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Parrilla GE, Salkar A, Wall RV, Gupta V, Graham SL, You Y. Glaucoma, More than Meets the Eye: Patterns of Demyelination Revealed in Human Postmortem Glaucomatous Optic Nerve. Aging Dis 2024; 15:2301-2314. [PMID: 39191397 PMCID: PMC11346397 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2024.0336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease affecting millions worldwide, characterised by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) degeneration which leads to blindness in more advanced cases. Although the pathogenesis and underlying mechanisms of glaucoma are not fully understood, there are theories that hint at demyelination playing a role in the disease process. Demyelination, or the degeneration of the myelin sheath surrounding axons, has been found in previous studies using animal models of glaucoma and clinical assessments of glaucoma patients. However, this has not been fully realised or quantified in glaucoma patients. Utilising postmortem optic nerve samples from glaucoma and healthy subjects, various immunohistochemical and morphological assessments were performed to determine the extent, if any, of demyelination in glaucomatous optic nerves. Our findings revealed that alongside nerve shrinkage and degeneration of nerve tissue fascicles, there were significantly less myelin proteins, specifically myelin basic protein (MBP), in glaucoma optic nerves. Additionally, the loss of MBP was correlated with decreased oligodendrocyte (OLG) precursors and increasing glial activity. This further supports previous evidence that demyelination may be a secondary degenerative process associated with glaucoma disease progression. Not only do these results provide evidence for potential disease mechanisms, but this is also the first study to quantify optic nerve demyelination in glaucoma postmortem tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella E Parrilla
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Akanksha Salkar
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Roshana Vander Wall
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, NSW 2109, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Human Sciences, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, NSW 2109, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
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Shen R, Ding Y, Dong Q, Wang Y, Yu J, Pan C, Cai Y, Li Z, Zhang J, Yu K, Zeng Q. IL-4-Induced Gene 1: A Potential Player in Myocardial Infarction. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2024; 25:337. [PMID: 39355609 PMCID: PMC11440439 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2509337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI), a severe outcome of cardiovascular disease, poses a serious threat to human health. Uncontrolled inflammation and excessive cardiomyocyte death, following an infarction event, significantly contribute to both the mortality rate and complications associated with MI. The protein IL-4-induced gene 1 (IL4I1 or FIG1) serves as a natural inhibitor of innate and adaptive immunity, playing a crucial role in CD4+ T cell differentiation, macrophage polarization, and ferroptosis inhibition. Previous studies have linked IL4I1 to acute MI. This review summarizes evidence from both basic and clinical research, highlighting IL4I1 as a critical immunoregulatory enzyme that not only regulates inflammatory responses, but also potentially mitigates MI-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shen
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yan Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jian Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chengliang Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yifan Cai
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhiyang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiangmei Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Kunwu Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qiutang Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Research Center of Immunological Diagnosis and Therapy for Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430022 Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Liang Y, Yin S, Chen X, Li C, Chen Q. The causal relationship between autoimmune diseases and rhinosinusitis, and the mediating role of inflammatory proteins: a Mendelian randomization study. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2024; 249:10196. [PMID: 39104791 PMCID: PMC11299433 DOI: 10.3389/ebm.2024.10196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Observational studies have linked autoimmune diseases (ADs) with rhinosinusitis (RS) manifestations. To establish a causal relationship between ADs and RS, and to explore the potential mediating role of inflammatory mediators between ADs and RS, we utilized Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. Using a two-sample MR methodology, we examined the causality between multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), psoriasis (PsO), type 1 diabetes (T1D), Sjogren's syndrome (SS), celiac disease (CeD), Crohn's disease (CD), hypothyroidism (HT), Graves' disease (GD), and Hashimoto's thyroiditis and their association with chronic and acute rhinosinusitis (CRS and ARS, respectively).To achieve this, we employed three distinct MR techniques: inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR-Egger, and the weighted median method. Our analysis also included a variety of sensitivity assessments, such as Cochran's Q test, leave-one-out analysis, MR-Egger intercept, and MR-PRESSO, to ensure the robustness of our findings. Additionally, the study explored the role of inflammation proteins as a mediator in these relationships through a comprehensive two-step MR analysis. Among the ADs, MS, RA, T1D, CeD, and HT were determined as risk factors for CRS. Only CeD exhibited a causal relationship with ARS. Subsequent analyses identified interleukin-10 (IL-10) as a potential mediator for the association of MS, RA and HT with CRS, respectively., while C-X-C motif chemokine 10 levels (CXCL10) and T-cell surface glycoprotein CD6 isoform levels (CD6) were found to influence HT's effect on CRS. Our findings demonstrate a causative link between specific autoimmune diseases and rhinosinusitis, highlighting IL-10, CXCL10, and CD6 as potential mediators in this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjing Liang
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Shao Yin
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiangyan Chen
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chengen Li
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Qiu Chen
- Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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Parrilla GE, Gupta V, Wall RV, Salkar A, Basavarajappa D, Mirzaei M, Chitranshi N, Graham SL, You Y. The role of myelin in neurodegeneration: implications for drug targets and neuroprotection strategies. Rev Neurosci 2024; 35:271-292. [PMID: 37983528 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2023-0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Myelination of axons in the central nervous system offers numerous advantages, including decreased energy expenditure for signal transmission and enhanced signal speed. The myelin sheaths surrounding an axon consist of a multi-layered membrane that is formed by oligodendrocytes, while specific glycoproteins and lipids play various roles in this formation process. As beneficial as myelin can be, its dysregulation and degeneration can prove detrimental. Inflammation, oxidative stress, and changes in cellular metabolism and the extracellular matrix can lead to demyelination of these axons. These factors are hallmark characteristics of certain demyelinating diseases including multiple sclerosis. The effects of demyelination are also implicated in primary degeneration in diseases such as glaucoma and Alzheimer's disease, as well as in processes of secondary degeneration. This reveals a relationship between myelin and secondary processes of neurodegeneration, including resultant degeneration following traumatic injury and transsynaptic degeneration. The role of myelin in primary and secondary degeneration is also of interest in the exploration of strategies and targets for remyelination, including the use of anti-inflammatory molecules or nanoparticles to deliver drugs. Although the use of these methods in animal models of diseases have shown to be effective in promoting remyelination, very few clinical trials in patients have met primary end points. This may be due to shortcomings or considerations that are not met while designing a clinical trial that targets remyelination. Potential solutions include diversifying disease targets and requiring concomitant interventions to promote rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella E Parrilla
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Vivek Gupta
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Roshana Vander Wall
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Akanksha Salkar
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Devaraj Basavarajappa
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Mehdi Mirzaei
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Nitin Chitranshi
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Stuart L Graham
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie St, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
| | - Yuyi You
- Faculty of Human, Health, and Medical Science, Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Wallumattagal Campus, Macquarie Park, NSW 2109, Australia
- Save Sight Institute, University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie St, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia
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5
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Ye F, Wang L, Li Y, Dong C, Zhou L, Xu J. IL4I1 in M2-like macrophage promotes glioma progression and is a promising target for immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1338244. [PMID: 38250074 PMCID: PMC10799346 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1338244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Glioma is the prevailing malignant intracranial tumor, characterized by an abundance of macrophages. Specifically, the infiltrating macrophages often display the M2 subtype and are known as tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). They have a critical role in promoting the oncogenic properties of tumor cells. Interleukin-4-induced-1 (IL4I1) functions as an L-phenylalanine oxidase, playing a key part in regulating immune responses and the progression of various tumors. However, there is limited understanding of the IL4I1-mediated cross-talk function between TAMs and glioma cell in the glioma microenvironment. Methods TCGA, GTEx, and HPA databases were applied to assess the IL4I1 expression, clinical characteristics, and prognostic value of pan-cancer. The link between IL4I1 levels and the prognosis, methylation, and immune checkpoints (ICs) in gliomas were explored through Kaplan-Meier curve, Cox regression, and Spearman correlation analyses. The IL4I1 levels and their distribution were investigated by single-cell analysis and the TIMER 2 database. Additionally, validation of IL4I1 expression was performed by WB, RT-qPCR, IHC, and IF. Co-culture models between glioma cells and M2-like macrophages were used to explore the IL4I1-mediated effects on tumor growth, invasion, and migration of glioma cells. Moreover, the function of IL4I1 on macrophage polarization was evaluated by ELISA, RT-qPCR, WB, and siRNA transfection. Results Both transcriptome and protein levels of IL4I1 were increased obviously in various tumor types, and correlated with a dismal prognosis. Specifically, IL4I1 was implicated in aggressive progression and a dismal prognosis for patients with glioma. A negative association was noticed between the glioma grade and DNA promoter methylation of IL4I1. Enrichment analyses in glioma patients suggested that IL4I1 was linked to cytokine and immune responses, and was positively correlated with ICs. Single-cell analysis, molecular experiments, and in vitro assays showed that IL4I1 was significantly expressed in TAMs. Importantly, co-culture models proved that IL4I1 significantly promoted the invasion and migration of glioma cells, and induced the polarization of M2-like macrophages. Conclusion IL4I1 could be a promising immunotherapy target for selective modulation of TAMs and stands as a novel macrophage-related prognostic biomarker in glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Liangxue Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Hu J, Melchor GS, Ladakis D, Reger J, Kim HW, Chamberlain KA, Shults NV, Oft HC, Smith VN, Rosko LM, Li E, Baydyuk M, Fu MM, Bhargava P, Huang JK. Myeloid cell-associated aromatic amino acid metabolism facilitates CNS myelin regeneration. NPJ Regen Med 2024; 9:1. [PMID: 38167866 PMCID: PMC10762216 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-023-00345-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Regulation of myeloid cell activity is critical for successful myelin regeneration (remyelination) in demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS). Here, we show aromatic alpha-keto acids (AKAs) generated from the amino acid oxidase, interleukin-4 induced 1 (IL4I1), promote efficient remyelination in mouse models of MS. During remyelination, myeloid cells upregulated the expression of IL4I1. Conditionally knocking out IL4I1 in myeloid cells impaired remyelination efficiency. Mice lacking IL4I1 expression exhibited a reduction in the AKAs, phenylpyruvate, indole-3-pyruvate, and 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, in remyelinating lesions. Decreased AKA levels were also observed in people with MS, particularly in the progressive phase when remyelination is impaired. Oral administration of AKAs modulated myeloid cell-associated inflammation, promoted oligodendrocyte maturation, and enhanced remyelination in mice with focal demyelinated lesions. Transcriptomic analysis revealed AKA treatment induced a shift in metabolic pathways in myeloid cells and upregulated aryl hydrocarbon receptor activity in lesions. Our results suggest myeloid cell-associated aromatic amino acid metabolism via IL4I1 produces AKAs in demyelinated lesions to enable efficient remyelination. Increasing AKA levels or targeting related pathways may serve as a strategy to facilitate the regeneration of myelin in inflammatory demyelinating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Hu
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - George S Melchor
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Dimitrios Ladakis
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Joan Reger
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Hee Won Kim
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Kelly A Chamberlain
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Nataliia V Shults
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Helena C Oft
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Victoria N Smith
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Lauren M Rosko
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Erqiu Li
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Maryna Baydyuk
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA
| | - Meng-Meng Fu
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Pavan Bhargava
- Division of Neuroimmunology and Neurological Infections, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Huang
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20007, USA.
