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Okitsu M, Fujita M, Moriya Y, Kotajima-Murakami H, Ide S, Kojima R, Sekiyama K, Takahashi K, Ikeda K. Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease with Bilateral Dorsal Striatum Lesion with 6-Hydroxydopamine Exhibits Cognitive Apathy-like Behavior. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7993. [PMID: 39063235 PMCID: PMC11276653 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Among the symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), apathy comprises a set of behavioral, affective, and cognitive features that can be classified into several subtypes. However, the pathophysiology and brain regions that are involved in these different apathy subtypes are still poorly characterized. We examined which subtype of apathy is elicited in a mouse model of PD with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesions and the behavioral symptoms that are exhibited. Male C57/BL6J mice were allocated to sham (n = 8) and 6-OHDA (n = 13) groups and locally injected with saline or 4 µg 6-OHDA bilaterally in the dorsal striatum. We then conducted motor performance tests and apathy-related behavioral experiments. We then pathologically evaluated tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunostaining. The 6-OHDA group exhibited significant impairments in motor function. In the behavioral tests of apathy, significant differences were observed between the sham and 6-OHDA groups in the hole-board test and novelty-suppressed feeding test. The 6-OHDA group exhibited impairments in inanimate novel object preference, whereas social preference was maintained in the three-chamber test. The number of TH+ pixels in the caudate putamen and substantia nigra compacta was significantly reduced in the 6-OHDA group. The present mouse model of PD predominantly showed dorsal striatum dopaminergic neuronal loss and a decrease in novelty seeking as a symptom that is related to the cognitive apathy component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Okitsu
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (M.O.); (M.F.); (Y.M.); (H.K.-M.); (S.I.)
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo 183-0042, Japan;
| | - Masayo Fujita
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (M.O.); (M.F.); (Y.M.); (H.K.-M.); (S.I.)
| | - Yuki Moriya
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (M.O.); (M.F.); (Y.M.); (H.K.-M.); (S.I.)
| | - Hiroko Kotajima-Murakami
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (M.O.); (M.F.); (Y.M.); (H.K.-M.); (S.I.)
| | - Soichiro Ide
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (M.O.); (M.F.); (Y.M.); (H.K.-M.); (S.I.)
| | - Rika Kojima
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Histology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (R.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Kazunari Sekiyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathology and Histology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (R.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Kazushi Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Tokyo Metropolitan Neurological Hospital, Tokyo 183-0042, Japan;
| | - Kazutaka Ikeda
- Addictive Substance Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan; (M.O.); (M.F.); (Y.M.); (H.K.-M.); (S.I.)
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan
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Perskaudas R, Myers CE, Interian A, Gluck MA, Herzallah MM, Baum A, Dobkin RD. Reward and Punishment Learning as Predictors of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Response in Parkinson's Disease Comorbid with Clinical Depression. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2024; 37:282-293. [PMID: 38158704 DOI: 10.1177/08919887231218753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Depression is highly comorbid among individuals with Parkinson's Disease (PD), who often experience unique challenges to accessing and benefitting from empirically supported interventions like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). Given the role of reward processing in both depression and PD, this study analyzed a subset (N = 25) of participants who participated in a pilot telemedicine intervention of PD-informed CBT, and also completed a Reward- and Punishment-Learning Task (RPLT) at baseline. At the conclusion of CBT, participants were categorized into treatment responders (n = 14) and non-responders (n = 11). Responders learned more optimally from negative rather than positive feedback on the RPLT, while this pattern was reversed in non-responders. Computational modeling suggested group differences in learning rate to negative feedback may drive the observed differences. Overall, the results suggest that a within-subject bias for punishment-based learning might help to predict response to CBT intervention for depression in those with PD.Plain Language Summary Performance on a Computerized Task may predict which Parkinson's Disease Patients benefit from Cognitive Behavioral Treatment of Clinical DepressionWhy was the study done? Clinical depression regularly arises in individuals with Parkinson's Disease (PD) due to the neurobiological changes with the onset and progression of the disease as well as the unique psychosocial difficulties associated with living with a chronic condition. Nonetheless, psychiatric disorders among individuals with PD are often underdiagnosed and likewise undertreated for a variety of reasons. The results of our study have implications about how to improve the accuracy and specificity of mental health treatment recommendations in the future to maximize benefits for individuals with PD, who often face additional barriers to accessing quality mental health treatment.What did the researchers do? We explored whether performance on a computerized task called the Reward- and Punishment-Learning Task (RPLT) helped to predict response to Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) for depression better than other predictors identified in previous studies. Twenty-five individuals with PD and clinical depression that completed a 10-week telehealth CBT program were assessed for: Demographics (Age, gender, etc.); Clinical information (PD duration, mental health diagnoses, levels of anxiety/depression, etc.); Neurocognitive performance (Memory, processing speed, impulse control, etc.); and RPLT performance.What did the researchers find? A total of 14 participants significantly benefitted from CBT treatment while 11 did not significantly benefit from treatment.There were no differences before treatment in the demographics, clinical information, and neurocognitive performance of those participants who ended up benefitting from the treatment versus those who did not.There were, however, differences before treatment in RPLT performance so that those individuals that benefitted from CBT seemed to learn better from negative feedback.What do the findings mean? Our results suggest that the CBT program benefitted those PD patients with clinical depression that seemed to overall learn best from avoiding punishment rather than obtaining reward which was targeted in CBT by focusing on increasing engagement in rewarding activities. The Reward- and Punishment-Learning Task hence may be a useful tool to help predict treatment response and provide more individualized recommendations on how to best maximize the benefits of psychotherapy for individuals with PD that may struggle to connect to mental health care. Caution is recommended about interpretating these results beyond this study as the overall number of participants was small and the data for this study were collected as part of a previous study so there was no opportunity to include additional measurements of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokas Perskaudas
- Mental Health Research and Program Development, VA New Jersey Healthcare System, Lyons, NJ, USA
- War Related Illness and Injury Study Center, VA New Jersey Healthcare System, East Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Catherine E Myers
- Research Service, VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Alejandro Interian
- Mental Health Research and Program Development, VA New Jersey Healthcare System, Lyons, NJ, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Mark A Gluck
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Mohammad M Herzallah
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
- Palestinian Neuroscience Initiative, Al-Quds University, Abu Dis, Jerusalem, Palestine
| | - Allan Baum
- Ramapo College of New Jersey, Mahwah, NJ, USA
| | - Roseanne D Dobkin
- Department of Psychiatry, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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3
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Au-Yeung SK, Halahakoon DC, Kaltenboeck A, Cowen P, Browning M, Manohar SG. The effects of pramipexole on motivational vigour during a saccade task: a placebo-controlled study in healthy adults. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2024; 241:1365-1375. [PMID: 38494550 PMCID: PMC11199222 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-024-06567-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Motivation allows us to energise actions when we expect reward and is reduced in depression. This effect, termed motivational vigour, has been proposed to rely on central dopamine, with dopaminergic agents showing promise in the treatment of depression. This suggests that dopaminergic agents might act to reduce depression by increasing the effects of reward or by helping energise actions. The aim of the current study was to investigate whether the dopamine agonist pramipexole enhanced motivational vigour during a rewarded saccade task. In addition, we asked whether the effects of pramipexole on vigour differ between reward contingent on performance and guaranteed reward. Healthy adult participants were randomised to receive either pramipexole (n = 19) or placebo (controls n = 18) for 18 days. The vigour of saccades was measured twice, once before the administration of study medication (Time 1) and after taking it for 12-15 days (Time 2). To separate motivation by contingency vs. reward, saccadic vigour was separately measured when (1) rewards were contingent on performance (2) delivered randomly with matched frequency, (3) when reward was guaranteed, (4) when reward was not present at all. Motivation increased response vigour, as expected. Relative to placebo, pramipexole also increased response vigour. However, there was no interaction, meaning that the effects of reward were not modulated by drug, and there was no differential drug effect on contingent vs. guaranteed rewards. The effect of pramipexole on vigour could not be explained by a speed/accuracy trade-off, nor by autonomic arousal as indexed by pupillary dilation. Chronic D2 stimulation increases general vigour, energising movements in healthy adults irrespective of extrinsic reward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena K Au-Yeung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK.
- Clinical Psychology Unit, University of Sheffield, Cathedral Court Floor F 1 Vicar Lane, Sheffield, S1 2LT, UK.
| | - Don Chamith Halahakoon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Alexander Kaltenboeck
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
- Clinical Division of Social Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna General Hospital, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Philip Cowen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Michael Browning
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Sanjay G Manohar
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Level 6 West Wing, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
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Combrisson E, Basanisi R, Gueguen MCM, Rheims S, Kahane P, Bastin J, Brovelli A. Neural interactions in the human frontal cortex dissociate reward and punishment learning. eLife 2024; 12:RP92938. [PMID: 38941238 PMCID: PMC11213568 DOI: 10.7554/elife.92938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
How human prefrontal and insular regions interact while maximizing rewards and minimizing punishments is unknown. Capitalizing on human intracranial recordings, we demonstrate that the functional specificity toward reward or punishment learning is better disentangled by interactions compared to local representations. Prefrontal and insular cortices display non-selective neural populations to rewards and punishments. Non-selective responses, however, give rise to context-specific interareal interactions. We identify a reward subsystem with redundant interactions between the orbitofrontal and ventromedial prefrontal cortices, with a driving role of the latter. In addition, we find a punishment subsystem with redundant interactions between the insular and dorsolateral cortices, with a driving role of the insula. Finally, switching between reward and punishment learning is mediated by synergistic interactions between the two subsystems. These results provide a unifying explanation of distributed cortical representations and interactions supporting reward and punishment learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Combrisson
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Ruggero Basanisi
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
| | - Maelle CM Gueguen
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut NeurosciencesGrenobleFrance
| | - Sylvain Rheims
- Department of Functional Neurology and Epileptology, Hospices Civils de Lyon and University of LyonLyonFrance
| | - Philippe Kahane
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut NeurosciencesGrenobleFrance
| | - Julien Bastin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, U1216, Grenoble Institut NeurosciencesGrenobleFrance
| | - Andrea Brovelli
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, Aix Marseille UniversitéMarseilleFrance
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Carbone F, Djamshidian A. Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson's Disease: An Overview of Risk Factors, Pathogenesis and Pharmacological Management. CNS Drugs 2024; 38:443-457. [PMID: 38613665 PMCID: PMC11098885 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-024-01087-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease are relatively common drug-induced addictive behaviours that are usually triggered by the dopamine agonists pramipexole, ropinirole and rotigotine. This narrative review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease. We summarised the prevalence, clinical features, risk factors and potential underlying mechanisms of impulse control disorders in Parkinson's disease. Moreover, recent advances in behavioural and imaging characteristics and management strategies are discussed. Early detection as well as a tailored multidisciplinary approach, which typically includes careful adjustment of the dopaminergic therapy and the treatment of associated neuropsychiatric symptoms, are necessary. In some cases, a continuous delivery of levodopa via a pump or the dopamine D1 receptor agonist, apomorphine, can be considered. In selected patients without cognitive or speech impairment, deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus can also improve addictions. Finding the right balance of tapering dopaminergic dose (usually dopamine agonists) without worsening motor symptoms is essential for a beneficial long-term outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carbone
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Atbin Djamshidian
- Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, Anichstrasse 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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Marras C, Fereshtehnejad SM, Berg D, Bohnen NI, Dujardin K, Erro R, Espay AJ, Halliday G, Van Hilten JJ, Hu MT, Jeon B, Klein C, Leentjens AFG, Mollenhauer B, Postuma RB, Rodríguez-Violante M, Simuni T, Weintraub D, Lawton M, Mestre TA. Transitioning from Subtyping to Precision Medicine in Parkinson's Disease: A Purpose-Driven Approach. Mov Disord 2024; 39:462-471. [PMID: 38243775 DOI: 10.1002/mds.29708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society (MDS) created a task force (TF) to provide a critical overview of the Parkinson's disease (PD) subtyping field and develop a guidance on future research in PD subtypes. Based on a literature review, we previously concluded that PD subtyping requires an ultimate alignment with principles of precision medicine, and consequently novel approaches were needed to describe heterogeneity at the individual patient level. In this manuscript, we present a novel purpose-driven framework for subtype research as a guidance to clinicians and researchers when proposing to develop, evaluate, or use PD subtypes. Using a formal consensus methodology, we determined that the key purposes of PD subtyping are: (1) to predict disease progression, for both the development of therapies (use in clinical trials) and prognosis counseling, (2) to predict response to treatments, and (3) to identify therapeutic targets for disease modification. For each purpose, we describe the desired product and the research required for its development. Given the current state of knowledge and data resources, we see purpose-driven subtyping as a pragmatic and necessary step on the way to precision medicine. © 2024 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connie Marras
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Daniela Berg
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicolaas I Bohnen
- Departments of Radiology & Neurology, University of Michigan, University of Michigan Udall Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Kathy Dujardin
- Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease, CHU Lille, Univ Lille, Inserm, Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Lille, France
| | - Roberto Erro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", Neuroscience Section, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Italy
| | - Alberto J Espay
- James J. and Joan A. Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Glenda Halliday
- Brain and Mind Centre and Faculty of Medicine and Health School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jacobus J Van Hilten
- Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Michele T Hu
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University and John Radcliffe Hospital, West Wing, Neurology Department, Level 3, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Beomseok Jeon
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Albert F G Leentjens
- Department of Psychiatry, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Brit Mollenhauer
- Paracelsus-Elena-Klinik, Kassel, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Kassel, Germany
| | - Ronald B Postuma
- Department of Neurology, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Tanya Simuni
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Daniel Weintraub
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania; Parkinson's Disease Research, Education and Clinical Center (PADRECC), Philadelphia Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Lawton
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Tiago A Mestre
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson's Disease and the Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders Center, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, The University of Ottawa Brain and Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Halahakoon DC, Kaltenboeck A, Martens M, Geddes JG, Harmer CJ, Cowen P, Browning M. Pramipexole Enhances Reward Learning by Preserving Value Estimates. Biol Psychiatry 2024; 95:286-296. [PMID: 37330165 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dopamine D2-like agonists show promise as treatments for depression. They are thought to act by enhancing reward learning; however, the mechanisms by which they achieve this are not clear. Reinforcement learning accounts describe 3 distinct candidate mechanisms: increased reward sensitivity, increased inverse decision-temperature, and decreased value decay. As these mechanisms produce equivalent effects on behavior, arbitrating between them requires measurement of how expectations and prediction errors are altered. We characterized the effects of 2 weeks of the D2-like agonist pramipexole on reward learning and used functional magnetic resonance imaging measures of expectation and prediction error to assess which of these 3 mechanistic processes were responsible for the behavioral effects. METHODS Forty healthy volunteers (50% female) were randomized to 2 weeks of pramipexole (titrated to 1 mg/day) or placebo in a double-blind, between-subject design. Participants completed a probabilistic instrumental learning task before and after the pharmacological intervention, with functional magnetic resonance imaging data collected at the second visit. Asymptotic choice accuracy and a reinforcement learning model were used to assess reward learning. RESULTS Pramipexole increased choice accuracy in the reward condition with no effect on losses. Participants who received pramipexole had increased blood oxygen level-dependent response in the orbital frontal cortex during the expectation of win trials but decreased blood oxygen level-dependent response to reward prediction errors in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. This pattern of results indicates that pramipexole enhances choice accuracy by reducing the decay of estimated values during reward learning. CONCLUSIONS The D2-like receptor agonist pramipexole enhances reward learning by preserving learned values. This is a plausible mechanism for pramipexole's antidepressant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Chamith Halahakoon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Kaltenboeck
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Clinical Division of Social Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marieke Martens
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John G Geddes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine J Harmer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Cowen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Browning
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Oxford Health National Health Service Foundation Trust, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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8
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Wyatt LE, Hewan PA, Hogeveen J, Spreng RN, Turner GR. Exploration versus exploitation decisions in the human brain: A systematic review of functional neuroimaging and neuropsychological studies. Neuropsychologia 2024; 192:108740. [PMID: 38036246 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2023.108740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Thoughts and actions are often driven by a decision to either explore new avenues with unknown outcomes, or to exploit known options with predictable outcomes. Yet, the neural mechanisms underlying this exploration-exploitation trade-off in humans remain poorly understood. This is attributable to variability in the operationalization of exploration and exploitation as psychological constructs, as well as the heterogeneity of experimental protocols and paradigms used to study these choice behaviours. To address this gap, here we present a comprehensive review of the literature to investigate the neural basis of explore-exploit decision-making in humans. We first conducted a systematic review of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of exploration-versus exploitation-based decision-making in healthy adult humans during foraging, reinforcement learning, and information search. Eleven fMRI studies met inclusion criterion for this review. Adopting a network neuroscience framework, synthesis of the findings across these studies revealed that exploration-based choice was associated with the engagement of attentional, control, and salience networks. In contrast, exploitation-based choice was associated with engagement of default network brain regions. We interpret these results in the context of a network architecture that supports the flexible switching between externally and internally directed cognitive processes, necessary for adaptive, goal-directed behaviour. To further investigate potential neural mechanisms underlying the exploration-exploitation trade-off we next surveyed studies involving neurodevelopmental, neuropsychological, and neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as lifespan development, and neurodegenerative diseases. We observed striking differences in patterns of explore-exploit decision-making across these populations, again suggesting that these two decision-making modes are supported by independent neural circuits. Taken together, our review highlights the need for precision-mapping of the neural circuitry and behavioural correlates associated with exploration and exploitation in humans. Characterizing exploration versus exploitation decision-making biases may offer a novel, trans-diagnostic approach to assessment, surveillance, and intervention for cognitive decline and dysfunction in normal development and clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay E Wyatt
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick A Hewan
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jeremy Hogeveen
- Department of Psychology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - R Nathan Spreng
- Montréal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada; Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada; McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montréal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - Gary R Turner
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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9
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Halahakoon DC, Browning M. Pramipexole for the Treatment of Depression: Efficacy and Mechanisms. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2024; 66:49-65. [PMID: 37982928 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2023_458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Dopaminergic mechanisms are a plausible treatment target for patients with clinical depression but are relatively underexplored in conventional antidepressant medications. There is continuing interest in the potential antidepressant effects of the dopamine receptor agonist, pramipexole, with data from both case series and controlled trials indicating that this agent may produce benefit for patients with difficult-to-treat depression. Pramipexole's therapeutic utility in depression is likely to be expressed through alterations in reward mechanisms which are strongly influenced by dopamine pathways and are known to function abnormally in depressed patients. Our work in healthy participants using brain imaging in conjunction with computational modelling suggests that repeated pramipexole facilitates reward learning by inhibiting value decay. This mechanism needs to be confirmed in larger clinical trials in depressed patients. Such studies will also allow assessment of whether baseline performance in reward learning in depression predicts therapeutic response to pramipexole treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don Chamith Halahakoon
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Michael Browning
- Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK.
- Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK.
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10
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Pachi I, Papadopoulos V, Xenaki LA, Koros C, Simitsi AM, Bougea A, Bozi M, Papagiannakis N, Soldatos RF, Kolovou D, Pantes G, Scarmeas N, Paraskevas G, Voumvourakis K, Potagas C, Papageorgiou SG, Kollias K, Stefanis N, Stefanis L. Jumping to conclusions bias, psychosis and impulsivity in early stages of Parkinson's disease. J Neurol 2023; 270:5773-5783. [PMID: 37555925 PMCID: PMC10632276 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-11904-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim was to explore the correlations between Jumping to Conclusions (JtC) tendency and neuropsychiatric features in patients with early Parkinson's disease (PD). BACKGROUND According to few reports, PD patients with impulsive-compulsive behaviors (ICBs) are prone to working memory difficulties including JtC bias. The correlation of psychotic features and JtC tendency remains still unclear. METHODS Healthy controls and patients within 3 years of PD onset were recruited. Participants were examined for psychotic symptoms using a 10 question PD-specific psychosis severity scale. JtC was measured by a probalistic reasoning scenario (beads task). In PD group, medication use, motor and non-motor symptoms were documented. Impulsivity was evaluated using the Questionnaire for Impulsive-Compulsive Disorders in PD (QUIP). RESULTS The prevalence of JtC bias was 9% (6/70) in healthy individuals, compared to 32% (22/68) of PD group [p = 0.001]. No association was detected between the presence of JtC tendency and PD-associated psychosis (p = 0.216). Patients with JtC had shorter duration of PD, more tremor-dominant PD subtype and higher QUIP scores, regardless of the dopaminergic therapy (p = 0.043, p = 0.015, p = 0.007, respectively). A trend towards attention and inhibition control deficit was noticed in JtC patients. CONCLUSIONS We found a high prevalence of JtC bias in early, cognitively intact PD population and a potential link between subthreshold ICBs and poor performance on beads task. Additional studies are needed to confirm our results and elaborate on the mechanisms that correlate impulsivity with JtC tendency, which are likely to be different from those mediating psychotic features in early PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Pachi
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Papadopoulos
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Lida Alkisti Xenaki
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74 Vas. Sofias Av., Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Koros
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74 Vas. Sofias Av., Athens, Greece
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini Str., Athens, Greece
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Athina Maria Simitsi
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Bougea
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Bozi
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini Str., Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Papagiannakis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Rigas Filippos Soldatos
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Kolovou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - George Pantes
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Scarmeas
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
- Taub Institute for Research in Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Georgios Paraskevas
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini Str., Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Voumvourakis
- 2nd Department of Neurology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 1 Rimini Str., Athens, Greece
| | - Constantin Potagas
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Sokratis G Papageorgiou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Kollias
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74 Vas. Sofias Av., Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Stefanis
- 1st Department of Psychiatry, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74 Vas. Sofias Av., Athens, Greece
| | - Leonidas Stefanis
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 72-74, Vassilissis Sofias Av., 11528, Athens, Greece.
