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Chen X, Arun B, Nino-Meza OJ, Sarhan MO, Singh M, Jeon B, Mane K, Shah M, Tucker EW, Carroll LS, Freundlich JS, Peloquin CA, Ivaturi VD, Jain SK. Dynamic PET reveals compartmentalized brain and lung tissue antibiotic exposures of tuberculosis drugs. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6657. [PMID: 39143055 PMCID: PMC11324906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50989-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of death, but antibiotic treatments for tuberculous meningitis, the deadliest form of TB, are based on those developed for pulmonary TB and not optimized for brain penetration. Here, we perform first-in-human dynamic 18F-pretomanid positron emission tomography (PET) in eight human subjects to visualize 18F-pretomanid biodistribution as concentration-time exposures in multiple compartments (NCT05609552), demonstrating preferential brain versus lung tissue partitioning. Preferential, antibiotic-specific partitioning into brain or lung tissues of several antibiotics, active against multidrug resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains, are confirmed in experimentally-infected mice and rabbits, using dynamic PET with chemically identical antibiotic radioanalogs, and postmortem mass spectrometry measurements. PET-facilitated pharmacokinetic modeling predicts human dosing necessary to attain therapeutic brain exposures. These data are used to design optimized, pretomanid-based regimens which are evaluated at human equipotent dosing in a mouse model of TB meningitis, demonstrating excellent bactericidal activity without an increase in intracerebral inflammation or brain injury. Importantly, several antibiotic regimens demonstrate discordant activities in brain and lung tissues in the same animal, correlating with tissue antibiotic exposures. These data provide a mechanistic basis for the compartmentalized activities of antibiotic regimens, with important implications for developing treatments for meningitis and other infections in compartments with unique antibiotic penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyi Chen
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bhavatharini Arun
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oscar J Nino-Meza
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mona O Sarhan
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Medha Singh
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Byeonghoon Jeon
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kishor Mane
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Maunank Shah
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth W Tucker
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Laurence S Carroll
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Joel S Freundlich
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Charles A Peloquin
- Infectious Disease Pharmacokinetics Laboratory, Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Vijay D Ivaturi
- Center for Translational Medicine, University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Centre for Pharmacometrics, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Sanjay K Jain
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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He H, Zhang YL, Li Y, Huang Y, Li X, Xu J, Du YR. Efficacy and prognostic value of peripheral blood CD4 + T cells and serum IL-6 and IL-8 in tuberculous meningitis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e31641. [PMID: 38845916 PMCID: PMC11154195 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To investigate the value of peripheral blood clusters of differentiation 4 (CD4+) T-lymphocyte (T cells) count and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in the treatment and prognosis of tuberculous meningitis (TBM). Methods Sixty-five patients with TBM were prospectively included in the observation group. Sixty-five patients with pulmonary TB and a group of 65 healthy individuals served as the control groups. The differences in peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell count, serum IL-6, and IL-8 levels were compared, and changes in these indices after anti-TB treatment in the observation group were analysed. The observation group was divided into effective and ineffective groups based on their response after 24 weeks of anti-TB treatment. The study also evaluated the influence of peripheral blood CD4+ T-cell count, serum IL-6, and IL-8 levels on the adverse prognosis of TBM during anti-TB treatment. Results Before treatment, the CD4+ T-cell count in the peripheral blood of the observation group was lower than in both the control and healthy groups, and serum IL-6 and IL-8 levels were higher than in the control group (P < 0.001). After 24 weeks of anti-TB treatment, the CD4+ T-cell count in the peripheral blood of the observation group increased, whereas the levels of IL-6 and IL-8 decreased significantly (P < 0.001). The levels of CD4+ T cells and IL-6 in the peripheral blood of patients before treatment were identified as independent factors influencing the efficacy of anti-TB treatment (odds ratio [OR] = 0.989, 95 % confidence interval [CI]: 0.980-0.997; OR = 1.010, 95 % CI: 1.003-1.017). Conclusion In patients with TBM, the CD4+ T-cell count in the peripheral blood is decreased, whereas serum IL-6 and IL-8 are increased. The combination of CD4+ T cells and IL-8 shows a degree of predictive value for the prognosis of anti-TB treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua He
- Department 2 of Infectious Disease, The Third People's Hospital in Kunming/Yunnan Clinical Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650041, China
| | - Yan-Ling Zhang
- Department 2 of Infectious Disease, The Third People's Hospital in Kunming/Yunnan Clinical Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650041, China
| | - Yang Li
- Department 2 of Infectious Disease, The Third People's Hospital in Kunming/Yunnan Clinical Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650041, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department 2 of Infectious Disease, The Third People's Hospital in Kunming/Yunnan Clinical Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650041, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Radiology, The Third People's Hospital in Kunming/Yunnan Clinical Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650041, China
| | - Jun Xu
- Department 2 of Infectious Disease, The Third People's Hospital in Kunming/Yunnan Clinical Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650041, China
| | - Ying-Rong Du
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Third People's Hospital in Kunming/Yunnan Clinical Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Kunming, 650041, China
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Li T, Li M, Feng J, Liu T, Yang L, Yu L. Evaluation and clinical significance of serum neurospecific enolase in children with pneumonia: a case-control study. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:379. [PMID: 38822291 PMCID: PMC11140899 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04852-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurospecific Enolase (NSE), a multifunctional protein, is present in various tissues of the body and plays an important role in many disease processes, such as infection, inflammation, tumours, injury, and immunity. In recent years, the application of NSE in respiratory diseases has become increasingly widespread and a research hotspot. OBJECTIVE This study aims to explore the relationship between NSE and childhood pneumonia, providing assistance for the diagnosis and assessment of pneumonia. METHODS Using prospective research and case-control methods, We selected 129 children with pneumonia hospitalised in Weifang People's Hospital from September 2020 to April 2022 as the case group. Among them were 67 cases of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MP+), 62 cases of non-Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MP -), and 21 cases of severe pneumonia. At the same time, 136 children who underwent outpatient health examinations were selected as the control group. The levels of NSE, ESR, CRP in cases group and NSE in control group were measured separately. RESULT The NSE levels in the MP + group were 17.86 (14.29-22.54) ng/mL, while those in the MP- group were 17.89 (14.10-21.66) ng/mL, both of which were higher than the control group's NSE levels of 13.26(12.18,14.44) ng/mL (H = 46.92, P = 0.000). There was no statistically significant difference in NSE levels between the MP + and MP - groups (P > 0.05). The NSE level in the severe pneumonia group was 27.38 (13.95-34.06) ng/mL, higher than that in the mild pneumonia group, which was 17.68 (14.27-21.04) ng/mL, (P = 0.024). The AUC values for diagnosing pneumonia are NSE0.714, CRP0.539, and ESR0.535, with NSE having the highest diagnostic value. CONCLUSION Serum NSE can serve as an inflammatory indicator for paediatric pneumonia, which has important clinical guidance significance for the diagnosis, condition evaluation, and prognosis of paediatric pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianhua Li
- Department of Paediatrics, Weifang People's Hospital affiliated to Shandong Second Medical University, 151 Guangwen Road, Weifang, 261041, Shandong, China
| | - Minglei Li
- Department of Paediatrics, Weifang People's Hospital affiliated to Shandong Second Medical University, 151 Guangwen Road, Weifang, 261041, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Department of Paediatrics, Weifang People's Hospital affiliated to Shandong Second Medical University, 151 Guangwen Road, Weifang, 261041, Shandong, China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Weifang People's Hospital affiliated to Shandong Second Medical University, 151 Guangwen Road, Weifang, 261041, Shandong, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Paediatrics, Weifang People's Hospital affiliated to Shandong Second Medical University, 151 Guangwen Road, Weifang, 261041, Shandong, China
| | - Lexiang Yu
- Department of Paediatrics, Weifang People's Hospital affiliated to Shandong Second Medical University, 151 Guangwen Road, Weifang, 261041, Shandong, China.
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Miyakawa R, Louie J, Keh C, Chen L, Javid B, Ernst JD, Goswami N, Chow FC. A teenage girl with altered mental status and paraparesis. J Clin Tuberc Other Mycobact Dis 2024; 35:100425. [PMID: 38468819 PMCID: PMC10926304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jctube.2024.100425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
A teenage girl presented with fever and altered mental status. MRI showed diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement of the brain and spine. She was diagnosed by a positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) culture with tuberculous (TB) meningitis and was started on anti-TB medications and corticosteroids. Her mental status improved, but she was noted to have proximal weakness of the lower extremities. In the course of tapering corticosteroids at week 11 of anti-TB therapy, she became acutely confused and febrile. MRI demonstrated interval development of tuberculomas in the brain and a mass lesion in the thoracic spine causing cord compression. Given the clinical picture was suggestive of a paradoxical reaction, the dose of corticosteroids was increased. Infliximab was added when repeat MRI revealed enlargement of the mass lesion in the spine with worsening cord compression. She was successfully tapered off of corticosteroids. Over several months, the patient's motor function recovered fully, and she returned to ambulating without assistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Miyakawa
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Janice Louie
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Public Health, San Francisco, USA
| | - Chris Keh
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- California Department of Public Health, USA
| | - Lisa Chen
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Curry International Tuberculosis Center, USA
| | - Babak Javid
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Joel D. Ernst
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | | | - Felicia C. Chow
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, USA
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Jain S, Chen X, Arun B, Meza ON, Sarhan M, Singh M, Jeon B, Mane K, Shah M, Tucker E, Carroll L, Freundlich J, Peloquin C, Ivaturi V. Dynamic PET Reveals Compartmentalized Brain and Lung Tissue Antibiotic Exposures. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-4096014. [PMID: 38562706 PMCID: PMC10984015 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-4096014/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of death, but antibiotic treatments for tuberculous meningitis, the deadliest form of TB, are based on those developed for pulmonary TB and not optimized for brain penetration. Here, we performed first-in-human dynamic 18F-pretomanid positron emission tomography (PET) studies in eight human subjects for three-dimensional, multi-compartmental in situ visualization of antibiotic concentration-time exposures (area under the curve - AUC), demonstrating preferential brain (AUCtissue/plasma 2.25) versus lung (AUCtissue/plasma 0.97) tissue partitioning. Preferential, antibiotic-specific partitioning into brain or lung tissues of antibiotics active against MDR strains were confirmed in experimentally-infected mice and rabbits, using dynamic PET with chemically identical antibiotic radioanalogs, and postmortem mass spectrometry measurements. PET-facilitated pharmacokinetic modeling predicted human dosing necessary to attain therapeutic brain exposures in human subjects. These data were used to design optimized, pretomanid-based regimens which were evaluated at human equipotent dosing in a mouse model of TB meningitis, demonstrating excellent bactericidal activity without an increase in intracerebral inflammation or brain injury. Importantly, several antibiotic regimens demonstrated discordant activities in brain and lung tissues in the same animal, correlating with the compartmentalized tissue exposures of the component antibiotics. These data provide a mechanistic basis for the compartmentalized activities of antibiotic regimens, with important implications for the development of antimicrobial regimens for meningitis and other infections in compartments with unique antibiotic penetration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xueyi Chen
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
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Isaiah S, Loots DT, van Reenen M, Solomons R, van Elsland S, Tutu van Furth AM, van der Kuip M, Mason S. Urinary metabolic characterization of advanced tuberculous meningitis cases in a South African paediatric population. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 11:1253983. [PMID: 38560518 PMCID: PMC10978807 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2024.1253983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a severe form of tuberculosis with high neuro-morbidity and mortality, especially among the paediatric population (aged ≤12 years). Little is known of the associated metabolic changes. This study aimed to identify characteristic metabolic markers that differentiate severe cases of paediatric TBM from controls, through non-invasive urine collection. Urine samples selected for this study were from two paediatric groups. Group 1: controls (n = 44): children without meningitis, no neurological symptoms and from the same geographical region as group 2. Group 2: TBM cases (n = 13): collected from paediatric patients that were admitted to Tygerberg Hospital in South Africa on the suspicion of TBM, mostly severely ill; with a later confirmation of TBM. Untargeted 1H NMR-based metabolomics data of urine were generated, followed by statistical analyses via MetaboAnalyst (v5.0), and the identification of important metabolites. Twenty nine urinary metabolites were identified as characteristic of advanced TBM and categorized in terms of six dysregulated metabolic pathways: 1) upregulated tryptophan catabolism linked to an altered vitamin B metabolism; 2) perturbation of amino acid metabolism; 3) increased energy production-metabolic burst; 4) disrupted gut microbiota metabolism; 5) ketoacidosis; 6) increased nitrogen excretion. We also provide original biological insights into this biosignature of urinary metabolites that can be used to characterize paediatric TBM patients in a South African cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Isaiah
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Du Toit Loots
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Mari van Reenen
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Regan Solomons
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sabine van Elsland
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - A. Marceline Tutu van Furth
- Vrije Universiteit, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martijn van der Kuip
- Vrije Universiteit, Pediatric Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Shayne Mason
- Human Metabolomics, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Enicker B, Aldous C. Factors associated with in-hospital mortality in HIV-infected children treated for tuberculous meningitis hydrocephalus. Childs Nerv Syst 2024; 40:695-705. [PMID: 37964056 PMCID: PMC10891234 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-06205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed to investigate factors associated with in-hospital mortality in children diagnosed with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) hydrocephalus and HIV co-infection undergoing cerebrospinal fluid diversion procedures and their complications. METHODS Data were collected retrospectively and prospectively between 2007 and 2022. Data collected included demographics, clinical characteristics, antiretroviral therapy (ART) status, biochemistry results, CD4 count, radiology findings, CSF diversion procedures (and complications), length of hospital stay (LOHS), and in-hospital mortality. RESULTS Thirty-one children were included, with a mean age of 6.7 ± 5.3 years and 67.7% males. Median admission Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 11 (IQR 9-15). Hypertonia (64.5%) and seizures (51.6%) were frequently observed clinical characteristics. Sixty-one percent of children were on ART. Cerebral infarcts and extra-meningeal TB were diagnosed in 64.5% and 19.3% of cases, respectively. The median CD4 count was 151 (IQR 70-732) cells/µL. Surgical procedures included ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) in 26 cases and endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) in five children. VPS complication rate was 27%. No complications were reported for ETV. Median LOHS was 7 days (IQR 4-21). Eleven children (35.5%) died during admission. Factors associated with mortality included GCS (p = 0.032), infarcts (p = 0.004), extra-meningeal TB (p = 0.003), VPS infection (p = 0.018), low CD4 count (p = 0.009), and hyponatremia (p = 0.002). No statistically significant factors were associated with VPS complications. CONCLUSION TBM hydrocephalus in HIV-infected children carries a high mortality. Clinicians in high-prevalence settings should have a high suspicion index and institute early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basil Enicker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital, KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
- Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Congella, Durban, 4001, South Africa.