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Takase H, Hamanaka G, Hoshino T, Ohtomo R, Guo S, Mandeville ET, Lo EH, Arai K. Transcriptomic Profiling Reveals Neuroinflammation in the Corpus Callosum of a Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 97:1421-1433. [PMID: 38277298 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a widespread neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive cognitive decline, affecting a significant portion of the aging population. While the cerebral cortex and hippocampus have been the primary focus of AD research, accumulating evidence suggests that white matter lesions in the brain, particularly in the corpus callosum, play an important role in the pathogenesis of the disease. OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the gene expression changes in the corpus callosum of 5xFAD transgenic mice, a widely used AD mouse model. METHODS We conducted behavioral tests for spatial learning and memory in 5xFAD transgenic mice and performed RNA sequencing analyses on the corpus callosum to examine transcriptomic changes. RESULTS Our results show cognitive decline and demyelination in the corpus callosum of 5xFAD transgenic mice. Transcriptomic analysis reveals a predominance of upregulated genes in AD mice, particularly those associated with immune cells, including microglia. Conversely, downregulation of genes related to chaperone function and clock genes such as Per1, Per2, and Cry1 is also observed. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that activation of neuroinflammation, disruption of chaperone function, and circadian dysfunction are involved in the pathogenesis of white matter lesions in AD. The findings provide insights into potential therapeutic targets and highlight the importance of addressing white matter pathology and circadian dysfunction in AD treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Takase
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- YCU Center for Novel and Exploratory Clinical Trials (Y-NEXT), Yokohama City University Hospital, Yokohama, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Gen Hamanaka
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Tomonori Hoshino
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ryo Ohtomo
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Shuzhen Guo
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Emiri T Mandeville
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Eng H Lo
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Ken Arai
- Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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8
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Wang L, Ma H, Wen Z, Niu L, Chen X, Liu H, Zhang S, Xu J, Zhu Y, Li H, Chen H, Shi L, Wan L, Li L, Li M, Wong KW, Song Y. Single-cell RNA-sequencing reveals heterogeneity and intercellular crosstalk in human tuberculosis lung. J Infect 2023; 87:373-384. [PMID: 37690670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Lung inflammation indicated by 18F-labeled fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in patients with tuberculosis is associated with disease severity and relapse risk upon treatment completion. We revealed the heterogeneity and intercellular crosstalk in lung tissues with 18F-FDG avidity and adjacent uninvolved tissues from 6 tuberculosis patients by single-cell RNA-sequencing. Tuberculous lungs had an influx of regulatory T cells (Treg), exhausted CD8 T cells, immunosuppressive myeloid cells, conventional DC, plasmacytoid DC, and neutrophils. Immune cells in inflamed lungs showed general up-regulation of ATP synthesis and interferon-mediated signaling. Immunosuppressive myeloid and Treg cells strongly displayed transcriptions of genes related to tuberculosis disease progression. Intensive crosstalk between IL4I1-expressing myeloid cells and Treg cells involving chemokines, costimulatory molecules, and immune checkpoints, some of which are specific in 18F-FDG-avid lungs, were found. Our analysis provides insights into the transcriptomic heterogeneity and cellular crosstalk in pulmonary tuberculosis and guides unveiling cellular and molecular targets for tuberculosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Ma
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Zilu Wen
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangfei Niu
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Immunity and Diseases, Department of Pathogen Biology, Shenzhen University School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haiying Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, and Center for Tuberculosis Research, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shulin Zhang
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Yijun Zhu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Laiyi Wan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Leilei Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Meiyi Li
- Fudan Zhangjiang Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ka-Wing Wong
- Department of Scientific Research, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yanzheng Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Shanghai, China.
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9
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Zuo M, Fang J, Huang P, Liu S, Hou P, Wang S, Liu Z, Feng C, Cao L, Li P, Shi Y, Shao C. IL4I1-catalyzed tryptophan metabolites mediate the anti-inflammatory function of cytokine-primed human muscle stem cells. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:269. [PMID: 37507432 PMCID: PMC10382538 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01568-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) have been demonstrated to exert impressive therapeutic efficacy in disease settings through orchestrating inflammatory microenvironments. Nevertheless, the mechanisms underlying the immunoregulatory property of MuSCs remain largely uncharacterized. Here, we showed that interleukin-4-induced-1 (IL4I1), an essential enzyme that catalyzes indole metabolism in humans, was highly expressed in human MuSCs exposed to IFN-γ and TNF-α. Functionally, the MuSCs were found to inhibit the infiltration of neutrophils into sites of inflammation in a IL4I1-dependent manner and thus ameliorate acute lung injury in mice. Mechanistically, the indole metabolites, including indole-3-pyruvic acid (I3P) and indole-3-aldehyde (I3A), produced by IL4I1, acted as ligands to activate aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), leading to augmented expression of TNF-stimulated gene 6 (TSG-6) in inflammatory cytokine-primed MuSCs. Furthermore, I3P administration alone suppressed neutrophil infiltration into damaged lungs. I3P could also reduce the level of reactive oxygen species in neutrophils. Therefore, our study has uncovered a novel mechanism by which MuSCs acquire their immunoregulatory property and may help to develop or optimize MuSC-based therapies for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muqiu Zuo
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jiankai Fang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Peiqing Huang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Shisong Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Pengbo Hou
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, TOR, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Shiqing Wang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Zhanhong Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, TOR, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Chao Feng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, TOR, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Lijuan Cao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Sciences, TOR, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, 00133, Italy
| | - Peishan Li
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Yufang Shi
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Changshun Shao
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Institutes for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China.
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10
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Ding Z, Chen W, Wu H, Li W, Mao X, Su W, Zhang Y, Lin N. Integrative network fusion-based multi-omics study for biomarker identification and patient classification of rheumatoid arthritis. Chin Med 2023; 18:48. [PMID: 37143094 PMCID: PMC10158004 DOI: 10.1186/s13020-023-00750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cold-dampness Syndrome (RA-Cold) and Hot-dampness Syndrome (RA-Hot) are two distinct groups of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients with different clinical symptoms based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theories and clinical empirical knowledge. However, the biological basis of the two syndromes has not been fully elucidated, which may restrict the development of personalized medicine and drug discovery for RA diagnosis and therapy. METHODS An integrative strategy combining clinical transcriptomics, phenomics, and metabolomics data based on clinical cohorts and adjuvant-induced arthritis rat models was performed to identify novel candidate biomarkers and to investigate the biological basis of RA-Cold and RA-Hot. RESULTS The main clinical symptoms of RA-Cold patients are joint swelling, pain, and contracture, which may be associated with the dysregulation of T cell-mediated immunity, osteoblast differentiation, and subsequent disorders of steroid biosynthesis and phenylalanine metabolism. In contrast, the main clinical symptoms of RA-Hot patients are fever, irritability, and vertigo, which may be associated with various signals regulating angiogenesis, adrenocorticotropic hormone release, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation, leading to disorders of steroid biosynthesis, nicotinamide, and sphingolipid metabolism. IL17F, 5-HT, and IL4I1 were identified as candidate biomarkers of RA-Cold, while S1P and GLNS were identified as candidate biomarkers of RA-Hot. CONCLUSIONS The current study presents the most comprehensive metabonomic and transcriptomic profiling of serum, urine, synovial fluid, and synovial tissue samples obtained from RA-Cold and RA-Hot patients and experimental animal models to date. Through the integration of multi-omics data and clinical independent validation, a list of novel candidate biomarkers of RA-Cold and RA-Hot syndromes were identified, that may be useful in improving RA diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihe Ding
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory and Literatures, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Wenjia Chen
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory and Literatures, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Hao Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Weijie Li
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory and Literatures, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Xia Mao
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory and Literatures, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing, 100700, China
| | - Weiwei Su
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yanqiong Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory and Literatures, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing, 100700, China.
| | - Na Lin
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory and Literatures, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, No. 16, Nanxiaojie, Dongzhimennei, Beijing, 100700, China.
