for sorghum breeders. In this review, we describe the loci, quantitative trait loci (QTLs), or genes that have been identified for traits involved in drought avoidance (water-use efficiency, cuticular wax synthesis, trichome development and morphology, root system architecture) and drought tolerance (compatible solutes, pre- and post-flowering drought tolerance). Many of these identified genes and QTL regions have not been tested in hybrids and the effect of these genes, or their interactions, on yield must be understood in normal and drought-stressed conditions to understand the strength and weaknesses of their utility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad M Hayes
- Plant Stress and Germplasm Development Research, USDA-ARS, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Joseph E Knoll
- Crop Genetics and Breeding Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Tifton, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Heslop-Harrison JS(P. Morphology, adaptation and speciation. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2017; 120:621-624. [PMCID: PMC5691378 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of plant evolution and development in a phylogenetic context has accelerated research advances in both areas over the last decade. The addition of a robust phylogeny for plant taxa based on DNA as well as morphology has given a strong context for this research. Genetics and genomics, including sequencing of many genes, and a better understanding of non-genetic, responsive changes, by plants have increased knowledge of how the different body forms of plants have arisen. Here, I overview the papers in this Special Issue of Annals of Botany on Morphological Adaptation, bringing together a range of papers that link phylogeny and morphology. These lead to models of development and functional adaptation across a range of plant systems, with implications for ecology and ecosystems, as well as development and evolution.
Collapse
|
40
|
Kumar S, Soukup M, Elbaum R. Silicification in Grasses: Variation between Different Cell Types. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:438. [PMID: 28400787 PMCID: PMC5368260 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Plants take up silicon as mono-silicic acid, which is released to soil by the weathering of silicate minerals. Silicic acid can be taken up by plant roots passively or actively, and later it is deposited in its polymerized form as amorphous hydrated silica. Major silica depositions in grasses occur in root endodermis, leaf epidermal cells, and outer epidermal cells of inflorescence bracts. Debates are rife about the mechanism of silica deposition, and two contrasting scenarios are often proposed to explain it. According to the passive mode of silicification, silica deposition is a result of silicic acid condensation due to dehydration, such as during transpirational loss of water from the aboveground organs. In general, silicification and transpiration are positively correlated, and continued silicification is sometimes observed after cell and tissue maturity. The other mode of silicification proposes the involvement of some biological factors, and is based on observations that silicification is not necessarily coupled with transpiration. Here, we review evidence for both mechanisms of silicification, and propose that the deposition mechanism is specific to the cell type. Considering all the cell types together, our conclusion is that grass silica deposition can be divided into three modes: spontaneous cell wall silicification, directed cell wall silicification, and directed paramural silicification in silica cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rivka Elbaum
- Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel
| |
Collapse
|