| | - Colleen Aldous
- Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, 719 Umbilo Road, Congella, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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Combrinck J, Tshavhungwe P, Rohlwink U, Enslin N, Thango N, Lazarus J, Kriegler K, Castel S, Abdelgawad N, Mcilleron H, Denti P, Wiesner L, Figaji A. Rifampicin and protein concentrations in paired spinal versus ventricular cerebrospinal fluid samples of children with tuberculous meningitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:280-286. [PMID: 38101948 PMCID: PMC10832594 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most lethal form of TB. To study the disease, drug concentrations in samples obtained from the spinal CSF are usually used to reflect brain concentrations. Emerging data suggest that transport of substances across capillaries in the brain (ventricular CSF) and spinal cord may differ. METHODS We examined paired, time-linked samples of ventricular CSF (VCSF) and lumbar CSF (LCSF) of 28 patients with TBM and analysed these for rifampicin and total protein concentrations. Clinically indicated samples from procedures to determine the level of CSF block were collected from children being treated for TBM and hydrocephalus. Total protein concentrations were determined using the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) or turbidimetry assay, and rifampicin concentrations were determined using a validated LC coupled with tandem MS method. A paired Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to determine significance. RESULTS TBM was confirmed in 19 cases (68%) using TB culture or GeneXpert Mtb/Rifampicin assay. All other cases were classified as probable. The median total protein concentration in LCSF was 6.0 g/L and in VCSF was 1.3 g/L. The median rifampicin concentration in LCSF was 299 ng/mL and 133 ng/mL in VCSF. The median ratio of LCSF/VSCF for protein was 4.23 and 1.57 for rifampicin. CONCLUSIONS Total protein and rifampicin concentrations differed significantly between the two compartments, both being higher in LCSF than in VCSF samples (P < 0.0001 for total protein and P = 0.0046 for rifampicin). Further studies are required to explore the causative reasons for the observed differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Combrinck
- Division of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Phophi Tshavhungwe
- Division of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ursula Rohlwink
- Division of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nico Enslin
- Division of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nqobile Thango
- Division of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jed Lazarus
- Division of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Katie Kriegler
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandra Castel
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Noha Abdelgawad
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helen Mcilleron
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paolo Denti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anthony Figaji
- Division of Paediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Singh G, van Laarhoven A, Adams R, Reid TD, Combrinck J, van Dorp S, Riou C, Thango N, Enslin J, Kruger S, Figaji AA, Rohlwink UK. The influence of fixation and cryopreservation of cerebrospinal fluid on antigen expression and cell percentages by flow cytometric analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2463. [PMID: 38291295 PMCID: PMC10827736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52669-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The pauci-cellular nature of cerebrospinal (CSF), particularly ventricular CSF, and the rapid cell death following sampling, incumbers the use of flow cytometric analysis of these samples in the investigation of central nervous system (CNS) pathologies. Developing a method that allows long-term storage and batched analysis of CSF samples without compromising cell integrity is highly desirable in clinical research, given that CSF is often sampled after hours creating logistical difficulties for fresh processing. We examined percentages and relative proportion of peripheral and brain-derived immune cells in cryopreserved and transfix-treated CSF, compared to freshly processed CSF. Cell proportions were more comparable between Fresh and Cryopreserved CSF (mean of differences = 3.19), than between fresh and transfix-treated CSF (mean of differences = 14.82). No significant differences in cell percentages were observed in fresh versus cryopreserved CSF; however significantly lower cell percentages were observed in transfix-treated CSF compared to Fresh CSF [(CD11b++ (p = 0.01), CD4+ (p = 0.001), CD8+ (p = 0.007), NK cells (p = 0.04), as well as CD69+ activation marker (p = 0.001)]. Furthermore, loss of marker expression of various lymphocyte sub-populations were observed in transfix-treated CSF. Cryopreservation is a feasible option for long-term storage of ventricular CSF and allows accurate immunophenotyping of peripheral and brain-derived cell populations by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Singh
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Arjan van Laarhoven
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rozanne Adams
- City of Cape Town, Becton Dickinson (BD) Biosciences, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Timothy Dawson Reid
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative (SATVI), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine (IDM), University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jill Combrinck
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Suzanne van Dorp
- Department of Hematology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Catherine Riou
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nqobile Thango
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johannes Enslin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Stefan Kruger
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anthony Aaron Figaji
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ursula Karin Rohlwink
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Baran Aİ, Huyut Z, Öncü MR, Akbay Hİ, Akmeşe Ş, Karsen H, Alp HH, Hakseven Karaduman Z, Tarcan T. Evaluation of cerebrospinal fluid levels for ALOX5, S100B, DEFA1, and GFAP in infectious meningitis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36463. [PMID: 38115295 PMCID: PMC10727538 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine how the levels of peptide and protein-based biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid change in bacterial, tuberculous, and aseptic meningitis, and to determine the success of these agents in distinguishing between different types of infectious meningitis. METHODS The levels of arachidonate-5-lipoxygenase, S100 calcium-binding protein B, defensin-α 1, and glial fibrillary acidic protein in cerebrospinal fluid samples from 20 tuberculosis, 40 bacterial, 25 aseptic meningitis patients, and 55 control groups were measured and compared using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The mean age of the patients was 37.9 ± 14.4 years. The parameter that contributed the most to the differential diagnosis of the infectious meningitis groups was S100 calcium-binding protein B. The S100 calcium-binding protein B levels were significantly higher in the tuberculous meningitis group than in the other groups, and arachidonate-5-lipoxygenase levels were significantly higher in the tuberculous meningitis and bacterial meningitis groups (P < .05). CONCLUSION This study showed that cerebrospinal fluid arachidonate-5-lipoxygenase, and S100 calcium-binding protein B levels may differ in bacterial, aseptic, and tuberculous meningitis, and the results obtained may be quite effective as important potential biomarkers in the differential diagnosis of different types of meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali İrfan Baran
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Zübeyir Huyut
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Reşit Öncü
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Halil İbrahim Akbay
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Şükrü Akmeşe
- Departmant of Pharmacy Services Program, Vocational School of Health, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Hasan Karsen
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Harran University, Sanliurfa, Turkey
| | - Hamit Hakan Alp
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Zekiye Hakseven Karaduman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
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Tomidy J, Satriadinatha GBY, Liwang FK, Maharani K, Imran D, Estiasari R. Prognostic identifier of cerebrovascular complications in tuberculous meningitis: Meta-analysis. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 32:107371. [PMID: 37738916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2023.107371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebrovascular complications could occur in 15-57 % of patients with tuberculous meningitis (TBM). It is crucial to rapidly identify TBM patients who are at risk for stroke. This study aimed to find predictors of stroke in patients with TBM. METHODS This systematic review and meta-analysis were done using literature searches through online databases up to April 30th, 2022. Three independent authors performed literature screening, data extraction, and critical appraisal of the studies. Eight studies involving 1535 samples were included. RESULTS We analyzed data regarding demographic, comorbidity, clinical presentation, radiologic, and laboratory parameters. Overall, clinical presentation that showed outcome difference was found in patients with findings of vomiting (OR = 2.71, 95 % CI: 1.30-5.63), cranial nerve deficit (OR = 4.10, 95 % CI: 1.83-9.21), focal deficit (OR = 5.56, 95 % CI: 2.24-13.79), and altered consciousness (OR = 1.90, 95 % CI: 1.24-2.92). Some comorbidities showed significant differences such as diabetes mellitus (OR = 2.58, 95 % CI: 1.51-4.41), hypertension (OR = 5.73, 95 % CI: 3.36-9.77), ischemic heart disease (OR = 2.18, 95 % CI: 1.02-4.63), and smoking (OR = 2.65, 95 % CI: 1.22-5.77). Two radiological changes shown to have significantly higher proportions are hydrocephalus (OR = 2.50, 95 % CI: 1.74-3.58) and meningeal enhancements (OR = 3.99, 95 % CI: 1.73-9.20). CONCLUSION Our analysis indicated that clinical presentations of vomiting, cranial nerve deficit, focal deficit, altered consciousness; comorbidity of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking history, ischemic heart disease; and radiological findings of meningeal enhancement and hydrocephalus showed significant association with stroke incidence in tuberculous meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianto Tomidy
- Department of Neurology, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Diponegoro No.71, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Gede Bagus Yoga Satriadinatha
- Department of Neurology, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Diponegoro No.71, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Filbert Kurnia Liwang
- Department of Neurology, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Diponegoro No.71, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Kartika Maharani
- Department of Neurology, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Diponegoro No.71, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Darma Imran
- Department of Neurology, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Diponegoro No.71, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia
| | - Riwanti Estiasari
- Department of Neurology, Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Diponegoro No.71, Jakarta 10430, Indonesia.