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11
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Gao Y, Wang N, Jia D. JMJD3 downregulates IL4i1 aggravating lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via H3K27 and H3K4 demethylation. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2023; 38:754-769. [PMID: 36537648 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The pro-inflammation M1 to anti-inflammation M2 macrophage ratio contribute to the severity of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI). JMJD3 aggravates the inflammatory reaction through affecting epigenetic modification and macrophage's phenotype to deteriorate ALI. To explore the mechanism underlying the upregulation of the macrophage M1/M2 ratio through JMJD3, we developed an ALI mouse model using intratracheal LPS, LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, and inhibited JMJD3 using GSK-J4. H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 were investigated as JMJD3-mediated epigenetic alteration sites in vivo and in vitro. C/EBPβ and KDM5A were validated as linking factors between H3K27 and H3K4. IL4i1 was investigated as a JMJD3-mediated targeted gene to regulate the macrophage M1/M2 ratio. Chromatin immunoprecipitation was used to evaluate the relationship between H3K27me3 and C/ebpβ, C/EBPβ and Kdm5a, H3K4me3 and Il4i1. Inhibiting JMJD3 with GSK-J4 can relieve inflammation and pathological performance in ALI. JMJD3 can reduce IL4i1 expression to increase the macrophage M1/M2 ratio and aggravated ALI which process was mediated via JMJD3-indcued H3K27me3 and H3K4me3 demethylation, latter H3K4me3 demethylation inhibited IL4i1 transcription. Inhibiting JMJD3 with GSK-J4 can increase IL4i1 expression, subsequently decreasing the expressions of M1 and increasing of M2 in vivo. The over-expression IL4i1 in LPS-stimulated macrophage or inhibiting JMJD3 with GSK-J4 can both reverse the increase of the macrophage M1/M2 ratio in vitro. C/EBPβ and KDM5A were upregulated by LPS simulation, which linked JMJD3-induced H3K27-H3K4 demethylation. JMJD3 inhibited IL4i1 to increase the macrophage M1/M2 phenotype ratio and aggravate LPS-induced ALI. Using GSK-J4 to inhibit JMJD3 may facilitate the treatment of LPS-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhuo Gao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Na Wang
- Occupational Disease and Occupational Health Prevention and Control Institute, Liaoning Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Dong Jia
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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12
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Chang J, Qian Z, Wang B, Cao J, Zhang S, Jiang F, Kong R, Yu X, Cao X, Yang L, Chen H. Transplantation of A2 type astrocytes promotes neural repair and remyelination after spinal cord injury. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:37. [PMID: 36797790 PMCID: PMC9936716 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-01036-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Limited progress in terms of an effective treatment for spinal cord injury (SCI) emphasizes the urgent need for novel therapies. As a vital central nervous system component, the resident astrocytes play crucial roles in regulating recovery after SCI. In this study, recovery after SCI was compared following the transplantation of either A1 or A2 astrocytes. A1 astrocytes are harmful as they upregulate the neurotoxic classical complement cascade genes. Conversely, A2 astrocytes are characterized as neuroprotective as they upregulate the production of many neurotrophic factors. METHODS We used different supernatant obtained from microglia stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or interleukin-4 to generate A1 and A2 astrocytes. We detected the influence of astrocytes on neurons by co-culturing A1 and A2 astrocytes with neurons. We transplanted astrocytes into the lesion site of the spinal cord and assessed lesion progression, neural restoration, glia formation and locomotor recovery. RESULTS Astrocytes were polarized into A1 and A2 phenotypes following culture in the supernatant obtained from microglia stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or interleukin-4, respectively. Furthermore, co-culturing A2 astrocytes with neurons significantly suppressed glutamate-induced neuronal apoptosis and promoted the degree of neuron arborization. Transplantation of these A2 astrocytes into the lesion site of the spinal cord of mice significantly improved motor function recovery, preserved spared supraspinal pathways, decreased glia scar deposition, and increased neurofilament formation at the site of injury compared to the transplantation of A1 astrocytes. Additionally, enhanced A2 astrocytes with potentially beneficial A2-like genes were also detected in the A2 group. Moreover, luxol fast blue staining and electron microscopy indicated increased preservation of myelin with organized structure after transplantation of A2 astrocytes than of A1 astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS A2 astrocyte transplantation could be a promising potential therapy for SCI. Video abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhanyang Qian
- Spine Center, Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Binyu Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiang Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fan Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Renyi Kong
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaojian Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Lei Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Taizhou People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, No. 366 Taihu Road, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, China. .,School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Hongtao Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
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13
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Wang Y, Pei S, Liu Z, Ding Y, Qian T, Wen H, Hsu SW, Zhou Z, Zhang J, Wang H. IRAK-M suppresses the activation of microglial NLRP3 inflammasome and GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis through inhibiting IRAK1 phosphorylation during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:103. [PMID: 36765034 PMCID: PMC9918485 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05621-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
The activation of the NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome triggers pyroptosis proinflammatory cell death in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). However, the underlying mechanisms of the inflammatory processes of microglia in EAE remain unclear. Our previous studies suggested that interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase (IRAK)-M down-regulates the toll-like receptor 4/interleukin-1 receptor signaling pathway. Here, we used IRAK-M knockout (IRAK-M-/-) mice and their microglia to dissect the role of IRAK-M in EAE. We found that deletion of IRAK-M increased the incidence rate and exacerbated the clinical symptoms in EAE mice. We then found that IRAK-M deficiency promoted the activation of microglia, activated NLRP3 inflammasomes, and enhanced GSDMD-mediated pyroptosis in the microglia of EAE. In contrast, over-expression of IRAK-M exerted inhibitory effects on neuroinflammation, NLRP3 activation, and pyroptosis. Moreover, IRAK-M deficiency enhanced the phosphorylation of IRAK1, while IRAK-M over-expression downregulated the level of phosphorylated IRAK1. Finally, we found upregulated binding of IRAK1 and TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) in IRAK-M-/- EAE mice compared to WT mice, which was blocked in AAVIRAK-M EAE mice. Our study reveals a complex signaling network of IRAK-M, which negatively regulates microglial NLRP3 inflammasomes and pyroptosis by inhibiting IRAK1 phosphorylation during EAE. These findings suggest a potential target for the novel therapeutic approaches of multiple sclerosis (MS)/EAE and NLRP3-related inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, 510180, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Pei
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhuhe Liu
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, 510180, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuewen Ding
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tinglin Qian
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haixia Wen
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, 510180, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ssu-Wei Hsu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Zheyi Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Hospital of Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine, 545001, Liuzhou, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Honghao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, 510180, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Neurology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 510515, Guangzhou, China.
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14
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Sun H, Han W, Wen J, Ma X. IL4I1 and tryptophan metabolites enhance AHR signals to facilitate colorectal cancer progression and immunosuppression. Am J Transl Res 2022; 14:7758-7770. [PMID: 36505324 PMCID: PMC9730071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The molecular mechanisms underlying tumor progression and drug resistance in colorectal cancer remain to be fully understood. Recent studies have reported a pro-tumorigenic role of an amino acid oxidase named interleukin-4-induced-1 (IL4I1). Here, we investigate the role and molecular mechanism of IL4I1 in colorectal cancer. METHODS We employed bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation by using clinical samples and a variety of cell-based assays, including western blot, Transwell assay, patient-derived organoid culture, Immunofluorescence assay, T cell cytotoxicity assay, and flow cytometry. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis showed a higher IL4I1 expression in colorectal cancer tissues than in normal tissues. In vitro overexpression of IL4I1 enhanced the proliferation, migration, and invasion of colorectal cancer cells. In addition, deprivation of Tryptophan (Trp) in cultural medium diminished the oncogenic effect of IL4I1. Furthermore, we observed a positive correlation of IL4I1 and AHR expression in the TCGA database of colorectal cancer. We also detected an enhanced cytoplasmic expression and nuclear translocation of Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). Moreover, IL4I1 overexpression suppressed the cytolytic killing of tumor cells and enhanced T cell exhaustion. Finally, in the organoid culture model, we found that immunotherapy and SR-1 combination treatment could induce higher level of apoptosis than did the immunotherapy or SR-1 treatment alone. CONCLUSION we demonstrated that IL4I1 facilitated colorectal cancer progression and immunosuppression through tryptophan metabolism dependent on AHR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Sun
- Senior Department of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Wenjie Han
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Juyi Wen
- Senior Department of Oncology, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Xue Ma
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, The Sixth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General HospitalBeijing, China
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15
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Hu J, Baydyuk M, Huang JK. Impact of amino acids on microglial activation and CNS remyelination. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2022; 66:102287. [PMID: 36067684 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2022.102287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids and their derivatives function as building blocks as well as signaling molecules to modulate various cellular processes in living organisms. In mice, amino acids accumulate in demyelinated lesions and return to basal levels during remyelination. Studies have found that amino acids and their metabolites modulate immune activity in the central nervous system (CNS) and influence oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination efficiency. In this review, we discuss current studies on amino acid metabolism in the context of CNS remyelination. By understanding the mechanisms of amino acid signaling and metabolism in demyelinated lesions, we may deepen our understanding of compartmentalized CNS inflammation in demyelinating disease like multiple sclerosis (MS) and provide evidence to develop novel pharmacological therapies targeting amino acid metabolism to prevent disease worsening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Hu
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O St., NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Maryna Baydyuk
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O St., NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA; Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical Center, 37th and O St., NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Jeffrey K Huang
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O St., NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA; Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University Medical Center, 37th and O St., NW, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.
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16
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Rouillard ME, Hu J, Sutter PA, Kim HW, Huang JK, Crocker SJ. The Cellular Senescence Factor Extracellular HMGB1 Directly Inhibits Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Differentiation and Impairs CNS Remyelination. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:833186. [PMID: 35573828 PMCID: PMC9095917 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.833186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
HMGB1 is a highly conserved, ubiquitous protein in eukaryotic cells. HMGB1 is normally localized to the nucleus, where it acts as a chromatin associated non-histone binding protein. In contrast, extracellular HMGB1 is an alarmin released by stressed cells to act as a danger associated molecular pattern (DAMP). We have recently determined that progenitor cells from multiple sclerosis patients exhibit a cellular senescent phenotype and release extracellular HMGB1 which directly impaired the maturation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) to myelinating oligodendrocytes (OLs). Herein, we report that administration of recombinant HMGB1 into the spinal cord at the time of lysolecithin administration resulted in arrest of OPC differentiation in vivo, and a profound impairment of remyelination. To define the receptor by which extracellular HMGB1 mediates its inhibitory influence on OPCs to impair OL differentiation, we tested selective inhibitors against the four primary receptors known to mediate the effects of HMGB1, the toll-like receptors (TLRs)-2, -4, -9 or the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE). We found that inhibition of neither TLR9 nor RAGE increased OL differentiation in the presence of HMGB1, while inhibition of TLR4 resulted in partial restoration of OL differentiation and inhibiting TLR2 fully restored differentiation of OLs in the presence of HMGB1. Analysis of transcriptomic data (RNAseq) from OPCs identified an overrepresentation of NFκB regulated genes in OPCs when in the presence of HMGB1. We found that application of HMGB1 to OPCs in culture resulted in a rapid and concentration dependent shift in NFκB nuclear translocation which was also attenuated with coincident TLR2 inhibition. These data provide new information on how extracellular HMGB1 directly affects the differentiation potential of OPCs. Recent and past evidence for elevated HMGB1 released from senescent progenitor cells within demyelinated lesions in the MS brain suggests that a greater understanding of how this molecule acts on OPCs may unfetter the endogenous remyelination potential in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E. Rouillard
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Jingwen Hu
- Department of Biology and Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Pearl A. Sutter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Hee Won Kim
- Department of Biology and Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Jeffrey K. Huang
- Department of Biology and Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Stephen J. Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
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17
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Calahorra L, Camacho-Toledano C, Serrano-Regal MP, Ortega MC, Clemente D. Regulatory Cells in Multiple Sclerosis: From Blood to Brain. Biomedicines 2022; 10:335. [PMID: 35203544 PMCID: PMC8961785 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects myelin. The etiology of MS is unclear, although a variety of environmental and genetic factors are thought to increase the risk of developing the disease. Historically, T cells were considered to be the orchestrators of MS pathogenesis, but evidence has since accumulated implicating B lymphocytes and innate immune cells in the inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage associated with MS disease progression. However, more recently the importance of the protective role of immunoregulatory cells in MS has become increasingly evident, such as that of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), regulatory T (Treg) and B (Breg) cells, or CD56bright natural killer cells. In this review, we will focus on how peripheral regulatory cells implicated in innate and adaptive immune responses are involved in the physiopathology of MS. Moreover, we will discuss how these cells are thought to act and contribute to MS histopathology, also addressing their promising role as promoters of successful remyelination within the CNS. Finally, we will analyze how understanding these protective mechanisms may be crucial in the search for potential therapies for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (L.C.); (C.C.-T.); (M.P.S.-R.); (M.C.O.)
