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Poitras TM, Komirishetty P, Areti A, Larouche M, Krishnan A, Chandrasekhar A, Munchrath E, Zochodne DW. Manipulation of the Myc Interactome to Enhance Nerve Regeneration in a Murine Model. Ann Neurol 2024. [PMID: 38818756 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to explore manipulation of the Myc protein interactome, members of an oncogene group, in enhancing the intrinsic growth of injured peripheral adult postmitotic neurons and the nerves they supply. New approaches to enhance adult neuron growth properties are a key strategy in improving nerve regeneration. METHODS Expression and impact of Myc interactome members c-Myc, N-Myc, Mad1, and Max were evaluated within naive and "preconditioned" adult sensory neurons and Schwann cells (SCs), using siRNA and transfection of CRISPR/Cas9 or luciferase reporter in vitro. Morphological, behavioral, and electrophysiological indices of nerve regeneration were analyzed in vivo. RESULTS c-Myc, N-Myc, Max, and Mad were expressed in adult sensory neurons and in partnering SCs. In vitro knockdown (KD) of either Mad1 or Max, competitive inhibitors of Myc, unleashed heightened neurite outgrowth in both naive uninjured or preconditioned adult neurons. In contrast, KD or inhibition of both isoforms of Myc was required to suppress growth. In SCs, Mad1 KD not only enhanced migratory behavior but also conditioned increased outgrowth in separately cultured adult sensory neurons. In vivo, local Mad1 KD improved electrophysiological, behavioral, and structural indices of nerve regeneration out to 60 days of follow-up. INTERPRETATION Members of the Myc interactome, specifically Mad1, are novel targets for improving nerve regeneration. Unleashing of Myc growth signaling through Mad1 KD enhances the regrowth of both peripheral neurons and SCs to facilitate better regrowth of nerves. ANN NEUROL 2024.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Poitras
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Prashanth Komirishetty
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aparna Areti
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Matt Larouche
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ambika Chandrasekhar
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Easton Munchrath
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Krishnan A, Verge VMK, Zochodne DW. Hallmarks of peripheral nerve injury and regeneration. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2024; 201:1-17. [PMID: 38697733 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-90108-6.00014-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves are functional networks in the body. Disruption of these networks induces varied functional consequences depending on the types of nerves and organs affected. Despite the advances in microsurgical repair and understanding of nerve regeneration biology, restoring full functions after severe traumatic nerve injuries is still far from achieved. While a blunted growth response from axons and errors in axon guidance due to physical barriers may surface as the major hurdles in repairing nerves, critical additional cellular and molecular aspects challenge the orderly healing of injured nerves. Understanding the systematic reprogramming of injured nerves at the cellular and molecular levels, referred to here as "hallmarks of nerve injury regeneration," will offer better ideas. This chapter discusses the hallmarks of nerve injury and regeneration and critical points of failures in the natural healing process. Potential pharmacological and nonpharmacological intervention points for repairing nerves are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Krishnan
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Centre (CMSNRC), Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Valerie M K Verge
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Centre (CMSNRC), Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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Coyoy-Salgado A, Orozco-Barrios C, Sánchez-Torres S, Olayo MG, Cruz GJ, Morales-Corona J, Olayo R, Diaz-Ruiz A, Ríos C, Alvarez-Mejia L, Mondragón-Lozano R, Morales-Guadarrama A, Alonso-García AL, Fabela-Sánchez O, Salgado-Ceballos H. Gene expression and locomotor recovery in adult rats with spinal cord injury and plasma-synthesized polypyrrole/iodine application combined with a mixed rehabilitation scheme. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1124245. [PMID: 37288064 PMCID: PMC10243140 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1124245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause paralysis, for which effective therapeutic strategies have not been developed yet. The only accepted strategy for patients is rehabilitation (RB), although this does not allow complete recovery of lost functions, which makes it necessary to combine it with strategies such as plasma-synthesized polypyrrole/iodine (PPy/I), a biopolymer with different physicochemical properties than PPy synthesized by conventional methods. After SCI in rats, PPy/I promotes functional recovery. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to increase the beneficial effects of both strategies and identify which genes activate PPy/I when applied alone or in combination with a mixed scheme of RB by swimming and enriched environment (SW/EE) in rats with SCI. Methods Microarray analysis was performed to identify mechanisms of action underlying the effects of PPy/I and PPy/I+SW/EE on motor function recovery as evaluated by the BBB scale. Results Results showed robust upregulation by PPy/I in genes related to the developmental process, biogenesis, synapse, and synaptic vesicle trafficking. In addition, PPy/I+SW/EE increased the expression of genes related to proliferation, biogenesis, cell development, morphogenesis, cell differentiation, neurogenesis, neuron development, and synapse formation processes. Immunofluorescence analysis showed the expression of β-III tubulin in all groups, a decreased expression of caspase-3 in the PPy/I group and GFAP in the PPy/I+SW/EE group (p < 0.05). Better preservation of nerve tissue was observed in PPy/I and PPy/SW/EE groups (p < 0.05). In the BBB scale, the control group scored 1.72 ± 0.41, animals with PPy/I treatment scored 4.23 ± 0.33, and those with PPy/I+SW/EE scored 9.13 ± 0.43 1 month after follow-up. Conclusion Thus, PPy/I+SW/EE could represent a therapeutic alternative for motor function recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Coyoy-Salgado
- Researchers for Mexico CONACyT-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Medical Research Unit in Neurological Diseases, Specialty Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
- Research Center of the Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos Orozco-Barrios
- Researchers for Mexico CONACyT-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Medical Research Unit in Neurological Diseases, Specialty Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
- Research Center of the Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Stephanie Sánchez-Torres
- Research Center of the Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Medical Research Unit in Neurological Diseases, Specialty Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Guadalupe Olayo
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Department of Physics, Axapusco, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Jesus Cruz
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Nucleares, Department of Physics, Axapusco, Mexico
| | - Juan Morales-Corona
- Department of Physics, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Roberto Olayo
- Department of Physics, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Araceli Diaz-Ruiz
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez S.S.A., Department of Neurochemistry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Camilo Ríos
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez S.S.A., Department of Neurochemistry, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Laura Alvarez-Mejia
- Research Center of the Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Medical Research Unit in Neurological Diseases, Specialty Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Mondragón-Lozano
- Researchers for Mexico CONACyT-Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Medical Research Unit in Neurological Diseases, Specialty Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
- Research Center of the Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Axayacatl Morales-Guadarrama
- Electrical Engineering Department, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
- National Center for Research in Imaging and Medical Instrumentation, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Omar Fabela-Sánchez
- Researchers for Mexico CONACyT-Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada, Department of Chemistry Macromolecules and Nanomaterials, Saltillo, Mexico
| | - Hermelinda Salgado-Ceballos
- Research Center of the Proyecto CAMINA A.C., Mexico City, Mexico
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Medical Research Unit in Neurological Diseases, Specialty Hospital, National Medical Center Siglo XXI, Mexico City, Mexico
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Pan W, Huang X, Yu Z, Ding Q, Xia L, Hua J, Gu B, Xiong Q, Yu H, Wang J, Xu Z, Zeng L, Bai G, Liu H. Netrin-3 Suppresses Diabetic Neuropathic Pain by Gating the Intra-epidermal Sprouting of Sensory Axons. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:745-758. [PMID: 36587114 PMCID: PMC10169969 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-01011-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP) is the most common disabling complication of diabetes. Emerging evidence has linked the pathogenesis of DNP to the aberrant sprouting of sensory axons into the epidermal area; however, the underlying molecular events remain poorly understood. Here we found that an axon guidance molecule, Netrin-3 (Ntn-3), was expressed in the sensory neurons of mouse dorsal root ganglia (DRGs), and downregulation of Ntn-3 expression was highly correlated with the severity of DNP in a diabetic mouse model. Genetic ablation of Ntn-3 increased the intra-epidermal sprouting of sensory axons and worsened the DNP in diabetic mice. In contrast, the elevation of Ntn-3 levels in DRGs significantly inhibited the intra-epidermal axon sprouting and alleviated DNP in diabetic mice. In conclusion, our studies identified Ntn-3 as an important regulator of DNP pathogenesis by gating the aberrant sprouting of sensory axons, indicating that Ntn-3 is a potential druggable target for DNP treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiping Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xueyin Huang
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zikai Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qiongqiong Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Liping Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Neurobiology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Jianfeng Hua
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Bokai Gu
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qisong Xiong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hualin Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Junbo Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Zhenzhong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Department of Neurobiology of The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Linghui Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China
| | - Ge Bai
- Department of Neurobiology and Department of Neurology of The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain-machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain-machine Intelligence, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 311121, China.
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Institute of Brain and Cognition, Zhejiang University City College School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
| | - Huaqing Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
- Institute of Brain and Cognition, Zhejiang University City College School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310015, China.
