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Li J, Tang Y, Lu G, Liu Q, Guo Y, Wang J, Xiao M, Gao T, Zhang X, Gu J. Elevation of p53 sensitizes obese kidney to adriamycin-induced aberrant lipid homeostasis via repressing HNF4α-mediated FGF21 sensitivity. J Adv Res 2024:S2090-1232(24)00299-6. [PMID: 39019110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2024.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lipid metabolism disorders have been confirmed to be closely related to kidney injury caused by adriamycin (ADR) and obesity, respectively. However, it has not been explored whether lipid metabolism disorders appear progressively more severe after ADR-based chemotherapy in the obese state, and the specific molecular mechanism needs to be further clarified. OBJECTIVES This study was designed to examine the role of p53-fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) axis in ADR-induced renal injury aggravated by high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS We engineered Fgf21 KO mice and used long-term (4 months) and short-term (0.5 months) HFD feeding, and ADR-injected mice, as well as STZ-induced type 1 diabetic mice and type 2 (db/db) diabetic mice to produce an in vivo model of nephrotoxicity. The specific effects of p53/FGF21 on the regulation of lipid metabolism disorders and its downstream mediators in kidney were subsequently elucidated using a combination of functional and pathological analysis, RNA-sequencing, molecular biology, and in vitro approaches. RESULTS Long-term HFD feeding mice exhibited compromised effects of FGF21 on alleviation of renal dysfunction and lipid accumulation following ADR administration. However, these impairments were reversed by p53 inhibitor (pifithrin-α, PFT-α). PFT-α sensitized FGF21 actions in kidney tissues, while knockout of Fgf21 impaired the protective effects of PFT-α on lipid metabolism. Mechanistically, p53 impaired the renal expression of FGF receptor-1 (FGFR1) and thereby developed gradually into FGF21 resistance via inhibiting hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α)-mediated transcriptional activation of Fgfr1. More importantly, exogenous supplementation of FGF21 or PFT-α could not only alleviate ADR-induced lipid metabolism disorder aggravated by HFD, but also reduce lipid accumulation caused by diabetic nephropathy. CONCLUSION Given the difficulties in developing the long-acting recombinant FGF21 analogs for therapeutic applications, sensitizing obesity-impaired FGF21 actions by suppression of p53 might be a therapeutic strategy for maintaining renal metabolic homeostasis during chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Li
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yufeng Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Guangping Lu
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qingbo Liu
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yuanfang Guo
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Mengjie Xiao
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ting Gao
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Junlian Gu
- School of Nursing and Rehabilitation, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Hoekx CA, Martinez-Tellez B, Straat ME, Verkleij MMA, Kemmeren M, Kooijman S, Uhrbom M, de Jager SCA, Rensen PCN, Boon MR. Cold exposure increases circulating fibroblast growth factor 21 in the evening in males and females. Endocr Connect 2024; 13:e240074. [PMID: 38781402 PMCID: PMC11227058 DOI: 10.1530/ec-24-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Objectives Cold exposure is linked to cardiometabolic benefits. Cold activates brown adipose tissue (BAT), increases energy expenditure, and induces secretion of the hormones fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15). The cold-induced increase in energy expenditure exhibits a diurnal rhythm in men. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of cold exposure on serum FGF21 and GDF15 levels in humans and whether cold-induced changes in FGF21 and GDF15 levels differ between morning and evening in males and females. Method In this randomized cross-over study, serum FGF21 and GDF15 levels were measured in healthy lean males (n = 12) and females (n = 12) before, during, and after 90 min of stable cold exposure in the morning (07:45 h) and evening (19:45 h) with a 1-day washout period in between. Results Cold exposure increased FGF21 levels in the evening compared to the morning both in males (+61% vs -13%; P < 0.001) and in females (+58% vs +8%; P < 0.001). In contrast, cold exposure did not significantly modify serum GDF15 levels, and no diurnal variation was found. Changes in FGF21 and GDF15 levels did not correlate with changes in cold-induced energy expenditure in the morning and evening. Conclusion Cold exposure increased serum FGF21 levels in the evening, but not in the morning, in both males and females. GDF15 levels were not affected by cold exposure. Thus, this study suggests that the timing of cold exposure may influence cold-induced changes in FGF21 levels but not GDF15 levels and seems to be independent of changes in energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlijn A Hoekx
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Borja Martinez-Tellez
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Nursing Physiotherapy and Medicine, SPORT Research Group (CTS-1024), CERNEP Research Center, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Biomedical Research Unit, Torrecárdenas University Hospital, Almería, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Granada, Spain
| | - Maaike E Straat
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Magdalena M A Verkleij
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Kemmeren
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Uhrbom
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet Campus Flemingsberg, Neo Building, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Saskia C A de Jager
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Ge X, Slütter B, Lambooij JM, Zhou E, Ying Z, Agirman C, Heijink M, Rimbert A, Guigas B, Kuiper J, Müller C, Bracher F, Giera M, Kooijman S, Rensen PC, Wang Y, Schönke M. DHCR24 inhibitor SH42 increases desmosterol without preventing atherosclerosis development in mice. iScience 2024; 27:109830. [PMID: 38770137 PMCID: PMC11103367 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The liver X receptor (LXR) is considered a therapeutic target for atherosclerosis treatment, but synthetic LXR agonists generally also cause hepatic steatosis and hypertriglyceridemia. Desmosterol, a final intermediate in cholesterol biosynthesis, has been identified as a selective LXR ligand that suppresses inflammation without inducing lipogenesis. Δ24-Dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR24) converts desmosterol into cholesterol, and we previously showed that the DHCR24 inhibitor SH42 increases desmosterol to activate LXR and attenuate experimental peritonitis and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease. Here, we aimed to evaluate the effect of SH42 on atherosclerosis development in APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) receptor knockout mice, models for lipid- and inflammation-driven atherosclerosis, respectively. In both models, SH42 increased desmosterol without affecting plasma lipids. While reducing liver lipids in APOE∗3-Leiden.CETP mice, and regulating populations of circulating monocytes in LDL receptor knockout mice, SH42 did not attenuate atherosclerosis in either model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Ge