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18
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Eve M, Gandawijaya J, Yang L, Oguro-Ando A. Neuronal Cell Adhesion Molecules May Mediate Neuroinflammation in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:842755. [PMID: 35492721 PMCID: PMC9051034 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.842755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition characterized by restrictive and repetitive behaviors, alongside deficits in social interaction and communication. The etiology of ASD is largely unknown but is strongly linked to genetic variants in neuronal cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), cell-surface proteins that have important roles in neurodevelopment. A combination of environmental and genetic factors are believed to contribute to ASD pathogenesis. Inflammation in ASD has been identified as one of these factors, demonstrated through the presence of proinflammatory cytokines, maternal immune activation, and activation of glial cells in ASD brains. Glial cells are the main source of cytokines within the brain and, therefore, their activity is vital in mediating inflammation in the central nervous system. However, it is unclear whether the aforementioned neuronal CAMs are involved in modulating neuroimmune signaling or glial behavior. This review aims to address the largely unexplored role that neuronal CAMs may play in mediating inflammatory cascades that underpin neuroinflammation in ASD, primarily focusing on the Notch, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades. We will also evaluate the available evidence on how neuronal CAMs may influence glial activity associated with inflammation. This is important when considering the impact of environmental factors and inflammatory responses on ASD development. In particular, neural CAM1 (NCAM1) can regulate NF-κB transcription in neurons, directly altering proinflammatory signaling. Additionally, NCAM1 and contactin-1 appear to mediate astrocyte and oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation which can alter the neuroimmune response. Importantly, although this review highlights the limited information available, there is evidence of a neuronal CAM regulatory role in inflammatory signaling. This warrants further investigation into the role other neuronal CAM family members may have in mediating inflammatory cascades and would advance our understanding of how neuroinflammation can contribute to ASD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Eve
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Josan Gandawijaya
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Liming Yang
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Asami Oguro-Ando
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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19
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Hao W, Luo Q, Menger MD, Fassbender K, Liu Y. Treatment With CD52 Antibody Protects Neurons in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mice During the Recovering Phase. Front Immunol 2021; 12:792465. [PMID: 34975892 PMCID: PMC8716455 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.792465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease driven by T and B lymphocytes. The remyelination failure and neurodegeneration results in permanent clinical disability in MS patients. A desirable therapy should not only modulate the immune system, but also promote neuroprotection and remyelination. To investigate the neuroprotective effect of CD52 antibody in MS, both C57BL/6J and SJL mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) were treated with CD52 antibody at the peak of disease. Treatment with CD52 antibody depleted T but not B lymphocytes in the blood, reduced the infiltration of T lymphocytes and microglia/macrophages in the spinal cord. Anti-CD52 therapy attenuated EAE scores during the recovery phase. It protected neurons immediately after treatment (within 4 days) as shown by reducing the accumulation of amyloid precursor proteins. It potentially promoted remyelination as it increased the number of olig2/CC-1-positive mature oligodendrocytes and prevented myelin loss in the following days (e.g., 14 days post treatment). In further experiments, EAE mice with a conditional knockout of BDNF in neurons were administered with CD52 antibodies. Neuronal deficiency of BDNF attenuated the effect of anti-CD52 treatment on reducing EAE scores and inflammatory infiltration but did not affect anti-CD52 treatment-induced improvement of myelin coverage in the spinal cord. In summary, anti-CD52 therapy depletes CD4-positive T lymphocytes, prevents myelin loss and protects neurons in EAE mice. Neuronal BDNF regulates neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effect of CD52 antibody in EAE mice.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/genetics
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD52 Antigen/antagonists & inhibitors
- CD52 Antigen/immunology
- CD52 Antigen/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Neurons/pathology
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Remyelination/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Hao
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Diakonie Klinikum Neunkirchen, Neunkirchen, Germany
| | - Qinghua Luo
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Michael D. Menger
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | | | - Yang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
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20
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Hlaka L, Ozturk M, Chia JE, Jones SS, Pillay S, Poswayo SKL, Mpotje T, Nono JK, Simelane S, Parihar SP, Roy S, Suzuki H, Brombacher F, Guler R. IL-4i1 regulates immune protection during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. J Infect Dis 2021; 224:2170-2180. [PMID: 34739044 PMCID: PMC8672763 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiab558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Interleukin 4 (IL-4i1)–induced gene 1 encodes L-phenylalanine oxidase that catabolizes phenylalanine into phenylpyruvate. IL-4i1 is mainly expressed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs), inhibits T-cell proliferation, regulates B-cell activation, modulates T cell responses, and drives macrophage polarization, but its role in bacterial infections is understudied. Methods We evaluated IL-4i1 deletion in macrophages and mice on infection with virulent H37Rv and W-Beijing lineage hypervirulent HN878 Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) strains. The bacterial growth and proinflammatory responses were measured in vitro and in vivo. Histopathological analysis, lung immune cell recruitment, and macrophage activation were assessed at the early and chronic stages of Mtb infection. Results IL-4i1–deficient (IL-4i1−/−) mice displayed increased protection against acute H37Rv, HN878 and chronic HN878 Mt infections, with reduced lung bacterial burdens and altered APC responses compared with wild-type mice. Moreover, “M1-like” interstitial macrophage numbers, and nitrite and Interferon-γ production were significantly increased in IL-4i1−/− mice compared with wild-type mice during acute Mtb HN878 infection. Conclusions Together, these data suggest that IL-4i1 regulates APC-mediated inflammatory responses during acute and chronic Mtb infection. Hence, IL-4i1 targeting has potential as an immunomodulatory target for host-directed therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lerato Hlaka
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Connecticut, 06032, United States
| | - Mumin Ozturk
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Julius E Chia
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Shelby-Sara Jones
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Shandre Pillay
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Sibongiseni K L Poswayo
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Thabo Mpotje
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Justin K Nono
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Laboratory of ImmunoBiology and Helminth Infections (IBHI), Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies, Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, 13033, Cameroon
| | - Simphiwe Simelane
- Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Suraj P Parihar
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Sugata Roy
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Harukazu Suzuki
- RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Frank Brombacher
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
| | - Reto Guler
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Cape Town Component, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology and South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) Immunology of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7925, South Africa
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21
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Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a four-α-helical bundle type I cytokine with broad pleiotropic actions on multiple lineages. Major actions of IL-4 were initially discovered for B and T cells, but this cytokine acts on more than a dozen different target cells spanning the innate and adaptive immune systems and is produced by multiple different cellular sources. While IL-4 was discovered just under 40 years ago in 1982, the interest in and discoveries related to this cytokine continue to markedly expand. There are important new advances related to its biological actions and to its mechanisms of signaling, including critical genes and downstream targets in a range of cell types. IL-4 is critical not only for careful control of immunoglobulin production but also related to inflammation, fibrosis, allergic reactions, and antitumor activity, with actions of IL-4 occurring through two different types of receptors, one of which is also used by IL-13, a closely related cytokine with partially overlapping actions. In this review, we cover critical older information but also highlight newer advances. An area of evolving interest relates to the therapeutic blockade of IL-4 signaling pathway to treat atopic dermatitis and asthma. Thus, this cytokine is historically important, and research in this area has both elucidated major biological pathways and led to therapeutic advances for diseases that affect millions of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achsah D Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, USA
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
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22
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Tsouki F, Williams A. Multifaceted involvement of microglia in gray matter pathology in multiple sclerosis. Stem Cells 2021; 39:993-1007. [PMID: 33754376 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the inflammatory demyelinating neurodegenerative disease multiple sclerosis (MS), there is increasing interest in gray matter pathology, as neuronal loss and cortical atrophy correlate with disability and disease progression, and MS therapeutics fail to significantly slow or stop neurodegeneration. Microglia, the central nervous system (CNS)-resident macrophages, are extensively involved in white matter MS pathology, but are also implicated in gray matter pathology, similar to other neurodegenerative diseases, for which there is synaptic, axonal, and neuronal degeneration. Microglia display regional heterogeneity within the CNS, which reflects their highly plastic nature and their ability to deliver context-dependent responses tailored to the demands of their microenvironment. Therefore, microglial roles in the MS gray matter in part reflect and in part diverge from those in the white matter. The present review summarizes current knowledge of microglial involvement in gray matter changes in MS, in demyelination, synaptic damage, and neurodegeneration, with evidence implicating microglia in pathology, neuroprotection, and repair. As our understanding of microglial physiology and pathophysiology increases, we describe how we are moving toward potential therapeutic applications in MS, harnessing microglia to protect and regenerate the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foteini Tsouki
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Anna Williams
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Regeneration and Repair, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh BioQuarter, Edinburgh, UK
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23
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Harnessing the Benefits of Neuroinflammation: Generation of Macrophages/Microglia with Prominent Remyelinating Properties. J Neurosci 2021; 41:3366-3385. [PMID: 33712513 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1948-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive inflammation within the CNS is injurious, but an immune response is also required for regeneration. Macrophages and microglia adopt different properties depending on their microenvironment, and exposure to IL4 and IL13 has been used to elicit repair. Unexpectedly, while LPS-exposed macrophages and microglia killed neural cells in culture, the addition of LPS to IL4/IL13-treated macrophages and microglia profoundly elevated IL10, repair metabolites, heparin binding epidermal growth factor trophic factor, antioxidants, and matrix-remodeling proteases. In C57BL/6 female mice, the generation of M(LPS/IL4/IL13) macrophages required TLR4 and MyD88 signaling, downstream activation of phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase/mTOR and MAP kinases, and convergence on phospho-CREB, STAT6, and NFE2. Following mouse spinal cord demyelination, local LPS/IL4/IL13 deposition markedly increased lesional phagocytic macrophages/microglia, lactate and heparin binding epidermal growth factor, matrix remodeling, oligodendrogenesis, and remyelination. Our data show that a prominent reparative state of macrophages/microglia is generated by the unexpected integration of pro- and anti-inflammatory activation cues. The results have translational potential, as the LPS/IL4/IL13 mixture could be locally applied to a focal CNS injury to enhance neural regeneration and recovery.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The combination of LPS and regulatory IL4 and IL13 signaling in macrophages and microglia produces a previously unknown and particularly reparative phenotype devoid of pro-inflammatory neurotoxic features. The local administration of LPS/IL4/IL13 into spinal cord lesion elicits profound oligodendrogenesis and remyelination. The careful use of LPS and IL4/IL13 mixture could harness the known benefits of neuroinflammation to enable repair in neurologic insults.