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Nguyen DT, Zaferanieh MH, Black AC, Hamedi KR, Goodwin RL, Nathaniel TI. Obstetric Neuropathy in Diabetic Patients: The “Double Hit Hypothesis”. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076812. [PMID: 37047786 PMCID: PMC10094911 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The two-hit model has been proposed to explain the effects of diabetes on mothers who are already in a putative subclinical damaged state and then undergo neuronal damage during the delivery process. However, the anatomical and pathophysiological mechanisms are not well understood. Our overarching hypothesis in this review paper is that pregnant women who are diabetic have a damaged peripheral nervous system, constituting the “first hit” hypothesis. The delivery process itself—the “second hit”—can produce neurological damage to the mother. Women with diabetes mellitus (DM) are at risk for neurological damage during both hits, but the cumulative effects of both “hits” pose a greater risk of neurological damage and pathophysiological changes during delivery. In our analysis, we introduce the different steps of our concept paper. Subsequently, we describe each of the topics. First, we outline the mechanisms by which diabetes acts as a detrimental variable in neuropathy by focusing on the most common form of diabetic neuropathy, diabetic distal symmetrical polyneuropathy, also known as distal sensorimotor neuropathy. The possible role of macrosomia in causing diabetic neuropathy and obstetric neurological injury is discussed. Second, we describe how vaginal delivery can cause various obstetrical neurological syndromes and pathophysiological changes. Third, we highlight the risk of obstetric neuropathy and discuss anatomical sites at which lesions may occur, including lesions during delivery. Fourth, we characterize the pathophysiological pathways involved in the causation of diabetic neuropathy. Finally, we highlight diabetic damage to sensory vs. motor nerves, including how hyperglycemia causes different types of damage depending on the location of nerve cell bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieu Thao Nguyen
- Greenville School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 607 Grove Road, Greenville, SC 29605, USA
| | | | - Asa C. Black
- Greenville School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 607 Grove Road, Greenville, SC 29605, USA
| | - Kamron Reza Hamedi
- Greenville School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 607 Grove Road, Greenville, SC 29605, USA
| | - Richard L. Goodwin
- Greenville School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 607 Grove Road, Greenville, SC 29605, USA
| | - Thomas I. Nathaniel
- Greenville School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, 607 Grove Road, Greenville, SC 29605, USA
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Miyashita A, Kobayashi M, Yokota T, Zochodne DW. Diabetic Polyneuropathy: New Strategies to Target Sensory Neurons in Dorsal Root Ganglia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065977. [PMID: 36983051 PMCID: PMC10051459 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is the most common type of diabetic neuropathy, rendering a slowly progressive, symmetrical, and length-dependent dying-back axonopathy with preferential sensory involvement. Although the pathogenesis of DPN is complex, this review emphasizes the concept that hyperglycemia and metabolic stressors directly target sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG), leading to distal axonal degeneration. In this context, we discuss the role for DRG-targeting gene delivery, specifically oligonucleotide therapeutics for DPN. Molecules including insulin, GLP-1, PTEN, HSP27, RAGE, CWC22, and DUSP1 that impact neurotrophic signal transduction (for example, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/phosphorylated protein kinase B [PI3/pAkt] signaling) and other cellular networks may promote regeneration. Regenerative strategies may be essential in maintaining axon integrity during ongoing degeneration in diabetes mellitus (DM). We discuss specific new findings that relate to sensory neuron function in DM associated with abnormal dynamics of nuclear bodies such as Cajal bodies and nuclear speckles in which mRNA transcription and post-transcriptional processing occur. Manipulating noncoding RNAs such as microRNA and long-noncoding RNA (specifically MALAT1) that regulate gene expression through post-transcriptional modification are interesting avenues to consider in supporting neurons during DM. Finally, we present therapeutic possibilities around the use of a novel DNA/RNA heteroduplex oligonucleotide that provides more efficient gene knockdown in DRG than the single-stranded antisense oligonucleotide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Miyashita
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Nissan Tamagawa Hospital, Tokyo 158-0095, Japan
| | - Takanori Yokota
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan
| | - Douglas W. Zochodne
- Division of Neurology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, The Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute and The Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-248-1928; Fax: +1-780-248-1807
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Butyrate promotes post-stroke outcomes in aged mice via interleukin-22. Exp Neurol 2023; 363:114351. [PMID: 36804553 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Aging increases the risk of stroke, may exacerbate neuroinflammatory responses, reduce angiogenesis, and promote white matter damage post-stroke, all of which contribute to long-term functional recovery. Butyric acid, an important gut microbial metabolite, showed the highest correlation with the outcomes of ischemic stroke, and butyrate was selected as an effective treatment for aged stroke mice. Here, we tested the neurorestorative effect and potential therapeutic mechanisms of butyrate in aged mice with stroke. Aged male C57BL/6 J mice (17-19 months) were subjected to photothrombotic stroke. We performed butyrate supplementation in the drinking water for 3 weeks before surgery until 14 days after the stroke. At 14 days after ischemic stroke, white matter damage, leukocyte infiltration, and blood-brain barrier permeability were all decreased in the aged stroke mice that received the butyrate treatment, which also improved neurological outcomes by stimulating angiogenesis. Stroke reduces the level of interleukin-22 (IL-22) and butyrate treatment significantly enhanced IL-22 expression in the brain. To further validate the mechanisms of butyrate promoting neurological function after stroke, monoclonal antibodies were used to block IL-22 in aged stroke mice when butyrate treatment was provided. Blocking IL-22 in butyrate-treated aged stroke fails to improve functional outcomes and attenuated butyrate-induced angiogenesis, increased axon/white matter density and blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, but has no effect on inflammatory cells infiltration. In conclusion, butyrate improves outcomes in aged mice after stroke by promoting angiogenesis and BBB integrity and reducing leukocyte infiltration. To some extent, IL-22 may contribute to butyrate treatment induced vascular remodeling and increased BBB integrity responses in aged stroke mice.
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Wu S, Mo X. Optic Nerve Regeneration in Diabetic Retinopathy: Potentials and Challenges Ahead. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021447. [PMID: 36674963 PMCID: PMC9865663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), the most common microvascular compilation of diabetes, is the leading cause of vision loss and blindness worldwide. Recent studies indicate that retinal neuron impairment occurs before any noticeable vascular changes in DR, and retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration is one of the earliest signs. Axons of RGCs have little capacity to regenerate after injury, clinically leading the visual functional defects to become irreversible. In the past two decades, tremendous progress has been achieved to enable RGC axon regeneration in animal models of optic nerve injury, which holds promise for neural repair and visual restoration in DR. This review summarizes these advances and discusses the potential and challenges for developing optic nerve regeneration strategies treating DR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaofen Mo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-021-64377134
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Zochodne DW. Growth factors and molecular-driven plasticity in neurological systems. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2023; 196:569-598. [PMID: 37620091 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-98817-9.00017-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
It has been almost 70 years since the discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF), a period of a dramatic evolution in our understanding of dynamic growth, regeneration, and rewiring of the nervous system. In 1953, the extraordinary finding that a protein found in mouse submandibular glands generated a halo of outgrowing axons has now redefined our concept of the nervous system connectome. Central and peripheral neurons and their axons or dendrites are no longer considered fixed or static "wiring." Exploiting this molecular-driven plasticity as a therapeutic approach has arrived in the clinic with a slate of new trials and ideas. Neural growth factors (GFs), soluble proteins that alter the behavior of neurons, have expanded in numbers and our understanding of the complexity of their signaling and interactions with other proteins has intensified. However, beyond these "extrinsic" determinants of neuron growth and function are the downstream pathways that impact neurons, ripe for translational development and potentially more important than individual growth factors that may trigger them. Persistent and ongoing nuances in clinical trial design in some of the most intractable and irreversible neurological conditions give hope for connecting new biological ideas with clinical benefits. This review is a targeted update on neural GFs, their signals, and new therapeutic ideas, selected from an expansive literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.
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10
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Micheo WF, Foy CA, Kuffler DP. A Novel Technique Restores Function while Eliminating Intractable Neuropathic Pain in a 71-Year-Old Diabetic Patient under Challenging Injury Conditions. JOURNAL OF RECONSTRUCTIVE MICROSURGERY OPEN 2023. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1757323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background The extent of functional recovery induced in healthy patients by sensory nerve grafts, the clinical “gold standard” technique for repairing peripheral nerves with a gap, is significantly limited by increasing gap length, time between trauma and repair, and patient age. When the values of any two, or all three, variables increase simultaneously, there is little to no recovery. For diabetic patients, even under the best of conditions and without any large variables, the extent of axon regeneration and functional recovery is significantly less, but generally none. Therefore, novel techniques are required that enhance recovery in diabetic patients.
Methods A 12-cm long median nerve gap in the wrist/palm of a 71-year-old male long-term diabetic patient was bridged 1.3 years post nerve injury with a sural nerve graft within a platelet-rich plasma-filled collagen tube.
Results By 2 months post-repair, the patient's level 6 chronic neuropathic pain was permanently eliminated. By 6.75 months, the palm had recovered good sensitivity to stimuli of all sensory modalities, including 4.56 g pressure and less than 15 mm two-point discrimination. Each finger had good motor function of M3–5, with partial to complete sensitivity to stimuli of all sensory modalities and an overall recovery of S3.
Conclusion This technique permanently eliminates severe chronic neuropathic pain while simultaneously inducing good motor and sensory recovery in a long-term diabetic patient, under conditions where recovery is rarely, if ever, seen, even in non-diabetic patients. This technique holds great promise of restoring function to diabetic patients, for whom it is otherwise not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- William F. Micheo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Christian A. Foy
- Section of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Damien P. Kuffler
- Institute of Neurobiology, Medical School, Medical Sciences Campus, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
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11
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Survival of compromised adult sensory neurons involves macrovesicular formation. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:462. [PMID: 36424403 PMCID: PMC9691713 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01247-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adult neurons are recognized as post-mitotically arrested cells with limited regenerative potential. Given these restraints, it is perplexing how neurons sustain routine physiological and occasional reparative stress without compromising their density and integrity. We observed that specific insults or physiological alterations drive adult sensory neurons to attempt cell cycle entry. In this context, we demonstrate that at least a small population of sensory neurons modify their cytoskeleton as a survival mechanism in settings of growth arrest and associated stress. Most notably, among their apparent survival modifications is included a unique, and uncharacterized form of macrovesicle shedding and a subsequent neuron size adjustment. Using time-lapse imaging, we demonstrate macrovesicle shedding in some neurons subjected to growth restraint, but not associated with apoptosis. In axotomized neurons in vivo, cell cycle entry was rare to absent and macrovesicles were not observed, but we nonetheless identified changes in mRNA associated with autophagy. In vivo, neighbouring macrophages may have a role in modifying the neuron cytoskeleton after axotomy. Overall, the findings identify previously unrecognized structural adaptations in adult sensory neurons that may provide resilience to diverse insults.