- Department of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Slütter
- Div. of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 AL, the Netherlands
| | - Joost M. Lambooij
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Zhixiong Ying
- Department of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Ceren Agirman
- Department of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke Heijink
- The Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine Rimbert
- Nantes Université, CNRS, INSERM, l’institut du thorax, F-44000 Nantes, France
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Kuiper
- Div. of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden 2333 AL, the Netherlands
| | - Christoph Müller
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Bracher
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig Maximilians Universität München, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Giera
- The Center for Proteomics and Metabolomics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Department of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick C.N. Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
- Med-X institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710061, China
| | - Milena Schönke
- Department of Medicine, Div. of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden 2333 ZA, the Netherlands
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Vedunova M, Borysova O, Kozlov G, Zharova AM, Morgunov I, Moskalev A. Candidate molecular targets uncovered in mouse lifespan extension studies. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2024; 28:513-528. [PMID: 38656034 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2024.2346597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple interventions have demonstrated an increase in mouse lifespan. However, non-standardized controls, sex or strain-specific factors, and insufficient focus on targets, hinder the translation of these findings into clinical applications. AREAS COVERED We examined the effects of genetic and drug-based interventions on mice from databases DrugAge, GenAge, the Mouse Phenome Database, and publications from PubMed that led to a lifespan extension of more than 10%, identifying specific molecular targets that were manipulated to achieve the maximum lifespan in mice. Subsequently, we characterized 10 molecular targets influenced by these interventions, with particular attention given to clinical trials and potential indications for each. EXPERT OPINION To increase the translational potential of mice life-extension studies to clinical research several factors are crucial: standardization of mice lifespan research approaches, the development of clear criteria for control and experimental groups, the establishment of criteria for potential geroprotectors, and focusing on targets and their clinical application. Pinpointing the targets affected by geroprotectors helps in understanding species-specific differences and identifying potential side effects, ensuring the safety and effectiveness of clinical trials. Additionally, target review facilitates the optimization of treatment protocols and the evaluation of the clinical feasibility of translating research findings into practical therapies for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vedunova
- Institute of Biomedicine, Institute of Biogerontology, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod (Lobachevsky University), Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | | | - Grigory Kozlov
- Institute of Biomedicine, Institute of Biogerontology, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod (Lobachevsky University), Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Anna-Maria Zharova
- Institute of Biomedicine, Institute of Biogerontology, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod (Lobachevsky University), Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | | | - Alexey Moskalev
- Institute of Biomedicine, Institute of Biogerontology, National Research Lobachevsky State University of Nizhni Novgorod (Lobachevsky University), Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Longaevus Technologies LTD, London, United Kingdom
- Russian Gerontology Research and Clinical Centre, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
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Shi R, Liu H, Xia K, Li Y, Chen T, Li X, Yang A, Xiao X. Circulating serum fibroblast growth factor 21 as risk and prognostic biomarker of retinal artery occlusion. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11854. [PMID: 38789571 PMCID: PMC11126651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62588-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the predictive and prognostic value of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) levels in retinal artery occlusion (RAO) patients. In this case-control study, serum FGF21 levels were detected by using the ELISA method. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the significance of FGF21 in assessing the risk of developing RAO and its impact on vision and concurrent ischemic stroke. Compared with control group, serum FGF21 levels were significantly higher (median [IQR] = 230.90[167.40,332.20] pg/ml) in RAO patients. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that elevated serum FGF21 levels were associated with a higher risk of RAO occurrence (P = 0.025, OR [95%CI] = 9.672 [2.573, 36.359]) after adjustment for multiple confounding factors. Higher serum FGF21 levels were negatively associated with visual acuity improvement (P = 0.029, OR [95%CI] = 0.466[0.235, 0.925]) and positively correlated with concurrent ischemic stroke (P = 0.04, OR [95% CI] = 1.944[1.029, 3.672]) in RAO patients. Elevated serum FGF21 levels could promote the development of RAO and indicate worse visual prognosis and increase the risk of concurrent ischemic stroke, which might help clinicians early diagnose and treat RAO patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobing Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430060, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Kaichao Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430060, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430060, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430060, China
| | - Xuejie Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430060, China
| | - Anhuai Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430060, China.