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24
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Daines JM, Schellhardt L, Wood MD. The Role of the IL-4 Signaling Pathway in Traumatic Nerve Injuries. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2021; 35:431-443. [PMID: 33754913 DOI: 10.1177/15459683211001026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Following traumatic peripheral nerve injury, adequate restoration of function remains an elusive clinical goal. Recent research highlights the complex role that the immune system plays in both nerve injury and regeneration. Pro-regenerative processes in wounded soft tissues appear to be significantly mediated by cytokines of the type 2 immune response, notably interleukin (IL)-4. While IL-4 signaling has been firmly established as a critical element in general tissue regeneration during wound healing, it has also emerged as a critical process in nerve injury and regeneration. In this context of peripheral nerve injury, endogenous IL-4 signaling has recently been confirmed to influence more than leukocytes, but including also neurons, axons, and Schwann cells. Given the role IL-4 plays in nerve injury and regeneration, exogenous IL-4 and/or compounds targeting this signaling pathway have shown encouraging preliminary results to treat nerve injury or other neuropathy in rodent models. In particular, the exogenous stimulation of the IL-4 signaling pathway appears to promote postinjury neuron survival, axonal regeneration, remyelination, and thereby improved functional recovery. These preclinical data strongly suggest that targeting IL-4 signaling pathways is a promising translational therapy to augment treatment approaches of traumatic nerve injury. However, a better understanding of the type 2 immune response and associated signaling networks functioning within the nerve injury microenvironment is still needed to fully develop this promising therapeutic avenue.
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25
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Ramasamy R, Smith PP. PART 2: Mouse models for multiple sclerosis research. Neurourol Urodyn 2021; 40:958-967. [PMID: 33739481 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lower urinary tract symptoms and dysfunction (LUTS/LUTD) contribute to loss of quality of life, morbidity, and need for medical intervention in most patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Although MS is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disease, clinical manifestations including continence control disorders have traditionally been attributed to the loss of neural signaling due to neurodegeneration. Clinical approaches to MS-LUTS/LUTD have focused on addressing symptoms in the context of urodynamic dysfunctions as pathophysiologic understandings are incomplete. The mouse model provides a useful research platform for discovery of more detailed molecular, cellular, and tissue-level knowledge of the disease and its clinical manifestations. The aim of this two-part review is to provide a state-of-the-art update on the use of the mouse model for MS research, with a focus on lower urinary tract symptoms. Part I presents a summary of current understanding of MS pathophysiology, the impact on lower urinary tract symptoms, and briefly introduces the types of mouse models available to study MS. Part II presents the common animal models that are currently available to study MS, their mechanism, relevance to MS-LUTS/LUTD and their urinary pathophysiology, advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramalakshmi Ramasamy
- UConn Center on Aging, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Graduate School, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Phillip P Smith
- UConn Center on Aging, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut Graduate School, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.,Connecticut Institute for the Brain and Cognitive Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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26
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Yombo DJK, Odayar V, Gupta N, Jegga AG, Madala SK. The Protective Effects of IL-31RA Deficiency During Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645717. [PMID: 33815402 PMCID: PMC8017338 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a severe fibrotic lung disease characterized by excessive collagen deposition and progressive decline in lung function. Th2 T cell-derived cytokines including IL-4 and IL-13 have been shown to contribute to inflammation and fibrotic remodeling in multiple tissues. Interleukin-31 (IL-31) is a newly identified cytokine that is predominantly produced by CD4 Th2 T cells, but its signaling receptor IL-31RA is primarily expressed by non-hematopoietic cells. However, the potential role of the IL-31-IL31RA axis in pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis has remained largely unknown. To determine the role of IL-31RA deficiency in pulmonary fibrosis, wildtype, and IL-31RA knockout mice were treated with bleomycin and measured changes in collagen deposition and lung function. Notably, the loss of IL-31 signaling attenuated collagen deposition and lung function decline during bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. The total lung transcriptome analysis showed a significant reduction in fibrosis-associated gene transcripts including extracellular matrix and epithelial cell-associated gene networks. Furthermore, the lungs of human IPF showed an elevated expression of IL-31 when compared to healthy subjects. In support, the percentage of IL-31 producing CD4+ T cells was greater in the lungs and PBMCs from IPF patients compared to healthy controls. Our findings suggest a pathogenic role for IL-31/IL-31RA signaling during bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Thus, therapeutic targeting the IL-31-IL-31RA axis may prevent collagen deposition, improve lung function, and have therapeutic potential in pulmonary fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan J K Yombo
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Varshini Odayar
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Nishant Gupta
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Anil G Jegga
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Division of Biomedical Informatics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Satish K Madala
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
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27
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Schirmer L, Schafer DP, Bartels T, Rowitch DH, Calabresi PA. Diversity and Function of Glial Cell Types in Multiple Sclerosis. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:228-247. [PMID: 33593693 PMCID: PMC7914214 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Glial subtype diversity is an emerging topic in neurobiology and immune-mediated neurological diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). We discuss recent conceptual and technological advances that allow a better understanding of the transcriptomic and functional heterogeneity of oligodendrocytes (OLs), astrocytes, and microglial cells under inflammatory-demyelinating conditions. Recent single cell transcriptomic studies suggest the occurrence of novel homeostatic and reactive glial subtypes and provide insight into the molecular events during disease progression. Multiplexed RNA in situ hybridization has enabled 'mapping back' dysregulated gene expression to glial subtypes within the MS lesion microenvironment. These findings suggest novel homeostatic and reactive glial-cell-type functions both in immune-related processes and neuroprotection relevant to understanding the pathology of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Center for Translational Neuroscience and Institute for Innate Immunoscience, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Dorothy P Schafer
- Department of Neurobiology and the Brudnik Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Theresa Bartels
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - David H Rowitch
- Department of Paediatrics, Wellcome - MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter A Calabresi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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28
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The Effect of Cannabis on the Clinical and Cytokine Profiles in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Mult Scler Int 2021; 2021:6611897. [PMID: 33628507 PMCID: PMC7884151 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6611897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple studies have reported that cannabis administration in multiple sclerosis patients is associated with decreased symptom severity. This study was conducted to evaluate the prevalence of cannabis abuse in multiple sclerosis cases and to evaluate the effect of cannabis on serum cytokines in such cases. Patients and Methods. A total of 150 multiple sclerosis cases along with 150 healthy controls were included during the study period. All cases were subjected to history taking, neurological examination, and routine investigations. Cases were asked about cannabis intake which was confirmed by a urine test. Serum cytokines including IL-1, IL-2, IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, IL-22, IFN-γ, IFN-β1, and TNF-α were ordered for all cases and controls. Results Twenty-eight cases were cannabis abusers (MS/cannabis group, 18.67%). The remaining 122 cases represented the MS group. There was no significant difference between the three groups regarding age, disease duration, or MS type. Male gender was more predominant in the MS/cannabis group, and the number of relapses was significantly lower in the same group. Fifteen cases (53.6%) reported that their symptoms were improved by cannabis. Proinflammatory cytokines were significantly elevated in the MS group compared to the MS/cannabis and control groups. Additionally, anti-inflammatory cytokines had significantly lower values in the MS group compared to the MS/cannabis and control groups. Most clinical symptoms were significantly improved in the MS/cannabis group compared to the MS group apart from sexual dysfunction, bladder symptoms, and visual disturbances. Mild side effects of cannabis were also reported. Conclusion Cannabis may have a positive impact on the cytokine and clinical profiles in cases with multiple sclerosis.