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12
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Maseko TG, Ngubane S, Letsoalo M, Rambaran S, Archary D, Samsunder N, Perumal R, Chinappa S, Padayatchi N, Naidoo K, Sivro A. Higher plasma interleukin - 6 levels are associated with lung cavitation in drug-resistant tuberculosis. BMC Immunol 2023; 24:26. [PMID: 37653422 PMCID: PMC10472663 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-023-00563-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cavitation is associated with heightened TB transmission and poor treatment outcomes. This study aimed to determine the relationship between systemic inflammation and lung cavitation in drug-resistant TB patients with and without HIV co-infection. METHODS Plasma samples were obtained from 128 participants from the CAPRISA 020 Individualized M(X)drug-resistant TB Treatment Strategy Study (InDEX) prior to treatment initiation. Lung cavitation was present in 61 of the 128 drug-resistant TB patients with 93 being co-infected with HIV. The plasma cytokine and chemokine levels were measured using the 27-Plex Human Cytokine immunoassay. Modified Poisson regression models were used to determine the association between plasma cytokine/chemokine expression and lung cavitation in individuals with drug-resistant TB. RESULTS Higher Interleukin-6 plasma levels (adjusted risk ratio [aRR] 1.405, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.079-1.829, p = 0.011) were associated with a higher risk of lung cavitation in the multivariable model adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, HIV status, smoking and previous history of TB. Smoking was associated with an increased risk of lung cavitation (aRR 1.784, 95% CI 1.167-2.729, p = 0.008). An HIV positive status and a higher body mass index, were associated with reduced risk of lung cavitation (aRR 0.537, 95% CI 0.371-0.775, p = 0.001 and aRR 0.927, 95% CI 0.874-0.983, p = 0.012 respectively). CONCLUSION High plasma interleukin-6 levels are associated with an increased risk of cavitary TB highlighting the role of interleukin-6 in the immunopathology of drug-resistant TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thando Glory Maseko
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)-CAPRISA-TB-HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | - Slindile Ngubane
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Marothi Letsoalo
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Santhuri Rambaran
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Derseree Archary
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KZN, South Africa
| | - Natasha Samsunder
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Rubeshan Perumal
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)-CAPRISA-TB-HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | - Surie Chinappa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
| | - Nesri Padayatchi
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)-CAPRISA-TB-HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kogieleum Naidoo
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)-CAPRISA-TB-HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | - Aida Sivro
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), Durban, South Africa.
- South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC)-CAPRISA-TB-HIV Pathogenesis and Treatment Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa.
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, KZN, South Africa.
- JC Wilt Infectious Disease Research Centre, National Microbiology laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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13
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Latham AS, Geer CE, Ackart DF, Anderson IK, Vittoria KM, Podell BK, Basaraba RJ, Moreno JA. Gliosis, misfolded protein aggregation, and neuronal loss in a guinea pig model of pulmonary tuberculosis. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1157652. [PMID: 37274195 PMCID: PMC10235533 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1157652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis, caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, is an ongoing epidemic with an estimated ten million active cases of the disease worldwide. Pulmonary tuberculosis is associated with cognitive and memory deficits, and patients with this disease are at an increased risk for Parkinson's disease and dementia. Although epidemiological data correlates neurological effects with peripheral disease, the pathology in the central nervous system is unknown. In an established guinea pig model of low-dose, aerosolized Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, we see behavior changes and memory loss in infected animals. We correlate these findings with pathological changes within brain regions related to motor, cognition, and sensation across disease progression. This includes microglial and astrocytic proliferation and reactivity. These cellular changes are followed by the aggregation of neurotoxic amyloid β and phosphorylated tau and, ultimately, neuronal degeneration in the hippocampus. Through these data, we have obtained a greater understanding of the neuropathological effects of a peripheral disease that affects millions of persons worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda S. Latham
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Brain Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Charlize E. Geer
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - David F. Ackart
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Isla K. Anderson
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Kaley M. Vittoria
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Brendan K. Podell
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Randall J. Basaraba
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Julie A. Moreno
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Brain Research Center, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
- Center for Healthy Aging, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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14
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Abdelgawad N, Tshavhungwe M(P, Rohlwink U, McIlleron H, Abdelwahab MT, Wiesner L, Castel S, Steele C, Enslin J(N, Thango NS, Denti P, Figaji A. Population Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Rifampicin in Plasma, Cerebrospinal Fluid, and Brain Extracellular Fluid in South African Children with Tuberculous Meningitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0147422. [PMID: 36815838 PMCID: PMC10019224 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01474-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Limited knowledge is available on the pharmacokinetics of rifampicin in children with tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and its penetration into brain tissue, which is the site of infection. In this analysis, we characterize the distribution of rifampicin in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), lumbar (LCSF) and ventricular (VCSF), and brain extracellular fluid (ECF). Children with TBM were included in this pharmacokinetic analysis. Sparse plasma, LCSF, and VCSF samples were collected opportunistically, as clinically indicated. Brain ECF was sampled using microdialysis (MD). Rifampicin was quantified with liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry in all samples, and 25-desacetyl rifampicin in the plasma samples. The data were interpreted with nonlinear mixed-effects modeling, with the CSF and brain ECF modeled as "effect compartments." Data were available from 61 children, with median (min-max) age of 2 (0.3 to 10) years and weight of 11.0 (4.8 to 49.0) kg. A one-compartment model for parent and metabolite with first-order absorption and elimination via saturable hepatic clearance described the data well. Allometric scaling, maturation, and auto-induction of clearance were included. The pseudopartition coefficient between plasma and LCSF/VCSF was ~5%, while the value for ECF was only ~0.5%, possibly reflecting low recovery of rifampicin using MD. The equilibration half-life between plasma and LCSF/VCSF was ~4 h and between plasma and ECF ~2 h. Our study confirms previous reports showing that rifampicin concentrations in the LCSF are lower than in plasma and provides novel knowledge about rifampicin in the VCSF and the brain tissue. Despite MD being semiquantitative because the relative recovery cannot be quantified, our study presents a proof-of-concept that rifampicin reaches the brain tissue and that MD is an attractive technique to study site-of-disease pharmacokinetics in TBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Abdelgawad
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Ursula Rohlwink
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Helen McIlleron
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa), Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud T. Abdelwahab
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lubbe Wiesner
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandra Castel
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Chanel Steele
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Johannes (Nico) Enslin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nqobile Sindiswa Thango
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paolo Denti
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anthony Figaji
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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15
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Leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H rs17525495) gene polymorphisms and paradoxical reactions in extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3746. [PMID: 36879040 PMCID: PMC9988831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30923-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Paradoxical reactions (PRs) are poorly studied complex immunological phenomena, among patients with tuberculosis (TB). When PRs involves critical structures like the central nervous system (CNS), immunomodulatory therapy is often required. Predictors for PRs in TB to pre-empt appropriate treatment strategies in high-risk groups are lacking. TT genotype of Leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) promoter region rs17525495 polymorphisms are associated with exaggerated immune responses in Tuberculous meningitis (TBM), the most severe form of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB). The association of these polymorphisms with PRs is not known. We evaluated this plausibility among 113 patients with EPTB, at high risk of PRs. Majority [81 (71.7%)] had disseminated tuberculosis with prominent CNS [54 (47.8%)] and lymph node involvement [47 (41.6%)]. Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) co-infection was seen among 23 (20.3%) patients. PRs were noted in 38.9% patients, at a median duration of 3 months (IQR 2-4). LTA4H rs17525495 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis showed 52 (46%) patients had CC, 43 (38.1%) had CT and 18 (15.9%) had TT genotypes. There was no statistically significant difference in occurrence [CC 38.5% vs CT 39.5% vs TT 38.7%] and time of onset [median (IQR)] of PRs across the genotypes [CC 3 (1-4.7), CT 3 (2-5), TT 2 (2-3)]. PRs was shown to be significantly linked with HIV co-infection (RR 0.6, 95% CI 0.29-1.28), culture positivity (RR 0.5, 95% CI 0.28-1.14), TB Lymphadenitis (RR 0.7, 95% CI 0.44-1.19) and CNS involvement RR 2.1, 95% CI 1.27-3.49) in the univariate analysis (p < 0.2). On multivariate analysis, CNS involvement alone was associated with PRs (aRR 3.8 (1.38-10.92); p < 0.01). PRs were associated with CNS involvement but not with LTA4H rs17525495 polymorphisms.
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16
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Zhang X, Zhao Z, Wu Q, Wang L, Li L, Wang M, Ren Y, Pan L, Tang H, Li F. Single-cell analysis reveals changes in BCG vaccine-injected mice modeling tuberculous meningitis brain infection. Cell Rep 2023; 42:112177. [PMID: 36862557 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.112177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe and deadly manifestation of tuberculosis. Neurological complications are observed in up to 50% of patients affected. Here, attenuated Mycobacterium bovis are injected into the cerebellum of mice, and histopathological images and cultured colonies confirm successful brain infection. Then, whole-brain tissue is dissected for 10X Genomics single-cell sequencing, and we acquire 15 cell types. Transcriptional changes of inflammation processes are found in multiple cell types. Specifically, Stat1 and IRF1 are shown to mediate inflammation in macrophages and microglia. For neurons, decreased oxidative phosphorylation activity in neurons is observed, which corresponds to TBM clinical symptoms of neurodegeneration. Finally, ependymal cells present prominent transcriptional changes, and decreased FERM domain containing 4A (Frmd4a) may contribute to TBM clinical symptoms of hydrocephalus and neurodegeneration. This study shows a single-cell transcriptome of M. bovis infection in mice and improves the understanding of brain infection and neurological complications in TBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Zhangyan Zhao
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Qingguo Wu
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Liqun Li
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yang Ren
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Lei Pan
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Haicheng Tang
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Respiratory Disease and Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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17
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Lubarski K, Mania A, Małecki P, Mazur-Melewska K, Figlerowicz M. Inflammatory Markers Combined With Metalloproteinase-9, Neopterin, and S100B Concentrations May Indicate the Pathogenesis of Central Nervous System Diseases in Children. J Child Neurol 2022; 37:707-716. [PMID: 35722724 DOI: 10.1177/08830738221106663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The identification of central nervous system inflammation etiology leads to adjusted therapy. We analyzed the potential inflammatory and neuro-axonal damage markers in children. Our target was to correlate the findings with a disease's course or a sequalae risk and assess their clinical usefulness. The study included 96 children with symptoms of central nervous system inflammation who underwent diagnostics. The research group involved 24 children with autoimmune disorders and 31 with neuroinfection. The control group included patients with both etiologies excluded. We analyzed the results of routine laboratory tests together with chosen serum (neopterin, interleukin [IL]-1β, IL-6) and CSF (metalloproteinase [MMP]-9, S100B protein) markers. In the whole cohort, CSF MMP-9 correlated with CSF cytosis and serum IL-6 and CRP. In the undivided neuroinflammatory group, CSF S100B correlated with serum IL-6 and IgM concentrations. CSF cytosis was associated with CSF MMP-9 and serum neopterin levels. Among the infective patients, IL-6 was linked with increased CSF MMP-9. We conclude that astroglial protein S100B, neopterin, and cytokine concentrations may enable predicting long-term consequences, whereas CSF MMP-9 concentration may reflect the actual central nervous system injury regardless of etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Lubarski
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, 37807Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Anna Mania
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, 37807Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Paweł Małecki
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, 37807Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Mazur-Melewska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, 37807Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Magdalena Figlerowicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Child Neurology, 37807Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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18
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Kalita J, Shukla R, Pandey PC, Misra UK. Balancing between apoptosis and survival biomarkers in the patients with tuberculous meningitis. Cytokine 2022; 157:155960. [PMID: 35820324 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The balancing factor of apoptosis, survival, inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers may determine the clinico-radiological severity and death in the patients with tuberculous meningitis (TBM). AIM We report the relationship of death [caspase-3, malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL6)] and survival biomarkers [X-linked inhibitory apoptotic protein (XIAP), IL10, glutathione (GSH) and catalase] in TBM, and its role in determining disease severity and death. METHODS The diagnosis of TBM was based on clinical, MRI and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings. Their clinical and MRI findings were noted. The severity of TBM was categorized as stages I to III. Serum and CSF caspase-3 and XIAP were measured by ELISA, and TNFα, IL6 and IL10 gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells using RT-PCR (reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction). Plasma MDA, GSH and catalase were measured by spectrophotometer. RESULTS There were 40 patients with TBM whose mean age was 31.6 years and 50% were females. TBM patients had higher expression of death (caspase-3, TNFα, IL6, and MDA) and suppression of survival biomarkers (XIAP, catalase and GSH) compared to the healthy controls. Caspase-3 positively correlated with TNFα, IL6 and MDA, and negatively with XIAP, GSH and catalase. Patients with longer duration of illness and definite TBM had higher expression of caspase-3. Patients who died has higher expression of caspase-3 and suppression of XIAP compared to those who survived. CONCLUSION It can be concluded from this study that there is up-regulation of death signals and suppression of survival signals in TBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayantee Kalita
- Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014, India.