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Poitras T, Zochodne DW. Unleashing Intrinsic Growth Pathways in Regenerating Peripheral Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13566. [PMID: 36362354 PMCID: PMC9654452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Common mechanisms of peripheral axon regeneration are recruited following diverse forms of damage to peripheral nerve axons. Whether the injury is traumatic or disease related neuropathy, reconnection of axons to their targets is required to restore function. Supporting peripheral axon regrowth, while not yet available in clinics, might be accomplished from several directions focusing on one or more of the complex stages of regrowth. Direct axon support, with follow on participation of supporting Schwann cells is one approach, emphasized in this review. However alternative approaches might include direct support of Schwann cells that instruct axons to regrow, manipulation of the inflammatory milieu to prevent ongoing bystander axon damage, or use of inflammatory cytokines as growth factors. Axons may be supported by a growing list of growth factors, extending well beyond the classical neurotrophin family. The understanding of growth factor roles continues to expand but their impact experimentally and in humans has faced serious limitations. The downstream signaling pathways that impact neuron growth have been exploited less frequently in regeneration models and rarely in human work, despite their promise and potency. Here we review the major regenerative signaling cascades that are known to influence adult peripheral axon regeneration. Within these pathways there are major checkpoints or roadblocks that normally check unwanted growth, but are an impediment to robust growth after injury. Several molecular roadblocks, overlapping with tumour suppressor systems in oncology, operate at the level of the perikarya. They have impacts on overall neuron plasticity and growth. A second approach targets proteins that largely operate at growth cones. Addressing both sites might offer synergistic benefits to regrowing neurons. This review emphasizes intrinsic aspects of adult peripheral axon regeneration, emphasizing several molecular barriers to regrowth that have been studied in our laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas W. Zochodne
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
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13
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Miyashita A, Kobayashi M, Ishibashi S, Nagata T, Chandrasekhar A, Zochodne DW, Yokota T. The Role of Long Noncoding RNA MALAT1 in Diabetic Polyneuropathy and the Impact of Its Silencing in the Dorsal Root Ganglion by a DNA/RNA Heteroduplex Oligonucleotide. Diabetes 2022; 71:1299-1312. [PMID: 35276003 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) is the most common complication of diabetes, yet its pathophysiology has not been established. Accumulating evidence suggests that long noncoding RNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (MALAT1) plays pivotal roles in the regulation of cell growth and survival during diabetic complications. This study aimed to investigate the impact of MALAT1 silencing in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons, using an α-tocopherol-conjugated DNA/RNA heteroduplex oligonucleotide (Toc-HDO), on the peripheral nervous system of diabetic mice. We identified MALAT1 upregulation in the DRG of chronic diabetic mice that suggested either a pathological change or one that might be protective, and systemic intravenous injection of Toc-HDO effectively inhibited its gene expression. However, we unexpectedly noted that this intervention paradoxically exacerbated disease with increased thermal and mechanical nociceptive thresholds, indicating further sensory loss, greater sciatic-tibial nerve conduction slowing, and additional declines of intraepidermal nerve fiber density in the hind paw footpads. Serine/arginine-rich splicing factors, which are involved in pre-mRNA splicing by interacting with MALAT1, reside in nuclear speckles in wild-type and diabetic DRG neurons; MALAT1 silencing was associated with their disruption. The findings provide evidence for an important role that MALAT1 plays in DPN, suggesting neuroprotection and regulation of pre-mRNA splicing in nuclear speckles. This is also the first example in which a systemically delivered nucleotide therapy had a direct impact on DRG diabetic neurons and their axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Miyashita
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurology, Nissan Tamagawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoru Ishibashi
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nagata
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ambika Chandrasekhar
- Division of Neurology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Takanori Yokota
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Hausott B, Glueckert R, Schrott-Fischer A, Klimaschewski L. Signal Transduction Regulators in Axonal Regeneration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091537. [PMID: 35563843 PMCID: PMC9104247 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular signal transduction in response to growth factor receptor activation is a fundamental process during the regeneration of the nervous system. In this context, intracellular inhibitors of neuronal growth factor signaling have become of great interest in the recent years. Among them are the prominent signal transduction regulators Sprouty (SPRY) and phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN), which interfere with major signaling pathways such as extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) or phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt in neurons and glial cells. Furthermore, SPRY and PTEN are themselves tightly regulated by ubiquitin ligases such as c-casitas b-lineage lymphoma (c-CBL) or neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 4 (NEDD4) and by different microRNAs (miRs) including miR-21 and miR-222. SPRY, PTEN and their intracellular regulators play an important role in the developing and the lesioned adult central and peripheral nervous system. This review will focus on the effects of SPRY and PTEN as well as their regulators in various experimental models of axonal regeneration in vitro and in vivo. Targeting these signal transduction regulators in the nervous system holds great promise for the treatment of neurological injuries in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Hausott
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
- Correspondence:
| | - Rudolf Glueckert
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.G.); (A.S.-F.)
| | - Anneliese Schrott-Fischer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; (R.G.); (A.S.-F.)
| | - Lars Klimaschewski
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Medical University Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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15
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Zhang N, Lin J, Chin JS, Wiraja C, Xu C, McGrouther DA, Chew SY. Delivery of Wnt inhibitor WIF1 via engineered polymeric microspheres promotes nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve crush. J Tissue Eng 2022; 13:20417314221087417. [PMID: 35422984 PMCID: PMC9003641 DOI: 10.1177/20417314221087417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuries within the peripheral nervous system (PNS) lead to sensory and motor deficits, as well as neuropathic pain, which strongly impair the life quality of patients. Although most current PNS injury treatment approaches focus on using growth factors/small molecules to stimulate the regrowth of the injured nerves, these methods neglect another important factor that strongly hinders axon regeneration—the presence of axonal inhibitory molecules. Therefore, this work sought to explore the potential of pathway inhibition in promoting sciatic nerve regeneration. Additionally, the therapeutic window for using pathway inhibitors was uncovered so as to achieve the desired regeneration outcomes. Specifically, we explored the role of Wnt signaling inhibition on PNS regeneration by delivering Wnt inhibitors, sFRP2 and WIF1, after sciatic nerve transection and sciatic nerve crush injuries. Our results demonstrate that WIF1 promoted nerve regeneration ( p < 0.05) after sciatic nerve crush injury. More importantly, we revealed the therapeutic window for the treatment of Wnt inhibitors, which is 1 week post sciatic nerve crush when the non-canonical receptor tyrosine kinase (Ryk) is significantly upregulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Junquan Lin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiah Shin Chin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christian Wiraja
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, China
| | - Duncan Angus McGrouther
- Department of Hand and Reconstructive Microsurgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Kan HW, Hsieh JH, Wang SW, Yeh TY, Chang MF, Tang TY, Chao CC, Feng FP, Hsieh ST. Nonpermissive skin environment impairs nerve regeneration in diabetes via Sec31a. Ann Neurol 2022; 91:821-833. [PMID: 35285061 DOI: 10.1002/ana.26347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the microenvironment for peripheral nerve regeneration is permissive, such a mechanism is defective in diabetes, and the molecular mediators remain elusive. This study aimed to (1) investigate the relationship between skin innervation and collagen pathology in diabetic neuropathy and to (2) clarify the molecular alterations that occur in response to hyperglycemia and their effects on axon regeneration. METHODS We addressed this issue using two complementary systems: (1) human skin from patients with diabetic neuropathy and to (2) a coculture model of human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) with rat dorsal root ganglia neurons in the context of intrinsic neuronal factor and extrinsic microenvironmental collagen and its biosynthetic pathways. RESULTS In diabetic neuropathy, the skin innervation of intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFd), a measure of sensory nerve degeneration, was reduced with similar expression of a growth associated protein 43, a marker of nerve regeneration. In contrast, the content and packing of collagen in the diabetic skin became more rigid than the control skin. Sec31a, a protein that regulates the collagen biosynthetic pathway, was upregulated and inversely correlated with IENFd. In the cell model, activated HDFs exposed to high-glucose medium enhanced the expression of Sec31a and collagen I through the activation of transforming growth factor β, a profibrotic molecule. Sec31a upregulation impaired neurite outgrowth. This effect was reversed by silencing Sec31a expression and neurite outgrowth was resumed. INTERPRETATION The current study provides evidence that Sec31a plays a key role in inhibiting nerve regeneration in diabetic neuropathy. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wei Kan
- School of Medicine for International Students, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 824005, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Hsien Hsieh
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Wei Wang
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, E-DA Hospital/I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, 824005, Taiwan
| | - Ti-Yen Yeh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Fong Chang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Tsz-Yi Tang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chao Chao
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Ping Feng
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Tsang Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, 100225, Taiwan.,Center of Precision Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100233, Taiwan
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17
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Singleton JR, Foster-Palmer S, Marcus RL. Exercise as Treatment for Neuropathy in the Setting of Diabetes and Prediabetic Metabolic Syndrome: A Review of Animal Models and Human Trials. Curr Diabetes Rev 2022; 18:e230921196752. [PMID: 34561989 DOI: 10.2174/1573399817666210923125832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral neuropathy is among the most common complications of diabetes, but a phenotypically identical distal sensory predominant, painful axonopathy afflicts patients with prediabetic metabolic syndrome, exemplifying a spectrum of risk and continuity of pathogenesis. No pharmacological treatment convincingly improves neuropathy in the setting of metabolic syndrome, but evolving data suggest that exercise may be a promising alternative. OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to review in depth the current literature regarding exercise treatment of metabolic syndrome neuropathy in humans and animal models, highlight the diverse mechanisms by which exercise exerts beneficial effects, and examine adherence limitations, safety aspects, modes and dose of exercise. RESULTS Rodent models that recapitulate the organismal milieu of prediabetic metabolic syndrome and the phenotype of its neuropathy provide a strong platform to dissect exercise effects on neuropathy pathogenesis. In these models, exercise reverses hyperglycemia and consequent oxidative and nitrosative stress, improves microvascular vasoreactivity, enhances axonal transport, ameliorates the lipotoxicity and inflammatory effects of hyperlipidemia and obesity, supports neuronal survival and regeneration following injury, and enhances mitochondrial bioenergetics at the distal axon. Prospective human studies are limited in scale but suggest exercise to improve cutaneous nerve regenerative capacity, neuropathic pain, and task-specific functional performance measures of gait and balance. Like other heath behavioral interventions, the benefits of exercise are limited by patient adherence. CONCLUSION Exercise is an integrative therapy that potently reduces cellular inflammatory state and improves distal axonal oxidative metabolism to ameliorate features of neuropathy in metabolic syndrome. The intensity of exercise need not improve cardinal features of metabolic syndrome, including weight, glucose control, to exert beneficial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robin L Marcus
- Department Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, University of Utah, UT, United States
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18
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Poitras TM, Munchrath E, Zochodne DW. Neurobiological Opportunities in Diabetic Polyneuropathy. Neurotherapeutics 2021; 18:2303-2323. [PMID: 34935118 PMCID: PMC8804062 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-021-01138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review highlights a selection of potential translational directions for the treatment of diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) currently irreversible and without approved interventions beyond pain management. The list does not include all diabetic targets that have been generated over several decades of research but focuses on newer work. The emphasis is firstly on approaches that support the viability and growth of peripheral neurons and their ability to withstand a barrage of diabetic alterations. We include a section describing Schwann cell targets and finally how mitochondrial damage has been a common element in discussing neuropathic damage. Most of the molecules and pathways described here have not yet reached clinical trials, but many trials have been negative to date. Nonetheless, these failures clear the pathway for new thoughts over reversing DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor M Poitras
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 7-132A Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Easton Munchrath
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 7-132A Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, 7-132A Clinical Sciences Building, 11350-83 Ave, Edmonton, AB, T6G 2G3, Canada.