| | - Xuan Xiao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, No. 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei Province, 430060, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Institute of Translational Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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Li S, Zou T, Chen J, Li J, You J. Fibroblast growth factor 21: An emerging pleiotropic regulator of lipid metabolism and the metabolic network. Genes Dis 2024; 11:101064. [PMID: 38292170 PMCID: PMC10825286 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2023.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was originally identified as an important metabolic regulator which plays a crucial physiological role in regulating a variety of metabolic parameters through the metabolic network. As a novel multifunctional endocrine growth factor, the role of FGF21 in the metabolic network warrants extensive exploration. This insight was obtained from the observation that the FGF21-dependent mechanism that regulates lipid metabolism, glycogen transformation, and biological effectiveness occurs through the coordinated participation of the liver, adipose tissue, central nervous system, and sympathetic nerves. This review focuses on the role of FGF21-uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) signaling in lipid metabolism and how FGF21 alleviates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Additionally, this review reveals the mechanism by which FGF21 governs glucolipid metabolism. Recent research on the role of FGF21 in the metabolic network has mostly focused on the crucial pathway of glucolipid metabolism. FGF21 has been shown to have multiple regulatory roles in the metabolic network. Since an adequate understanding of the concrete regulatory pathways of FGF21 in the metabolic network has not been attained, this review sheds new light on the metabolic mechanisms of FGF21, explores how FGF21 engages different tissues and organs, and lays a theoretical foundation for future in-depth research on FGF21-targeted treatment of metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jun Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jinming You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
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Xie L, Wang H, Hu J, Liu Z, Hu F. The role of novel adipokines and adipose-derived extracellular vesicles (ADEVs): Connections and interactions in liver diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116104. [PMID: 38428826 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Adipose tissues (AT) are an important endocrine organ that secretes various functional adipokines, peptides, non-coding RNAs, and acts on AT themselves or other distant tissues or organs through autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine manners. An accumulating body of evidence has suggested that many adipokines play an important role in liver metabolism. Besides the traditional adipokines such as adiponectin and leptin, many novel adipokines have recently been identified to have regulatory effects on the liver. Additionally, AT can produce extracellular vesicles (EVs) that act on peripheral tissues. However, under pathological conditions, such as obesity and diabetes, dysregulation of adipokines is associated with functional changes in AT, which may cause liver diseases. In this review, we focus on the newly discovered adipokines and EVs secreted by AT and highlight their actions on the liver under the context of obesity, nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD), and some other liver diseases. Clarifying the action of adipokines and adipose tissue-derived EVs on the liver would help to identify novel therapeutic targets or biomarkers for metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Xie
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Huiying Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Jinying Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China
| | - Zhuoying Liu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China; Health Law Research Center, School of Law, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Fang Hu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, Ministry of Education, Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha 410011, Hunan, China.
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Hu C, Qiao W, Li X, Ning ZK, Liu J, Dalangood S, Li H, Yu X, Zong Z, Wen Z, Gui J. Tumor-secreted FGF21 acts as an immune suppressor by rewiring cholesterol metabolism of CD8 +T cells. Cell Metab 2024; 36:630-647.e8. [PMID: 38309268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Tumors employ diverse strategies for immune evasion. Unraveling the mechanisms by which tumors suppress anti-tumor immunity facilitates the development of immunotherapies. Here, we have identified tumor-secreted fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) as a pivotal immune suppressor. FGF21 is upregulated in multiple types of tumors and promotes tumor progression. Tumor-secreted FGF21 significantly disrupts anti-tumor immunity by rewiring cholesterol metabolism of CD8+T cells. Mechanistically, FGF21 sustains the hyperactivation of AKT-mTORC1-sterol regulatory-element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) signal axis in the activated CD8+T cells, resulting in the augment of cholesterol biosynthesis and T cell exhaustion. FGF21 knockdown or blockade using a neutralizing antibody normalizes AKT-mTORC1 signaling and reduces excessive cholesterol accumulation in CD8+T cells, thus restoring CD8+T cytotoxic function and robustly suppressing tumor growth. Our findings reveal FGF21 as a "secreted immune checkpoint" that hampers anti-tumor immunity, suggesting that inhibiting FGF21 could be a valuable strategy to enhance the cancer immunotherapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cegui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Wen Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhi-Kun Ning
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Sumiya Dalangood
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Hanjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhen Zong
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Zhenke Wen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Jun Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
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Larson KR, Jayakrishnan D, Soto Sauza KA, Goodson ML, Chaffin AT, Davidyan A, Pathak S, Fang Y, Gonzalez Magaña D, Miller BF, Ryan KK. FGF21 Induces Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Increases Amino Acids in Female Mice: A Potential Role for Glucocorticoids. Endocrinology 2024; 165:bqae004. [PMID: 38244215 PMCID: PMC10849119 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqae004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF21) is an intercellular signaling molecule secreted by metabolic organs, including skeletal muscle, in response to intracellular stress. FGF21 crosses the blood-brain barrier and acts via the nervous system to coordinate aspects of the adaptive starvation response, including increased lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, and activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis. Given its beneficial effects for hepatic lipid metabolism, pharmaceutical FGF21 analogues are used in clinical trials treatment of fatty liver disease. We predicted pharmacologic treatment with FGF21 increases HPA axis activity and skeletal muscle glucocorticoid signaling and induces skeletal muscle atrophy in mice. Here we found a short course of systemic FGF21 treatment decreased muscle protein synthesis and reduced tibialis anterior weight; this was driven primarily by its effect in female mice. Similarly, intracerebroventricular FGF21 reduced tibialis anterior muscle fiber cross-sectional area; this was more apparent among female mice than male littermates. In agreement with the reduced muscle mass, the topmost enriched metabolic pathways in plasma collected from FGF21-treated females were related to amino acid metabolism, and the relative abundance of plasma proteinogenic amino acids was increased up to 3-fold. FGF21 treatment increased hypothalamic Crh mRNA, plasma corticosterone, and adrenal weight, and increased expression of glucocorticoid receptor target genes known to reduce muscle protein synthesis and/or promote degradation. Given the proposed use of FGF21 analogues for the treatment of metabolic disease, the study is both physiologically relevant and may have important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlton R Larson