| | - Ruchi Shukla
- Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014, India
| | - Prakash C Pandey
- Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014, India
| | - Usha K Misra
- Department of Neurology, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226014, India
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19
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Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein is a body fluid biomarker: A valuable prognostic for neurological disease – A systematic review. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 107:108624. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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20
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Teunissen CE, Rohlwink U, Pajkrt D, Naudé PJW. Biomarkers of Tuberculous Meningitis and Pediatric Human Immunodeficiency Virus on the African Continent. Front Neurol 2022; 13:793080. [PMID: 35665032 PMCID: PMC9160376 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.793080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers in body fluids are helpful objective tools in diagnosis, prognosis and monitoring of (therapeutic) responses of many neurological diseases. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers are part of the diagnostic toolbox for infectious neurological diseases. Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) and Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), are important burdens of disease in Africa and can negatively affect brain health. Two thirds of the world's population of people living with HIV reside in sub-Saharan Africa and 25% of the global burden of tuberculosis (TB) is carried by the African continent. Neuroinflammation and damage of specific neuronal cell types are key constituents in the pathophysiology of these central nervous system (CNS) diseases, and important potential sources of circulating biomarkers. In this review, we summarize current research in the use of biomarkers in TBM and pediatric HIV as case demonstrations for high prevalence neurological diseases in Africa. Inflammatory molecules, primarily when detected in CSF, appear to have diagnostic value in these diseases, especially when measured as profiles. Brain injury molecules, such as S100, Neuron specific enolase and glial fibrillary acidic protein may have prognostic value in TBM, but more studies are needed. There is a need for more cost-economic and high sensitivity technologies to drive further biomarker discoveries and translate into healthcare improvements for these important healthcare problems in a globally fair way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Elisabeth Teunissen
- Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Charlotte Elisabeth Teunissen
| | - Ursula Rohlwink
- Division of Neurosurgery, Neuroscience Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Petrus J. W. Naudé
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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21
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Huynh J, Donovan J, Phu NH, Nghia HDT, Thuong NTT, Thwaites GE. Tuberculous meningitis: progress and remaining questions. Lancet Neurol 2022; 21:450-464. [PMID: 35429482 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(21)00435-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis is a devastating brain infection that is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is notoriously difficult to diagnose and treat. New technologies characterising the transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome have identified new molecules and pathways associated with tuberculous meningitis severity and poor outcomes that could offer novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets. The next-generation GeneXpert MTB/RIF Ultra assay, when used on CSF, offers diagnostic sensitivity for tuberculous meningitis of approximately 70%, although it is not widely available and a negative result cannot rule out tuberculous meningitis. Small trials indicate that clinical outcomes might be improved with increased doses of rifampicin, the addition of linezolid or fluoroquinolones to standard antituberculosis therapy, or treatment with adjunctive aspirin combined with corticosteroids. Large phase 3 clinical trials are underway worldwide to address these and other questions concerning the optimal management of tuberculous meningitis; these studies also form a platform for studying pathogenesis and identifying novel diagnostic and treatment strategies, by allowing the implementation of new genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic technologies in nested substudies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Huynh
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Joseph Donovan
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoan Phu
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK; Vietnam National University School of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ho Dang Trung Nghia
- Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam; Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thuy Thuong Thuong
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Guy E Thwaites
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK; Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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22
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Saghazadeh A, Rezaei N. Central Inflammatory Cytokines in Tuberculous Meningitis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2022; 42:95-107. [PMID: 35298290 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2021.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
No formal agreement exists regarding central inflammatory cytokine aberrations in tuberculosis (TB). We undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies comparing cytokine levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with TB compared with controls. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for articles published up to June 22, 2021. Studies were included in the meta-analysis if they assessed unadjusted levels of cytokines in unstimulated CSF samples and drew the comparison(s) between any of the following pairs: patients with TB versus controls without central nervous system (CNS) infection and meningitis, patients with TB versus patients with meningitis of etiologies other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis, HIV-infected patients with TB versus HIV-uninfected patients with TB, and HIV-infected patients with TB versus HIV-infected patients without TB. The primary outcome was the difference in mean CSF inflammatory cytokine levels between each of the 2 groups mentioned. The standardized mean difference was chosen to measure effect using a restricted maximum-likelihood estimator random-effects model. Of 1170 records identified, 40 studies were included in the meta-analysis. We calculated effect sizes for 30 different cytokines. About half of the studies took place in South Africa and India (18 out of 40 studies). Studies were mostly (92.5%) on patients with tuberculous meningitis (TBM), with only 3 articles of patients with neurotuberculosis and spinal TB. The quality of studies was rated as low to moderate and high with a 1.2:1 ratio. Compared with controls without CNS infection and meningitis, interferon-gamma (IFNγ), interleukin (IL)-12p40, IL-17F, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, sIL-2R, transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), TGFβ1, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were increased in patients with TBM. Compared with patients with meningitis of etiologies other than M. tuberculosis or combined meningitis and nonmeningitis patients, patients with TBM had higher CSF concentrations of IFNγ, IL-13, and sIL-2R, whereas levels of IL-12p70, IL-15, IL-1Ra, IL-5, IL-7, IL-9, and sTNFR55 were decreased. Compared with patients with meningitis of bacterial etiologies other than M. tuberculosis, CSF levels of IFNγ and sIL-2R were increased in patients with TBM, whereas levels of IL-1Ra, IL-13, IL-17, and TNF R55-BP were decreased. Patients with TBM were not different from patients with CM for most CSF cytokines assessed, but IFNγ and IL-1β were increased. TNFα, IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-8, IFNγ, sIL-2R, IL-13, and IL-17 were higher in patients with TBM than those with viral or aseptic meningitis. Compared with HIV-negative patients with TBM, IFNγ, IL-10, IL-12p70, and IL-5 were decreased in HIV-positive patients with TBM, whereas IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-2 were increased. Elevated TNFα, IL-1β, IFNγ, IL-6, IL-17, and IFNα2 were found in HIV-positive patients with TBM compared with their counterparts without TBM. This study should be considered an explorative meta-analytic review, leading us to offer the best TBM-associated central inflammatory cytokines. Our study could prepare a panel of central cytokines as a potential aid in diagnosing TBM and its differentiation from meningitis of other etiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amene Saghazadeh
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Expert Group (SRMEG), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
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23
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Nataprawira HM, Gafar F, Risan NA, Wulandari DA, Sudarwati S, Marais BJ, Stevens J, Alffenaar JWC, Ruslami R. Treatment Outcomes of Childhood Tuberculous Meningitis in a Real-World Retrospective Cohort, Bandung, Indonesia. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:660-671. [PMID: 35202524 PMCID: PMC8888221 DOI: 10.3201/eid2803.212230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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24
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Poh XY, Loh FK, Friedland JS, Ong CWM. Neutrophil-Mediated Immunopathology and Matrix Metalloproteinases in Central Nervous System - Tuberculosis. Front Immunol 2022; 12:788976. [PMID: 35095865 PMCID: PMC8789671 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.788976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains one of the leading infectious killers in the world, infecting approximately a quarter of the world’s population with the causative organism Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb). Central nervous system tuberculosis (CNS-TB) is the most severe form of TB, with high mortality and residual neurological sequelae even with effective TB treatment. In CNS-TB, recruited neutrophils infiltrate into the brain to carry out its antimicrobial functions of degranulation, phagocytosis and NETosis. However, neutrophils also mediate inflammation, tissue destruction and immunopathology in the CNS. Neutrophils release key mediators including matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs) which degrade brain extracellular matrix (ECM), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α which may drive inflammation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) that drive cellular necrosis and neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), interacting with platelets to form thrombi that may lead to ischemic stroke. Host-directed therapies (HDTs) targeting these key mediators are potentially exciting, but currently remain of unproven effectiveness. This article reviews the key role of neutrophils and neutrophil-derived mediators in driving CNS-TB immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Ying Poh
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fei Kean Loh
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jon S Friedland
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine W M Ong
- Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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25
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Kim J, Erice C, Rohlwink UK, Tucker EW. Infections in the Developing Brain: The Role of the Neuro-Immune Axis. Front Neurol 2022; 13:805786. [PMID: 35250814 PMCID: PMC8891478 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.805786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) infections occur more commonly in young children than in adults and pose unique challenges in the developing brain. This review builds on the distinct vulnerabilities in children's peripheral immune system (outlined in part 1 of this review series) and focuses on how the developing brain responds once a CNS infection occurs. Although the protective blood-brain barrier (BBB) matures early, pathogens enter the CNS and initiate a localized innate immune response with release of cytokines and chemokines to recruit peripheral immune cells that contribute to the inflammatory cascade. This immune response is initiated by the resident brain cells, microglia and astrocytes, which are not only integral to fighting the infection but also have important roles during normal brain development. Additionally, cytokines and other immune mediators such as matrix metalloproteinases from neurons, glia, and endothelial cells not only play a role in BBB permeability and peripheral cell recruitment, but also in brain maturation. Consequently, these immune modulators and the activation of microglia and astrocytes during infection adversely impact normal neurodevelopment. Perturbations to normal brain development manifest as neurodevelopmental and neurocognitive impairments common among children who survive CNS infections and are often permanent. In part 2 of the review series, we broadly summarize the unique challenges CNS infections create in a developing brain and explore the interaction of regulators of neurodevelopment and CNS immune response as part of the neuro-immune axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Clara Erice
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ursula K. Rohlwink
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elizabeth W. Tucker
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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26
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Kalita J, Pandey PC, Shukla R, Haldar R. Predictors of fever response in tuberculous meningitis: A clinical, MRI and biomarker study. Eur J Clin Invest 2022; 52:e13701. [PMID: 34689327 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Central nervous system (CNS) has a different immune surveillance system; therefore, fever at admission and timeline of fever response after antitubercular treatment (ATT) may follow a different course in CNS infection. We report the predictors of fever response in tuberculous meningitis (TBM) including the effect of tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and its gene expression at mRNA of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). METHODS Fifty-seven patients with TBM were prospectively evaluated. Their clinical findings and severity of meningitis were recorded. The expression of TNF-α gene in PBMCs was quantified by real-time polymerase chain reaction and TNF-α concentration in CSF by cytokine bead array both in the patients and 14 matched controls. RESULTS All the patients had history of fever for a median duration of 75 days. The admission temperature ranged between 37.2°C and 40°C and correlated with CSF cell counts (p < 0.05). Cranial MRI was abnormal in 54 (94.7%) and revealed exudates in 33(57.9%), hydrocephalus in 27(47.4%), infarction in 27(47.4%) and tuberculoma in 33(57.9%) patients. Fever subsided after a median duration of 18 (2 60) days of treatment. Twelve (21.8%) patients only became afebrile within 10 days. The expression of TNF-α gene correlated with CSF concentration of TNF-α (p = 0.02) and independently predicted duration of defervescence [adjusted hazard ratio 1.02 (95% CI 1.00-1.04; p = 0.01). CONCLUSION In the patients with TBM, defervescence takes longer time, and TNF-α gene expression predicts the duration of defervescence. Future studies are needed to evaluate the role of TNF-α-modifying drugs in TBM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rudrashish Haldar
- Department of Anesthesiology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, India
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27
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Tuberculous Meningitis in Children: Reducing the Burden of Death and Disability. Pathogens 2021; 11:pathogens11010038. [PMID: 35055986 PMCID: PMC8778027 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis disproportionately affects young children. As the most devastating form of tuberculosis, it is associated with unacceptably high rates of mortality and morbidity even if treated. Challenging to diagnose and treat, tuberculous meningitis commonly causes long-term neurodisability in those who do survive. There remains an urgent need for strengthened surveillance, improved rapid diagnostics technology, optimised anti-tuberculosis drug therapy, investigation of new host-directed therapy, and further research on long-term functional and neurodevelopmental outcomes to allow targeted intervention. This review focuses on the neglected field of paediatric tuberculous meningitis and bridges current clinical gaps with research questions to improve outcomes from this crippling disease.