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19
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Zhang N, Lin J, Lin VPH, Milbreta U, Chin JS, Chew EGY, Lian MM, Foo JN, Zhang K, Wu W, Chew SY. A 3D Fiber-Hydrogel Based Non-Viral Gene Delivery Platform Reveals that microRNAs Promote Axon Regeneration and Enhance Functional Recovery Following Spinal Cord Injury. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2100805. [PMID: 34050637 PMCID: PMC8336488 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202100805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment approaches toward spinal cord injuries (SCI) have mainly focused on overcoming the inhibitory microenvironment that surrounds lesion sites. Unfortunately, the mere modulation of the cell/tissue microenvironment is often insufficient to achieve desired functional recovery. Therefore, stimulating the intrinsic growth ability of injured neurons becomes crucial. MicroRNAs (miRs) play significant roles during axon regeneration by regulating local protein synthesis at growth cones. However, one challenge of using miRs to treat SCI is the lack of efficient delivery approaches. Here, a 3D fiber-hydrogel scaffold is introduced which can be directly implanted into a spinal cord transected rat. This 3D scaffold consists of aligned electrospun fibers which provide topographical cues to direct axon regeneration, and collagen matrix which enables a sustained delivery of miRs. Correspondingly, treatment with Axon miRs (i.e., a cocktail of miR-132/miR-222/miR-431) significantly enhances axon regeneration. Moreover, administration of Axon miRs along with anti-inflammatory drug, methylprednisolone, synergistically enhances functional recovery. Additionally, this combined treatment also decreases the expression of pro-inflammatory genes and enhance gene expressions related to extracellular matrix deposition. Finally, increased Axon miRs dosage with methylprednisolone, significantly promotes functional recovery and remyelination. Altogether, scaffold-mediated Axon miR treatment with methylprednisolone is a promising therapeutic approach for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Junquan Lin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Vincent Po Hen Lin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Ulla Milbreta
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Jiah Shin Chin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate SchoolNanyang Technological University61 Nanyang DriveSingapore637335Singapore
| | - Elaine Guo Yan Chew
- Human GeneticsGenome Institute of Singapore60 Biopolis StreetSingapore138672Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University59 Nanyang DriveSingapore636921Singapore
| | - Michelle Mulan Lian
- Human GeneticsGenome Institute of Singapore60 Biopolis StreetSingapore138672Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University59 Nanyang DriveSingapore636921Singapore
| | - Jia Nee Foo
- Human GeneticsGenome Institute of Singapore60 Biopolis StreetSingapore138672Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University59 Nanyang DriveSingapore636921Singapore
| | - Kunyu Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Wutian Wu
- Guangdong‐Hongkong‐Macau Institute of CNS RegenerationMinistry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint LaboratoryJinan University601 West Huangpu AvenueGuangzhou510632P. R. China
- Re‐Stem Biotechnology Co., Ltd.1463 Wuzhong AveSuzhou330520P. R. China
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological University59 Nanyang DriveSingapore636921Singapore
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20
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Kobayashi M, Zochodne DW. Diabetic polyneuropathy: Bridging the translational gap. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2021; 25:66-75. [PMID: 32573914 DOI: 10.1111/jns.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Clinical trials for diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) have failed to identify therapeutic impacts that have arrested or reversed the disorder, despite a long history. This review considers DPN in the context of a unique neurodegenerative disorder that targets peripheral neurons and their companion glial cells. The approach is to examine what cells, cell substructures, and pathways are implicated in causing DPN and how they might be addressed therapeutically. These include axonopathy, neuronopathy, hyperglycemia, polyol flux, advanced glycation endproduct (AGE)-receptor AGE signaling, growth factor disruption, abnormal insulin signaling, and abnormalities of other intrinsic neuron pathways. Mitochondrial dysfunction and lipid toxicity are largely delegated to the companion review in this issue by Stino and Feldman. Finally, the linkage between axon plasticity of cutaneous nerves, peripheral neuroregenerative pathways, and diabetes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology, Nissan Tamagawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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21
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Komirishetty P, Zubkow K, Areti A, Ong H, Zochodne DW. Delayed manipulation of regeneration within injured peripheral axons. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 155:105383. [PMID: 33945876 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While several new translational strategies to enhance regrowth of peripheral axons have been identified, combined approaches with different targets are rare. Moreover, few have been studied after a significant delay when growth programs are already well established and regeneration-related protein expression has waned. Here we study two approaches, Rb1 (Retinoblastoma 1) knockdown that targets overall neuron plasticity, and near nerve insulin acting as a growth factor. Both are validated to boost regrowth only at the outset of regeneration. We show that local delivery of Rb1 siRNA alone, with electroporation to an area of prior sciatic nerve injury generated knockdown of Rb1 mRNA in ipsilateral lumbar dorsal root ganglia. While mice treated with Rb1-targeted siRNA, compared with scrambled control siRNA, starting 2 weeks after the onset of regeneration, had only limited behavioural or electrophysiological benefits, they had enhanced reinnervation of epidermal axons. We next confirmed that intrinsic Rb1 knockdown combined with exogenous insulin had dramatic synergistic impacts on the growth patterns of adult sensory neurons studied in vitro, prompting analysis of a combined approach in vivo. Using an identical delayed post-injury protocol, we noted that added insulin not only augmented epidermal reinnervation rendered by Rb1 knockdown alone but also improved indices of mechanical sensation and motor axon recovery. The findings illustrate that peripheral neurons that are well into attempted regrowth retain their responsiveness to both intrinsic and exogenous approaches that improve their recovery. We also identify a novel local approach to manipulate gene expression and outcome in regrowing axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Komirishetty
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - K Zubkow
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - A Areti
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - H Ong
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - D W Zochodne
- Peripheral Nerve Research Laboratory, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Canada.
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22
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Hagen KM, Ousman SS. Aging and the immune response in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 355:577574. [PMID: 33894676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A large proportion of older individuals with diabetes go on to develop diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). DPN is associated with an increase in inflammatory cells within the peripheral nerve, activation of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells and receptors for advanced glycation end products/advanced glycation end products pathways, aberrant cytokine expression, oxidative stress, ischemia, as well as pro-inflammatory changes in the bone marrow; all processes that may be exacerbated with age. We review the immunological features of DPN and discuss whether age-related changes in relevant immunological areas may contribute to age being a risk factor for DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M Hagen
- Department of Neuroscience, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Shalina S Ousman
- Departments of Clinical Neurosciences and Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada.
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23
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Abstract
Neuropathy is a common complication of long-term diabetes that impairs quality of life by producing pain, sensory loss and limb amputation. The presence of neuropathy in both insulin-deficient (type 1) and insulin resistant (type 2) diabetes along with the slowing of progression of neuropathy by improved glycemic control in type 1 diabetes has caused the majority of preclinical and clinical investigations to focus on hyperglycemia as the initiating pathogenic lesion. Studies in animal models of diabetes have identified multiple plausible mechanisms of glucotoxicity to the nervous system including post-translational modification of proteins by glucose and increased glucose metabolism by aldose reductase, glycolysis and other catabolic pathways. However, it is becoming increasingly apparent that factors not necessarily downstream of hyperglycemia can also contribute to the incidence, progression and severity of neuropathy and neuropathic pain. For example, peripheral nerve contains insulin receptors that transduce the neurotrophic and neurosupportive properties of insulin, independent of systemic glucose regulation, while the detection of neuropathy and neuropathic pain in patients with metabolic syndrome and failure of improved glycemic control to protect against neuropathy in cohorts of type 2 diabetic patients has placed a focus on the pathogenic role of dyslipidemia. This review provides an overview of current understanding of potential initiating lesions for diabetic neuropathy and the multiple downstream mechanisms identified in cell and animal models of diabetes that may contribute to the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy and neuropathic pain.
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24
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De Gregorio C, Ezquer F. Sensory neuron cultures derived from adult db/db mice as a simplified model to study type-2 diabetes-associated axonal regeneration defects. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm.046334. [PMID: 33262160 PMCID: PMC7847260 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.046334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is an early common complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), leading to chronic pain, sensory loss and muscle atrophy. Owing to its multifactorial etiology, neuron in vitro cultures have been proposed as simplified systems for DN studies. However, the most used models currently available do not recreate the chronic and systemic damage suffered by peripheral neurons of type-2 DM (T2DM) individuals. Here, we cultured neurons derived from dorsal root ganglia from 6-month-old diabetic db/db-mice, and evaluated their morphology by the Sholl method as an easy-to-analyze readout of neuronal function. We showed that neurons obtained from diabetic mice exhibited neuritic regeneration defects in basal culture conditions, compared to neurons from non-diabetic mice. Next, we evaluated the morphological response to common neuritogenic factors, including nerve growth factor NGF and Laminin-1 (also called Laminin-111). Neurons derived from diabetic mice exhibited reduced regenerative responses to these factors compared to neurons from non-diabetic mice. Finally, we analyzed the neuronal response to a putative DN therapy based on the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). Neurons from diabetic mice treated with the MSC secretome displayed a significant improvement in neuritic regeneration, but still reduced when compared to neurons derived from non-diabetic mice. This in vitro model recapitulates many alterations observed in sensory neurons of T2DM individuals, suggesting the possibility of studying neuronal functions without the need of adding additional toxic factors to culture plates. This model may be useful for evaluating intrinsic neuronal responses in a cell-autonomous manner, and as a throughput screening for the pre-evaluation of new therapies for DN. Summary: Morphological characterization of a model for evaluating neuritic regeneration in vitro in dorsal root ganglion primary neurons derived from type-2 diabetic mice with an advanced stage of diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian De Gregorio
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, 7690000 Chile
| | - Fernando Ezquer
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine Clínica Alemana-Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, 7690000 Chile
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Blood-Nerve Barrier (BNB) Pathology in Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy and In Vitro Human BNB Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010062. [PMID: 33374622 PMCID: PMC7793499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), metabolic disorder by hyperglycemia progresses in peripheral nerves. In addition to the direct damage to peripheral neural axons, the homeostatic mechanism of peripheral nerves is disrupted by dysfunction of the blood–nerve barrier (BNB) and Schwann cells. The disruption of the BNB, which is a crucial factor in DPN development and exacerbation, causes axonal degeneration via various pathways. Although many reports revealed that hyperglycemia and other important factors, such as dyslipidemia-induced dysfunction of Schwann cells, contributed to DPN, the molecular mechanisms underlying BNB disruption have not been sufficiently elucidated, mainly because of the lack of in vitro studies owing to difficulties in establishing human cell lines from vascular endothelial cells and pericytes that form the BNB. We have developed, for the first time, temperature-sensitive immortalized cell lines of vascular endothelial cells and pericytes originating from the BNB of human sciatic nerves, and we have elucidated the disruption to the BNB mainly in response to advanced glycation end products in DPN. Recently, we succeeded in developing an in vitro BNB model to reflect the anatomical characteristics of the BNB using cell sheet engineering, and we established immortalized cell lines originating from the human BNB. In this article, we review the pathologic evidence of the pathology of DPN in terms of BNB disruption, and we introduce the current in vitro BNB models.