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Devi Jayakrishnan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Karla A Soto Sauza
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Michael L Goodson
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Aki T Chaffin
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Arik Davidyan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University Sacramento, Sacramento, CA 95819, USA
| | - Suraj Pathak
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yanbin Fang
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Diego Gonzalez Magaña
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Benjamin F Miller
- Aging & Metabolism Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Oklahoma City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Karen K Ryan
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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10
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Li S, Chen J, Wei P, Zou T, You J. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21: A Fascinating Perspective on the Regulation of Muscle Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16951. [PMID: 38069273 PMCID: PMC10707024 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays a vital role in normal eukaryotic organism development and homeostatic metabolism under the influence of internal and external factors such as endogenous hormone changes and exogenous stimuli. Over the last few decades, comprehensive studies have revealed the key role of FGF21 in regulating many fundamental metabolic pathways, including the muscle stress response, insulin signaling transmission, and muscle development. By coordinating these metabolic pathways, FGF21 is thought to contribute to acclimating to a stressful environment and the subsequent recovery of cell and tissue homeostasis. With the emphasis on FGF21, we extensively reviewed the research findings on the production and regulation of FGF21 and its role in muscle metabolism. We also emphasize how the FGF21 metabolic networks mediate mitochondrial dysfunction, glycogen consumption, and myogenic development and investigate prospective directions for the functional exploitation of FGF21 and its downstream effectors, such as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Tiande Zou
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (S.L.); (J.C.); (P.W.)
| | - Jinming You
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China; (S.L.); (J.C.); (P.W.)
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11
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Lim JY, Kim E. The Role of Organokines in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes and Their Functions as Molecular Transducers of Nutrition and Exercise. Metabolites 2023; 13:979. [PMID: 37755259 PMCID: PMC10537761 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13090979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining systemic homeostasis requires the coordination of different organs and tissues in the body. Our bodies rely on complex inter-organ communications to adapt to perturbations or changes in metabolic homeostasis. Consequently, the liver, muscle, and adipose tissues produce and secrete specific organokines such as hepatokines, myokines, and adipokines in response to nutritional and environmental stimuli. Emerging evidence suggests that dysregulation of the interplay of organokines between organs is associated with the pathophysiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Strategies aimed at remodeling organokines may be effective therapeutic interventions. Diet modification and exercise have been established as the first-line therapeutic intervention to prevent or treat metabolic diseases. This review summarizes the current knowledge on organokines secreted by the liver, muscle, and adipose tissues in obesity and T2D. Additionally, we highlighted the effects of diet/nutrition and exercise on the remodeling of organokines in obesity and T2D. Specifically, we investigated the ameliorative effects of caloric restriction, selective nutrients including ω3 PUFAs, selenium, vitamins, and metabolites of vitamins, and acute/chronic exercise on the dysregulation of organokines in obesity and T2D. Finally, this study dissected the underlying molecular mechanisms by which nutrition and exercise regulate the expression and secretion of organokines in specific tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Ye Lim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Eunju Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030, USA
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12
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Jiang S, Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhang L, Jin F, Li B. The association of serum Klotho concentrations with hyperlipidemia prevalence and lipid levels among US adults: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1645. [PMID: 37641103 PMCID: PMC10463308 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Klotho has anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. However, little is known about whether high Klotho concentrations were associated with reduced hyperlipidemia risk and improved plasma lipid levels. METHODS Participants with complete data on serum Klotho and plasma lipid concentrations from the 2007-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were included. Weighted regression models were fitted to explore the association of Klotho concentrations with hyperlipidemia risk and plasma lipid levels while restricted cubic spline models were applied to explore the dose-response relationship. Additionally, we assessed the mediating effects of C-reaction protein (CRP) on the foregoing association. RESULTS Individuals in the fourth and fifth quintile of serum Klotho had an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.77 (95%CI: 0.65, 0.93) and 0.67 (95%CI: 0.65, 0.93) for hyperlipidemia. Doubling of serum Klotho concentrations was associated with decreased hyperlipidemia risk (OR = 0.81; 95%CI: 0.68, 0.95) and triglyceride levels (13.25 mg/dL; 95%CI: 4.02, 22.47), with a monotonic dose-response relationship. Individuals in the fourth and fifth quintile of serum Klotho had a 0.07 (95%CI: 0.002, 0.13), 0.08 (95%CI: 0.02, 0.15) and 0.05 (95%CI: -0.03, 0.12) mg/dL decreased CRP levels, with a marginally significant trend (Ptrend = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Higher Klotho concentrations were associated with reduced hyperlipidemia risk and triglyceride levels. Klotho supplementation maybe a promising method to intervene and prevent hyperlipidemia, but the underlying mechanism should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunli Jiang
- Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University, Rencheng District, #33 Jianshe RoadShan Dong, Jining, 272000, China.
| | - Yongxin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zengliang Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, China.