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Vaes JEG, Brandt MJV, Wanders N, Benders MJNL, de Theije CGM, Gressens P, Nijboer CH. The impact of trophic and immunomodulatory factors on oligodendrocyte maturation: Potential treatments for encephalopathy of prematurity. Glia 2020; 69:1311-1340. [PMID: 33595855 PMCID: PMC8246971 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Encephalopathy of prematurity (EoP) is a major cause of morbidity in preterm neonates, causing neurodevelopmental adversities that can lead to lifelong impairments. Preterm birth-related insults, such as cerebral oxygen fluctuations and perinatal inflammation, are believed to negatively impact brain development, leading to a range of brain abnormalities. Diffuse white matter injury is a major hallmark of EoP and characterized by widespread hypomyelination, the result of disturbances in oligodendrocyte lineage development. At present, there are no treatment options available, despite the enormous burden of EoP on patients, their families, and society. Over the years, research in the field of neonatal brain injury and other white matter pathologies has led to the identification of several promising trophic factors and cytokines that contribute to the survival and maturation of oligodendrocytes, and/or dampening neuroinflammation. In this review, we discuss the current literature on selected factors and their therapeutic potential to combat EoP, covering a wide range of in vitro, preclinical and clinical studies. Furthermore, we offer a future perspective on the translatability of these factors into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josine E G Vaes
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Myrna J V Brandt
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nikki Wanders
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Manon J N L Benders
- Department of Neonatology, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline G M de Theije
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Cora H Nijboer
- Department for Developmental Origins of Disease, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center and Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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30
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Ali SA, Hanks JE, Stebbins AW, Alkhalili O, Cohen ST, Chen JY, Smith DR, Dumont CM, Shea LD, Hogikyan ND, Feldman EL, Brenner MJ. Delivery of Interleukin-4-Encoding Lentivirus Using Multiple-Channel Bridges Enhances Nerve Regeneration. Laryngoscope 2020; 130:2802-2810. [PMID: 32220076 DOI: 10.1002/lary.28629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS Facial nerve injury is a source of major morbidity. This study investigated the neuroregenerative effects of inducing an anti-inflammatory environment when reconstructing a facial nerve defect with a multichannel bridge containing interleukin-4 (IL-4)-encoding lentivirus. STUDY DESIGN Animal study. METHODS Eighteen adult Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups, all of which sustained a facial nerve gap defect. Group I had reconstruction performed via an IL-4 multichannel bridge, group II had a multichannel bridge with saline placed, and group III had no reconstruction. RESULTS Quantitative histomorphometric data were assessed 10 weeks after injury. On post hoc analysis, the IL-4 bridge group demonstrated superior regeneration compared to bridge alone on fiber density (mean = 2,380 ± 297 vs. 1,680 ± 441 fibers/mm2 , P = .05) and latency time (mean = 2.9 ms ± 0.6 ms vs. 3.6 ms ± 0.3 ms, P < .001). There was significantly greater regeneration in the IL-4 bridge group versus unreconstructed defect for total fiber and density measurements (P ≤ .05). Comparison of facial motor-evoked distal latencies between the IL-4 bridge group versus bridge alone revealed significant electrophysiological improvement at week 8 (P = .02). CONCLUSIONS Inflammation has been implicated in a variety of otolaryngologic disorders. This study demonstrates that placement of a multichannel bridge with lentivirus encoding IL-4 improves regenerative outcomes following facial nerve gap injury in rodents. This effect is likely mediated by promotion of an anti-inflammatory environment, and these findings may inform future therapeutic approaches to facial nerve injury. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ahmed Ali
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - John E Hanks
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Aaron W Stebbins
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Osama Alkhalili
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Samantha T Cohen
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jessica Y Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dominique R Smith
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Courtney M Dumont
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Norman D Hogikyan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S.A
| | - Michael J Brenner
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Michigan Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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31
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Moura VBL, Milhomem AC, Lima SB, Matos-Silva H, Sugita DM, Vinaud MC, Lino-Júnior RDS. Demyelination in experimental intraventricular neurocysticercosis. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2020; 78:103-111. [PMID: 32022135 DOI: 10.1590/0004-282x20190155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is classified as a neglected tropical disease, which affects mainly Latin America and Africa in spite of some reports in North America and Europe. NCC represents the cause of up to 30% of the reported cases of epilepsy in endemic countries. The NCC injuries present direct relation to the development stage, location, and number of parasites as well as to the host immune response. This study aimed the characterization of the inflammatory response and tissue injuries by means of the analyses of the periventricular and parenchymatous demyelination through the experimental intraventricular NCC infection. Therefore, BALB/c mice were submitted to experimental NCC inoculation with Taenia crassiceps cysticerci. Their brains were removed at 7, 30, 60, and 90 days after the inoculation (DAI), and analyzed after staining with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), Luxol Fast Blue, and Nissl. It was possible to observe ventriculomegaly, inflammatory infiltration composed by polymorphonuclear and mononuclear cells, and foamy macrophages. The presence of inflammatory cells was associated with neurodegeneration detected by the areas with demyelination observed initially in the periventricular area and lately in the parenchyma. In conclusion, the presence of cysticerci and the consequent inflammation were able to promote initial periventricular demyelination followed by parenchymatous demyelination as the infection progressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Analia Cirqueira Milhomem
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia GO, Brazil
| | - Sarah Buzaim Lima
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Tropical e Saúde Pública, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia GO, Brazil
| | | | | | - Mariana Clare Vinaud
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia GO, Brazil
| | - Ruy de Souza Lino-Júnior
- Universidade Federal de Goiás, Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Goiânia GO, Brazil
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32
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Extrinsic Factors Driving Oligodendrocyte Lineage Cell Progression in CNS Development and Injury. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:630-642. [PMID: 31997102 PMCID: PMC7058689 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes (OLs) generate myelin membranes for the rapid propagation of electrical signals along axons in the central nervous system (CNS) and provide metabolites to support axonal integrity and function. Differentiation of OLs from oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) is orchestrated by a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic factors in the CNS. Disruption of this process, or OL loss in the developing or adult brain, as observed in various neurological conditions including hypoxia/ischemia, stroke, and demyelination, results in axonal dystrophy, neuronal dysfunction, and severe neurological impairments. While much is known regarding the intrinsic regulatory signals required for OL lineage cell progression in development, studies from pathological conditions highlight the importance of the CNS environment and external signals in regulating OL genesis and maturation. Here, we review the recent findings in OL biology in the context of the CNS physiological and pathological conditions, focusing on extrinsic factors that facilitate OL development and regeneration.
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GC-MS based metabolomic profiling of lung tissue couple with network pharmacology revealed the possible protection mechanism of Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid in LPS-induced lung injury of mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 124:109833. [PMID: 31958766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.109833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pudilan Xiaoyan Oral Liquid (PDL) originated from "Pudilan" Classic Recipe of traditional Chinese medicine is one kind of anti-inflammatory Chinese patent medicine recorded in Chinese Pharmacopeia. PDL has been used clinically for treating inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract. However, due to the complex composition of PDL, its potential anti-inflammation and the mechanism remain unknown. To identify the mechanism of the PDL in the treatment of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced lung injury of mice. The mice models of lung injury were established and the changes of biochemical indices in serum and histopathology were detected to explore the effects of PDL. The approach of GC-MS metabolomics was used to find more significant metabolites, and the metabolic pathways were enriched through MetaboAnalyst. Then network analysis was applied to visualize the protein related to the important metabolites, merging into a protein-metabolite network via Cytoscape. The treatment of PDL could attenuate LPS-induced histopathological damage of lung tissues, followed by reducing pro-inflammation mediators including IL-10, TNF-a and NF-ĸB in serum. 11 potential metabolites were identified in lung tissue through metabolomics, which were significantly regulated to recover by PDL treatment. The correlated network was constructed by integrating potential metabolites and pathways. Aspartate and l-cysteine were selected as key metabolites and correlated proteins such as IL4I1 and ASPA were speculated as the potential target to treat LPS-induced lung injury using PDL. These results demonstrated that PDL might prevent the pathological process of lung injury through regulating the disturbed protein-metabolite network.
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34
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Ye L, Pan J, Pasha MA, Shen X, D'Souza SS, Fung ITH, Wang Y, Guo B, Tang DD, Yang Q. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells restrict allergic airway inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:1469-1473.e4. [PMID: 31874183 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.12.891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Longyun Ye
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Jiexue Pan
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Muhammad Asghar Pasha
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Xiaofei Shen
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Shanti S D'Souza
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Ivan Ting Hin Fung
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Yinna Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Bingnan Guo
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Dale D Tang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Immunology & Microbial Diseases, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY; Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY.
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35
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Melchor GS, Khan T, Reger JF, Huang JK. Remyelination Pharmacotherapy Investigations Highlight Diverse Mechanisms Underlying Multiple Sclerosis Progression. ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2019; 2:372-386. [PMID: 32259071 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.9b00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated disease of the central nervous system characterized by a complex lesion microenvironment. Although much progress has been made in developing immunomodulatory treatments to reduce myelin damage and delay the progression of MS, there is a paucity in treatment options that address the multiple pathophysiological aspects of the disease. Currently available immune-centered therapies are able to reduce the immune-mediated damage exhibited in MS patients, however, they cannot rescue the eventual failure of remyelination or permanent neuronal damage that occurs as MS progresses. Recent advances have provided a better understanding of remyelination processes, specifically oligodendrocyte lineage cell progression following demyelination. Further there have been new findings highlighting various components of the lesion microenvironment that contribute to myelin repair and restored axonal health. In this review we discuss the complexities of myelin repair following immune-mediated damage in the CNS, the contribution of animal models of MS in providing insight on OL progression and myelin repair, and current and potential remyelination-centered therapeutic targets. As remyelination therapies continue to progress into clinical trials, we consider a dual approach targeting the inflammatory microenvironment and intrinsic remyelination mechanisms to be optimal in aiding MS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- George S Melchor
- Department of Biology and Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Tahiyana Khan
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Joan F Reger
- Department of Biology and Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Jeffrey K Huang
- Department of Biology and Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States.,Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
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36
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Baaklini CS, Rawji KS, Duncan GJ, Ho MFS, Plemel JR. Central Nervous System Remyelination: Roles of Glia and Innate Immune Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:225. [PMID: 31616249 PMCID: PMC6764409 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), inflammation can injure the myelin sheath that surrounds axons, a process known as demyelination. The spontaneous regeneration of myelin, called remyelination, is associated with restoration of function and prevention of axonal degeneration. Boosting remyelination with therapeutic intervention is a promising new approach that is currently being tested in several clinical trials. The endogenous regulation of remyelination is highly dependent on the immune response. In this review article, we highlight the cell biology of remyelination and its regulation by innate immune cells. For the purpose of this review, we discuss the roles of microglia, and also astrocytes and oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) as they are being increasingly recognized to have immune cell functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charbel S. Baaklini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khalil S. Rawji
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Greg J. Duncan
- Department of Neurology, Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Madelene F. S. Ho
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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37
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Molinier-Frenkel V, Prévost-Blondel A, Castellano F. The IL4I1 Enzyme: A New Player in the Immunosuppressive Tumor Microenvironment. Cells 2019; 8:E757. [PMID: 31330829 PMCID: PMC6678094 DOI: 10.3390/cells8070757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The high metabolic needs of T lymphocytes in response to activation make them particularly vulnerable to modifications of their biochemical milieu. Immunosuppressive enzymes produced in the tumor microenvironment modify nutrient availability by catabolizing essential or semi-essential amino acids and producing toxic catabolites, thus participating in the local sabotage of the antitumor immune response. L-amino-acid oxidases are FAD-bound enzymes found throughout evolution, from bacteria to mammals, and are often endowed with anti-infectious properties. IL4I1 is a secreted L-phenylalanine oxidase mainly produced by inflammatory antigen-presenting cells-in particular, macrophages present in T helper type 1 granulomas and in various types of tumors. In the last decade, it has been shown that IL4I1 is involved in the fine control of B- and T-cell adaptive immune responses. Preclinical models have revealed its role in cancer immune evasion. Recent clinical data highlight IL4I1 as a new potential prognostic marker in human melanoma. As a secreted enzyme, IL4I1 may represent an easily targetable molecule for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Molinier-Frenkel
- INSERM, U955, Team 09, 94010 Créteil, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, University Paris Est, 94010 Créteil, France.