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11
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Tichelaar JG, Sayalı C, Helmich RC, Cools R. Impulse control disorder in Parkinson's disease is associated with abnormal frontal value signalling. Brain 2023; 146:3676-3689. [PMID: 37192341 PMCID: PMC10473575 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic medication is well established to boost reward- versus punishment-based learning in Parkinson's disease. However, there is tremendous variability in dopaminergic medication effects across different individuals, with some patients exhibiting much greater cognitive sensitivity to medication than others. We aimed to unravel the mechanisms underlying this individual variability in a large heterogeneous sample of early-stage patients with Parkinson's disease as a function of comorbid neuropsychiatric symptomatology, in particular impulse control disorders and depression. One hundred and ninety-nine patients with Parkinson's disease (138 ON medication and 61 OFF medication) and 59 healthy controls were scanned with functional MRI while they performed an established probabilistic instrumental learning task. Reinforcement learning model-based analyses revealed medication group differences in learning from gains versus losses, but only in patients with impulse control disorders. Furthermore, expected-value related brain signalling in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex was increased in patients with impulse control disorders ON medication compared with those OFF medication, while striatal reward prediction error signalling remained unaltered. These data substantiate the hypothesis that dopamine's effects on reinforcement learning in Parkinson's disease vary with individual differences in comorbid impulse control disorder and suggest they reflect deficient computation of value in medial frontal cortex, rather than deficient reward prediction error signalling in striatum. See Michael Browning (https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awad248) for a scientific commentary on this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorryt G Tichelaar
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, 6525EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Centre of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ceyda Sayalı
- The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Center for Psychedelic and Consciousness Research, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Rick C Helmich
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, 6525EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Centre of Expertise for Parkinson and Movement Disorders, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roshan Cools
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging, 6525EN Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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12
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Béreau M, Van Waes V, Servant M, Magnin E, Tatu L, Anheim M. Apathy in Parkinson's Disease: Clinical Patterns and Neurobiological Basis. Cells 2023; 12:1599. [PMID: 37371068 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Apathy is commonly defined as a loss of motivation leading to a reduction in goal-directed behaviors. This multidimensional syndrome, which includes cognitive, emotional and behavioral components, is one of the most prevalent neuropsychiatric features of Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been established that the prevalence of apathy increases as PD progresses. However, the pathophysiology and anatomic substrate of this syndrome remain unclear. Apathy seems to be underpinned by impaired anatomical structures that link the prefrontal cortex with the limbic system. It can be encountered in the prodromal stage of the disease and in fluctuating PD patients receiving bilateral chronic subthalamic nucleus stimulation. In these stages, apathy may be considered as a disorder of motivation that embodies amotivational behavioral syndrome, is underpinned by combined dopaminergic and serotonergic denervation and is dopa-responsive. In contrast, in advanced PD patients, apathy may be considered as cognitive apathy that announces cognitive decline and PD dementia, is underpinned by diffuse neurotransmitter system dysfunction and Lewy pathology spreading and is no longer dopa-responsive. In this review, we discuss the clinical patterns of apathy and their treatment, the neurobiological basis of apathy, the potential role of the anatomical structures involved and the pathways in motivational and cognitive apathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Béreau
- Département de Neurologie, CHU de Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
- Université de Franche-Comté, LINC Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Vincent Van Waes
- Université de Franche-Comté, LINC Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Mathieu Servant
- Université de Franche-Comté, LINC Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Eloi Magnin
- Département de Neurologie, CHU de Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
- Université de Franche-Comté, LINC Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Laurent Tatu
- Département de Neurologie, CHU de Besançon, 25000 Besançon, France
- Université de Franche-Comté, LINC Laboratoire de Recherches Intégratives en Neurosciences et Psychologie Cognitive, 25000 Besançon, France
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie, Université de Franche-Comté, 25000 Besançon, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Département de Neurologie, CHU de Strasbourg, 67200 Strasbourg, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- Institut de génétique Et de Biologie Moléculaire Et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964, CNRS-UMR7104, Université de Strasbourg, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
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13
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Allen MT. Weaker situations: Uncertainty reveals individual differences in learning: Implications for PTSD. COGNITIVE, AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2023:10.3758/s13415-023-01077-5. [PMID: 36944865 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-023-01077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Few individuals who experience trauma develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Therefore, the identification of individual differences that signal increased risk for PTSD is important. Lissek et al. (2006) proposed using a weak rather than a strong situation to identify individual differences. A weak situation involves less-salient cues as well as some degree of uncertainty, which reveal individual differences. A strong situation involves salient cues with little uncertainty, which produce consistently strong responses. Results from fear conditioning studies that support this hypothesis are discussed briefly. This review focuses on recent findings from three learning tasks: classical eyeblink conditioning, avoidance learning, and a computer-based task. These tasks are interpreted as weaker learning situations in that they involve some degree of uncertainty. Individual differences in learning based on behavioral inhibition, which is a risk factor for PTSD, are explored. Specifically, behaviorally inhibited individuals and rodents (i.e., Wistar Kyoto rats), as well as individuals expressing PTSD symptoms, exhibit enhanced eyeblink conditioning. Behaviorally inhibited rodents also demonstrate enhanced avoidance responding (i.e., lever pressing). Both enhanced eyeblink conditioning and avoidance are most evident with schedules of partial reinforcement. Behaviorally inhibited individuals also performed better on reward and punishment trials than noninhibited controls in a probabilistic category learning task. Overall, the use of weaker situations with uncertain relationships may be more ecologically valid than learning tasks in which the aversive event occurs on every trial and may provide more sensitivity for identifying individual differences in learning for those at risk for, or expressing, PTSD symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Todd Allen
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, USA.
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14
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Morris SSJ, Raiker JS, Mattfeld AT, Fosco WD. The impact of ADHD symptom severity on reinforcement and punishment learning among adults. Cogn Neuropsychiatry 2023; 28:147-161. [PMID: 36786630 DOI: 10.1080/13546805.2023.2178398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Aberrations in feedback learning are hypothesised to contribute to the behavioural disruptions and impairment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, few studies have evaluated the relation of reward/punishment feedback and ADHD symptom severity on learning. The current study evaluates the differential effects of reward and punishment feedback on learning among adults with elevated ADHD. Methods: One hundred five participants self-reported their level of current ADHD symptoms and completed an innovative instrumental learning task. Results: Consistent with predictions, participants with low self-reported ADHD symptom severity benefitted equally from reward and punishment feedback during the learning task, whereas participants with high self-reported symptom severity performed better (indexed by accuracy on learning task) from reward than punishment feedback trials. Conclusions: Overall, adults with high self-reported symptom severity of ADHD learned more from reward-based feedback, which provides critical implications for motivational theories about ADHD, as well as for treatment protocols. Future work should examine the translatability of results within a treatment setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph S Raiker
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Aaron T Mattfeld
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Whitney D Fosco
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Penn State Health University, Hershey, PA, USA
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15
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Biernacki K, Myers CE, Cole S, Cavanagh JF, Baker TE. Prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation boosts response vigour during reinforcement learning in healthy adults. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 57:680-691. [PMID: 36550631 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A 10-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex has been shown to increase dopaminergic activity in the dorsal striatum, a region strongly implicated in reinforcement learning. However, the behavioural influence of this effect remains largely unknown. We tested the causal effects of 10-Hz stimulation on behavioural and computational characteristics of reinforcement learning. A total of 40 healthy individuals were randomized into active and sham (placebo) stimulation groups. Each participant underwent one stimulation session (1500 pulses) in which stimulation was applied over the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex using a robotic arm. Participants then completed a reinforcement learning task sensitive to striatal dopamine functioning. Participants' choices were modelled using a reinforcement learning model (Q-learning) that calculates separate learning rates associated with positive and negative reward prediction errors. Subjects receiving active stimulation exhibited increased reward rate (number of correct responses per second of task activity) compared with those in sham. Computationally, although no group differences were observed, the active group displayed a higher learning rate for correct trials (αG) compared with incorrect trials (αL). Finally, when tested with novel pairs of stimuli, the active group displayed extremely fast reaction times, and a trend towards a higher reward rate. This study provided specific behavioural and computational accounts of altered striatal-mediated behaviour, particularly response vigour, induced by a proposed increase of dopamine activity by 10-Hz stimulation to the left dorsal lateral prefrontal cortex. Together, these findings bolster the use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to target neurocognitive disturbances attributed to the dysregulation of dopaminergic-striatal circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Biernacki
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Catherine E Myers
- VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Sally Cole
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - James F Cavanagh
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
| | - Travis E Baker
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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16
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Kimura I, Revankar GS, Ogawa K, Amano K, Kajiyama Y, Mochizuki H. Neural correlates of impulsive compulsive behaviors in Parkinson's disease: A Japanese retrospective study. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 37:103307. [PMID: 36586362 PMCID: PMC9817029 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impulsive compulsive behaviors (ICBs) often disturb patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD), of which impulse control disorder (ICD) and dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS) are two major subsets. The nucleus accumbens (NAcc) is involved in ICB; however, it remains unclear how the NAcc affects cortical function and defines the different behavioral characteristics of ICD and DDS. OBJECTIVES To identify the cortico-striatal network primarily involved in ICB and the differences in these networks between patients with ICD and DDS using structural and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. METHODS Patients with PD were recruited using data from a previous cohort study and divided into those with ICB (ICB group) and without ICB (non-ICB group) using the Japanese version of the Questionnaire for Impulsive Compulsive Disorders in Parkinson's Disease (J-QUIP). From these two groups, we extracted 37 pairs matched for age, sex, disease duration, and levodopa equivalent daily dose of dopamine agonists. Patients with ICB were further classified as having ICD or DDS based on the J-QUIP subscore. General linear models were used to compare gray matter volume and functional connectivity (FC) of the NAcc, caudate, and putamen between the ICB and non-ICB groups and between patients with ICD and those with DDS. RESULTS We found no significant differences in gray matter volumebetween the ICB and non-ICB groups or between patients with ICD and those with DDS. Compared with the non-ICB group, the FC of the right NAcc in the ICB group was lower in the bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex and higher in the left middle occipital gyrus. Furthermore, patients with DDS showed higher FC between the right putamen and left superior temporal gyrus and higher FC between the left caudate and bilateral middle occipital gyrus than patients with ICD. In contrast, patients with ICD exhibited higher FC between the left NAcc and the right posterior cingulate cortex than patients with DDS. CONCLUSIONS The functionally altered network between the right NAcc and ventromedial prefrontal cortex was associated with ICB in PD. In addition, the surrounding cortico-striatal networks may differentiate the behavioral characteristics of patients with ICD and those with DDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikko Kimura
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Gajanan S Revankar
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ogawa
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kaoru Amano
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Japan; Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yuta Kajiyama
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
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17
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Altered Reinforcement Learning from Reward and Punishment in Anorexia Nervosa: Evidence from Computational Modeling. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2022; 28:1003-1015. [PMID: 34839845 PMCID: PMC9148374 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617721001326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Anorexia nervosa (AN) is associated with altered sensitivity to reward and punishment. Few studies have investigated whether this results in aberrant learning. The ability to learn from rewarding and aversive experiences is essential for flexibly adapting to changing environments, yet individuals with AN tend to demonstrate cognitive inflexibility, difficulty set-shifting and altered decision-making. Deficient reinforcement learning may contribute to repeated engagement in maladaptive behavior. METHODS This study investigated learning in AN using a probabilistic associative learning task that separated learning of stimuli via reward from learning via punishment. Forty-two individuals with Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-5 restricting-type AN were compared to 38 healthy controls (HCs). We applied computational models of reinforcement learning to assess group differences in learning, thought to be driven by violations in expectations, or prediction errors (PEs). Linear regression analyses examined whether learning parameters predicted BMI at discharge. RESULTS AN had lower learning rates than HC following both positive and negative PE (p < .02), and were less likely to exploit what they had learned. Negative PE on punishment trials predicted lower discharge BMI (p < .001), suggesting individuals with more negative expectancies about avoiding punishment had the poorest outcome. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show lower rates of learning in AN following both positive and negative outcomes, with worse punishment learning predicting less weight gain. An inability to modify expectations about avoiding punishment might explain persistence of restricted eating despite negative consequences, and suggests that treatments that modify negative expectancy might be effective in reducing food avoidance in AN.