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13
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Yang M, Liu C, Jiang N, Liu Y, Luo S, Li C, Zhao H, Han Y, Chen W, Li L, Xiao L, Sun L. Fibroblast growth factor 21 in metabolic syndrome. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1220426. [PMID: 37576954 PMCID: PMC10414186 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1220426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome is a complex metabolic disorder that often clinically manifests as obesity, insulin resistance/diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension. With the development of social and economic systems, the incidence of metabolic syndrome is increasing, bringing a heavy medical burden. However, there is still a lack of effective prevention and treatment strategies. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a member of the human FGF superfamily and is a key protein involved in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis, including reducing fat mass and lowering hyperglycemia, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia. Here, we review the current regulatory mechanisms of FGF21, summarize its role in obesity, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension, and discuss the possibility of FGF21 as a potential target for the treatment of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chongbin Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Na Jiang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Shilu Luo
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chenrui Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yachun Han
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Changsha, Hunan, China
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14
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Bhatt DL, Bays HE, Miller M, Cain JE, Wasilewska K, Andrawis NS, Parli T, Feng S, Sterling L, Tseng L, Hartsfield CL, Agollah GD, Mansbach H, Kastelein JJP. The FGF21 analog pegozafermin in severe hypertriglyceridemia: a randomized phase 2 trial. Nat Med 2023; 29:1782-1792. [PMID: 37355760 PMCID: PMC10353930 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-023-02427-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Pegozafermin, a long-acting glycopegylated analog of human fibroblast growth factor 21, is in development for the treatment of severe hypertriglyceridemia (SHTG) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Here we report the results of a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, five-arm trial testing pegozafermin at four different doses (n = 67; 52 male) versus placebo (n = 18; 12 male) for 8 weeks in patients with SHTG (triglycerides (TGs), ≥500 mg dl-1 and ≤2,000 mg dl-1). Treated patients showed a significant reduction in median TGs for the pooled pegozafermin group versus placebo (57.3% versus 11.9%, difference versus placebo -43.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI): -57.1%, -30.3%; P < 0.001), meeting the primary endpoint of the trial. Reductions in median TGs ranged from 36.4% to 63.4% across all treatment arms and were consistent regardless of background lipid-lowering therapy. Results for secondary endpoints included significant decreases in mean apolipoprotein B and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations (-10.5% and -18.3% for pooled doses compared to 1.1% and -0.6% for placebo (95% CI: -21.5%, -2.0%; P = 0.019 and 95% CI: -30.7%, -5.1%; P = 0.007, respectively), as well as a significant decrease in liver fat fraction for pooled treatment (n = 17) versus placebo (n = 6; -42.2% pooled pegozafermin, -8.3% placebo; 95% CI: -60.9%, -8.7%; P = 0.012), as assessed in a magnetic resonance imaging sub-study. No serious adverse events were observed to be related to the study drug. If these results are confirmed in a phase 3 trial, pegozafermin could be a promising treatment for SHTG (ClinicalTrials.gov registration: NCT0441186).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak L Bhatt
- Mount Sinai Heart, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Health System, New York City, NY, USA.