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28
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Lolansen SD, Rostgaard N, Andreassen SN, Simonsen AH, Juhler M, Hasselbalch SG, MacAulay N. Elevated CSF inflammatory markers in patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus do not promote NKCC1 hyperactivity in rat choroid plexus. Fluids Barriers CNS 2021; 18:54. [PMID: 34863228 PMCID: PMC8645122 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-021-00289-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is a potentially reversible neurological condition of unresolved etiology characterized by a clinical triad of symptoms; gait disturbances, urinary incontinence, and cognitive deterioration. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the molecular coupling between inflammatory markers and development of iNPH and determine whether inflammation-induced hyperactivity of the choroidal Na+/K+/2Cl- cotransporter (NKCC1) that is involved in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) secretion could contribute to the iNPH pathogenesis. METHODS Lumbar CSF samples from 20 iNPH patients (10 with clinical improvement upon CSF shunting, 10 without clinical improvement) and 20 elderly control subjects were analyzed with the novel proximity extension assay technique for presence of 92 different inflammatory markers. RNA-sequencing was employed to delineate choroidal abundance of the receptors for the inflammatory markers found elevated in the CSF from iNPH patients. The ability of the elevated inflammatory markers to modulate choroidal NKCC1 activity was determined by addition of combinations of rat version of these in ex vivo experiments on rat choroid plexus. RESULTS 11 inflammatory markers were significantly elevated in the CSF from iNPH patients compared to elderly control subjects: CCL28, CCL23, CCL3, OPG, CXCL1, IL-18, IL-8, OSM, 4E-BP1, CXCL6, and Flt3L. One inflammatory marker, CDCP1, was significantly decreased in iNPH patients compared to control subjects. None of the inflammatory markers differed significantly when comparing iNPH patients with and without clinical improvement upon CSF shunting. All receptors for the elevated inflammatory markers were expressed in the rat and human choroid plexus, except CCR4 and CXCR1, which were absent from the rat choroid plexus. None of the elevated inflammatory markers found in the CSF from iNPH patients modulated the choroidal NKCC1 activity in ex vivo experiments on rat choroid plexus. CONCLUSION The CSF from iNPH patients contains elevated levels of a subset of inflammatory markers. Although the corresponding inflammatory receptors are, in general, expressed in the choroid plexus of rats and humans, their activation did not modulate the NKCC1-mediated fraction of choroidal CSF secretion ex vivo. The molecular mechanisms underlying ventriculomegaly in iNPH, and the possible connection to inflammation, therefore remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Diana Lolansen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nina Rostgaard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Norge Andreassen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Hviid Simonsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Juhler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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29
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Stroffolini G, Guastamacchia G, Audagnotto S, Atzori C, Trunfio M, Nigra M, Di Stefano A, Di Perri G, Calcagno A. Low cerebrospinal fluid Amyloid-βeta 1-42 in patients with tuberculous meningitis. BMC Neurol 2021; 21:449. [PMID: 34784880 PMCID: PMC8594191 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-021-02468-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is an important disease leading to morbidity, disability and mortality that primarily affects children and immune-depressed patients. Specific neuromarkers predicting outcomes, severity and inflammatory response are still lacking. In recent years an increasing number of evidences show a possible role for infective agents in developing neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS We retrospectively included 13 HIV-negative patients presenting with TBM and we compared them with two control groups: one of patients with a confirmed diagnosis of AD, and one of those with syphilis where lumbar punctures excluded central nervous system involvement. Lumbar punctures were performed for clinical reasons and CSF biomarkers were routinely available: we analyzed blood brain barrier permeability (CSF to serum albumin ratio, "CSAR"), intrathecal IgG synthesis, (CSF to serum IgG ratio), inflammation (neopterin), amyloid deposition (Aβ1-42), neuronal damage (T-tau, P-tau, 14.3.3) and astrocytosis (S-100 β). RESULTS TBM patients were 83 % male and 67 % Caucasian with a median age of 51 years (24.5-63.5 IQR). Apart from altered CSAR (median value 18.4, 17.1-30.9 IQR), neopterin (14.3 ng/ml, 9.7-18.8) and IgG ratios (15.4, 7.9-24.9), patients showed very low levels of Aβ1-42 in their CSF (348.5 pg/mL,125-532.2), even lower compared to AD and controls [603 pg/mL (IQR 528-797) and 978 (IQR 789-1178)]. Protein 14.3.3 tested altered in 38.5 % cases. T-tau, P-tau and S100Beta were in the range of normality. Altered low level of Aβ1-42 correlated over time with classical TBM findings and altered neuromarkers. CONCLUSIONS CSF Biomarkers from patients with TBM were compatible with inflammation, blood brain barrier damage and impairment in amyloid-beta metabolism. Amyloid-beta could be tested as a prognostic markers, backing the routine use of available neuromarkers. To our knowledge this is the first case showing such low levels of Aβ1-42 in TBM; its accumulation, drove by neuroinflammation related to infections, can be central in understanding neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Stroffolini
- Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | | | - Sabrina Audagnotto
- Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Cristiana Atzori
- Maria Vittoria Hospital, Unit of Neurology, Asl Città di Torino, Italy
| | - Mattia Trunfio
- Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Nigra
- San Giovanni Bosco Hospital, Laboratory, Asl Città di Torino, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Stefano
- Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Perri
- Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Andrea Calcagno
- Amedeo di Savoia Hospital, Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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30
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Cione E, Siniscalchi A, Gangemi P, Cosco L, Colosimo M, Longhini F, Luciani F, De Sarro G, Berrino L, D’Agostino B, Gallelli L. Neuron-specific enolase serum levels in COVID-19 are related to the severity of lung injury. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251819. [PMID: 34010310 PMCID: PMC8133450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifunctional role of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) in lung diseases is well established. As the lungs are greatly affected in COVID-19, we evaluated serum NSE levels in COVID-19 patients with and without dyspnea. In this study, we evaluated both SARS-CoV-2-infected and uninfected patients aged >18 years who were referred to hospitals in Catanzaro, Italy from March 30 to July 30, 2020. Epidemiological, clinical, and radiological characteristics, treatment, and outcome data were recorded and reviewed by a trained team of physicians. In total, 323 patients (178 men, 55.1% and 145 women, 44.9%) were enrolled; of these, 128 were COVID-19 patients (39.6%) and 195 were control patients (60.4%). Westergren’s method was used to determine erythroid sedimentation rate. A chemiluminescence assay was used for measurement of interleukin-6, procalcitonin, C-reactive protein, and NSE. We detected significantly higher NSE values (P<0.05) in COVID-19 patients than in controls. Interestingly, within the COVID-19 group, we also observed a further significant increase in dyspnea (Dyspnea Scale and Exercise score: 8.2 ± 0.8; scores ranging from 0 to 10, with higher numbers indicating very severe shortness of breath). These data provide the background for further investigations into the potential role of NSE as a clinical marker of COVID-19 progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Cione
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences-Department of Excellence 2018-2020, University of Calabria, Rende, Cosenza, Italy
| | | | - Pietro Gangemi
- Operative Unit of Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Pugliese Ciaccio Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Lucio Cosco
- Department of Infectious Disease, Pugliese Ciaccio Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Manuela Colosimo
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Pugliese Ciaccio Hospital, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Federico Longhini
- Department of Medical and Surgical Science, Operative Unit of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Filippo Luciani
- Department of Infectious Disease, Annunziata Hospital, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Mater Domini University Hospital, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, Research Center FA@UNICZ, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Liberato Berrino
- Department of Experimental Medicine L. Donatelli, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno D’Agostino
- Department of Experimental Medicine L. Donatelli, Section of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Naples, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Luca Gallelli
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, Operative Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Mater Domini University Hospital, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
- Department of Health Science, School of Medicine, Research Center FA@UNICZ, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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Manyelo CM, Chegou NN, Seddon JA, Snyders CI, Mutavhatsindi H, Manngo PM, Walzl G, Stanley K, Solomons RS. Serum and cerebrospinal fluid host proteins indicate stroke in children with tuberculous meningitis. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250944. [PMID: 33930055 PMCID: PMC8087017 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stroke is a common complication in children with tuberculous meningitis (TBM). Host proteins may give us insight into the mechanisms of stroke in TBM and serve as biomarkers for detection of stroke, however, they have not been widely explored. In this study, we compared the concentrations of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum proteins between children who had TBM-related stroke and children with TBM without stroke. Methods We collected CSF and serum from 47 children consecutively admitted to the Tygerberg Academic Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa between November 2016, and November 2017, on suspicion of having TBM. A multiplex platform was used to measure the concentrations of 69 host proteins in CSF and serum from all study participants. Results After classification of study participants, 23 (48.9%) out of the 47 study participants were diagnosed with TBM, of which 14 (60.9%) demonstrated radiological arterial ischemic infarction. The levels of lipocalin-2, sRAGE, IP-10/ CXCL10, sVCAM-1, MMP-1, and PDGF-AA in CSF samples and the levels of D-dimer, ADAMTS13, SAA, ferritin, MCP-1/ CCL2, GDF-15 and IL-13 in serum samples were statistically different between children who had TBM-related stroke and children with TBM without stroke. After correcting for multiple testing, only the levels of sVCAM-1, MMP-1, sRAGE, and IP-10/ CXCL10 in CSF were statistically different between the two groups. CSF and serum protein biosignatures indicated stroke in children diagnosed with TBM with up to 100% sensitivity and 88.9% specificity. Conclusion Serum and CSF proteins may serve as biomarkers for identifying individuals with stroke amongst children diagnosed with TBM at admission and may guide us to understand the biology of stroke in TBM. This was a pilot study, and thus further investigations in larger studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M. Manyelo
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Novel N. Chegou
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James A. Seddon
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Candice I. Snyders
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hygon Mutavhatsindi
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Portia M. Manngo
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Gerhard Walzl
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kim Stanley
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Regan S. Solomons
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
- * E-mail:
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Druszczynska M, Seweryn M, Wawrocki S, Kowalewska-Pietrzak M, Pankowska A, Rudnicka W. Cytokine Biosignature of Active and Latent Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Infection in Children. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050517. [PMID: 33923293 PMCID: PMC8145955 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
None of the currently used diagnostic tools are efficient enough in diagnosing Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) infection in children. The study was aimed to identify cytokine biosignatures characterizing active and latent tuberculosis (TB) in children. Using a multiplex bead-based technology, we analyzed the levels of 53 Th17-related cytokines and inflammatory mediators in sera from 216 BCG-vaccinated children diagnosed with active TB (TB) or latent TB (LTBI) as well as uninfected controls (HC). Children with active TB, compared to HC children, showed reduced serum levels of IL-17A, MMP-2, OPN, PTX-3, and markedly elevated concentrations of APRIL/TNFSF13. IL-21, sCD40L, MMP-2, and IL-8 were significantly differentially expressed in the comparisons between groups: (1) HC versus TB and LTBI (jointly), and (2) TB versus LTBI. The panel consisting of APRIL/TNFSF13, sCD30/TNFRSF8, IFN-α2, IFN-γ, IL-2, sIL-6Rα, IL-8, IL-11, IL-29/IFN-λ1, LIGHT/TNFSF14, MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, osteocalcin, osteopontin, TSLP, and TWEAK/TNFSF12 possessed a discriminatory potential for the differentiation between TB and LTBI children. Serum-based host biosignatures carry the potential to aid the diagnosis of childhood M.tb infections. The proposed panels of markers allow distinguishing not only children infected with M.tb from uninfected individuals but also children with active TB from those with latent TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Druszczynska
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Im-munology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (S.W.); (W.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-42-635-44-70
| | - Michal Seweryn
- Biobank Lab, Department of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Wawrocki
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Im-munology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (S.W.); (W.R.)
| | - Magdalena Kowalewska-Pietrzak
- Regional Specialized Hospital of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and Rehabilitation in Lodz, Okolna 181, 91-520 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.-P.); (A.P.)
| | - Anna Pankowska
- Regional Specialized Hospital of Tuberculosis, Lung Diseases and Rehabilitation in Lodz, Okolna 181, 91-520 Lodz, Poland; (M.K.-P.); (A.P.)
| | - Wieslawa Rudnicka
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Im-munology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Banacha 12/16, 90-237 Lodz, Poland; (S.W.); (W.R.)