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Zhang N, Lin J, Chin JS, Zhang K, Chew SY. A laser microdissection-based axotomy model incorporating the use of biomimicking fiber scaffolds reveals that microRNAs promote axon regeneration over long injury distances. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:6286-6300. [PMID: 33020773 DOI: 10.1039/d0bm01380c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The regeneration of injured neurons over long injury distances remains suboptimal. In order to successfully stimulate nerve regrowth, potent biomolecules are necessary. Furthermore, reproducible and translatable methods to test the potency of candidate drugs for enhancing nerve regeneration over long axotomy distances are also needed. To address these issues, we report a novel laser microdissection-based axotomy model that involves the use of biomimicking aligned fiber substrates to precisely control neuronal axotomy distances. Correspondingly, we demonstrate that in the absence of therapeutics, dorsal root ganglion (DRG) explants (consisting of neurons) axotomized within short distances from the main cell somas regenerated significantly longer than axons that were injured more distally (p < 0.05). However, when treated with a cocktail of microRNAs (miR-132/miR-222/miR-431), robust neurite outgrowth was observed (p < 0.05). Specifically, microRNA treatment promoted neurite outgrowth by ∼2.2-fold as compared to untreated cells and this enhancement was more significant under the less conducive regeneration condition of a long axotomy distance (i.e. 1000 μm from the cell soma). Besides that, we demonstrated that the treatment of miR-132/miR-222/miR-431 led to a longer length of nerve regeneration as well as a bigger nerve extension area after sciatic nerve transection injury. These results indicate that distance effects on axonal regrowth may be overcome by the effects of microRNAs and that these microRNAs may serve as promising therapeutics for nerve injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459
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Silva-Rodrigues T, de-Souza-Ferreira E, Machado CM, Cabral-Braga B, Rodrigues-Ferreira C, Galina A. Hyperglycemia in a type 1 Diabetes Mellitus model causes a shift in mitochondria coupled-glucose phosphorylation and redox metabolism in rat brain. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:796-806. [PMID: 32949665 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Hyperglycemia associated with Diabetes Mellitus type 1 (DM1) comorbidity may cause severe complications in several tissues that lead to premature death. These dysfunctions are related, among others, to redox imbalances caused by the uncontrolled cellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Brain is potentially prone to develop diabetes complications because of its great susceptibility to oxidative stress. In addition to antioxidant enzymes, mitochondria-coupled hexokinase (mt-HK) plays an essential role in maintaining high flux of oxygen and glucose to control the mitochondrial membrane and redox potential in brain. This redox control is critical for healthy conditions in brain and in the pathophysiological progression of DM1. The mitochondrial and mt-HK contribution in this process is essential to understand the relationship between DM1 complications and the management of the cellular redox balance. Using a rat model of one month of hyperglycemia induced by a single administration intraperitoneally of streptozotocin, we showed in the present work that, in rat brain mitochondria, there is a specifically reduction of the mitochondrial complex I (CI) activity and an increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzyme thioredoxin reductase, which are related to decreased hydrogen peroxide generation, oxygen consumption and mt-HK coupled-to-OxPhos activity via mitochondrial CI. Surprisingly, DM1 increases respiratory parameters and mt-HK activity via mitochondrial complex II (CII). This way, for the first time, we provide evidence that early progression of hyperglycemia, in brain tissue, changes the coupling of glucose phosphorylation at the level of mitochondria by rearranging the oxidative machinery of brain mitochondria towards CII dependent electron harvest. In addition, DM1 increased the production of H2O2 by α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase without causing oxidative stress. Finally, DM1 increased the oxidation status of PTEN and decreased the activation of NF-kB in DM1. These results indicate that this reorganization of glucose-oxygen-ROS axis in mitochondria may impact turnover of glucose, brain amino acids, redox and inflammatory signaling. In addition, this reorganization may be involved in early protection mechanisms against the development of cognitive degeneration and neurodegenerative disease, widely associated to mitochondrial CI deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaia Silva-Rodrigues
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Phisiology, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941902, Brazil.
| | - Eduardo de-Souza-Ferreira
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Phisiology, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941902, Brazil
| | - Caio Mota Machado
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Phisiology, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941902, Brazil
| | - Bruno Cabral-Braga
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS)- Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941902, Brazil
| | - Clara Rodrigues-Ferreira
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS)- Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941902, Brazil
| | - Antonio Galina
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry Leopoldo de Meis, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Laboratory of Bioenergetics and Mitochondrial Phisiology, Av. Carlos Chagas Filho 373, Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP: 21941902, Brazil.
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Elevated miR-29a Contributes to Axonal Outgrowth and Neurological Recovery After Intracerebral Hemorrhage via Targeting PTEN/PI3K/Akt Pathway. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2020; 41:1759-1772. [PMID: 32889668 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00945-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a clinical challenge with high disability and lacks an effective treatment. miR-29a strongly expressed in the brain has been implicated in various neurological disorders. In this study, we investigated the biological roles of miR-29a in axonal outgrowth and neurological outcomes after ICH and relevant molecular mechanism. The rat model of ICH was established by injection of autologous whole blood into the right basal ganglia. First, a significant decrease in miR-29a level was found in perihematomal brain tissues and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after ICH in vivo and hemin-treated neurons in vitro. Further study documented that lentivirus-mediated miR-29a overexpression could remarkably attenuate hemorrhagic brain injury, promoted regenerative outgrowth of injured axons and improved neurobehavioral and cognitive impairments after ICH in rats. In addition, we also identified that overexpression of miR-29a obviously alleviated neuronal damage and mitochondrial dysfunctions, and facilitated neurite outgrowth in cultured neurons exposed to hemin in vitro. Furthermore, luciferase reporter assay showed that miR-29a directly targeted the 3'-UTR region of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) mRNA and negatively regulated its expression. More importantly, pharmacological inhibition of PTEN has similar neuroprotective effects as miR-29a overexpression involving activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway after hemorrhagic stroke. Collectively, these results suggested that elevated miR-29a could contribute to axonal outgrowth and neurological recovery through targeting PTEN/PI3K/Akt pathway after ICH, thereby providing a potential therapeutic target for patients with ICH.
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Bautista M, Krishnan A. The Autonomic Regulation of Tumor Growth and the Missing Links. Front Oncol 2020; 10:744. [PMID: 32477953 PMCID: PMC7237572 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence now indicates that peripheral nerves and solid tumors mutually support the growth of each other. Tumor-derived molecular cues guide nerve infiltration to the tumor milieu, while the tumor-infiltrating nerves provide molecular support to promote tumor growth and dissemination. In this mini-review, we discuss the unique roles of sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves in promoting tumor growth and metastasis. The contribution of adrenergic and cholinergic signals, the specific receptors involved, and the downstream molecular links in both cancer cells and stromal cells are discussed for their intrinsic capacity to modulate tumor growth. We identified unappreciated niche areas in the field, an investigation of which are critical to filling the knowledge gap in understanding the biology of neuromodulation of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maricris Bautista
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Centre (CMSNRC), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Centre (CMSNRC), University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The current review addresses one of the most common neurological disorders, diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN). DPN is debilitating, irreversible and dwarfs the prevalence of most other chronic disorders of the nervous system. Its complications include foot ulceration, amputation, falling and intractable neuropathic pain. Moreover, tight control of hyperglycemia reduces the incidence of DPN in type 1 diabetes mellitus but its role in type 2 diabetes mellitus is less clear. RECENT FINDINGS New therapeutic options to reverse the development of DPN or its associated pain have been proposed but none have significantly changed the clinical approach. The cause of DPN remains controversial traditionally focused on the impact of metabolic abnormalities, polyol flux, microvascular changes, mitochondria, oxidative stress, lipid biology and others. In particular, there has been less attention toward how this chronic disorder alters peripheral neurobiology. It is now clear that in chronic models of diabetes mellitus there exists a unique form of neurodegeneration with a range of protein, mRNA and microRNA alterations to consider. How to reconcile these molecular and structural alterations with metabolic mechanisms is a challenge. In sensory neurons alone, a primary target of DPN, both central perikaryal cytoplasmic and nuclear changes and altered distal sensory axon terminal plasticity may be involved. SUMMARY In this review, the current therapeutic status of DPN is described with greater emphasis on some new but selected thoughts on its neurobiology. New mechanistic understanding will be essential to developing precision therapeutics for DPN.