| | - Harold E Bays
- Louisville Metabolic and Atherosclerosis Research Center, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Michael Miller
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center and Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - James E Cain
- Family Medicine Clinic Science, Lampasas, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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15
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Liu X, Zhang H, Zhang S, Mao W, Liu L, Deng C, Hu CH. Olanzapine-induced decreases of FGF21 in brown adipose tissue via histone modulations drive UCP1-dependent thermogenetic impairment. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 122:110692. [PMID: 36509252 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2022.110692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Long-term olanzapine treatment has been associated with serious metabolism disorders, such as abnormal body weight gain, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. Recently, accumulated evidence points to a link between the metabolic disorders caused by olanzapine and thermogenetic impairment. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a pleiotropic protein, is a potent stimulator of thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT). However, the relationship between autocrine FGF21 in BAT and thermogenetic impairment induced by olanzapine has not been investigated. In this study, C57BL/6 mice and C3H10T1/2 (a brown adipocyte cell line) were used to investigate the role of FGF21 in modulating thermogenetic impairments caused by olanzapine. Our data found a fall in BAT temperature, with a decrease in the protein levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and FGF21 in olanzapine-treatment mice. Olanzapine-induced deficits of mitochondrial activity and the expression of UCP1 and related thermogenetic factors could be improved by FGF21-overexpression in brown adipocytes. Furthermore, ChIP-sequencing showed the H3K9me3 modification in Fgf21 was dramatically increased in BAT of mice with olanzapine treatment. Lysine-specific demethylase 4a (KDM4a), a histone demethylase responsible for site-specific erasure of H3K9me3, was decreased in olanzapine-treated C3H10T1/2 cells, whereas FGF21 and UCP1 expression and thermogenesis were upregulated in KMD2a-overexpressing brown adipocyte. We concluded that FGF21 was a crucial regulator mediating UCP1-dependent thermogenetic impairments by olanzapine-modulating histone methylations. Our results also provide novel insights into identifying a new therapeutic target for treating metabolic side effects caused by the antipsychotic drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemei Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Haotian Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Shimei Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Wenxing Mao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Monitoring of Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances, Chongqing 401121, PR China
| | - Lu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Chao Deng
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, and Molecular Horizons, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia; Antipsychotic Research Laboratory, Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong 2522, NSW, Australia
| | - Chang-Hua Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical Research Institute, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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16
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Liu C, Song Z, Li Z, Boon MR, Schönke M, Rensen PCN, Wang Y. Dietary choline increases brown adipose tissue activation markers and improves cholesterol metabolism in female APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice. Int J Obes (Lond) 2023; 47:236-243. [PMID: 36732416 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-023-01269-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Studies in mice have recently linked increased dietary choline consumption to increased incidence of obesity-related metabolic diseases, while several clinical trials have reported an anti-obesity effect of high dietary choline intake. Since the underlying mechanisms by which choline affects obesity are incompletely understood, the aim of the present study was to investigate the role of dietary choline supplementation in adiposity. METHODS Female APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model for human-like lipoprotein metabolism and cardiometabolic diseases, were fed a Western-type diet supplemented with or without choline (1.2%, w/w) for up to 16 weeks. RESULTS Dietary choline reduced body fat mass gain, prevented adipocyte enlargement, and attenuated adipose tissue inflammation. Besides, choline ameliorated liver steatosis and damage, associated with an upregulation of hepatic genes involved in fatty acid oxidation. Moreover, choline reduced plasma cholesterol, as explained by a reduction of plasma non-HDL cholesterol. Mechanistically, choline reduced hepatic VLDL-cholesterol secretion and enhanced the selective uptake of fatty acids from triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL)-like particles by brown adipose tissue (BAT), consequently accelerating the clearance of the cholesterol-enriched TRL remnants by the liver. CONCLUSIONS In APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, dietary choline reduces body fat by enhancing TRL-derived fatty acids by BAT, resulting in accelerated TRL turnover to improve hypercholesterolemia. These data provide a mechanistic basis for the observation in human intervention trials that high choline intake is linked with reduced body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zikuan Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Zhuang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Milena Schönke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Med-X institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
- Med-X institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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17
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Griffett K, Burris TP. Development of LXR inverse agonists to treat MAFLD, NASH, and other metabolic diseases. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1102469. [PMID: 36817797 PMCID: PMC9932051 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1102469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of LXR activity by synthetic agonists has been the focus of many drug discovery efforts with a focus on treatment of dyslipidemia and atherosclerosis. Many agonists have been developed, but all have been hindered due to their ability to efficaciously stimulate de novo lipogenesis. Here, we review the development of LXR inverse agonists that were originally optimized for their ability to enable recruitment of corepressors leading to silencing of genes that drive de novo lipogenesis. Such compounds have efficacy in animal models of MAFLD, dyslipidemia, and cancer. Several classes of LXR inverse agonists have been identified and one is now in clinical trials for treatment of severe dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Griffett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Thomas P. Burris
- The University of Florida Genetics Institute, Gainesville, FL, United States,*Correspondence: Thomas P. Burris,
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18
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Blackwell JA, Stanford KI. Exercise-induced intertissue communication: adipose tissue and the heart. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 31:100626. [PMID: 36588657 PMCID: PMC9802643 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2022.100626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Exercise leads to numerous beneficial whole-body effects and can protect against the development of obesity, cardiometabolic, and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of inter-organ crosstalk with a focus on secretory factors that mediate communication among organs, including adipose tissue and the heart. Studies investigating the effects of exercise on brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) demonstrated that adipokines are released in response to exercise and act on the heart to decrease inflammation, alter gene expression, increase angiogenesis, and improve cardiac function. This review discusses the exercise-induced adaptations to BAT and WAT and how these adaptations affect heart health and function, while highlighting the importance of tissue crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade A. Blackwell
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
| | - Kristin I. Stanford
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH
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19
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Ziqubu K, Mazibuko-Mbeje SE, Mthembu SXH, Mabhida SE, Jack BU, Nyambuya TM, Nkambule BB, Basson AK, Tiano L, Dludla PV. Anti-Obesity Effects of Metformin: A Scoping Review Evaluating the Feasibility of Brown Adipose Tissue as a Therapeutic Target. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032227. [PMID: 36768561 PMCID: PMC9917329 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is increasingly recognized as the major therapeutic target to promote energy expenditure and ameliorate diverse metabolic complications. There is a general interest in understanding the pleiotropic effects of metformin against metabolic complications. Major electronic databases and search engines such as PubMed/MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and the Cochrane library were used to retrieve and critically discuss evidence reporting on the impact of metformin on regulating BAT thermogenic activity to ameliorate complications linked with obesity. The summarized evidence suggests that metformin can reduce body weight, enhance insulin sensitivity, and improve glucose metabolism by promoting BAT thermogenic activity in preclinical models of obesity. Notably, this anti-diabetic agent can affect the expression of major thermogenic transcriptional factors such as uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1), nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF1), and peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α) to improve BAT mitochondrial function and promote energy expenditure. Interestingly, vital molecular markers involved in glucose metabolism and energy regulation such as AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are similarly upregulated by metformin treatment in preclinical models of obesity. The current review also discusses the clinical relevance of BAT and thermogenesis as therapeutic targets. This review explored critical components including effective dosage and appropriate intervention period, consistent with the beneficial effects of metformin against obesity-associated complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanyisani Ziqubu
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
| | - Sithandiwe E. Mazibuko-Mbeje
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- Correspondence: (S.E.M.-M.); (P.V.D.); Tel.: +27-21-938-0333 (P.V.D.)