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Liebenow B, Jones R, DiMarco E, Trattner JD, Humphries J, Sands LP, Spry KP, Johnson CK, Farkas EB, Jiang A, Kishida KT. Computational reinforcement learning, reward (and punishment), and dopamine in psychiatric disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:886297. [PMID: 36339844 PMCID: PMC9630918 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.886297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the DSM-5, psychiatric diagnoses are made based on self-reported symptoms and clinician-identified signs. Though helpful in choosing potential interventions based on the available regimens, this conceptualization of psychiatric diseases can limit basic science investigation into their underlying causes. The reward prediction error (RPE) hypothesis of dopamine neuron function posits that phasic dopamine signals encode the difference between the rewards a person expects and experiences. The computational framework from which this hypothesis was derived, temporal difference reinforcement learning (TDRL), is largely focused on reward processing rather than punishment learning. Many psychiatric disorders are characterized by aberrant behaviors, expectations, reward processing, and hypothesized dopaminergic signaling, but also characterized by suffering and the inability to change one's behavior despite negative consequences. In this review, we provide an overview of the RPE theory of phasic dopamine neuron activity and review the gains that have been made through the use of computational reinforcement learning theory as a framework for understanding changes in reward processing. The relative dearth of explicit accounts of punishment learning in computational reinforcement learning theory and its application in neuroscience is highlighted as a significant gap in current computational psychiatric research. Four disorders comprise the main focus of this review: two disorders of traditionally hypothesized hyperdopaminergic function, addiction and schizophrenia, followed by two disorders of traditionally hypothesized hypodopaminergic function, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Insights gained from a reward processing based reinforcement learning framework about underlying dopaminergic mechanisms and the role of punishment learning (when available) are explored in each disorder. Concluding remarks focus on the future directions required to characterize neuropsychiatric disorders with a hypothesized cause of underlying dopaminergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany Liebenow
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Rachel Jones
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Emily DiMarco
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Trattner
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Joseph Humphries
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - L. Paul Sands
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Kasey P. Spry
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Christina K. Johnson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Evelyn B. Farkas
- Georgia State University Undergraduate Neuroscience Institute, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Angela Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Kenneth T. Kishida
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
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19
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Lane EL, Lelos MJ. Defining the unknowns for cell therapies in Parkinson's disease. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:276886. [PMID: 36165848 PMCID: PMC9555765 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
First-in-human clinical trials have commenced to test the safety and efficacy of cell therapies for people with Parkinson's disease (PD). Proof of concept that this neural repair strategy is efficacious is based on decades of preclinical studies and clinical trials using primary foetal cells, as well as a significant literature exploring more novel stem cell-derived products. Although several measures of efficacy have been explored, including the successful in vitro differentiation of stem cells to dopamine neurons and consistent alleviation of motor dysfunction in rodent models, many unknowns still remain regarding the long-term clinical implications of this treatment strategy. Here, we consider some of these outstanding questions, including our understanding of the interaction between anti-Parkinsonian medication and the neural transplant, the impact of the cell therapy on cognitive or neuropsychiatric symptoms of PD, the role of neuroinflammation in the therapeutic process and the development of graft-induced dyskinesias. We identify questions that are currently pertinent to the field that require further exploration, and pave the way for a more holistic understanding of this neural repair strategy for treatment of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma L Lane
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Mariah J Lelos
- School of Biosciences, Museum Avenue, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
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20
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Chen XJ, Kwak Y. Contribution of the sensorimotor beta oscillations and the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuitry during value-based decision making: A simultaneous EEG-fMRI investigation. Neuroimage 2022; 257:119300. [PMID: 35568351 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In decision neuroscience, the motor system has primarily been considered to be involved in executing choice actions. However, a competing perspective suggests its engagement in the evaluation of options, traditionally considered to be performed by the brain's valuation system. Here, we investigate the role of the motor system in value-based decision making by determining the neural circuitries associated with the sensorimotor beta oscillations previously identified to encode decision options. In a simultaneous EEG-fMRI study, participants evaluated reward and risk associated with a forthcoming action. A significant sensorimotor beta desynchronization was identified prior to and independent of response. The level of beta desynchronization showed evidence of encoding the reward levels. This beta desynchronization covaried, on a trial-by-trial level, with BOLD activity in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuitry. In contrast, there was only a weak covariation within the valuation network, despite significant modulation of its BOLD activity by reward levels. These results suggest that the way in which decision variables are processed differs in the valuation network and in the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuitry. We propose that sensorimotor beta oscillations indicate incentive motivational drive towards a choice action computed from the decision variables even prior to making a response, and it arises from the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamic circuitry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Jie Chen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Youngbin Kwak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
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21
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Michely J, Eldar E, Erdman A, Martin IM, Dolan RJ. Serotonin modulates asymmetric learning from reward and punishment in healthy human volunteers. Commun Biol 2022; 5:812. [PMID: 35962142 PMCID: PMC9374781 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03690-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Instrumental learning is driven by a history of outcome success and failure. Here, we examined the impact of serotonin on learning from positive and negative outcomes. Healthy human volunteers were assessed twice, once after acute (single-dose), and once after prolonged (week-long) daily administration of the SSRI citalopram or placebo. Using computational modelling, we show that prolonged boosting of serotonin enhances learning from punishment and reduces learning from reward. This valence-dependent learning asymmetry increases subjects’ tendency to avoid actions as a function of cumulative failure without leading to detrimental, or advantageous, outcomes. By contrast, no significant modulation of learning was observed following acute SSRI administration. However, differences between the effects of acute and prolonged administration were not significant. Overall, these findings may help explain how serotonergic agents impact on mood disorders. Two factors can drive learning: punishment of failures and reward of successes. Serotonin induces a valence-dependent learning asymmetry, as revealed by prolonged administering of SSRIs to healthy participants in a gambling task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Michely
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin Institute of Health at Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, BIH Charité Clinician Scientist Program, Berlin, Germany. .,Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK. .,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Eran Eldar
- Psychology and Cognitive Sciences Departments, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Alon Erdman
- Psychology and Cognitive Sciences Departments, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ingrid M Martin
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.,Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, UK
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK
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22
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Meira B, Lhommée E, Schmitt E, Klinger H, Bichon A, Pélissier P, Anheim M, Tranchant C, Fraix V, Meoni S, Durif F, Houeto JL, Azulay JP, Moro E, Thobois S, Krack P, Castrioto A. Early Parkinson's Disease Phenotypes Tailored by Personality, Behavior, and Motor Symptoms. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:1665-1676. [PMID: 35527563 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-213070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies described a parkinsonian personality characterized as rigid, introverted, and cautious; however, little is known about personality traits in de novo Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and their relationships with motor and neuropsychiatric symptoms. OBJECTIVE To investigate personality in de novo PD and explore its relationship with PD symptoms. METHODS Using Cloninger's biosocial model, we assessed personality in 193 de novo PD patients. Motor and non-motor symptoms were measured using several validated scales. Cluster analysis was conducted to investigate the interrelationship of personality traits, motor, and non-motor symptoms. RESULTS PD patients showed low novelty seeking, high harm avoidance, and normal reward dependence and persistence scores. Harm avoidance was positively correlated with the severity of depression, anxiety, and apathy (rs = [0.435, 0.676], p < 0.001) and negatively correlated with quality of life (rs = -0.492, p < 0.001). Novelty seeking, reward dependence, and persistence were negatively correlated with apathy (rs = [-0.274, -0.375], p < 0.001). Classification of patients according to personality and PD symptoms revealed 3 distinct clusters: i) neuropsychiatric phenotype (with high harm avoidance and low novelty seeking, hypodopaminergic neuropsychiatric symptoms and higher impulsivity), ii) motor phenotype (with low novelty seeking and higher motor severity), iii) benign phenotype (with low harm avoidance and high novelty seeking, reward dependence, and persistence traits clustered with lower symptoms severity and low impulsivity). CONCLUSION Personality in early PD patients allows us to recognize 3 patients' phenotypes. Identification of such subgroups may help to better understand their natural history. Their longitudinal follow-up will allow confirming whether some personality features might influence disease evolution and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Meira
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, Lisbon, Portugal.,Movement Disorders Center, Neurology, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Eugénie Lhommée
- Movement Disorders Center, Neurology, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Emmanuelle Schmitt
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Hélène Klinger
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Neurologie C, Centre Expert Parkinson, Lyon, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Bron, France
| | - Amélie Bichon
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Pélissier
- Movement Disorders Center, Neurology, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Christine Tranchant
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de Hautepierre, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/, Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Fraix
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Sara Meoni
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Franck Durif
- Université Clermont Auvergne, NPsy-Sydo, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Neurology Department, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jean-Luc Houeto
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CHU de Limoges, UMR1094 INSERM, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Jean Philippe Azulay
- Neurology and Pathology Department of the Movement, University Hospital of Marseille, Timone Hospital, Marseille, France
| | - Elena Moro
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Stéphane Thobois
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Neurologie C, Centre Expert Parkinson, Lyon, France.,Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives Marc Jeannerod, Bron, France
| | - Paul Krack
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anna Castrioto
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Inserm, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble Institut Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
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23
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Shigemune Y, Kawasaki I, Baba T, Takeda A, Abe N. Decreased sensitivity to loss of options in patients with Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychologia 2022; 174:108322. [PMID: 35839962 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2022.108322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Humans prefer to have many options when making decisions. When there is a threat of options disappearing, humans invest more to keep these options available, indicating that they are sensitive to the loss of options. This study examined whether patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), a disease characterized by dopamine depletion, try to keep options available when options are disappearing. Twenty-seven PD patients without dementia and 27 healthy controls (HCs) performed the door game, in which participants were presented with multiple alternatives in the form of three doors, each associated with a different point distribution. The participants were asked to maximize their point earnings by finding the best door. The task included two conditions. In the shutter condition, shutters gradually closed on doors that were not chosen; once the shutters completely closed, the door was no longer available. There were no shutters in the control condition. The results revealed that the HCs switched doors more often in the shutter condition than in the control condition, indicating a tendency to keep options available. However, the PD patients did not show such differences between the two conditions. The difference in the number of switches between the shutter and control conditions in the PD patients was significantly positively correlated with the distribution of dopamine transporters in the left striatum, as measured by 123I-ioflupane-SPECT (DaTSCAN) images. These results suggest that PD patients are less sensitive to the loss of options, and this decreased sensitivity may be caused by a decline in dopaminergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Shigemune
- Department of Psychology for Human Well-being, Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Japan.
| | - Iori Kawasaki
- Department of Rehabilitation, National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Toru Baba
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takeda
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Sendai-Nishitaga Hospital, Sendai, Japan; Department of Cognitive and Motor Aging, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Abe
- Institute for the Future of Human Society, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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24
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Bogdanov M, LoParco S, Otto AR, Sharp M. Dopaminergic medication increases motivation to exert cognitive control by reducing subjective effort costs in Parkinson's patients. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2022; 193:107652. [PMID: 35724812 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2022.107652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Engaging in demanding mental activities requires the allocation of cognitive control, which can be effortful and aversive. Individuals thus tend to avoid exerting cognitive effort if less demanding behavioral options are available. Recent accounts propose a key role for dopamine in motivating behavior by increasing the sensitivity to rewards associated with effort exertion. Whether dopamine additionally plays a specific role in modulating the sensitivity to the costs of cognitive effort, even in the absence of any incentives, is much less clear. To address this question, we assessed cognitive effort avoidance in patients (n = 38) with Parkinson's disease, a condition characterized by loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, both ON and OFF dopaminergic medication and compared them to healthy controls (n = 24). Effort avoidance was assessed using the Demand Selection Task (DST), in which participants could freely choose between performing a high-demand or a low-demand version of a task-switching paradigm. Critically, participants were not offered any incentives to choose the more effortful option, nor for good performance. While healthy controls and patients OFF their dopaminergic medications consistently preferred the low-demand option, effort avoidance in patients ON dopaminergic medications was reduced compared to patients OFF, a difference which seems to lessen over trials. These differences in preference could not be explained by altered task-switching performance. Although patients ON were less accurate at detecting the different effort levels, as measured during instructed forced-choice blocks, their detection ability was not associated with effort avoidance, unlike in the healthy controls and the patients OFF. Our findings provide evidence that dopamine replacement in Parkinson's patients increases the willingness to engage in cognitively demanding behavior, and that this cannot be explained by possible effects of dopamine replacement on performance nor on the ability to detect effort demands. These results suggest that dopamine plays a role in reducing the sensitivity to effort costs that is independent of its role in enhancing the sensitivity to the benefits of effort exertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Bogdanov
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 1G1 Canada; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal QC H3A 2B4 Canada.