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Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is associated with significant mortality and morbidity yet is difficult to diagnose and treat. We reviewed original research published in the last 2 years, since 1 January 2018, which we considered to have a major impact in advancing diagnosis, treatment and understanding of the pathophysiology of TBM meningitis in children and adults.
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Loxton NW, Rohlwink UK, Tshavhungwe M, Dlamini L, Shey M, Enslin N, Figaji A. A pilot study of inflammatory mediators in brain extracellular fluid in paediatric TBM. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246997. [PMID: 33711020 PMCID: PMC7954352 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most fatal form of tuberculosis and frequently occurs in children. The inflammatory process initiates secondary brain injury processes that lead to death and disability. Much remains unknown about this cerebral inflammatory process, largely because of the difficulty in studying the brain. To date, studies have typically examined samples from sites distal to the site of disease, such as spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood. In this pilot study, we examined the feasibility of using direct brain microdialysis (MD) to detect inflammatory mediators in brain extracellular fluid (ECF) in TBM. MD was used to help guide neurocritical care in 7 comatose children with TBM by monitoring brain chemistry for up to 4 days. Remnant ECF fluid was stored for offline analysis. Samples of ventricular CSF, lumbar CSF and blood were collected at clinically indicated procedures for comparison. Inflammatory mediators were quantified using multiplex technology. All inflammatory markers, with the exception of interleukin (IL)-10 and IL-12p40, were detected in the ECF. Cytokine concentrations were generally lower in ECF than ventricular CSF in time-linked specimens. Individual cases showed ECF cytokine increases coinciding with marked increases in ECF glycerol or decreases in ECF glucose. Cytokine levels and glycerol were generally higher in patients with more severe disease. This is the first report of inflammatory marker analysis from samples derived directly from the brain and in high temporal resolution, demonstrating feasibility of cerebral MD to explore disease progression and possibly therapy response in TBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas W. Loxton
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ursula K. Rohlwink
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mvuwo Tshavhungwe
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lindizwe Dlamini
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Muki Shey
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Cape Town, South Africa
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nico Enslin
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anthony Figaji
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Lolansen SD, Rostgaard N, Oernbo EK, Juhler M, Simonsen AH, MacAulay N. Inflammatory Markers in Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Hydrocephalus: A Systematic Literature Review. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:8834822. [PMID: 33613789 PMCID: PMC7875647 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8834822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate existing literature on inflammatory markers in CSF from patients with hydrocephalus and identify potential markers capable of promoting hydrocephalus development and progression. METHODS Relevant studies published before December 3rd 2020 were identified from PubMed, Embase, and reference lists. Studies were screened for eligibility using the predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data from eligible studies were extracted, and sources of bias were evaluated. We included articles written in English investigating inflammatory markers in CSF from patients with hydrocephalus and control subjects. The review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines by three independent reviewers. RESULTS Twenty-two studies analyzed CSF from 311 patients with idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH), 178 with posthemorrhagic hydrocephalus (PHH), 151 with other hydrocephalus diagnoses, and 394 control subjects. Fifty-eight inflammatory markers were investigated. The CSF of iNPH patients had increased CSF levels of IL-6, IL-1β, and LRG compared with control subjects, whereas the CSF of PHH patients had increased levels of IL-6, IL-18, and VEGF. CSF from patients with "other hydrocephalus diagnoses" had elevated IFN-γ compared to control subjects, and VEGF was increased in congenital hydrocephalus, spina bifida, and hydrocephalus associated with tuberculous meningitis compared with controls. CONCLUSION IL-6, IL-1β, LRG, IL-18, VEGF, and IFN-γ are elevated in CSF from patients with hydrocephalus and may be involved in promotion of hydrocephalus development and progression. They may serve as novel disease biomarkers, and their signaling pathways may represent targets for pharmacological management of hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nina Rostgaard
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eva Kjer Oernbo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Juhler
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anja Hviid Simonsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Cresswell FV, Davis AG, Sharma K, Basu Roy R, Ganiem AR, Kagimu E, Solomons R, Wilkinson RJ, Bahr NC, Thuong NTT. Recent Developments in Tuberculous Meningitis Pathogenesis and Diagnostics. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 4:164. [PMID: 33364436 PMCID: PMC7739117 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15506.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is poorly understood, but contemporary molecular biology technologies have allowed for recent improvements in our understanding of TBM. For instance, neutrophils appear to play a significant role in the immunopathogenesis of TBM, and either a paucity or an excess of inflammation can be detrimental in TBM. Further, severity of HIV-associated immunosuppression is an important determinant of inflammatory response; patients with the advanced immunosuppression (CD4+ T-cell count of <150 cells/μL) having higher CSF neutrophils, greater CSF cytokine concentrations and higher mortality than those with CD4+ T-cell counts > 150 cells/μL. Host genetics may also influence outcomes with LT4AH genotype predicting inflammatory phenotype, steroid responsiveness and survival in Vietnamese adults with TBM. Whist in Indonesia, CSF tryptophan level was a predictor of survival, suggesting tryptophan metabolism may be important in TBM pathogenesis. These varying responses mean that we must consider whether a "one-size-fits-all" approach to anti-bacillary or immunomodulatory treatment in TBM is truly the best way forward. Of course, to allow for proper treatment, early and rapid diagnosis of TBM must occur. Diagnosis has always been a challenge but the field of TB diagnosis is evolving, with sensitivities of at least 70% now possible in less than two hours with GeneXpert MTB/Rif Ultra. In addition, advanced molecular techniques such as CRISPR-MTB and metagenomic next generation sequencing may hold promise for TBM diagnosis. Host-based biomarkers and signatures are being further evaluated in childhood and adult TBM as adjunctive biomarkers as even with improved molecular assays, cases are still missed. A better grasp of host and pathogen behaviour may lead to improved diagnostics, targeted immunotherapy, and possibly biomarker-based, patient-specific treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona V Cresswell
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Research Department, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, PO Box 22418, Uganda
- MRC-UVRI-London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Angharad G. Davis
- University College London, London, WC1E6BT, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Kusum Sharma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post-graduate Department of Medical Education and Research, Chandigahr, India
| | - Robindra Basu Roy
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Ahmad Rizal Ganiem
- Department of Neurology, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine. Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Enock Kagimu
- Research Department, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, PO Box 22418, Uganda
| | - Regan Solomons
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Robert J. Wilkinson
- Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Nathan C Bahr
- Division of Infectious Diseases. Department of Medicine., University of Kansas, Kansas City, USA
| | | | - Tuberculous Meningitis International Research Consortium
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Research Department, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, PO Box 22418, Uganda
- MRC-UVRI-London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- University College London, London, WC1E6BT, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post-graduate Department of Medical Education and Research, Chandigahr, India
- Department of Neurology, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine. Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Division of Infectious Diseases. Department of Medicine., University of Kansas, Kansas City, USA
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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DeKosky ST, Kochanek PM, Valadka AB, Clark RS, Chou SHY, Au AK, Horvat C, Jha RM, Mannix R, Wisniewski SR, Wintermark M, Rowell SE, Welch RD, Lewis L, House S, Tanzi RE, Smith DR, Vittor AY, Denslow ND, Davis MD, Glushakova OY, Hayes RL. Blood Biomarkers for Detection of Brain Injury in COVID-19 Patients. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1-43. [PMID: 33115334 PMCID: PMC7757533 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus attacks multiple organs of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients, including the brain. There are worldwide descriptions of neurological deficits in COVID-19 patients. Central nervous system (CNS) symptoms can be present early in the course of the disease. As many as 55% of hospitalized COVID-19 patients have been reported to have neurological disturbances three months after infection by SARS-CoV-2. The mutability of the SARS-COV-2 virus and its potential to directly affect the CNS highlight the urgency of developing technology to diagnose, manage, and treat brain injury in COVID-19 patients. The pathobiology of CNS infection by SARS-CoV-2 and the associated neurological sequelae of this infection remain poorly understood. In this review, we outline the rationale for the use of blood biomarkers (BBs) for diagnosis of brain injury in COVID-19 patients, the research needed to incorporate their use into clinical practice, and the improvements in patient management and outcomes that can result. BBs of brain injury could potentially provide tools for detection of brain injury in COVID-19 patients. Elevations of BBs have been reported in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood of COVID-19 patients. BB proteins have been analyzed in CSF to detect CNS involvement in patients with infectious diseases, including human immunodeficiency virus and tuberculous meningitis. BBs are approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for diagnosis of mild versus moderate traumatic brain injury and have identified brain injury after stroke, cardiac arrest, hypoxia, and epilepsy. BBs, integrated with other diagnostic tools, could enhance understanding of viral mechanisms of brain injury, predict severity of neurological deficits, guide triage of patients and assignment to appropriate medical pathways, and assess efficacy of therapeutic interventions in COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven T. DeKosky
- McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Patrick M. Kochanek
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Pediatrics, Bioengineering, and Clinical and Translational Science, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alex B. Valadka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Robert S.B. Clark
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sherry H.-Y. Chou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alicia K. Au
- University of Pittsburgh, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher Horvat
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Division of Pediatric Critical Care, UPMC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ruchira M. Jha
- Departments of Critical Care Medicine, Neurology, Neurological Surgery, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebekah Mannix
- Department of Pediatrics and Emergency Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Department of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Max Wintermark
- Department of Neuroradiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Susan E. Rowell
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Robert D. Welch
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit Receiving Hospital/University Health Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Lawrence Lewis
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Stacey House
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Rudolph E. Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, McCance Center for Brain Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology (Research), Massachusetts General Hospital, Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Darci R. Smith
- Immunodiagnostics Department, Naval Medical Research Center, Biological Defense Research Directorate, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Amy Y. Vittor
- Division of Infectious Disease and Global Medicine, University of Florida, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nancy D. Denslow
- Departments of Physiological Sciences and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Michael D. Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research/Pulmonology, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, Riley Hospital for Children at Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Liu YH, Zhao Y, Wang XY, Cui HX. Effect of Dexmedetomidine Hydrochloride on perioperative inflammation and postoperative lung infection in patients with spinal tuberculosis. Pak J Med Sci 2021; 37:520-524. [PMID: 33679943 PMCID: PMC7931321 DOI: 10.12669/pjms.37.2.2383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To explore the effect of dexmedetomidine hydrochloride on perioperative inflammation and postoperative lung infection in patients with spinal tuberculosis. Method A double-blind control observation was conducted in spinal tuberculosis patients with the use of general anesthesia during the operation. A total of 171 spinal tuberculosis patients who received endotracheal intubation for general anesthesia in Henan University of Chinese Medicine from January 2017 to April 2019 were included. The concentration changes in serum TNF-α and IL-6 were recorded at one hour, six hour and one day after the operation. The incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications of patients were also evaluated. Results The results showed that in the experimental group compared with the control group, serum TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations one hour, six hour and one day after the operation were significantly lower (P<0.05). The rate of postoperative pulmonary complications was lower in the experimental group than that in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion Dexmedetomidine hydrochloride has obvious anti-inflammatory effects and can reduce the incidence of pulmonary complications after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Hui Liu
- Yong-hui Liu, Department of Orthopedics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China, Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan 471000, P.R. China
| | - Ye Zhao
- Ye Zhao, Department of Orthopedics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China, Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan 471000, P.R. China
| | - Xiang-Yang Wang
- Xiang-yang Wang, Department of Orthopedics, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, P.R. China, Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan 471000, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Xun Cui
- Hong-xun Cui, Department of Orthopedics, Orthopedic Hospital of Henan Province, Luoyang, Henan 471000, P.R. China