| | - Sinenhlanhla X. H. Mthembu
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry, North-West University, Mmabatho 2745, South Africa
| | - Sihle E. Mabhida
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Babalwa U. Jack
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
| | - Tawanda M. Nyambuya
- Department of Health Sciences, Namibia University of Science and Technology, Windhoek 9000, Namibia
| | - Bongani B. Nkambule
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Albertus K. Basson
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3880, South Africa
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Phiwayinkosi V. Dludla
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Platform, South African Medical Research Council, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa 3880, South Africa
- Correspondence: (S.E.M.-M.); (P.V.D.); Tel.: +27-21-938-0333 (P.V.D.)
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Liu C, Schönke M, Spoorenberg B, Lambooij JM, van der Zande HJP, Zhou E, Tushuizen ME, Andreasson AC, Park A, Oldham S, Uhrbom M, Ahlstedt I, Ikeda Y, Wallenius K, Peng XR, Guigas B, Boon MR, Wang Y, Rensen PCN. FGF21 protects against hepatic lipotoxicity and macrophage activation to attenuate fibrogenesis in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. eLife 2023; 12:83075. [PMID: 36648330 PMCID: PMC9928421 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Analogues of the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) are in clinical development for type 2 diabetes and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) treatment. Although their glucose-lowering and insulin-sensitizing effects have been largely unraveled, the mechanisms by which they alleviate liver injury have only been scarcely addressed. Here, we aimed to unveil the mechanisms underlying the protective effects of FGF21 on NASH using APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established model for human-like metabolic diseases. Liver-specific FGF21 overexpression was achieved in mice, followed by administration of a high-fat high-cholesterol diet for 23 weeks. FGF21 prevented hepatic lipotoxicity, accompanied by activation of thermogenic tissues and attenuation of adipose tissue inflammation, improvement of hyperglycemia and hypertriglyceridemia, and upregulation of hepatic programs involved in fatty acid oxidation and cholesterol removal. Furthermore, FGF21 inhibited hepatic inflammation, as evidenced by reduced Kupffer cell (KC) activation, diminished monocyte infiltration, and lowered accumulation of monocyte-derived macrophages. Moreover, FGF21 decreased lipid- and scar-associated macrophages, which correlated with less hepatic fibrosis as demonstrated by reduced collagen accumulation. Collectively, hepatic FGF21 overexpression limits hepatic lipotoxicity, inflammation, and fibrogenesis. Mechanistically, FGF21 blocks hepatic lipid influx and accumulation through combined endocrine and autocrine signaling, respectively, which prevents KC activation and lowers the presence of lipid- and scar-associated macrophages to inhibit fibrogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Milena Schönke
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Borah Spoorenberg
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Joost M Lambooij
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Department of Cell and Chemical Biology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | | | - Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Maarten E Tushuizen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Anne-Christine Andreasson
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Andrew Park
- Biologics Engineering and Targeted Delivery, Oncology R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgUnited States
| | - Stephanie Oldham
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgUnited States
| | - Martin Uhrbom
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Ingela Ahlstedt
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Yasuhiro Ikeda
- Biologics Engineering and Targeted Delivery, Oncology R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgUnited States
| | - Kristina Wallenius
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Xiao-Rong Peng
- Bioscience Metabolism, Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGothenburgSweden
| | - Bruno Guigas
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
| | - Yanan Wang
- Med-X institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
| | - Patrick CN Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical CenterLeidenNetherlands
- Med-X institute, Center for Immunological and Metabolic Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'anChina
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Liu Y, Chen M. Neuregulin 4 as a novel adipokine in energy metabolism. Front Physiol 2023; 13:1106380. [PMID: 36703934 PMCID: PMC9873244 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1106380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue has been shown to play a key role in energy metabolism and it has been shown to regulate metabolic homeostasis through the secretion of adipokines. Neuregulin 4 (Nrg4), a novel adipokine secreted mainly by brown adipose tissue (BAT), has recently been characterized as having an important effect on the regulation of energy homeostasis and glucolipid metabolism. Nrg4 can modulate BAT-related thermogenesis by increasing sympathetic innervation of adipose tissue and therefore has potential metabolic benefits. Nrg4 improves metabolic dysregulation in various metabolic diseases such as insulin resistance, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and diabetes through several mechanisms such as anti-inflammation, autophagy regulation, pro-angiogenesis, and lipid metabolism normalization. However, inconsistent findings are found regarding the effects of Nrg4 on metabolic diseases in clinical settings, and this heterogeneity needs to be further clarified by future studies. The potential metabolic protective effect of Nrg4 suggests that it may be a promising endocrine therapeutic target.