| | - Sophia LoParco
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 1G1 Canada; Integrated Program in Neuroscience, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 1A1 Canada
| | - A Ross Otto
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 1G1 Canada
| | - Madeleine Sharp
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, Montreal QC H3A 2B4 Canada
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25
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Jones JD, Mumtaz M, Vadhan NP, Martinez S, Pramanik S, Manubay J, Mogali S, Perez F, Castillo F, Kranzler HR, Comer SD. The effects of acute oral naltrexone pretreatment on the abuse potential of intranasal methamphetamine, and the relationship between reward/punishment sensitivity and methamphetamine's effects. Behav Pharmacol 2022; 33:255-265. [PMID: 35438671 PMCID: PMC9149033 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One potential medication for treating methamphetamine use disorder is the opioid antagonist naltrexone (NLTX). Despite encouraging preclinical findings, the results of clinical studies have been mixed. The primary aim of the current trial was to examine the effects of acute NLTX pretreatment on the subjective and reinforcing effects of intranasal methamphetamine. Nonmedical psychostimulant users completed outpatient testing sessions in which they received oral placebo (0 mg) or NLTX (50 mg) before intranasal methamphetamine (30 mg/70 kg). Primary outcome measures were peak positive subjective effects (e.g. drug 'Liking') assessed on a visual analog scale (0-100), and methamphetamine self-administration using an operant self-administration task. Participants also completed a probabilistic categorization task to assess reward and punishment learning sensitivity. Complete data were available from 13 male and 1 transgender (male-to-female) participant (age: 33.4 ± 7.6 years). Intranasal methamphetamine significantly increased subjective ratings of drug 'Liking', 'Good Effect' and 'High' from baseline (P's < 0.01), but did not significantly vary as a function of placebo or NLTX pretreatment. Similarly, methamphetamine self-administration did not vary between the placebo and NLTX pretreatment conditions. This sample did not demonstrate a significant 'bias' in learning from positive and negative outcomes (i.e. reward and punishment sensitivity), and reward/punishment sensitivity was not correlated with the effects of methamphetamine or the effects of NLTX on methamphetamine. The current study argues against the use of NLTX as a stand-alone medication for treating methamphetamine use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jermaine D. Jones
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032
| | - Mudassir Mumtaz
- The City University of New York School of Medicine, 160 Convent Ave, New York, NY 10031
| | - Nehal P. Vadhan
- Departments of Psychiatry & Molecular Medicine, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/ Northwell Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY 11030
| | - Suky Martinez
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032
| | - Satadru Pramanik
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 W 168th St, New York, NY 10032
| | - Jeanne Manubay
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032
| | - Shanthi Mogali
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032
| | - Freymon Perez
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032
| | - Felipe Castillo
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032
| | - Henry R. Kranzler
- Center for Studies of Addiction, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 3535 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sandra D. Comer
- Division on Substance Use Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, and Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032
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26
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Cools R, Tichelaar JG, Helmich RCG, Bloem BR, Esselink RAJ, Smulders K, Timmer MHM. Role of dopamine and clinical heterogeneity in cognitive dysfunction in Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2022; 269:309-343. [PMID: 35248200 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2022.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is commonly treated with dopaminergic medication, which enhances some, while impairing other cognitive functions. It can even contribute to impulse control disorder and addiction. We describe the history of research supporting the dopamine overdose hypothesis, which accounts for the large within-patient variability in dopaminergic medication effects across different tasks by referring to the spatially non-uniform pattern of dopamine depletion in dorsal versus ventral striatum. However, there is tremendous variability in dopaminergic medication effects not just within patients across distinct tasks, but also across different patients. In the second part of this chapter we review recent studies addressing the large individual variability in the negative side effects of dopaminergic medication on functions that implicate dopamine, such as value-based learning and choice. These studies begin to unravel the mechanisms of dopamine overdosing, thus revising the strict version of the overdose hypothesis. For example, the work shows that the canonical boosting of reward-versus punishment-based choice by medication is greater in patients with depression and a non-tremor phenotype, which both implicate, among other pathology, more rather than less severe dysregulation of the mesolimbic dopamine system. Future longitudinal cohort studies are needed to identify how to optimally combine different clinical, personality, cognitive, neural, genetic and molecular predictors of detrimental medication effects in order to account for as much of the relevant variability as possible. This will provide a useful tool for precision neurology, allowing individual and contextual tailoring of (the dose of) dopaminergic medication in order to maximize its cognitive benefits, yet minimize its side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Cools
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jorryt G Tichelaar
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick C G Helmich
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan R Bloem
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rianne A J Esselink
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katrijn Smulders
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Monique H M Timmer
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Neurology, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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27
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Pilgrim MJD, Ou ZYA, Sharp M. Exploring reward-related attention selectivity deficits in Parkinson's disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18751. [PMID: 34548517 PMCID: PMC8455525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97526-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An important aspect of managing a limited cognitive resource like attention is to use the reward value of stimuli to prioritize the allocation of attention to higher-value over lower-value stimuli. Recent evidence suggests this depends on dopaminergic signaling of reward. In Parkinson's disease, both reward sensitivity and attention are impaired, but whether these deficits are directly related to one another is unknown. We tested whether Parkinson's patients use reward information when automatically allocating their attention and whether this is modulated by dopamine replacement. We compared patients, tested both ON and OFF dopamine replacement medication, to older controls using a standard attention capture task. First, participants learned the different reward values of stimuli. Then, these reward-associated stimuli were used as distractors in a visual search task. We found that patients were generally distracted by the presence of the distractors but that the degree of distraction caused by the high-value and low-value distractors was similar. Furthermore, we found no evidence to support the possibility that dopamine replacement modulates the effect of reward on automatic attention allocation. Our results suggest a possible inability in Parkinson's patients to use the reward value of stimuli when automatically allocating their attention, and raise the possibility that reward-driven allocation of resources may affect the adaptive modulation of other cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J D Pilgrim
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Zhen-Yi Andy Ou
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Madeleine Sharp
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 2B4, Canada.
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28
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Sieurin J, Zhan Y, Pedersen NL, Wirdefeldt K. Neuroticism, Smoking, and the Risk of Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2021; 11:1325-1334. [PMID: 34024779 PMCID: PMC8461727 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-202522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: The relationship among neuroticism, smoking, and Parkinson’s disease (PD) is less examined. Objective: To examine the causal associations between neuroticism, smoking initiation, and the risk of PD. Methods: We performed a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) design in a network framework. Summary statistics from meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were based on large cohorts of European ancestry. Study participants were from various cohort studies for neuroticism and smoking initiation, and case-control studies or cohort studies of PD from previously published GWAS meta-analyses. Patients with PD were ascertained from either clinical visit or self-reported. Results: The two-sample MR analysis showed no evidence for a causal association between neuroticism and PD risk (odds ratio [OR] 0.86, 95%confidence intervals [CIs] 0.67 to 1.12). While we did not find a significant association between neuroticism and PD, one SNP, rs58879558 (located in MAPT region), was associated with both neuroticism and PD. We found a significant association of neuroticism on smoking initiation (OR: 1.10, 95%CI: 1.05 to 1.14). Further, our results provided evidence for a protective effect of smoking initiation on the risk of PD (OR: 0.75, 95%CI: 0.62 to 0.91). Conclusion: These findings do not support a causal association of neuroticism on PD risk. However, they provide evidence for a causal relationship between neuroticism and smoking initiation and a strong causal effect of smoking initiation on a reduced risk of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Sieurin
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yiqiang Zhan
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China.,Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Ulm Germany
| | - Nancy L Pedersen
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Wirdefeldt
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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29
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Watten RG, Watten VP. Snus and Alcohol: Mutually Rewarding Effects in the Brain? A Matched Controlled Population Study. SUBSTANCE ABUSE-RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2021; 15:11782218211027124. [PMID: 34366668 PMCID: PMC8317241 DOI: 10.1177/11782218211027124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background: The use of moist smokeless tobacco (snus) is increasing in the U.S. and other Western countries, and especially among young people. Snus is associated with several health problems, but the relationship between use of snus and alcohol is scarcely explored. Neuro-cognitive and psychological research suggest an association due to possible mutually rewarding effects in the limbic brain. We investigated this issue in a matched controlled population study. Methods: Matched control group design where drinking habits and alcohol consumption in a group of users of snus (n = 1043, mean age = 35.20; n men = 749, n women = 294) were compared to a control group of non-users matched on age and gender (n = 1043, mean age = 35.65; n men = 749, n women = 294). In addition, we registered background variables such as level of education, income, self-perceived general, dental health, mental health, current depressive symptoms, and BMI. In estimation of alcohol consumption, the background variables were used as covariates in factorial analyses of variance (ANCOVA). Results: Users of snus had lower level of education, lower income, poorer general, dental, and mental health status than non-users, but there were no differences in BMI. Differences in mental health status were related to drinking habits. Users of snus had a higher frequency of drinking, higher frequency of intoxication, and showed more excess drinking. Controlled for background variables users of snus had a 25.2% higher estimated yearly consumption of alcohol in terms of standard units of alcohol on the weekdays, 26.4% higher on weekends and a 60.2% higher yearly excess consumption. Conclusion: Users of snus had an elevated alcohol consumption and another drinking style than non-users. The findings are discussed according to neuro-cognitive and psychopharmacological mechanisms, reward learning and conditioning. The results have implications for prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of alcohol and nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reidulf G Watten
- Department of Psychology, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, INN University, Norway
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Noworyta K, Cieslik A, Rygula R. Reinforcement-based cognitive biases as vulnerability factors in alcohol addiction: From humans to animal models. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 179:4265-4280. [PMID: 34232505 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol use disorder (AUD) is one of the most common, but still poorly treated, psychiatric conditions. Developing new treatments requires a better understanding of the aetiology of symptoms and evaluation of novel therapeutic targets in preclinical studies. Recent developments in our understanding of the reinforcement-based cognitive biases (RBCBs) that contribute to the development of AUD and its treatment offer new opportunities for both clinical and preclinical research. In this review, we first briefly describe psychological and cognitive theories that involve various aspects of reinforcement sensitivity in the development, maintenance, and recurrence of alcohol addiction. Furthermore, in separate sections, we describe studies investigating RBCBs and their neural, neurochemical, and pharmacological correlates, and we discuss possible interactions between RBCBs and trajectories of AUD. Finally, we describe how recent translational studies using state-of-the-art animal models can facilitate our understanding of the role of reinforcement sensitivity and RBCBs in various aspects of AUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Noworyta
- Department of Pharmacology, Affective Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Cieslik
- Department of Pharmacology, Affective Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Rafal Rygula
- Department of Pharmacology, Affective Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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Moustafa AA, Bello A, Maurushat A. The Role of User Behaviour in Improving Cyber Security Management. Front Psychol 2021; 12:561011. [PMID: 34220596 PMCID: PMC8253569 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.561011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Information security has for long time been a field of study in computer science, software engineering, and information communications technology. The term 'information security' has recently been replaced with the more generic term cybersecurity. The goal of this paper is to show that, in addition to computer science studies, behavioural sciences focused on user behaviour can provide key techniques to help increase cyber security and mitigate the impact of attackers' social engineering and cognitive hacking methods (i.e., spreading false information). Accordingly, in this paper, we identify current research on psychological traits and individual differences among computer system users that explain vulnerabilities to cyber security attacks and crimes. Our review shows that computer system users possess different cognitive capabilities which determine their ability to counter information security threats. We identify gaps in the existing research and provide possible psychological methods to help computer system users comply with security policies and thus increase network and information security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A Moustafa
- School of Psychology, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,The Marcs Institute for Brain, Behaviour and Development, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Human Anatomy and Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Abubakar Bello
- School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alana Maurushat
- School of Social Sciences, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Neuropsychiatric and Cognitive Deficits in Parkinson's Disease and Their Modeling in Rodents. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060684. [PMID: 34204380 PMCID: PMC8234051 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is associated with a large burden of non-motor symptoms including olfactory and autonomic dysfunction, as well as neuropsychiatric (depression, anxiety, apathy) and cognitive disorders (executive dysfunctions, memory and learning impairments). Some of these non-motor symptoms may precede the onset of motor symptoms by several years, and they significantly worsen during the course of the disease. The lack of systematic improvement of these non-motor features by dopamine replacement therapy underlines their multifactorial origin, with an involvement of monoaminergic and cholinergic systems, as well as alpha-synuclein pathology in frontal and limbic cortical circuits. Here we describe mood and neuropsychiatric disorders in PD and review their occurrence in rodent models of PD. Altogether, toxin-based rodent models of PD indicate a significant but non-exclusive contribution of mesencephalic dopaminergic loss in anxiety, apathy, and depressive-like behaviors, as well as in learning and memory deficits. Gene-based models display significant deficits in learning and memory, as well as executive functions, highlighting the contribution of alpha-synuclein pathology to these non-motor deficits. Collectively, neuropsychiatric and cognitive deficits are recapitulated to some extent in rodent models, providing partial but nevertheless useful options to understand the pathophysiology of non-motor symptoms and develop therapeutic options for these debilitating symptoms of PD.