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Tucker EW, Marais S, Seddon JA, van Crevel R, Ganiem AR, Ruslami R, Zhang W, Sun F, Zhou X, Solomons RS, Cresswell FV, Wilmshurst J, Rohlwink U. International Survey Reveals Opportunities to Improve Tuberculous Meningitis Management and the Need for Standardized Guidelines. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa445. [PMID: 33209947 PMCID: PMC7652100 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is a medical emergency, yet there are no standardized treatment guidelines for the medical or neurosurgical management of these patients and little data on neurocritical care. We conducted an international survey to understand current medical and neurosurgical TBM management and resource availability to provide baseline data needed for future multicenter trials addressing unanswered clinical research questions and the establishment of standardized guidelines. METHODS An online survey of 77 questions covering medical and neurosurgical TBM management aimed at clinicians/nurses treating TBM was distributed as an anonymous link through email invitation, international organizations' membership distribution, and direct links on organizational webpages or social media. The survey remained open for 5 months. Data were summarized with frequencies and percentages. RESULTS The survey had 222 responses from 43 countries representing 6 continents. Most respondents were from tertiary care facilities, with broad access to medical and neurosurgical resources. There was significant heterogeneity in general supportive care, and TBM-specific management demonstrated considerable divergence from current standard-of-care practices. The lack of standardized guidelines was identified as a major challenge in TBM management. General and neurocritical care were largely absent. Resources for bedside supportive care and noninvasive monitoring were broadly accessible. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that current TBM management could be improved by the establishment of internationally accepted treatment guidelines based on available evidence, and that numerous centers have resources available to participate in future multicenter trials, even for basic interventions, that may further improve patient outcomes globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth W Tucker
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Johns Hopkins All Children’s Hospital, St. Petersburg, Florida, USA
| | - Suzaan Marais
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James A Seddon
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmad Rizal Ganiem
- Department of Neurology, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Rovina Ruslami
- Department of Neurology, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Wenhong Zhang
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Sun
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian Zhou
- Departments of Infectious Diseases, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and Medicine, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Regan S Solomons
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fiona V Cresswell
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
- Infectious Disease Institute, Mulago College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
- MRC-UVRI LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Jo Wilmshurst
- Neuroscience Institute and Department of Paediatric Neurology, University of Cape Town, Red Cross War Memorial Children’s Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ursula Rohlwink
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery and Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cape Town, South Africa
- The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
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40
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Multifunctional neuron-specific enolase: its role in lung diseases. Biosci Rep 2020; 39:220911. [PMID: 31642468 PMCID: PMC6859115 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20192732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), also known as gamma (γ) enolase or enolase-2 (Eno2), is a form of glycolytic enolase isozyme and is considered a multifunctional protein. NSE is mainly expressed in the cytoplasm of neurons and neuroendocrine cells, especially in those of the amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation (APUD) lineage such as pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, intestine and lung. In addition to its well-established glycolysis function in the cytoplasm, changes in cell localization and differential expression of NSE are also associated with several pathologies such as infection, inflammation, autoimmune diseases and cancer. This article mainly discusses the role and diagnostic potential of NSE in some lung diseases.
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41
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Cresswell FV, Davis AG, Sharma K, Basu Roy R, Ganiem AR, Kagimu E, Solomons R, Wilkinson RJ, Bahr NC, Thuong NTT. Recent Developments in Tuberculous Meningitis Pathogenesis and Diagnostics. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 4:164. [PMID: 33364436 PMCID: PMC7739117 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15506.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is poorly understood, but contemporary molecular biology technologies have allowed for recent improvements in our understanding of TBM. For instance, neutrophils appear to play a significant role in the immunopathogenesis of TBM, and either a paucity or an excess of inflammation can be detrimental in TBM. Further, severity of HIV-associated immunosuppression is an important determinant of inflammatory response; patients with the advanced immunosuppression (CD4+ T-cell count of <150 cells/μL) having higher CSF neutrophils, greater CSF cytokine concentrations and higher mortality than those with CD4+ T-cell counts > 150 cells/μL. Host genetics may also influence outcomes with LT4AH genotype predicting inflammatory phenotype, steroid responsiveness and survival in Vietnamese adults with TBM. Whist in Indonesia, CSF tryptophan level was a predictor of survival, suggesting tryptophan metabolism may be important in TBM pathogenesis. These varying responses mean that we must consider whether a "one-size-fits-all" approach to anti-bacillary or immunomodulatory treatment in TBM is truly the best way forward. Of course, to allow for proper treatment, early and rapid diagnosis of TBM must occur. Diagnosis has always been a challenge but the field of TB diagnosis is evolving, with sensitivities of at least 70% now possible in less than two hours with GeneXpert MTB/Rif Ultra. In addition, advanced molecular techniques such as CRISPR-MTB and metagenomic next generation sequencing may hold promise for TBM diagnosis. Host-based biomarkers and signatures are being further evaluated in childhood and adult TBM as adjunctive biomarkers as even with improved molecular assays, cases are still missed. A better grasp of host and pathogen behaviour may lead to improved diagnostics, targeted immunotherapy, and possibly biomarker-based, patient-specific treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona V Cresswell
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Research Department, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, PO Box 22418, Uganda
- MRC-UVRI-London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Angharad G. Davis
- University College London, London, WC1E6BT, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Kusum Sharma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post-graduate Department of Medical Education and Research, Chandigahr, India
| | - Robindra Basu Roy
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Ahmad Rizal Ganiem
- Department of Neurology, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine. Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Enock Kagimu
- Research Department, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, PO Box 22418, Uganda
| | - Regan Solomons
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Robert J. Wilkinson
- Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Nathan C Bahr
- Division of Infectious Diseases. Department of Medicine., University of Kansas, Kansas City, USA
| | | | - Tuberculous Meningitis International Research Consortium
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Research Department, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, PO Box 22418, Uganda
- MRC-UVRI-London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- University College London, London, WC1E6BT, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post-graduate Department of Medical Education and Research, Chandigahr, India
- Department of Neurology, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine. Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Division of Infectious Diseases. Department of Medicine., University of Kansas, Kansas City, USA
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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42
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Rohlwink UK, Chow FC, Wasserman S, Dian S, Lai RPJ, Chaidir L, Hamers RL, Wilkinson RJ, Boulware DR, Cresswell FV, van Laarhoven A. Standardized approaches for clinical sampling and endpoint ascertainment in tuberculous meningitis studies. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 4:204. [PMID: 32399496 PMCID: PMC7194504 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15497.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM), the most severe manifestation of tuberculosis, has poorly understood immunopathology and high mortality and morbidity despite antituberculous therapy. This calls for accelerated clinical and basic science research in this field. As TBM disproportionally affects poorer communities, studies are often performed in resource-limited environments, creating challenges for data collection and harmonisation. Comparison of TBM studies has been hampered by variation in sampling strategies, study design and choice of study endpoints. Based on literature review and expert consensus, this paper provides firstly, practical recommendations to enable thorough diagnostic, pathophysiological and pharmacokinetic studies using clinical samples, and facilitates better data aggregation and comparisons across populations and settings. Secondly, we discuss clinically relevant study endpoints, including neuroimaging, functional outcome, and cause of death, with suggestions of how these could be applied in different designs for future TBM studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula K Rohlwink
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
| | - Felicia C Chow
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences and Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Infectious Diseases), University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Sean Wasserman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sofiati Dian
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Rachel PJ Lai
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK,Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lidya Chaidir
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Raph L Hamers
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia,Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa,The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK,Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Fiona V Cresswell
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK,Infectious Disease Institute, Mulago College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda,MRC-UVRI LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Arjan van Laarhoven
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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43
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Rohlwink UK, Chow FC, Wasserman S, Dian S, Lai RPJ, Chaidir L, Hamers RL, Wilkinson RJ, Boulware DR, Cresswell FV, van Laarhoven A. Standardized approaches for clinical sampling and endpoint ascertainment in tuberculous meningitis studies. Wellcome Open Res 2020; 4:204. [PMID: 32399496 PMCID: PMC7194504 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15497.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM), the most severe manifestation of tuberculosis, has poorly understood immunopathology and high mortality and morbidity despite antituberculous therapy. This calls for accelerated clinical and basic science research in this field. As TBM disproportionally affects poorer communities, studies are often performed in resource-limited environments, creating challenges for data collection and harmonisation. Comparison of TBM studies has been hampered by variation in sampling strategies, study design and choice of study endpoints. Based on literature review and expert consensus, this paper provides firstly, practical recommendations to enable thorough diagnostic, pathophysiological and pharmacokinetic studies using clinical samples, and facilitates better data aggregation and comparisons across populations and settings. Secondly, we discuss clinically relevant study endpoints, including neuroimaging, functional outcome, and cause of death, with suggestions of how these could be applied in different designs for future TBM studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula K Rohlwink
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa
| | - Felicia C Chow
- Weill Institute for Neurosciences and Departments of Neurology and Medicine (Infectious Diseases), University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Sean Wasserman
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sofiati Dian
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran/Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Rachel PJ Lai
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK,Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Lidya Chaidir
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Raph L Hamers
- Eijkman-Oxford Clinical Research Unit, Jakarta, Indonesia,Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia,Nuffield Department of Medicine, Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, Cape Town, South Africa,The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK,Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Fiona V Cresswell
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK,Infectious Disease Institute, Mulago College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda,MRC-UVRI LSHTM Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Arjan van Laarhoven
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center of Infectious Diseases (RCI), Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands,
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The value of glial fibrillary acidic protein levels in the diagnosis and prognosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage. HONG KONG J EMERG ME 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1024907920915054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Subarachnoid hemorrhages is an important emergency condition due to its high morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and rapid intervention are very important to prevent poor clinical outcome of this disease. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the value of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the diagnosis and prognosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Methods: Patients presenting to the emergency department and undergoing computerized tomography and/or lumbar puncture due to suspicion of subarachnoid hemorrhage were included in this prospective study. Based on the computerized tomography–lumbar puncture results, cases were divided into subarachnoid hemorrhage group and non–subarachnoid hemorrhage control group. Subarachnoid hemorrhage patients were classified on the basis of severity of subarachnoid hemorrhage and were classified as good or poor clinical outcome groups based on Glasgow Outcome Scores. Glial fibrillary acidic protein levels were then compared. Results: A total of 111 patients were evaluated due to suspicion of subarachnoid hemorrhage and diagnosed with subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 73) or without subarachnoid hemorrhage (n = 38). Cerebrospinal fluid glial fibrillary acidic protein levels were significantly higher in the subarachnoid hemorrhage group than in the non–subarachnoid hemorrhage group (p < 0.001) (median (25%–75%): 11.62 (2.64–68.04) and 2.26 (1.5–4.83), respectively). Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein levels of the subarachnoid hemorrhage patients with poor clinical outcomes were higher than those of subarachnoid hemorrhage patients with good clinical outcomes (p = 0.003) and cerebrospinal fluid glial fibrillary acidic protein levels were similar (p = 0.379). Glial fibrillary acidic protein levels at the time of presentation exhibited a low level of correlation with Glasgow coma score, World Federation of Neurological Surgeons scale, Hunter–Hess Scale, Ogilvy–Carter Scale, Glasgow Outcome Score, and modified Rankin score. Conclusion: Cerebrospinal fluid glial fibrillary acidic protein levels may be a valuable diagnostic parameter at the time of presentation for diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage. And also serum glial fibrillary acidic protein levels may be useful in predicting subarachnoid hemorrhage patients with poor clinical outcomes.