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Wang L, Chopp M, Szalad A, Lu X, Zhang Y, Wang X, Cepparulo P, Lu M, Li C, Zhang ZG. Exosomes Derived From Schwann Cells Ameliorate Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 2 Diabetic Mice. Diabetes 2020; 69:749-759. [PMID: 31915154 PMCID: PMC7085247 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Schwann cell-derived exosomes communicate with dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. The current study investigated the therapeutic effect of exosomes derived from healthy Schwann cells (SC-Exos) on diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). We found that intravenous administration of SC-Exos to type 2 diabetic db/db mice with peripheral neuropathy remarkably ameliorated DPN by improving sciatic nerve conduction velocity and increasing thermal and mechanical sensitivity. These functional improvements were associated with the augmentation of epidermal nerve fibers and remyelination of sciatic nerves. Quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot analysis of sciatic nerve tissues showed that SC-Exo treatment reversed diabetes-reduced mature form of miRNA (miR)-21, -27a, and -146a and diabetes-increased semaphorin 6A (SEMA6A); Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA); phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN); and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB). In vitro data showed that SC-Exos promoted neurite outgrowth of diabetic DRG neurons and migration of Schwann cells challenged by high glucose. Collectively, these novel data provide evidence that SC-Exos have a therapeutic effect on DPN in mice and suggest that SC-Exo modulation of miRs contributes to this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI
| | | | - XueRong Lu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Xinli Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | | | - Mei Lu
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Epidemiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
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Liu YP, Shao SJ, Guo HD. Schwann cells apoptosis is induced by high glucose in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Life Sci 2020; 248:117459. [PMID: 32092332 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication of diabetes mellitus that affects approximately half of patients with diabetes. Current treatment regimens cannot treat DPN effectively. Schwann cells (SCs) are very sensitive to glucose concentration and insulin, and closely associated with the occurrence and development of type 1 diabetic mellitus (T1DM) and DPN. Apoptosis of SCs is induced by hyperglycemia and is involved in the pathogenesis of DPN. This review considers the pathological processes of SCs apoptosis under high glucose, which include the following: oxidative stress, inflammatory reactions, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, nitrification and signaling pathways (PI3K/AKT, ERK, PERK/Nrf2, and Wnt/β-catenin). The clarification of mechanisms underlying SCs apoptosis induced by high glucose will help us to understand and identify more effective strategies for the treatment of T1DM DPN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Pu Liu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shui-Jin Shao
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Hai-Dong Guo
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Chen Z, Chopp M, Zacharek A, Li W, Venkat P, Wang F, Landschoot-Ward J, Chen J. Brain-Derived Microparticles (BDMPs) Contribute to Neuroinflammation and Lactadherin Reduces BDMP Induced Neuroinflammation and Improves Outcome After Stroke. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2747. [PMID: 31993045 PMCID: PMC6968774 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs, ~size between 0.1 and 1 mm) are lipid encased containers derived from intact cells which contain antigen from the parent cells. MPs are involved in intercellular communication and regulate inflammation. Stroke increases secretion of brain derived MP (BDMP) which activate macrophages/microglia and induce neuroinflammation. Lactadherin (Milk fat globule–EGF factor-8) binds to anionic phospholipids and extracellular matrices, promotes apoptotic cell clearance and limits pathogenic antigen cross presentation. In this study, we investigate whether BDMP affects stroke-induced neuroinflammation and whether Lactadherin treatment reduces stroke initiated BDMP-induced neuroinflammation, thereby improving functional outcome after stroke. Middle aged (8–9 months old) male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to distal middle cerebral artery occlusion (dMCAo) stroke, and BDMPs were extracted from ischemic brain 24 h after dMCAo by ultracentrifugation. Adult male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to dMCAo and treated via tail vein injection at 3 h after stroke with: (A) +PBS (n = 5/group); (B) +BDMPs (1.5 × 108, n = 6/group); (C) +Lactadherin (400 μg/kg, n = 5/group); (D) +BDMP+Lactadherin (n = 6/group). A battery of neurological function tests were performed and mice sacrificed for immunostaining at 14 days after stroke. Blood plasma was used for Western blot assay. Our data indicate: (1) treatment of Stroke with BDMP significantly increases lesion volume, neurological deficits, blood brain barrier (BBB) leakage, microglial activation, inflammatory cell infiltration (CD45, microglia/macrophages, and neutrophils) into brain, inflammatory factor (TNFα, IL6, and IL1β) expression in brain, increases axon/white matter (WM) damage identified by decreased axon and myelin density, and increases inflammatory factor expression in the plasma when compared to PBS treated stroke mice; (2) when compared to PBS and BDMP treated stroke mice, Lactadherin and BDMP+Lactadherin treatment significantly improves neurological outcome, and decreases lesion volume, BBB leakage, axon/WM injury, inflammatory cell infiltration and inflammatory factor expression in the ischemic brain, respectively. Lactadherin treatment significantly increases anti-inflammatory factor (IL10) expression in ischemic brain and decreases IL1β expression in plasma compared to PBS and BDMP treated stroke mice, respectively. BDMP increases neuroinflammation and aggravates ischemic brain damage after stroke. Thus, Lactadherin exerts anti-inflammatory effects and improves the clearance of MPs to reduce stroke and BDMP induced neurological deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhili Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, United States
| | - Alex Zacharek
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Poornima Venkat
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Fenjie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
| | | | - Jieli Chen
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, United States
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Hackett AR, Strickland A, Milbrandt J. Disrupting insulin signaling in Schwann cells impairs myelination and induces a sensory neuropathy. Glia 2019; 68:963-978. [PMID: 31758725 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although diabetic mice have been studied for decades, little is known about the cell type specific contributions to diabetic neuropathy (DN). Schwann cells (SCs) myelinate and provide trophic support to peripheral nervous system axons. Altered SC metabolism leads to myelin defects, which can be seen both in inherited and DNs. How SC metabolism is altered in DN is not fully understood, but it is clear that insulin resistance underlies impaired lipid metabolism in many cell types throughout the body via the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase b (PKB)/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/AKT/mTOR) pathway. Here, we created an insulin resistant SC by deleting both insulin receptor (INSR) and insulin-like growth factor receptor 1 (IGF1R), to determine the role of this signaling pathway in development and response to injury in order to understand SC defects in DN. We found that myelin is thinner throughout development and adulthood in INSR/IGF1R Schwann cell specific knock out mice. The nerves of these mutant mice had reduced expression of key genes that mediate fatty acid and cholesterol synthesis due to reduced mTOR-sterol regulatory element-binding protein signaling. In adulthood, these mice show sensory neuropathy phenotypes reminiscent of diabetic mice. Altogether, these data suggest that SCs may play an important role in DN and targeting their metabolism could lead to new therapies for DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Hackett
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Amy Strickland
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri
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Khoshnoodi M, Truelove S, Polydefkis M. Effect of diabetes type on long-term outcome of epidermal axon regeneration. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:2088-2096. [PMID: 31560176 PMCID: PMC6801164 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To assess the effect of diabetes type on the long‐term rate and extent of epidermal nerve regeneration. Methods Subjects with well controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus (n = 11) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (n = 36), with normal nerve conduction studies and baseline intraepidermal nerve fiber density (IENFD), and healthy controls (n = 10) underwent chemical axotomy of the intraepidermal nerves at the thigh using topical capsaicin. Skin biopsies were performed at 30, 90, 150, and 180 days post‐axotomy. Results After 180 days, IENFD in diabetic subjects remained significantly below baseline levels, while healthy controls returned to normal. At each time point, regeneration rates were significantly slower among diabetic subjects, although type 1 subjects regenerated significantly faster and achieved higher percentages of baseline IENFD compared with type 2. Interpretation Among diabetic patients, nerve injury recovery is likely to take significantly longer than in healthy individuals, and remains incomplete, particularly among type 2 patients. This may partially explain the progression of neuropathy among diabetic patients: damage accumulates because nerve recovery is slowed and incomplete. Furthermore, these findings support caution when recommending certain procedures, such as carpal tunnel repair, to patients with progressed diabetic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shaun Truelove
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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Zhang N, Milbreta U, Chin JS, Pinese C, Lin J, Shirahama H, Jiang W, Liu H, Mi R, Hoke A, Wu W, Chew SY. Biomimicking Fiber Scaffold as an Effective In Vitro and In Vivo MicroRNA Screening Platform for Directing Tissue Regeneration. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1800808. [PMID: 31065509 PMCID: PMC6498117 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 11/25/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs effectively modulate protein expression and cellular response. Unfortunately, the lack of robust nonviral delivery platforms has limited the therapeutic application of microRNAs. Additionally, there is a shortage of drug-screening platforms that are directly translatable from in vitro to in vivo. Here, a fiber substrate that provides nonviral delivery of microRNAs for in vitro and in vivo microRNA screening is introduced. As a proof of concept, difficult-to-transfect primary neurons are targeted and the efficacy of this system is evaluated in a rat spinal cord injury model. With this platform, enhanced gene-silencing is achieved in neurons as compared to conventional bolus delivery (p < 0.05). Thereafter, four well-recognized microRNAs (miR-21, miR-222, miR-132, and miR-431) and their cocktails are screened systematically. Regardless of age and origin of the neurons, similar trends are observed. Next, this fiber substrate is translated into a 3D system for direct in vivo microRNA screening. Robust nerve ingrowth is observed as early as two weeks after scaffold implantation. Nerve regeneration in response to the microRNA cocktails is similar to in vitro experiments. Altogether, the potential of the fiber platform is demonstrated in providing effective microRNA screening and direct translation into in vivo applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Ulla Milbreta
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Jiah Shin Chin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
- NTU Institute of Health TechnologyInterdisciplinary Graduate SchoolNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore639798Singapore
| | - Coline Pinese
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
- Artificial Biopolymers DepartmentMax Mousseron Institute of Biomolecules (IBMM)UMR CNRS 5247University of MontpellierFaculty of PharmacyMontpellier34093France
| | - Junquan Lin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Hitomi Shirahama
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Wei Jiang
- School of Life Sciences and Medical CenterUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027P. R. China
| | - Hang Liu
- School of Life Sciences and Medical CenterUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230027P. R. China
| | - Ruifa Mi
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD1521205USA
| | - Ahmet Hoke
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD1521205USA
| | - Wutian Wu
- Guangdong‐Hongkong‐Macau Institute of CNS RegenerationMinistry of Education CNS Regeneration Collaborative Joint LaboratoryJinan UniversityGuangzhou510632P. R. China
- Re‐Stem Biotechnology Co., Ltd.Suzhou330520P. R. China
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of MedicineNanyang Technological UniversitySingapore308232Singapore
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37
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Mashayekhi-Sardoo H, Mohammadpour AH, Nomani H, Sahebkar A. The effect of diabetes mellitus on pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and adverse drug reactions of anticancer drugs. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:19339-19351. [PMID: 31017666 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) and cancer are global problems carrying huge human, social, and economic impact. Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with an increased risk for a number of cancers, including breast, pancreatic, and liver cancer. Moreover, adverse drug reactions are higher in paitents with cancer with T2DM compared to cancer patients without T2DM. Cellular mechanisms of hyperglycemia and chemotherapy efficacy may be different depending upon the particular cancer type and the condition of the patient. This review evaluates the effect of DM on the pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and adverse drug reactions of commonly used anticancer drugs such as cisplatin, methotrexate, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, and adriamycin in both clinical and animal models. A literature search was conducted in scientific databases including Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar including the relevant keywords. The results of the effectiveness of anticancer therapies in patients with DM are, however, inconsistent because DM can negatively impact multiple diverse entities including nerves and vascular structures, insulin-like growth factor 1, the function of the innate immune system, drug pharmacokinetics, the expression levels of hepatic CYP450 , Mdr 1b and enzymes that then lead to drug toxicity. However, in a few circumstances, DM led to attenuation of the toxicity of anticancer drugs secondary to attenuation of the energy-dependent renal uptake process. Overall, the impact of DM on patients with cancer is variable because of the diverse types of cancers and the spectrum of anticancer drugs. With respect to the evidence for cancer involvement in DM pathophysiology and the response to anticancer treatment in patients with DM, many questions still remain and further clinical trials are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habibeh Mashayekhi-Sardoo