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Anatomical dissociation of intracerebral signals for reward and punishment prediction errors in humans. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3344. [PMID: 34099678 PMCID: PMC8184756 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23704-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Whether maximizing rewards and minimizing punishments rely on distinct brain systems remains debated, given inconsistent results coming from human neuroimaging and animal electrophysiology studies. Bridging the gap across techniques, we recorded intracerebral activity from twenty participants while they performed an instrumental learning task. We found that both reward and punishment prediction errors (PE), estimated from computational modeling of choice behavior, correlate positively with broadband gamma activity (BGA) in several brain regions. In all cases, BGA scaled positively with the outcome (reward or punishment versus nothing) and negatively with the expectation (predictability of reward or punishment). However, reward PE were better signaled in some regions (such as the ventromedial prefrontal and lateral orbitofrontal cortex), and punishment PE in other regions (such as the anterior insula and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex). These regions might therefore belong to brain systems that differentially contribute to the repetition of rewarded choices and the avoidance of punished choices. Whether maximizing rewards and minimizing punishments rely on distinct brain learning systems remains debated. Here, using intracerebral recordings in humans, the authors provide evidence for brain regions differentially engaged in signaling reward and punishment prediction errors that prescribe repetition versus avoidance of past choices.
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Chang AY, Siddiqui S, Arumugam PU. Nafion and Multiwall Carbon Nanotube Modified Ultrananocrystalline Diamond Microelectrodes for Detection of Dopamine and Serotonin. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:523. [PMID: 34066363 PMCID: PMC8148102 DOI: 10.3390/mi12050523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Neurochemicals play a critical role in the function of the human brain in healthy and diseased states. Here, we have investigated three types of microelectrodes, namely boron-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (BDUNCD), nafion-modified BDUNCD, and nafion-multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)-modified BDUNCD microelectrodes for long-term neurochemical detection. A ~50 nm-thick nafion-200-nm-thick MWCNT-modified BDUNCD microelectrode provided an excellent combination of sensitivity and selectivity for the detection of dopamine (DA; 6.75 μA μM-1 cm-2) and serotonin (5-HT; 4.55 μA μM-1 cm-2) in the presence of excess amounts of ascorbic acid (AA), the most common interferent. Surface stability studies employing droplet-based microfluidics demonstrate rapid response time (<2 s) and low limits of detection (5.4 ± 0.40 nM). Furthermore, we observed distinguishable DA and 5-HT current peaks in a ternary mixture during long-term stability studies (up to 9 h) with nafion-MWCNT-modified BDUNCD microelectrodes. Reduced fouling on the modified BDUNCD microelectrode surface offers significant advantages for their use in long-term neurochemical detection as compared to those of prior-art microelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Yi Chang
- Institute for Micromanufacturing (IfM), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA;
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Science (CBERS), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA
| | - Shabnam Siddiqui
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Louisiana State University Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71115, USA;
| | - Prabhu U. Arumugam
- Institute for Micromanufacturing (IfM), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA;
- Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Science (CBERS), Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, LA 71272, USA
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Brady MV, Vaccarino FM. Role of SHH in Patterning Human Pluripotent Cells towards Ventral Forebrain Fates. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040914. [PMID: 33923415 PMCID: PMC8073580 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexities of human neurodevelopment have historically been challenging to decipher but continue to be of great interest in the contexts of healthy neurobiology and disease. The classic animal models and monolayer in vitro systems have limited the types of questions scientists can strive to answer in addition to the technical ability to answer them. However, the tridimensional human stem cell-derived organoid system provides the unique opportunity to model human development and mimic the diverse cellular composition of human organs. This strategy is adaptable and malleable, and these neural organoids possess the morphogenic sensitivity to be patterned in various ways to generate the different regions of the human brain. Furthermore, recapitulating human development provides a platform for disease modeling. One master regulator of human neurodevelopment in many regions of the human brain is sonic hedgehog (SHH), whose expression gradient and pathway activation are responsible for conferring ventral identity and shaping cellular phenotypes throughout the neural axis. This review first discusses the benefits, challenges, and limitations of using organoids for studying human neurodevelopment and disease, comparing advantages and disadvantages with other in vivo and in vitro model systems. Next, we explore the range of control that SHH exhibits on human neurodevelopment, and the application of SHH to various stem cell methodologies, including organoids, to expand our understanding of human development and disease. We outline how this strategy will eventually bring us much closer to uncovering the intricacies of human neurodevelopment and biology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flora M. Vaccarino
- Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA;
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Yale Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
- Correspondence:
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Augustine A, Winstanley CA, Krishnan V. Impulse Control Disorders in Parkinson's Disease: From Bench to Bedside. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:654238. [PMID: 33790738 PMCID: PMC8006437 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.654238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by symptoms that impact both motor and non-motor domains. Outside of motor impairments, PD patients are at risk for impulse control disorders (ICDs), which include excessively disabling impulsive and compulsive behaviors. ICD symptoms in PD (PD + ICD) can be broadly conceptualized as a synergistic interaction between dopamine agonist therapy and the many molecular and circuit-level changes intrinsic to PD. Aside from discontinuing dopamine agonist treatment, there remains a lack of consensus on how to best address ICD symptoms in PD. In this review, we explore recent advances in the molecular and neuroanatomical mechanisms underlying ICD symptoms in PD by summarizing a rapidly accumulating body of clinical and preclinical studies, with a special focus on the utility of rodent models in gaining new insights into the neurochemical basis of PD + ICD. We also discuss the relevance of these findings to the broader problem of impulsive and compulsive behaviors that impact a range of neuropsychiatric syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Augustine
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Catharine A Winstanley
- Department of Psychology, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Vaishnav Krishnan
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience and Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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Skvortsova V, Palminteri S, Buot A, Karachi C, Welter ML, Grabli D, Pessiglione M. A Causal Role for the Pedunculopontine Nucleus in Human Instrumental Learning. Curr Biol 2021; 31:943-954.e5. [PMID: 33352119 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A critical mechanism for maximizing reward is instrumental learning. In standard instrumental learning models, action values are updated on the basis of reward prediction errors (RPEs), defined as the discrepancy between expectations and outcomes. A wealth of evidence across species and experimental techniques has established that RPEs are signaled by midbrain dopamine neurons. However, the way dopamine neurons receive information about reward outcomes remains poorly understood. Recent animal studies suggest that the pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), a small brainstem structure considered as a locomotor center, is sensitive to reward and sends excitatory projection to dopaminergic nuclei. Here, we examined the hypothesis that the PPN could contribute to reward learning in humans. To this aim, we leveraged a clinical protocol that assessed the therapeutic impact of PPN deep-brain stimulation (DBS) in three patients with Parkinson disease. PPN local field potentials (LFPs), recorded while patients performed an instrumental learning task, showed a specific response to reward outcomes in a low-frequency (alpha-beta) band. Moreover, PPN DBS selectively improved learning from rewards but not from punishments, a pattern that is typically observed following dopaminergic treatment. Computational analyses indicated that the effect of PPN DBS on instrumental learning was best captured by an increase in subjective reward sensitivity. Taken together, these results support a causal role for PPN-mediated reward signals in human instrumental learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilisa Skvortsova
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior (MBB) laboratory, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris 75013, France; INSERM Unit 1127, CNRS Unit 7225, Sorbonne Universités (SU), Paris 75005, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles, Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris 75005, France; INSERM Unit 960, Université de Paris Sciences et Lettres (UP), 75005 Paris, France; Max Planck UCL Center for Computational Psychiatry and Aging, London WC1B 5EH, UK.
| | - Stefano Palminteri
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior (MBB) laboratory, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris 75013, France; INSERM Unit 1127, CNRS Unit 7225, Sorbonne Universités (SU), Paris 75005, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles, Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris 75005, France; INSERM Unit 960, Université de Paris Sciences et Lettres (UP), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Anne Buot
- INSERM Unit 1127, CNRS Unit 7225, Sorbonne Universités (SU), Paris 75005, France; Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives et Computationnelles, Département d'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris 75005, France; INSERM Unit 960, Université de Paris Sciences et Lettres (UP), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Carine Karachi
- INSERM Unit 1127, CNRS Unit 7225, Sorbonne Universités (SU), Paris 75005, France; Neurology and Neurosurgery department, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Laure Welter
- INSERM Unit 1127, CNRS Unit 7225, Sorbonne Universités (SU), Paris 75005, France; Neurophysiology Department, Hôpital Universitaire de Rouen, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - David Grabli
- INSERM Unit 1127, CNRS Unit 7225, Sorbonne Universités (SU), Paris 75005, France; Neurology and Neurosurgery department, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Mathias Pessiglione
- Motivation, Brain and Behavior (MBB) laboratory, Paris Brain Institute (ICM), Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris 75013, France; INSERM Unit 1127, CNRS Unit 7225, Sorbonne Universités (SU), Paris 75005, France.
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Ponsi G, Scattolin M, Villa R, Aglioti SM. Human moral decision-making through the lens of Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2021; 7:18. [PMID: 33654110 PMCID: PMC7925586 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-021-00167-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the basal ganglia (BG) and thalamocortical circuitry. While defective motor control has long been considered the defining symptom of PD, mounting evidence indicates that the BG are fundamentally important for a multitude of cognitive, emotional, and motivational processes in addition to motor function. Here, we review alterations in moral decision-making in people with PD, specifically in the context of deceptive behavior. We report that PD patients exhibit two opposite behavioral patterns: hyper- and hypo-honesty. The hyper-honest subgroup engages in deception less often than matched controls, even when lying is associated with a monetary payoff. This behavioral pattern seems to be linked to dopaminergic hypo-activity, implying enhanced harm avoidance, risk aversion, non-impulsivity, and reduced reward sensitivity. On the contrary, the hypo-honest subgroup-often characterized by the additional diagnosis of impulse control disorders (ICDs) and dopamine dysregulation syndrome (DDS)-deceives more often than both PD patients without ICDs/DDS and controls. This behavioral pattern appears to be associated with dopaminergic hyperactivity, which underpins enhanced novelty-seeking, risk-proneness, impulsivity, and reward sensitivity. We posit that these two complementary behavioral patterns might be related to dysfunction of the dopaminergic reward system, leading to reduced or enhanced motivation to deceive. Only a few studies have directly investigated moral decision-making in PD and other neurodegenerative disorders affecting the BG, and further research on the causal role of subcortical structures in shaping moral behavior is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Ponsi
- Department of Psychology Sapienza University of Rome and CLNS@SAPIENZA Roma, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy.
| | - Marina Scattolin
- Department of Psychology Sapienza University of Rome and CLNS@SAPIENZA Roma, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy
| | - Riccardo Villa
- Department of Psychology Sapienza University of Rome and CLNS@SAPIENZA Roma, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy
| | - Salvatore Maria Aglioti
- Department of Psychology Sapienza University of Rome and CLNS@SAPIENZA Roma, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
- IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Roma, Italy.