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45
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Goulding DS, Vogel RC, Pandya CD, Shula C, Gensel JC, Mangano FT, Goto J, Miller BA. Neonatal hydrocephalus leads to white matter neuroinflammation and injury in the corpus callosum of Ccdc39 hydrocephalic mice. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2020; 25:476-483. [PMID: 32032950 PMCID: PMC7415550 DOI: 10.3171/2019.12.peds19625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors sought to determine if hydrocephalus caused a proinflammatory state within white matter as is seen in many other forms of neonatal brain injury. Common causes of hydrocephalus (such as trauma, infection, and hemorrhage) are inflammatory insults themselves and therefore confound understanding of how hydrocephalus itself affects neuroinflammation. Recently, a novel animal model of hydrocephalus due to a genetic mutation in the Ccdc39 gene has been developed in mice. In this model, ciliary dysfunction leads to early-onset ventriculomegaly, astrogliosis, and reduced myelination. Because this model of hydrocephalus is not caused by an antecedent proinflammatory insult, it was utilized to study the effect of hydrocephalus on inflammation within the white matter of the corpus callosum. METHODS A Meso Scale Discovery assay was used to measure levels of proinflammatory cytokines in whole brain from animals with and without hydrocephalus. Immunohistochemistry was used to measure macrophage activation and NG2 expression within the white matter of the corpus callosum in animals with and without hydrocephalus. RESULTS In this model of hydrocephalus, levels of cytokines throughout the brain revealed a more robust increase in classic proinflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-1β, CXCL1) than in immunomodulatory cytokines (IL-10). Increased numbers of macrophages were found within the corpus callosum. These macrophages were polarized toward a proinflammatory phenotype as assessed by higher levels of CD86, a marker of proinflammatory macrophages, compared to CD206, a marker for antiinflammatory macrophages. There was extensive structural damage to the corpus callosum of animals with hydrocephalus, and an increase in NG2-positive cells. CONCLUSIONS Hydrocephalus without an antecedent proinflammatory insult induces inflammation and tissue injury in white matter. Future studies with this model will be useful to better understand the effects of hydrocephalus on neuroinflammation and progenitor cell development. Antiinflammatory therapy for diseases that cause hydrocephalus may be a powerful strategy to reduce tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle S. Goulding
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - R. Caleb Vogel
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Chirayu D. Pandya
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Crystal Shula
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati
Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - John C. Gensel
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Francesco T. Mangano
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati
Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - June Goto
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Cincinnati
Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Brandon A. Miller
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kentucky,
Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of
Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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46
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Li YJ, Wilkinson KA, Wilkinson RJ, Figaji AA, Rohlwink UK. Elevated Matrix Metalloproteinase Concentrations Offer Novel Insight Into Their Role in Pediatric Tuberculous Meningitis. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2020; 9:82-86. [PMID: 30753686 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piy141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We collected lumbar and ventricular cerebrospinal fluid and serum from 40 children treated for tuberculous meningitis and measured the concentrations of gelatinases and their inhibitors. The concentrations of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), MMP-2, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), and TIMP-2 were significantly elevated in the lumbar CSF samples, and we found interesting dynamics for MMP-9 that offer novel insight into its role in pediatric patients with tuberculous meningitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Katalin A Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.,Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa.,Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony A Figaji
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery.,Neurosciences Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences
| | - Ursula K Rohlwink
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery.,Neurosciences Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences
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Ordonez AA, Carroll LS, Abhishek S, Mota F, Ruiz-Bedoya CA, Klunk MH, Singh AK, Freundlich JS, Mease RC, Jain SK. Radiosynthesis and PET Bioimaging of 76Br-Bedaquiline in a Murine Model of Tuberculosis. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1996-2002. [PMID: 31345032 PMCID: PMC6911007 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Bedaquiline is a promising drug against tuberculosis (TB), but limited data are available on its intralesional pharmacokinetics. Moreover, current techniques rely on invasive tissue resection, which is difficult in humans and generally limited even in animals. In this study, we developed a novel radiosynthesis for 76Br-bedaquiline and performed noninvasive, longitudinal whole-body positron emission tomography (PET) in live, Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice over 48 h. After the intravenous injection, 76Br-bedaquiline distributed to all organs and selectively localized to adipose tissue and liver, with excellent penetration into infected lung lesions (86%) and measurable penetration into the brain parenchyma (15%). Ex vivo high resolution, two-dimensional autoradiography, and same section hematoxylin/eosin and immunofluorescence provided detailed intralesional drug biodistribution. PET bioimaging and high-resolution autoradiography are novel techniques that can provide detailed, multicompartment, and intralesional pharmacokinetics of new and existing TB drugs. These technologies can significantly advance efforts to optimize drug dosing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro A. Ordonez
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,
USA
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Laurence S. Carroll
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sudhanshu Abhishek
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,
USA
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Filipa Mota
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,
USA
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Camilo A. Ruiz-Bedoya
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,
USA
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mariah H. Klunk
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,
USA
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alok K. Singh
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,
USA
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Joel S. Freundlich
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School,
Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Ronnie C. Mease
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sanjay K. Jain
- Center for Tuberculosis Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,
USA
- Center for Infection and Inflammation Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine,
Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of
Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Postels DG, Soldatos A, LaRovere KL. Outcomes measures in children after acute central nervous system infections and malaria. Curr Opin Pediatr 2019; 31:756-762. [PMID: 31693584 DOI: 10.1097/mop.0000000000000823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Acute central nervous system (CNS) infections in children result in significant mortality and neurologic morbidity worldwide. This article summarizes the recent pediatric literature published on outcomes measures used after acute infectious meningitis, encephalitis, and cerebral malaria, and highlights ongoing research efforts to standardize outcomes measurements. Search terms were geared toward functional, cognitive, behavioral, and other outcome assessments. RECENT FINDINGS Recent data suggest that, depending on microbiological cause, there are differences in currently used outcome measures following acute CNS infections. Outcomes assessments include a variety of formal psychological tests (structured interviews and neuropsychological tests of cognitive and motor functioning) and dichotomized or ordinal scales. Standardization of outcome measures, however, is lacking. Global efforts to standardize outcomes that encompass both the child and family are ongoing. SUMMARY Centers worldwide can track and measure a variety of cognitive, behavioral, and functional outcomes after acute CNS infections. Standardized documentation and coding of clinically important outcomes is needed. Further research to evaluate effective practices using acute adjunctive and rehabilitation therapies will be aided by outcome measure standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Postels
- Department of Neurology, Children's National Health System, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Ariane Soldatos
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Kerri L LaRovere
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Seddon JA, Wilkinson R, van Crevel R, Figaji A, Thwaites GE. Knowledge gaps and research priorities in tuberculous meningitis. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:188. [PMID: 32118120 PMCID: PMC7014926 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15573.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is the most severe and disabling form of tuberculosis (TB), accounting for around 1-5% of the global TB caseload, with mortality of approximately 20% in children and up to 60% in persons co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus even in those treated. Relatively few centres of excellence in TBM research exist and the field would therefore benefit from greater co-ordination, advocacy, collaboration and early data sharing. To this end, in 2009, 2015 and 2019 we convened the TBM International Research Consortium, bringing together approximately 50 researchers from five continents. The most recent meeting took place on 1 st and 2 nd March 2019 in Lucknow, India. During the meeting, researchers and clinicians presented updates in their areas of expertise, and additionally presented on the knowledge gaps and research priorities in that field. Discussion during the meeting was followed by the development, by a core writing group, of a synthesis of knowledge gaps and research priorities within seven domains, namely epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, antimicrobial therapy, host-directed therapy, critical care and implementation science. These were circulated to the whole consortium for written input and feedback. Further cycles of discussion between the writing group took place to arrive at a consensus series of priorities. This article summarises the consensus reached by the consortium concerning the unmet needs and priorities for future research for this neglected and often fatal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Seddon
- Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, St. Mary's Campus, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Desmond Tutu TB Centre, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, Western Cape, 8005, South Africa
| | - Robert Wilkinson
- Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
- Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Reinout van Crevel
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Anthony Figaji
- Neuroscience Institute, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Guy E Thwaites
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, University of Oxford, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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Cresswell FV, Davis AG, Sharma K, Basu Roy R, Ganiem AR, Kagimu E, Solomons R, Wilkinson RJ, Bahr NC, Thuong NTT. Recent Developments in Tuberculous Meningitis Pathogenesis and Diagnostics. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:164. [PMID: 33364436 PMCID: PMC7739117 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15506.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of Tuberculous meningitis (TBM) is poorly understood, but contemporary molecular biology technologies have allowed for recent improvements in our understanding of TBM. For instance, neutrophils appear to play a significant role in the immunopathogenesis of TBM, and either a paucity or an excess of inflammation can be detrimental in TBM. Further, severity of HIV-associated immunosuppression is an important determinant of inflammatory response; patients with the advanced immunosuppression (CD4+ T-cell count of <150 cells/μL) having higher CSF neutrophils, greater CSF cytokine concentrations and higher mortality than those with CD4+ T-cell counts > 150 cells/μL. Host genetics may also influence outcomes with LT4AH genotype predicting inflammatory phenotype, steroid responsiveness and survival in Vietnamese adults with TBM. Whist in Indonesia, CSF tryptophan level was a predictor of survival, suggesting tryptophan metabolism may be important in TBM pathogenesis. These varying responses mean that we must consider whether a "one-size-fits-all" approach to anti-bacillary or immunomodulatory treatment in TBM is truly the best way forward. Of course, to allow for proper treatment, early and rapid diagnosis of TBM must occur. Diagnosis has always been a challenge but the field of TB diagnosis is evolving, with sensitivities of at least 70% now possible in less than two hours with GeneXpert MTB/Rif Ultra. In addition, advanced molecular techniques such as CRISPR-MTB and metagenomic next generation sequencing may hold promise for TBM diagnosis. Host-based biomarkers and signatures are being further evaluated in childhood and adult TBM as adjunctive biomarkers as even with improved molecular assays, cases are still missed. A better grasp of host and pathogen behaviour may lead to improved diagnostics, targeted immunotherapy, and possibly biomarker-based, patient-specific treatment regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona V Cresswell
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Research Department, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, PO Box 22418, Uganda
- MRC-UVRI-London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Angharad G. Davis
- University College London, London, WC1E6BT, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
| | - Kusum Sharma
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post-graduate Department of Medical Education and Research, Chandigahr, India
| | - Robindra Basu Roy
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Ahmad Rizal Ganiem
- Department of Neurology, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine. Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Enock Kagimu
- Research Department, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, PO Box 22418, Uganda
| | - Regan Solomons
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
| | - Robert J. Wilkinson
- Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London, W2 1PG, UK
| | - Nathan C Bahr
- Division of Infectious Diseases. Department of Medicine., University of Kansas, Kansas City, USA
| | | | - Tuberculous Meningitis International Research Consortium
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
- Research Department, Infectious Diseases Institute, Kampala, PO Box 22418, Uganda
- MRC-UVRI-London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Uganda Research Unit, Entebbe, Uganda
- University College London, London, WC1E6BT, UK
- Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 1AT, UK
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, 7925, South Africa
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Post-graduate Department of Medical Education and Research, Chandigahr, India
- Department of Neurology, Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Faculty of Medicine. Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, South Africa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College, London, W2 1PG, UK
- Division of Infectious Diseases. Department of Medicine., University of Kansas, Kansas City, USA
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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