- AP-HP, H. Mondor - A. Chenevier Hospital, Biological Immunology Service, 94010 Créteil, France.
| | - Armelle Prévost-Blondel
- INSERM, U1016, Institute Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
- CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France
- University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Flavia Castellano
- INSERM, U955, Team 09, 94010 Créteil, France.
- Faculty of Medicine, University Paris Est, 94010 Créteil, France.
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38
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Baydyuk M, Cha DS, Hu J, Yamazaki R, Miller EM, Smith VN, Kelly KA, Huang JK. Tracking the evolution of CNS remyelinating lesion in mice with neutral red dye. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:14290-14299. [PMID: 31235582 PMCID: PMC6628798 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819343116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models of central nervous system (CNS) demyelination, including toxin-induced focal demyelination and immune-mediated demyelination through experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have provided valuable insights into the mechanisms of neuroinflammation and CNS remyelination. However, the ability to track changes in transcripts, proteins, and metabolites, as well as cellular populations during the evolution of a focal lesion, has remained challenging. Here, we developed a method to label CNS demyelinating lesions by the intraperitoneal injection of a vital dye, neutral red (NR), into mice before killing. We demonstrate that NR-labeled lesions can be easily identified on the intact spinal cord in both lysolecithin- and EAE-mediated demyelination models. Using fluorescence microscopy, we detected NR in activated macrophages/microglia and astrocytes, but not in oligodendrocytes present in lesions. Importantly, we successfully performed RT-qPCR, Western blot, flow cytometry, and mass spectrometry analysis of precisely dissected NR-labeled lesions at 5, 10, and 20 d postlesion (dpl) and found differential changes in transcripts, proteins, cell populations, and metabolites in lesions over the course of remyelination. Therefore, NR administration is a simple and powerful method to track and analyze the detailed molecular, cellular, and metabolic changes that occur within the lesion microenvironment over time following CNS injury. Furthermore, this method can be used to identify molecular and metabolic pathways that regulate neuroinflammation and remyelination and facilitate the development of therapies to promote repair in demyelinating disorders such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryna Baydyuk
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | - David S Cha
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Jingwen Hu
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Reiji Yamazaki
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Evan M Miller
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | - Victoria N Smith
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
| | | | - Jeffrey K Huang
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057;
- Center for Cell Reprogramming, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057
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The interleukin-4/PPARγ signaling axis promotes oligodendrocyte differentiation and remyelination after brain injury. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000330. [PMID: 31226122 PMCID: PMC6608986 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The repair of white matter damage is of paramount importance for functional recovery after brain injuries. Here, we report that interleukin-4 (IL-4) promotes oligodendrocyte regeneration and remyelination. IL-4 receptor expression was detected in a variety of glial cells after ischemic brain injury, including oligodendrocyte lineage cells. IL-4 deficiency in knockout mice resulted in greater deterioration of white matter over 14 d after stroke. Consistent with these findings, intranasal delivery of IL-4 nanoparticles after stroke improved white matter integrity and attenuated long-term sensorimotor and cognitive deficits in wild-type mice, as revealed by histological immunostaining, electron microscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, and electrophysiology. The selective effect of IL-4 on remyelination was verified in an ex vivo organotypic model of demyelination. By leveraging primary oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), microglia-depleted mice, and conditional OPC-specific peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) knockout mice, we discovered a direct salutary effect of IL-4 on oligodendrocyte differentiation that was mediated by the PPARγ axis. Our findings reveal a new regenerative role of IL-4 in the central nervous system (CNS), which lies beyond its known immunoregulatory functions on microglia/macrophages or peripheral lymphocytes. Therefore, intranasal IL-4 delivery may represent a novel therapeutic strategy to improve white matter integrity in stroke and other brain injuries. The repair and remyelination of white matter are of paramount importance for functional recovery after brain injuries. This study shows that interleukin-4 plays an essential role in oligodendrocyte differentiation and long-term white matter recovery, beyond its well-known immunoregulatory functions, and is mediated by the PPARγ axis.
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40
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Zhu H, Wang Z, Yu J, Yang X, He F, Liu Z, Che F, Chen X, Ren H, Hong M, Wang J. Role and mechanisms of cytokines in the secondary brain injury after intracerebral hemorrhage. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 178:101610. [PMID: 30923023 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common and severe cerebrovascular disease that has high mortality. Few survivors achieve self-care. Currently, patients receive only symptomatic treatment for ICH and benefit poorly from this regimen. Inflammatory cytokines are important participants in secondary injury after ICH. Increases in proinflammatory cytokines may aggravate the tissue injury, whereas increases in anti-inflammatory cytokines might be protective in the ICH brain. Inflammatory cytokines have been studied as therapeutic targets in a variety of acute and chronic brain diseases; however, studies on ICH are limited. This review summarizes the roles and functions of various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in secondary brain injury after ICH and discusses pathogenic mechanisms and emerging therapeutic strategies and directions for treatment of ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China
| | - Zhiqiang Wang
- Central laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China
| | - Jixu Yu
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China; Central laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China; Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02129, USA
| | - Xiuli Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Feng He
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China
| | - Zhenchuan Liu
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China.
| | - Fengyuan Che
- Department of Neurology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China; Central laboratory, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shandong 276003, China.
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, Henan, China
| | - Honglei Ren
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Michael Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Melero-Jerez C, Suardíaz M, Lebrón-Galán R, Marín-Bañasco C, Oliver-Martos B, Machín-Díaz I, Fernández Ó, de Castro F, Clemente D. The presence and suppressive activity of myeloid-derived suppressor cells are potentiated after interferon-β treatment in a murine model of multiple sclerosis. Neurobiol Dis 2019; 127:13-31. [PMID: 30798007 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system (CNS), mainly affecting young adults. Among the immunomodulatory disease modifying treatments approved up to date to treat MS, IFN-β remains to be one of the most widely prescribed for the Relapsing-Remitting (RR) variant of the disease, although its mechanism of action is still partially understood. RR-MS variant is characterized by phases with increasing neurological symptoms (relapses) followed by periods of total or partial recovery (remissions), which implies the existence of immunomodulatory agents to promote the relapsing-to-remitting transition. Among these agents, it has been described the immunosuppressive role of a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells, namely the myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) during the clinical course of the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the most used MS model to study RRMS. However, it is still unknown how the current MS disease modifying treatments, e.g. IFN- β, affects to MDSCs number or activity. Our present results show that a single injection of IFN-β at the onset of the clinical course reduces the severity of the EAE, enhancing the presence of MDSCs within the smaller demyelinated areas. Moreover, the single dose of IFN-β promotes MDSC immunosuppressive activity both in vivo and in vitro, augmenting T cell apoptosis. Finally, we show that IFN-ß preserves MDSC immaturity, preventing their differentiation to mature and less suppressive myeloid cell subsets. Taking together, all these data add new insights into the mechanism of IFN-β treatment in EAE and point to MDSCs as a putative endogenous mediator of its beneficial role in this animal model of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Melero-Jerez
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Suardíaz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Inter-centros de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Lebrón-Galán
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Carmen Marín-Bañasco
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Inter-centros de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Madrid, Spain
| | - Begoña Oliver-Martos
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Inter-centros de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Machín-Díaz
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Óscar Fernández
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Inter-centros de Neurociencias, Laboratorio de Investigación y Servicio de Neurología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando de Castro
- Grupo de Neurobiología del Desarrollo-GNDe, Instituto Cajal-CSIC, Avenida Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Diego Clemente
- Grupo de Neuroinmuno-Reparación, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Finca La Peraleda s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain.
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Transferrin Enhances Microglial Phagocytic Capacity. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:6324-6340. [PMID: 30758712 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1519-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Transferrin (Tf) is a glycoprotein playing a critical role in iron homeostasis and transport and distribution throughout the body and within tissues and cells. This molecule has been shown to accelerate the process of myelination and remyelination in the central nervous system (CNS) in vivo and induce oligodendroglial cell maturation in vitro. While the mechanisms involved in oligodendroglial precursor cell (OPC) differentiation have not been fully elucidated yet, our group has previously described the first molecular events taking place in OPC in response to extracellular Tf. Here, we show the effect of Tf on the different glial cell populations. We demonstrate that, after a CNS demyelinating injury, Tf can be incorporated by all glial cells-i.e., microglia, astrocytes, and OPC-and that, acting on microglial cells in vitro, Tf increases microglial proliferation rates and phagocytic capacity. It may be then speculated that the in vivo correlation of this process could generate a favorable microenvironment for OPC maturation and remyelination.
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Wang K, Song F, Fernandez-Escobar A, Luo G, Wang JH, Sun Y. The Properties of Cytokines in Multiple Sclerosis: Pros and Cons. Am J Med Sci 2018; 356:552-560. [PMID: 30447707 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjms.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system and is characterized by demyelination, axonal loss, gliosis and inflammation. The last plays a major role in the onset and propagation of the disease. MS presents with heterogeneous lesions containing a broad range of cells and soluble mediators of the immune system such as T cells, B cells, macrophages, microglia, cytokines, chemokines, antibodies, complement and other toxic substances. This review outlines, analyzes and discusses the different immune mechanisms of MS that are responsible for the initiation and propagation of active lesions, demyelination, axonal injury, remyelination and cell loss as well as the role of cytokines in the disease process. Proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-17 (IL-17), IL-22, tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1, IL-12 and interferon-γ may cause MS through several signaling pathways. Conversely, anti-inflammatory circulating cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10 are reduced and theoretically can exert a direct protective effect in this condition. Future studies are necessary to develop effective, safe and long-lasting strategies to reduce the abnormal cytokine cascades and to treat MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Feng Song
- Qingdao University Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | | | - Gang Luo
- Department of Interventional Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Hui Wang
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.