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Hooshang Mohammadpour
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Homa Nomani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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38
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Duraikannu A, Krishnan A, Chandrasekhar A, Zochodne DW. Beyond Trophic Factors: Exploiting the Intrinsic Regenerative Properties of Adult Neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:128. [PMID: 31024258 PMCID: PMC6460947 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Injuries and diseases of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are common but frequently irreversible. It is often but mistakenly assumed that peripheral neuron regeneration is robust without a need to be improved or supported. However, axonal lesions, especially those involving proximal nerves rarely recover fully and injuries generally are complicated by slow and incomplete regeneration. Strategies to enhance the intrinsic growth properties of reluctant adult neurons offer an alternative approach to consider during regeneration. Since axons rarely regrow without an intimately partnered Schwann cell (SC), approaches to enhance SC plasticity carry along benefits to their axon partners. Direct targeting of molecules that inhibit growth cone plasticity can inform important regenerative strategies. A newer approach, a focus of our laboratory, exploits tumor suppressor molecules that normally dampen unconstrained growth. However several are also prominently expressed in stable adult neurons. During regeneration their ongoing expression “brakes” growth, whereas their inhibition and knockdown may enhance regrowth. Examples have included phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), a tumor suppressor that inhibits PI3K/pAkt signaling, Rb1, the protein involved in retinoblastoma development, and adenomatous polyposis coli (APC), a tumor suppressor that inhibits β-Catenin transcriptional signaling and its translocation to the nucleus. The identification of several new targets to manipulate the plasticity of regenerating adult peripheral neurons is exciting. How they fit with canonical regeneration strategies and their feasibility require additional work. Newer forms of nonviral siRNA delivery may be approaches for molecular manipulation to improve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arul Duraikannu
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Anand Krishnan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ambika Chandrasekhar
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, and Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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39
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Zhu H, Wang Y, Yang X, Wan G, Qiu Y, Ye X, Gao Y, Wan D. Catalpol improves axonal outgrowth and reinnervation of injured sciatic nerve by activating Akt/mTOR pathway and regulating BDNF and PTEN expression. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:1311-1326. [PMID: 30972164 PMCID: PMC6456559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Aim: This study aimed to investigate the effects of catalpol on sciatic nerve crush injury (SNCI) and further explore the role of Akt/mTOR pathway in its pharmacological efficacy. Methods: Mice with SNCI in the right were treated with catalpol. Rapamycin was used to block mTOR signal activation. After sciatic motor nerve function was observed, the gastrocnemius muscles, injury sciatic nerve and spinal cord L4-L6 were isolated. TUNEL staining was done to assess the neuronal apoptosis; Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was performed to observe the microstructure of regenerated myelinated nerve fibers. The expression of proteins in Akt/mTOR pathway, those related to axon regeneration and cell apoptosis was detected by Western blotting. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten (PTEN), growth associated protein-43 (GAP-43), pro- and anti-apoptosis protein including Bax and BCL-2. Results: Catalpol significantly improved the function of injured sciatic motor nerve and facilitated the sciatic motor and sensory nerve fiber growth and the reinnervation of gastrocnemius muscles. TEM showed catalpol increased the density and thickness of regenerated myelinated nerve fibers, which exhibited a regular arrangement. Catalpol significantly reduced the number of apoptotic cells and increased the Bcl-2/Bax ratio in the L4-L6 spinal cord anterior horn. Importantly, catalpol significantly increased the expression of p-Akt, p-mTOR, p-p70S6K, GAP-43 and BDNF, but decreased PTEN expression. Blockade of mTOR activation was partially abrogated by catalpol. Conclusion: Catalpol may improve SCNI by enhancing the axonal growth via activating the Akt/mTOR pathway and modulating BDNF and PTEN expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huifeng Zhu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest UniversityChongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality ControlChongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest UniversityChongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality ControlChongqing 400715, China
| | - Xian Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Seventh People’s Hospital of ChengduChengdu 610041, China
| | - Guoran Wan
- Class 7 Grade 1, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical CollegeChongqing 400016, China
| | - Yan Qiu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest UniversityChongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality ControlChongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiyue Ye
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest UniversityChongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality ControlChongqing 400715, China
| | - Yuqing Gao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southwest UniversityChongqing 400715, China
- Engineering Research Center for Chongqing Pharmaceutical Process and Quality ControlChongqing 400715, China
| | - Dong Wan
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical UniversityChongqing 400016, China
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40
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Richner M, Ferreira N, Dudele A, Jensen TS, Vaegter CB, Gonçalves NP. Functional and Structural Changes of the Blood-Nerve-Barrier in Diabetic Neuropathy. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:1038. [PMID: 30692907 PMCID: PMC6339909 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.01038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of diabetes mellitus is approaching global epidemic proportions and should be considered a major health-care problem of modern societies in the twenty-first century. Diabetic neuropathy is a common chronic complication of diabetes and, although an adequate glycemic control can reduce the frequency of diabetic neuropathy in type 1 diabetes, the majority of type 2 diabetic patients will develop this complication. The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood, preventing the development of effective treatment strategies. However, accumulating evidence suggests that breakdown of the blood-nerve barrier (BNB) plays a pivotal pathophysiological role in diabetic neuropathy. In the present review, we highlight the structural and functional significance of the BNB in health and disease, focusing on the pathological molecular events leading to BNB dysfunction in diabetic neuropathy. In addition, we discuss potential molecular targets involved in BNB homeostasis that may pave the way toward novel therapeutic strategies for treating diabetic neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Richner
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nelson Ferreira
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anete Dudele
- The International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Troels S Jensen
- The International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.,Department of Neurology, Danish Pain Research Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christian B Vaegter
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nádia P Gonçalves
- Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Nordic EMBL Partnership for Molecular Medicine, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,The International Diabetic Neuropathy Consortium, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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41
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Kobayashi M, Zochodne DW. Diabetic neuropathy and the sensory neuron: New aspects of pathogenesis and their treatment implications. J Diabetes Investig 2018; 9:1239-1254. [PMID: 29533535 PMCID: PMC6215951 DOI: 10.1111/jdi.12833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) continues to be generally considered as a "microvascular" complication of diabetes mellitus alongside nephropathy and retinopathy. The microvascular hypothesis, however, might be tempered by the concept that diabetes directly targets dorsal root ganglion sensory neurons. This neuron-specific concept, supported by accumulating evidence, might account for important features of DPN, such as its early sensory neuron degeneration. Diabetic sensory neurons develop neuronal atrophy alongside a series of messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) changes related to declines in structural proteins, increases in heat shock protein, increases in the receptor for advanced glycation end-products, declines in growth factor signaling and other changes. Insulin is recognized as a potent neurotrophic factor, and insulin ligation enhances neurite outgrowth through activation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-protein kinase B pathway within sensory neurons and attenuates phenotypic features of experimental DPN. Several interventions, including glucagon-like peptide-1 agonism, and phosphatase and tensin homolog inhibition to activate growth signals in sensory neurons, or heat shock protein overexpression, prevent or reverse neuropathic abnormalities in experimental DPN. Diabetic sensory neurons show a unique pattern of microRNA alterations, a key element of messenger RNA silencing. For example, let-7i is widely expressed in sensory neurons, supports their growth and is depleted in experimental DPN; its replenishment improves features of DPN models. Finally, impairment of pre-messenger RNA splicing in diabetic sensory neurons including abnormal nuclear RNA metabolism and structure with loss of survival motor neuron protein, a neuron survival molecule, and overexpression of CWC22, a splicing factor, offer further novel insights. The present review addresses these new aspects of DPN sensory neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological ScienceGraduate School of MedicineTokyo Medical and Dental UniversityTokyoJapan
- Department of NeurologyYokufukai Geriatric HospitalTokyoJapan
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology and Department of MedicineNeuroscience and Mental Health InstituteFaculty of Medicine and DentistryUniversity of AlbertaEdmontonAlbertaCanada
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42
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Zhang N, Chin JS, Chew SY. Localised non-viral delivery of nucleic acids for nerve regeneration in injured nervous systems. Exp Neurol 2018; 319:112820. [PMID: 30195695 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Axons damaged by traumatic injuries are often unable to spontaneously regenerate in the adult central nervous system (CNS). Although the peripheral nervous system (PNS) has some regenerative capacity, its ability to regrow remains limited across large lesion gaps due to scar tissue formation. Nucleic acid therapy holds the potential of improving regeneration by enhancing the intrinsic growth ability of neurons and overcoming the inhibitory environment that prevents neurite outgrowth. Nucleic acids modulate gene expression by over-expression of neuronal growth factor or silencing growth-inhibitory molecules. Although in vitro outcomes appear promising, the lack of efficient non-viral nucleic acid delivery methods to the nervous system has limited the application of nucleic acid therapeutics to patients. Here, we review the recent development of efficient non-viral nucleic acid delivery platforms, as applied to the nervous system, including the transfection vectors and carriers used, as well as matrices and scaffolds that are currently used. Additionally, we will discuss possible improvements for localised nucleic acid delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Zhang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore
| | - Jiah Shin Chin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore; NTU Institute of Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, 308232, Singapore.
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43
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Expression and Manipulation of the APC-β-Catenin Pathway During Peripheral Neuron Regeneration. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13197. [PMID: 30181617 PMCID: PMC6123411 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31167-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecules and pathways that suppress growth are expressed in postmitotic neurons, a potential advantage in mature neural networks, but a liability during regeneration. In this work, we probed the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli)-β-catenin partner pathway in adult peripheral sensory neurons during regeneration. APC had robust expression in the cytoplasm and perinuclear region of adult DRG sensory neurons both before and after axotomy injury. β-catenin was expressed in neuronal nuclei, neuronal cytoplasm and also in perineuronal satellite cells. In injured dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons and their axons, we observed paradoxical APC upregulation, despite its role as an inhibitor of growth whereas β-catenin was downregulated. Inhibition of APC in adult sensory neurons and activation of β-catenin, LEF/TCF transcriptional factors were associated with increased neuronal plasticity in vitro. Local knockdown of APC, at the site of sciatic nerve crush injury enhanced evidence for electrophysiological, behavioural and structural regeneration in vivo. This was accompanied by upregulation of β-catenin. Collectively, the APC-β-catenin-LEF/TCF transcriptional pathway impacts intrinsic mechanisms of axonal regeneration and neuronal plasticity after injury, offering new options for addressing axon regeneration.