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Kuper N, Modersitzki N, Phan LV, Rauthmann JF. The dynamics, processes, mechanisms, and functioning of personality: An overview of the field. Br J Psychol 2021; 112:1-51. [PMID: 33615443 DOI: 10.1111/bjop.12486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Personality psychology has long focused on structural trait models, but it can also offer a rich understanding of the dynamics, processes, mechanisms, and functioning of individual differences or entire persons. The field of personality dynamics, which works towards such an understanding, has experienced a renaissance in the last two decades. This review article seeks to act as a primer of that field. It covers its historical roots, summarizes current research strands - along with their theoretical backbones and methodologies - in an accessible way, and sketches some considerations for the future. In doing so, we introduce relevant concepts, give an overview of different topics and phenomena subsumed under the broad umbrella term 'dynamics', and highlight the interdisciplinarity as well as applied relevance of the field. We hope this article can serve as a useful overview for scholars within and outside of personality psychology who are interested in the dynamic nature of human behaviour and experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Kuper
- Abteilung Psychologie, Universität Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Le Vy Phan
- Abteilung Psychologie, Universität Bielefeld, Germany
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Does the Personality of Patients with Parkinson's Disease Affect the Decision to Perform Deep Brain Stimulation Surgery? A Cross-Sectional Study in a Chinese Cohort. Behav Neurol 2021; 2021:6639255. [PMID: 33574965 PMCID: PMC7857895 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6639255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether the personality of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) before subthalamic brain stimulation differed from patients receiving drug treatments and whether the personality of patients affected surgical decisions. We recruited 38 patients with advanced PD scheduled for deep brain stimulation (DBS), 40 patients with PD receiving the very best medical treatment, and 51 healthy control subjects. All participants were evaluated by the Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory-1 (MMPI-1). PD patients who were candidates for DBS did not exhibit any significant differences in personality when compared with PD patients who were treated with drugs. Compared with healthy controls, patients with PD had remarkably higher MMPI-1 scores for spiritual quality, neuroticism, and introversion, but significantly lower scores for socialization. In addition, patients with PD were more submissive, more dependent on others, and less active in social activities. Our data indicated that the main deciding factor relating to whether to undergo DBS was the disease itself and not the pathological personality. However, neurotic and psychotic symptoms accompanying PD may influence the effect of DBS. We found that greater benefit is obtained by surgical or medical interventions if abnormal neurotic characteristics are considered early in the course of PD.
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Intrinsic motivation in patients with Parkinson's disease: a neuropsychological investigation of curiosity using dopamine transporter imaging. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:3349-3356. [PMID: 33411194 PMCID: PMC8342369 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-020-04968-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation are believed to involve brain regions that are innervated by the dopaminergic pathway. Although dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain deteriorate in Parkinson's disease (PD), it remains unclear whether intrinsic motivation is impaired in PD patients. To address this issue, we investigated intrinsic motivation in PD patients using a task designed to assess the "Pandora effect," which constitutes a curiosity for resolving uncertainty, even if this curiosity is likely to result in negative consequences. Twenty-seven PD patients and 27 age-matched healthy controls (HCs) completed a curiosity task in which they were required to decide either to view or skip negative pictures (e.g., snakes, spiders) and an examination battery that included the Mini-Mental State Examination, a verbal fluency test, the Trail Making Test, 10-word recall tests, and questionnaires for behavioral inhibition/activation and depression. DaTSCAN images to assess the distribution of dopamine transporters in the striatum were acquired only from PD patients. The results revealed that PD patients, relative to the HCs, viewed the pictures less frequently under both the certain and uncertain conditions. However, both the PD patients and HCs viewed the pictures at a higher frequency under the uncertain condition than under the certain condition. In the PD patients, the proportion of pictures viewed under the certain condition was positively correlated with the distribution of dopamine transporters in the striatum. These results suggest that despite the overall decreasing level of interest in viewing negative pictures, the motivation to resolve uncertainty is relatively intact in PD patients.
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Boussac M, Arbus C, Dupouy J, Harroch E, Rousseau V, Croiset A, Ory-Magne F, Rascol O, Moreau C, Rolland AS, Maltête D, Rouaud T, Meyer M, Drapier S, Giordana B, Anheim M, Hainque E, Jarraya B, Benatru I, Auzou N, Belamri L, Tir M, Marques AR, Thobois S, Eusebio A, Corvol JC, Devos D, Brefel-Courbon C. Personality dimensions of patients can change during the course of parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245142. [PMID: 33411732 PMCID: PMC7790271 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies assessing personality dimensions by the "Temperament and Character Inventory" (TCI) have previously found an association between Parkinson's disease (PD) and lower Novelty Seeking and higher Harm Avoidance scores. Here, we aimed to describe personality dimensions of PD patients with motor fluctuations and compare them to a normative population and other PD populations. METHODS All PD patients awaiting Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) answered the TCI before neurosurgery. Their results were compared to those of historical cohorts (a French normative population, a de novo PD population, and a PD population with motor fluctuations). RESULTS Most personality dimensions of our 333 included PD patients with motor fluctuations who are candidates for DBS were different from those of the normative population and some were also different from those of the De Novo PD population, whereas they were similar to those of another population of PD patients with motor fluctuations. CONCLUSIONS During the course of PD, personality dimensions can change in parallel with the development of motor fluctuations, either due to the evolution of the disease and/or dopaminergic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathilde Boussac
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christophe Arbus
- Psychiatry Department of the University Hospital of Toulouse, CHU Purpan, Toulouse, France
| | - Julia Dupouy
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Avignon, Avignon, France
| | - Estelle Harroch
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN Center, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Toulouse, France
| | - Vanessa Rousseau
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN Center, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Toulouse, France
| | - Aurélie Croiset
- CERPPS—Study and Research Center in Psychopathology and Health Psychology, University of Toulouse II Jean-Jaurès, Toulouse, France
| | - Fabienne Ory-Magne
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN Center, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN Center, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Moreau
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Neurology and Movement Disorders Department, Referent Center of Parkinson’s disease, CHU of Lille, Univ. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR-S1172, Licend, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Lille, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Rolland
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Neurology and Movement Disorders Department, Referent Center of Parkinson’s disease, CHU of Lille, Univ. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR-S1172, Licend, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Lille, France
| | - David Maltête
- Department of Neurology, Rouen University Hospital and University of Rouen, Rouen, France
- Laboratory of Neuronal and Neuroendocrine Differentiation and Communication, INSERM U1239, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Tiphaine Rouaud
- Clinique Neurologique, Hôpital Guillaume et René Laennec, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Boulevard Jacques Monod, Nantes, France
| | - Mylène Meyer
- Neurology Department, Nancy University Hospital, Nancy, France
| | - Sophie Drapier
- Behavior and Basal Ganglia Research Unit (EA 4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Rennes, France
| | - Bruno Giordana
- Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Hôpital Pasteur 1, CHU de Nice, Nice, France
| | - Mathieu Anheim
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC), INSERM-U964/CNRS-UMR7104/Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France
- Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Strasbourg, France
| | - Elodie Hainque
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - Béchir Jarraya
- Pôle Neurosciences, Foch Hospital, Suresnes, France
- Université de Versailles Paris-Saclay, INSERM U992, CEA Neurospin, France
| | - Isabelle Benatru
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Expert Parkinson, CIC-INSERM 1402, CHU Poitiers, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Poitiers, France
| | - Nicolas Auzou
- CHU de Bordeaux, Centre Expert Parkinson, Institut des maladies neuro-dégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lhaouas Belamri
- Hôpital Fondation A de Rothschild, Service de recherche clinique, Paris, France
| | - Mélissa Tir
- Department of Neurology, Department of Neurosurgery, Expert Centre for Parkinson's disease, Amiens University Hospital, EA 4559 Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologie (LNFP) Université de Picardie Jules Verne, University of Picardy Jules Verne (UPJV), NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Amiens, France
| | - Ana-Raquel Marques
- Neurology Department, Université Clermont Auvergne, EA7280, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stephane Thobois
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Faculté de Médecine Lyon Sud Charles Mérieux, Lyon, France
- CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives, UMR 5229, Bron, France
- Centre Expert Parkinson, Hôpital Neurologique "Pierre Wertheimer", Hospices Civils de Lyon, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Lyon, France
| | - Alexandre Eusebio
- Aix Marseille Université, AP-HM, Hôpital de La Timone, Service de Neurologie et Pathologie du Mouvement, and UMR CNRS 7289, Institut de Neuroscience de La Timone, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Marseille, France
| | - Jean Christophe Corvol
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Faculté de Médecine de Sorbonne Université, UMR S 1127, Inserm U 1127, and CNRS UMR 7225, and Institut du Cerveau et de la Moëlle épinière, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Paris, France
| | - David Devos
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Neurology and Movement Disorders Department, Referent Center of Parkinson’s disease, CHU of Lille, Univ. Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, Inserm, UMR-S1172, Licend, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Lille, France
| | - Christine Brefel-Courbon
- Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, University of Toulouse, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, Parkinson Expert Center, Centre d'Investigation Clinique CIC1436, University Hospital of Toulouse, NeuroToul COEN Center, NS-PARK/FCRIN Network, Toulouse, France
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Seidemann R, Duek O, Jia R, Levy I, Harpaz-Rotem I. The Reward System and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: Does Trauma Affect the Way We Interact With Positive Stimuli? CHRONIC STRESS (THOUSAND OAKS, CALIF.) 2021; 5:2470547021996006. [PMID: 33718742 PMCID: PMC7917421 DOI: 10.1177/2470547021996006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly prevalent disorder and a highly debilitating condition. Although anhedonia is an important construct of the disorder, the relationship between PTSD and reward functioning is still under-researched. To date, the majority of research on PTSD has focused on fear: fear learning, maintenance, and extinction. Here we review the relevant literature-including clinical observations, self-report data, neuroimaging research, and animal studies-in order to examine the potential effects of post-traumatic stress disorder on the reward system. Our current lack of sufficient insight into how trauma affects the reward system is one possible hindrance to clinical progress. The current review highlights the need for further investigation into the complex relationship between exposure to trauma and the reward system to further our understandings of the ethology of PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Seidemann
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- National Center for PTSD, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Or Duek
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- National Center for PTSD, West Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ruonan Jia
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ifat Levy
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ilan Harpaz-Rotem
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- National Center for PTSD, West Haven, CT, USA
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van Nuland AJ, Helmich RC, Dirkx MF, Zach H, Toni I, Cools R, den Ouden HEM. Effects of dopamine on reinforcement learning in Parkinson's disease depend on motor phenotype. Brain 2020; 143:3422-3434. [PMID: 33147621 PMCID: PMC7719026 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is clinically defined by bradykinesia, along with rigidity and tremor. However, the severity of these motor signs is greatly variable between individuals, particularly the presence or absence of tremor. This variability in tremor relates to variation in cognitive/motivational impairment, as well as the spatial distribution of neurodegeneration in the midbrain and dopamine depletion in the striatum. Here we ask whether interindividual heterogeneity in tremor symptoms could account for the puzzlingly large variability in the effects of dopaminergic medication on reinforcement learning, a fundamental cognitive function known to rely on dopamine. Given that tremor-dominant and non-tremor Parkinson's disease patients have different dopaminergic phenotypes, we hypothesized that effects of dopaminergic medication on reinforcement learning differ between tremor-dominant and non-tremor patients. Forty-three tremor-dominant and 20 non-tremor patients with Parkinson's disease were recruited to be tested both OFF and ON dopaminergic medication (200/50 mg levodopa-benserazide), while 22 age-matched control subjects were recruited to be tested twice OFF medication. Participants performed a reinforcement learning task designed to dissociate effects on learning rate from effects on motivational choice (i.e. the tendency to 'Go/NoGo' in the face of reward/threat of punishment). In non-tremor patients, dopaminergic medication improved reward-based choice, replicating previous studies. In contrast, in tremor-dominant patients, dopaminergic medication improved learning from punishment. Formal modelling showed divergent computational effects of dopaminergic medication as a function of Parkinson's disease motor phenotype, with a modulation of motivational choice bias and learning rate in non-tremor and tremor patients, respectively. This finding establishes a novel cognitive/motivational difference between tremor and non-tremor Parkinson's disease patients, and highlights the importance of considering motor phenotype in future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies J van Nuland