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Rossetti I, Zambusi L, Finardi A, Bodini A, Provini L, Furlan R, Morara S. Calcitonin gene-related peptide decreases IL-1beta, IL-6 as well as Ym1, Arg1, CD163 expression in a brain tissue context-dependent manner while ameliorating experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 323:94-104. [PMID: 30196840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Activation states of immune cells (among them, the so-called pro- or anti-inflammatory states) influence the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS). The neuropeptide calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) can exert a pro- or anti-inflammatory role in a context-dependent manner. In mice CGRP was found to attenuate the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE, a common MS animal model). We analyzed CGRP effects on the expression of cytokines and markers of activation states, as well as its intracellular cascade, following intrathecal administration during EAE immunization. Real Time quantitative-PCR (RT-PCR) showed that IL-1beta and IL-6 (associated to a pro-inflammatory state in EAE), but also Ym1 (also known as Chil3), Arg1 and CD163 (associated to an anti-inflammatory state in EAE) were decreased in the encephalon (devoid of cerebellum). In the cerebellum itself, IL-1beta and Ym1 were decreased. TNF-alpha (associated to a pro-inflammatory state in EAE), but also IL-10 (associated to another type of anti-inflammatory state) and BDNF were unchanged in these two regions. No changes were detected in the spinal cord. Additional tendencies toward a change (as revealed by RT-PCR) were again decreases: IL-10 in the encephalon and Arg1 in the spinal cord. CGRP decreased percentage of Ym1+/CD68+ immunoreactive cells and cell density of infiltrates in the cervical spinal cord pia mater. Instead, Ym1 in the underlying parenchyma and at thoracic and lumbar levels, as well as Arg1, were unchanged. In cultured microglia the neuropeptide decreased Ym1, but not Arg1, immunoreactivity. Inducible NOS (iNOS) was unchanged in spinal cord microglia and astrocytes. The neuropeptide increased the activation of ERK1/2 in the astrocytes of the spinal cord and in culture, but did not influence the activation of ERK1/2 or p38 in the spinal cord microglia. Finally, in areas adjacent to infiltration sites CGRP-treated microglia showed a larger ramification radius. In conclusion, CGRP-induced EAE amelioration was associated to a concomitant, context-dependent decrease in the expression of markers belonging to both pro- or anti-inflammatory activation states of immune cells. It can be hypothesized that CGRP-induced EAE attenuation is obtained through a novel mechanism that promotes down-regulation of immune cell activation that facilitates the establishment of a beneficial environment in EAE provided possibly also by other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Rossetti
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Milano Unit, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milano 20129, Italy.
| | - Laura Zambusi
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Milano Unit, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milano 20129, Italy; Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milano University, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milano 2129, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Finardi
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milano 20132, Italy.
| | - Antonella Bodini
- Institute of Applied Mathematics and Information Technology "E. Magenes", National Research Council (CNR), Milano Unit, Via Bassini 15, 20133 Milano, (Italy).
| | - Luciano Provini
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Milano Unit, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milano 20129, Italy.
| | - Roberto Furlan
- Institute of Experimental Neurology (INSpe), Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 60, Milano 20132, Italy.
| | - Stefano Morara
- Neuroscience Institute, National Research Council (CNR), Milano Unit, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milano 20129, Italy; Department of Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Milano University, Via Vanvitelli 32, Milano 2129, Italy.
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Usuda K, Kawase T, Shigeno Y, Fukuzawa S, Fujii K, Zhang H, Tsukahara T, Tomonaga S, Watanabe G, Jin W, Nagaoka K. Hippocampal metabolism of amino acids by L-amino acid oxidase is involved in fear learning and memory. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11073. [PMID: 30038322 PMCID: PMC6056520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids participate directly and indirectly in many important biochemical functions in the brain. We focused on one amino acid metabolic enzyme, L-amino acid oxidase (LAO), and investigated the importance of LAO in brain function using LAO1 knockout (KO) mice. Compared to wild-type mice, LAO1 KO mice exhibited impaired fear learning and memory function in a passive avoidance test. This impairment in LAO1 KO mice coincided with significantly reduced hippocampal acetylcholine levels compared to wild-type mice, while treatment with donepezil, a reversible acetylcholine esterase inhibitor, inhibited this reduction. Metabolomic analysis revealed that knocking out LAO1 affected amino acid metabolism (mainly of phenylalanine [Phe]) in the hippocampus. Specifically, Phe levels were elevated in LAO1 KO mice, while phenylpyruvic acid (metabolite of Phe produced largely by LAO) levels were reduced. Moreover, knocking out LAO1 decreased hippocampal mRNA levels of pyruvate kinase, the enzymatic activity of which is known to be inhibited by Phe. Based on our findings, we propose that LAO1 KO mice exhibited impaired fear learning and memory owing to low hippocampal acetylcholine levels. Furthermore, we speculate that hippocampal Phe metabolism is an important physiological mechanism related to glycolysis and may underlie cognitive impairments, including those observed in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kento Usuda
- United Graduate School of Veterinarian Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Kawase
- Kyoto Institute of Nutrition and Pathology, Tsuzuki, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuko Shigeno
- Laboratory of Benno, RIKEN Innovation Center, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Susumu Fukuzawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Fujii
- Life Science Research Center, Toyama University, Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Haolin Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Haidian, Beijing, China
| | | | - Shozo Tomonaga
- Division of Applied Biosciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Gen Watanabe
- United Graduate School of Veterinarian Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan.,Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wanzhu Jin
- Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang, Beijing, China
| | - Kentaro Nagaoka
- United Graduate School of Veterinarian Science, Gifu University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan. .,Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan.
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An Overview of l-Amino Acid Oxidase Functions from Bacteria to Mammals: Focus on the Immunoregulatory Phenylalanine Oxidase IL4I1. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122151. [PMID: 29206151 PMCID: PMC6149928 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
l-amino acid oxidases are flavin adenine dinucleotide-dependent enzymes present in all major kingdom of life, from bacteria to mammals. They participate in defense mechanisms by limiting the growth of most bacteria and parasites. A few mammalian LAAOs have been described, of which the enzyme “interleukin-4 induced gene 1” (IL4I1) is the best characterized. IL4I1 mainly oxidizes l-phenylalanine. It is a secreted enzyme physiologically produced by antigen presenting cells of the myeloid and B cell lineages and T helper type (Th) 17 cells. Important roles of IL4I1 in the fine control of the adaptive immune response in mice and humans have emerged during the last few years. Indeed, IL4I1 inhibits T cell proliferation and cytokine production and facilitates naïve CD4+ T-cell differentiation into regulatory T cells in vitro by limiting the capacity of T lymphocytes to respond to clonal receptor stimulation. It may also play a role in controlling the germinal center reaction for antibody production and limiting Th1 and Th17 responses. IL4I1 is expressed in tumor-associated macrophages of most human cancers and in some tumor cell types. Such expression, associated with its capacity to facilitate tumor growth by inhibiting the anti-tumor T-cell response, makes IL4I1 a new potential druggable target in the field of immunomodulation in cancer.
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Abstract
Although the core concept of remyelination - based on the activation, migration, proliferation and differentiation of CNS progenitors - has not changed over the past 20 years, our understanding of the detailed mechanisms that underlie this process has developed considerably. We can now decorate the central events of remyelination with a host of pathways, molecules, mediators and cells, revealing a complex and precisely orchestrated process. These advances have led to recent drug-based and cell-based clinical trials for myelin diseases and have opened up hitherto unrecognized opportunities for drug-based approaches to therapeutically enhance remyelination.
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48
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Lloyd AF, Davies CL, Miron VE. Microglia: origins, homeostasis, and roles in myelin repair. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 47:113-120. [PMID: 29073528 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS), implicated in developmental processes, homeostasis, and responses to injury. Derived from the yolk sac during development, microglia self-renew, self-regulate their numbers during homeostatic conditions, and show a robust proliferative capacity even in adulthood. Together with monocyte-derived macrophages (MDM), microglia coordinate the regeneration of CNS myelin around axons, termed remyelination. Gene expression analyses and experimental modelling have identified pro-remyelination roles for microglia/MDM in clearance of myelin debris, secretion of growth factors, and remodelling of the extracellular matrix. Further investigations into the molecular mechanisms controlling these regenerative functions will reveal novel therapeutic strategies to enhance remyelination, by harnessing the beneficial effects of the innate immune response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy F Lloyd
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Claire L Davies
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Veronique E Miron
- Medical Research Council Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, The University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom.
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Molinier-Frenkel V, Castellano F. Immunosuppressive enzymes in the tumor microenvironment. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3135-3157. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Molinier-Frenkel
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 09; Créteil France
- Faculté de Médecine; Université Paris Est; Créteil France
- Service d'Immunologie Biologique; AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor - A. Chenevier; Créteil France
| | - Flavia Castellano
- INSERM, U955, Equipe 09; Créteil France
- Faculté de Médecine; Université Paris Est; Créteil France
- Plateforme de Ressources Biologiques; AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor - A. Chenevier; Créteil France
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50
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Wood MB, Zuo J. The Contribution of Immune Infiltrates to Ototoxicity and Cochlear Hair Cell Loss. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:106. [PMID: 28446866 PMCID: PMC5388681 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells of the immune system have been shown to infiltrate the cochlea after acoustic trauma or ototoxic drug treatment; however, the contribution of the immune system to hair cell loss in the inner ear is incompletely understood. Most studies have concentrated on the immediate innate response to hair cell damage using CD45 as a broad marker for all immune cells. More recent studies have used RNA sequencing, GeneChip arrays and quantitative PCR to analyze gene expression in the entire cochlea after auditory trauma, leading to a better understanding of the chemokines and cytokines that attract immune cells to the cochlea. Immune suppression by blocking cytokines or immune receptors has been proven to suppress hair cell damage. However, it is now understood that not all immune cells are detrimental to the cochlea. CX3CR1+ resident macrophages protect hair cells from damage mediated by infiltrating immune cells. Systemically, the immune response is associated with both protection and pathology, and it has been implicated in the regeneration of certain tissues after injury. This review focuses on the studies of immune cells in various models of hearing loss and highlights the steps that can be taken to elucidate the connection between the immune response and hearing loss. The interplay between the immune system and tissues that were previously thought to be immune privileged, such as the cochlea, is an emerging research field, to which additional studies of the immune component of the cochlear response to injury will make an important contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan B Wood
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Jian Zuo
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research HospitalMemphis, TN, USA
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