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44
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Yan T, Venkat P, Chopp M, Zacharek A, Yu P, Ning R, Qiao X, Kelley MR, Chen J. APX3330 Promotes Neurorestorative Effects after Stroke in Type One Diabetic Rats. Aging Dis 2018; 9:453-466. [PMID: 29896433 PMCID: PMC5988600 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2017.1130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
APX3330 is a selective inhibitor of APE1/Ref-1 redox activity. In this study, we investigate the therapeutic effects and underlying mechanisms of APX3330 treatment in type one diabetes mellitus (T1DM) stroke rats. Adult male Wistar rats were induced with T1DM and subjected to transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) and treated with either PBS or APX3330 (10mg/kg, oral gavage) starting at 24h after MCAo, and daily for 14 days. Rats were sacrificed at 14 days after MCAo and, blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, ischemic lesion volume, immunohistochemistry, cell death assay, Western blot, real time PCR, and angiogenic ELISA array were performed. Compared to PBS treatment, APX3330 treatment of stroke in T1DM rats significantly improves neurological functional outcome, decreases lesion volume, and improves BBB integrity as well as decreases total vessel density and VEGF expression, while significantly increases arterial density in the ischemic border zone (IBZ). APX3330 significantly increases myelin density, oligodendrocyte number, oligodendrocyte progenitor cell number, synaptic protein expression, and induces M2 macrophage polarization in the IBZ of T1DM stroke rats. Compared to PBS treatment, APX3330 treatment significantly decreases plasminogen activator inhibitor type-1 (PAI-1), monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and receptor for advanced glycation endproducts expression in the ischemic brain of T1DM stroke rats. APX3330 treatment significantly decreases cell death and MMP9 and PAI-1 gene expression in cultured primary cortical neurons subjected to high glucose and oxygen glucose deprivation, compared to untreated control cells. APX3330 treatment increases M2 macrophage polarization and decreases inflammatory factor expression in the ischemic brain as well as promotes neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects after stroke in T1DM rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yan
- 1Gerontology Institute, Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neurotrauma Neurorepair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, Tianjin, China.,2Department of Neurology, Henry Ford hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Poornima Venkat
- 2Department of Neurology, Henry Ford hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- 2Department of Neurology, Henry Ford hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,3Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | - Alex Zacharek
- 2Department of Neurology, Henry Ford hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Peng Yu
- 2Department of Neurology, Henry Ford hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ruizhuo Ning
- 2Department of Neurology, Henry Ford hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.,4Department of Neurology, First Hospital Harbin, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoxi Qiao
- 5Department of Ophthalmology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mark R Kelley
- 6Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Jieli Chen
- 2Department of Neurology, Henry Ford hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
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45
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Kan HW, Hsieh JH, Chien HF, Lin YH, Yeh TY, Chao CC, Hsieh ST. CD40-mediated HIF-1α expression underlying microangiopathy in diabetic nerve pathology. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm033647. [PMID: 29549140 PMCID: PMC5963861 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.033647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand the pathology and molecular signatures of microangiopathy in diabetic neuropathy, we systemically and quantitatively examined the morphometry of microvascular and nerve pathologies of sural nerves. In the endoneurium of diabetic nerves, prominent microangiopathy was observed, as evidenced by reduced capillary luminal area, increased capillary basement membrane thickness and increased proportion of fibrin(+) blood vessels. Furthermore, capillary basement membrane thickness and the proportion of fibrin(+) blood vessels were correlated with small myelinated fiber density in diabetic nerves. In diabetic nerves, there was also significant macrophage and T cell infiltration, and cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40) expression was increased. The molecular alterations observed were upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2 (MK2; MAPKAPK2) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN). In addition, HIF-1α was correlated with small myelinated fiber density and capillary luminal area, while both MK2 and PTEN were correlated with capillary basement membrane thickness. The molecular cascades were further demonstrated and replicated in a cell model of microangiopathy on human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) exposed to high-glucose medium by silencing of CD40, PTEN and HIF-1α in HUVECs using shRNA. These data clarified the hierarchy of the molecular cascades, i.e. upregulation of CD40 leading to HIF-1α expression in endothelium and nerve fibers. In conclusion, this study revealed the association of microangiopathy, thrombosis and inflammatory infiltrates with nerve degeneration in diabetic nerves, demonstrating that CD40 is a key molecule for the upregulation of HIF-1α and PTEN underlying the severity of microangiopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Wei Kan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Hsien Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Hsiung-Fei Chien
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Yea-Huey Lin
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Ti-Yen Yeh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chao Chao
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Tsang Hsieh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
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46
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Pulido R. PTEN Inhibition in Human Disease Therapy. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020285. [PMID: 29385737 PMCID: PMC6017825 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor PTEN is a major homeostatic regulator, by virtue of its lipid phosphatase activity against phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate [PI(3,4,5)P3], which downregulates the PI3K/AKT/mTOR prosurvival signaling, as well as by its protein phosphatase activity towards specific protein targets. PTEN catalytic activity is crucial to control cell growth under physiologic and pathologic situations, and it impacts not only in preventing tumor cell survival and proliferation, but also in restraining several cellular regeneration processes, such as those associated with nerve injury recovery, cardiac ischemia, or wound healing. In these conditions, inhibition of PTEN catalysis is being explored as a potentially beneficial therapeutic intervention. Here, an overview of human diseases and conditions in which PTEN inhibition could be beneficial is presented, together with an update on the current status of specific small molecule inhibitors of PTEN enzymatic activity, their use in experimental models, and their limitations as research or therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Pulido
- Biomarkers in Cancer Unit, Biocruces Health Research Institute, 48903 Barakaldo, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
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47
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Pham VM, Tu NH, Katano T, Matsumura S, Saito A, Yamada A, Furue H, Ito S. Impaired peripheral nerve regeneration in type-2 diabetic mouse model. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:126-139. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vuong M. Pham
- Department of Medical Chemistry; Kansai Medical University; 2-5-1 Shin-machi Hirakata 573-1010 Japan
| | - Nguyen Huu Tu
- Department of Medical Chemistry; Kansai Medical University; 2-5-1 Shin-machi Hirakata 573-1010 Japan
| | - Tayo Katano
- Department of Medical Chemistry; Kansai Medical University; 2-5-1 Shin-machi Hirakata 573-1010 Japan
| | - Shinji Matsumura
- Department of Medical Chemistry; Kansai Medical University; 2-5-1 Shin-machi Hirakata 573-1010 Japan
| | - Akira Saito
- Central Research Laboratory; Kansai Medical University; Hirakata Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamada
- Department of Neurophysiology; Hyogo College of Medicine; Nishinomiya Japan
| | - Hidemasa Furue
- Department of Neurophysiology; Hyogo College of Medicine; Nishinomiya Japan
| | - Seiji Ito
- Department of Medical Chemistry; Kansai Medical University; 2-5-1 Shin-machi Hirakata 573-1010 Japan
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48
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Kobayashi M, Chandrasekhar A, Cheng C, Martinez JA, Ng H, de la Hoz C, Zochodne DW. Diabetic polyneuropathy, sensory neurons, nuclear structure and spliceosome alterations: a role for CWC22. Dis Model Mech 2017; 10:215-224. [PMID: 28250049 PMCID: PMC5374325 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.028225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Unique deficits in the function of adult sensory neurons as part of their early neurodegeneration might account for progressive polyneuropathy during chronic diabetes mellitus. Here, we provide structural and functional evidence for aberrant pre-mRNA splicing in a chronic type 1 model of experimental diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN). Cajal bodies (CBs), unique nuclear substructures involved in RNA splicing, increased in number in diabetic sensory neurons, but their expected colocalization with survival motor neuron (SMN) proteins was reduced - a mislocalization described in motor neurons of spinal muscular atrophy. Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein particles (snRNPs), also participants in the spliceosome, had abnormal multiple nuclear foci unassociated with CBs, and their associated snRNAs were reduced. CWC22, a key spliceosome protein, was aberrantly upregulated in diabetic dorsal root ganglia (DRG), and impaired neuronal function. CWC22 attenuated sensory neuron plasticity, with knockdown in vitro enhancing their neurite outgrowth. Further, axonal delivery of CWC22 siRNA unilaterally to locally knock down the aberrant protein in diabetic nerves improved aspects of sensory function in diabetic mice. Collectively, our findings identify subtle but significant alterations in spliceosome structure and function, including dysregulated CBs and CWC22 overexpression, in diabetic sensory neurons that offer new ideas regarding diabetic sensory neurodegeneration in polyneuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kobayashi
- Division of Neurology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2G3
| | - Ambika Chandrasekhar
- Division of Neurology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2G3
| | - Chu Cheng
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Jose A Martinez
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Hilarie Ng
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Cristiane de la Hoz
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
| | - Douglas W Zochodne
- Division of Neurology and Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, and the Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada, T6G 2G3 .,Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Canada, T2N 4N1
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A BRCA1-Dependent DNA Damage Response in the Regenerating Adult Peripheral Nerve Milieu. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:4051-4067. [PMID: 28585187 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0574-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
It is not generally appreciated that DNA repair machinery has a critical role in the remodeling of neurons that adopt a regenerative phenotype. We identified that breast cancer 1 (BRCA1)-dependent DNA activity, previously well known to repair cancer cells, is active in adult peripheral neurons and Schwann cells during their injury and regeneration response. Temporary or partial loss of BRCA1 or blockade of its intraneuronal nuclear entry impaired outgrowth in neurons in vitro and impacted nerve regeneration and functional recovery in vivo. We found that distal axonal injury triggered a BRCA1-dependent DNA damage response (DDR) signal in neuronal soma. BRCA1 also supported an enabling transcriptional program of injured neurons and supporting Schwann cells. Our findings indicate that BRCA1 offers prominent functional roles in neurons and glial cells including key support for their physical and molecular integrity. Since BRCA1 mutations are common in humans, this function of BRCA1 in peripheral neurons and their glial partners warrants attention.
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Venkat P, Chopp M, Chen J. Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption, Vascular Impairment, and Ischemia/Reperfusion Damage in Diabetic Stroke. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:e005819. [PMID: 28572280 PMCID: PMC5669184 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.005819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Poornima Venkat
- Department of Neurology Research, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology Research, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI
| | - Jieli Chen
- Department of Neurology Research, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI
- Neurological & Gerontology Institute, Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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