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rick C Helmich
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel F Dirkx
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Heidemarie Zach
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Neurology, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ivan Toni
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Roshan Cools
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Department of Psychiatry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke E M den Ouden
- Radboud University, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Thomson DM, Openshaw RL, Mitchell EJ, Kouskou M, Millan MJ, Mannoury la Cour C, Morris BJ, Pratt JA. Impaired working memory, cognitive flexibility and reward processing in mice genetically lacking Gpr88: Evidence for a key role for Gpr88 in multiple cortico-striatal-thalamic circuits. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 20:e12710. [PMID: 33078498 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The GPR88 orphan G protein-coupled receptor is expressed throughout the striatum, being preferentially localised in medium spiny neurons. It is also present in lower densities in frontal cortex and thalamus. Rare mutations in humans suggest a role in cognition and motor function, while common variants are associated with psychosis. Here we evaluate the influence of genetic deletion of GPR88 upon performance in translational tasks interrogating motivation, reward evaluation and cognitive function. In an automated radial arm maze 'N-back' working memory task, Gpr88 KO mice showed impaired correct responding, suggesting a role for GPR88 receptors in working memory circuitry. Associative learning performance was similar to wild-type controls in a touchscreen task but performance was impaired at the reversal learning stage, suggesting cognitive inflexibility. Gpr88 KO mice showed higher breakpoints, reduced latencies and lengthened session time in a progressive ratio task consistent with enhanced motivation. Simultaneously, locomotor hyperactivity was apparent in this task, supporting previous findings of actions of GPR88 in a cortico-striatal-thalamic motor loop. Evidence for a role of GPR88 in reward processing was demonstrated in a touchscreen-based equivalent of the Iowa gambling task. Although both Gpr88 KO and wild-type mice showed a preference for an optimum contingency choice, Gpr88 KO mice selected more risky choices at the expense of more advantageous lower risk options. Together these novel data suggest that striatal GPR88 receptors influence activity in a range of procedures integrated by prefrontal, orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate cortico-striatal-thalamic loops leading to altered cognitive, motivational and reward evaluation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Thomson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca L Openshaw
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J Mitchell
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Marianna Kouskou
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Millan
- Centre for Therapeutic Innovation-CNS, Institute de Recherche Servier, Croissy-sur-Seine, France
| | | | - Brian J Morris
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Judith A Pratt
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G4 0RE, United Kingdom
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Carvalho LP, Mate KKV, Cinar E, Abou-Sharkh A, Lafontaine AL, Mayo NE. A new approach toward gait training in patients with Parkinson's Disease. Gait Posture 2020; 81:14-20. [PMID: 32650238 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2020.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Typically, people with Parkinson's Disease (PD) progress to develop a gait pattern that is characterized by quick, short and shuffling steps. Gait cycle is altered and lacks definition and fluidity. Gait training combined with a variety of feedback modalities for PD are usually based on non-immediate and externally-based cues but none of these provide real-time feedback on gait quality and acquired gains tend to abate shortly after rehabilitation. Based on principals of motor learning, our team has developed the Heel2Toe sensor to provide real-time auditory feedback during gait training. RESEARCH QUESTION Is a short-term training using the Heel2Toe sensor feasible and efficient to improve gait in people with PD? Our objectives are to identify the extent of the immediate response to the feedback within the same session and the carry-over response to training and; 2) to identify patients' perceived effects, pleasures and challenges of using the Heel2Toe. METHODS Single-arm, proof-of-concept study. Six people received five sessions of gait training over a 2-3-week period using the Heel2Toe augmented with mobility exercises as an adjunct to gait training. The main outcomes were technically assessed gait parameters collected over a 2-minute walk test, without and with feedback. Heel2Toe signals were analyzed to extract angular velocity(AV), percentage of good steps, average cadence, and AV coefficient of variation(CV). RESULTS An immediate response to the Heel2Toe use and a carry-over response to the short-term training with the sensor were observed: an increase in AV with a reduction in CV (better heel strike and gait regularity); an increase in %good steps; and a near-optimal and homogeneous cadence (∼100 steps/min), which is equivalent to a moderate-intensity walking. SIGNIFICANCE Gait training using the Heel2Toe sensor is feasible and potentially effective for improving gait quality in people with PD. A definitive trial is a logical next step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia P Carvalho
- Department of Medicine, School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute-McGill University Health Center, Montreal, H4A 3S5, Canada.
| | - Kedar K V Mate
- Department of Medicine, School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute-McGill University Health Center, Montreal, H4A 3S5, Canada.
| | - Eda Cinar
- Department of Medicine, School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute-McGill University Health Center, Montreal, H4A 3S5, Canada.
| | - Ahmed Abou-Sharkh
- Department of Medicine, School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute-McGill University Health Center, Montreal, H4A 3S5, Canada.
| | | | - Nancy E Mayo
- Department of Medicine, School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute-McGill University Health Center, Montreal, H4A 3S5, Canada.
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Dopamine agonist treatment increases sensitivity to gamble outcomes in the hippocampus in de novo Parkinson's disease. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 28:102362. [PMID: 32798910 PMCID: PMC7453137 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease is associated with severe nigro-striatal dopamine depletion, leading to motor dysfunction and altered reward processing. We previously showed that drug-naïve patients with Parkinson's disease had a consistent attenuation of reward signalling in the mesolimbic and mesocortical system. Here, we address the neurobiological effects of dopaminergic therapy on reward sensitivity in the mesolimbic circuitry, and how this may contribute to neuropsychiatric symptoms. OBJECTIVES We tested the hypothesis that (1) dopaminergic treatment would restore the attenuated, mesolimbic and mesocortical responses to reward; and (2) restoration of reward responsivity by dopaminergic treatment would predict motor performance and the emergence of impulse control symptoms. METHODS In 11 drug-naïve Parkinson patients, we prospectively assessed treatment-induced changes in reward processing before, and eight weeks after initiation of monotherapy with dopamine agonists. They were compared to 10 non-medicated healthy controls who were also measured longitudinally. We used whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 Tesla to assess the reward responsivity of the brain to monetary gains and losses, while participants performed a simple consequential gambling task. RESULTS In patients, dopaminergic treatment improved clinical motor symptoms without significantly changing task performance. Dopamine agonist therapy induced a stronger reward responsivity in the right hippocampus with higher doses being less effective. None of the patients developed impulse control disorders in the follow-up period of four years. CONCLUSIONS Short-term treatment with first-ever dopaminergic medication partially restores deficient reward-related processing in the hippocampus in de novo Parkinson's disease.
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Kirschner M, Rabinowitz A, Singer N, Dagher A. From apathy to addiction: Insights from neurology and psychiatry. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2020; 101:109926. [PMID: 32171904 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.109926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The tendency to engage in addictive behaviors has long been tied to the actions of the dopamine system. Early theories were based on the fact that all addictive drugs and behaviors (such as gambling) increase dopamine levels in the striatum, and the evidence that dopamine signaled reward or reward prediction error. However, with a changing emphasis of addiction away from purely pharmacological models that emphasize tolerance and withdrawal, towards one of behavioral dyscontrol, is there still a place for abnormal dopamine signaling in addiction? Here we recast the dopamine theory of addiction based on the idea that tonic dopamine may index a continuous phenotype that goes from apathy to impulsivity and compulsivity. Higher tonic dopamine signaling would make individuals vulnerable to drug reinforcement and cue-induced craving. We relate this to computational models of dopamine signaling, and review clinical and neuroimaging evidence from Parkinson's Disease, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in support of this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Kirschner
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Arielle Rabinowitz
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Neomi Singer
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Montreal, Canada.
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Kelly MJ, Baig F, Hu MTM, Okai D. Spectrum of impulse control behaviours in Parkinson's disease: pathophysiology and management. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:703-711. [PMID: 32354771 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2019-322453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Impulse control behaviours (ICBs) are a range of behaviours linked by their reward-based, repetitive natures. They can be precipitated in Parkinson's disease (PD) by dopamine replacement therapy, often with detrimental consequences for patients and caregivers. While now a well-recognised non-motor feature of treated PD, much remains unknown about the influence of risk factors, pathophysiological mechanisms, vulnerability factors for specific types of behaviour and the optimal management strategies. Imaging studies have identified structural and functional changes in striatal and prefrontal brain regions, among others. Gene association studies indicate a role for genetic predisposition to PD-ICB. Clinical observational studies have identified potential modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors. Psychological studies shed light on the neurocognitive domains implicated in PD-ICBs and identify psychosocial determinants that may perpetuate the cycle of impulsive and harm-avoidance behaviours. Based on these results, a range of pharmacological and non-pharmacological management strategies have been trialled in PD-ICBs with varying success. The purpose of this review is to update clinicians on the evidence around the pathophysiology of PD-ICB. We aim to translate our findings into an interpretable biopsychosocial model that can be applied to the clinical assessment and management of individual cases of PD-ICB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark John Kelly
- School of Medicine, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Tallaght University Hospital, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland .,Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Division of Neurology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Fahd Baig
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Centre, London, UK, University of London Saint George's, London, London, UK
| | - Michele Tao-Ming Hu
- Oxford Parkinson's Disease Centre, Division of Neurology, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - David Okai
- Neuropsychiatry Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, London, UK.,Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, London, UK
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Trempler I, Bürkner PC, El-Sourani N, Binder E, Reker P, Fink GR, Schubotz RI. Impaired context-sensitive adjustment of behaviour in Parkinson's disease patients tested on and off medication: An fMRI study. Neuroimage 2020; 212:116674. [PMID: 32097724 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain's sensitivity to and accentuation of unpredicted over predicted sensory signals plays a fundamental role in learning. According to recent theoretical models of the predictive coding framework, dopamine is responsible for balancing the interplay between bottom-up input and top-down predictions by controlling the precision of surprise signals that guide learning. Using functional MRI, we investigated whether patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) show impaired learning from prediction errors requiring either adaptation or stabilisation of current predictions. Moreover, we were interested in whether deficits in learning over a specific time scale would be accompanied by altered surprise responses in dopamine-related brain structures. To this end, twenty-one PD patients tested on and off dopaminergic medication and twenty-one healthy controls performed a digit prediction paradigm. During the task, violations of sequence-based predictions either signalled the need to update or to stabilise the current prediction and, thus, to react to them or ignore them, respectively. To investigate contextual adaptation to prediction errors, the probability (or its inverse, surprise) of the violations fluctuated across the experiment. When the probability of prediction errors over a specific time scale increased, healthy controls but not PD patients off medication became more flexible, i.e., error rates at violations requiring a motor response decreased in controls but increased in patients. On the neural level, this learning deficit in patients was accompanied by reduced signalling in the substantia nigra and the caudate nucleus. In contrast, differences between the groups regarding the probabilistic modulation of behaviour and neural responses were much less pronounced at prediction errors requiring only stabilisation but no adaptation. Interestingly, dopaminergic medication could neither improve learning from prediction errors nor restore the physiological, neurotypical pattern. Our findings point to a pivotal role of dysfunctions of the substantia nigra and caudate nucleus in deficits in learning from flexibility-demanding prediction errors in PD. Moreover, the data witness poor effects of dopaminergic medication on learning in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ima Trempler
- Department of Psychology, University of Muenster, 48149, Münster, Germany; Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | | | - Nadiya El-Sourani
- Department of Psychology, University of Muenster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ellen Binder
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, 50937, Cologne, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM3), Cognitive Neuroscience, Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Paul Reker
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, 50937, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gereon R Fink
- Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, 50937, Cologne, Germany; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM3), Cognitive Neuroscience, Research Centre Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Ricarda I Schubotz
- Department of Psychology, University of Muenster, 48149, Münster, Germany; Otto Creutzfeldt Center for Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Muenster, 48149, Münster, Germany; Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department of Neurology, 50937, Cologne, Germany
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