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22
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Tan H, Yue T, Chen Z, Wu W, Xu S, Weng J. Targeting FGF21 in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: from mechanism to medicine. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:66-88. [PMID: 36594101 PMCID: PMC9760446 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.73936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and metabolic disease (CVMD) is becoming increasingly prevalent in developed and developing countries with high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has attracted intensive research interest due to its purported role as a potential biomarker and critical player in CVMDs, including atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, heart failure, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. This review summarizes the recent developments in investigating the role of FGF21 in CVMDs and explores the mechanism whereby FGF21 regulates the development of CVMDs. Novel molecular targets and related pathways of FGF21 (adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase, silent information regulator 1, autophagy-related molecules, and gut microbiota-related molecules) are highlighted in this review. Considering the poor pharmacokinetics and biophysical properties of native FGF21, the development of new generations of FGF21-based drugs has tremendous therapeutic potential. Related preclinical and clinical studies are also summarized in this review to foster clinical translation. Thus, our review provides a timely and insightful overview of the physiology, biomarker potential, molecular targets, and therapeutic potential of FGF21 in CVMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Tong Yue
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Zhengfang Chen
- Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu No.1 People's Hospital, Changshu 215500, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weiming Wu
- Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: E-mail: ;
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: E-mail: ;
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23
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Finney AC, Das S, Kumar D, McKinney MP, Cai B, Yurdagul A, Rom O. The interplay between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1116861. [PMID: 37200978 PMCID: PMC10185914 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1116861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic approaches that lower circulating low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol significantly reduced the burden of cardiovascular disease over the last decades. However, the persistent rise in the obesity epidemic is beginning to reverse this decline. Alongside obesity, the incidence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has substantially increased in the last three decades. Currently, approximately one third of world population is affected by NAFLD. Notably, the presence of NAFLD and particularly its more severe form, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), serves as an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD), thus, raising interest in the relationship between these two diseases. Importantly, ASCVD is the major cause of death in patients with NASH independent of traditional risk factors. Nevertheless, the pathophysiology linking NAFLD/NASH with ASCVD remains poorly understood. While dyslipidemia is a common risk factor underlying both diseases, therapies that lower circulating LDL-cholesterol are largely ineffective against NASH. While there are no approved pharmacological therapies for NASH, some of the most advanced drug candidates exacerbate atherogenic dyslipidemia, raising concerns regarding their adverse cardiovascular consequences. In this review, we address current gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms linking NAFLD/NASH and ASCVD, explore strategies to simultaneously model these diseases, evaluate emerging biomarkers that may be useful to diagnose the presence of both diseases, and discuss investigational approaches and ongoing clinical trials that potentially target both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C. Finney
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Sandeep Das
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Dhananjay Kumar
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - M. Peyton McKinney
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
| | - Bishuang Cai
- Division of Liver Diseases, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, NY, United States
| | - Arif Yurdagul
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Correspondence: Arif Yurdagul Oren Rom
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Pathology and Translational Pathobiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, United States
- Correspondence: Arif Yurdagul Oren Rom
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Chen Z, Yang L, Liu Y, Huang P, Song H, Zheng P. The potential function and clinical application of FGF21 in metabolic diseases. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1089214. [PMID: 36618930 PMCID: PMC9810635 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1089214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
As an endocrine hormone, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) plays a crucial role in regulating lipid, glucose, and energy metabolism. Endogenous FGF21 is generated by multiple cell types but acts on restricted effector tissues, including the brain, adipose tissue, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. Intervention with FGF21 in rodents or non-human primates has shown significant pharmacological effects on a range of metabolic dysfunctions, including weight loss and improvement of hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Due to the poor pharmacokinetic and biophysical characteristics of native FGF21, long-acting FGF21 analogs and FGF21 receptor agonists have been developed for the treatment of metabolic dysfunction. Clinical trials of several FGF21-based drugs have been performed and shown good safety, tolerance, and efficacy. Here we review the actions of FGF21 and summarize the associated clinical trials in obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and NAFLD, to help understand and promote the development of efficient treatment for metabolic diseases via targeting FGF21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Chen
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lili Yang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Teaching Experiment Center, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyan Song
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Peiyong Zheng, ; Haiyan Song,
| | - Peiyong Zheng
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Peiyong Zheng, ; Haiyan Song,
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Choline and butyrate beneficially modulate the gut microbiome without affecting atherosclerosis in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice. Atherosclerosis 2022; 362:47-55. [PMID: 36347649 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Choline has been shown to exert atherogenic effects in Apoe-/- and Ldlr-/- mice, related to its conversion by gut bacteria into trimethylamine (TMA) that is converted by the liver into the proinflammatory metabolite trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Since butyrate beneficially modulates the gut microbiota and has anti-inflammatory and antiatherogenic properties, the aim of the present study was to investigate whether butyrate can alleviate choline-induced atherosclerosis. To this end, we used APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice, a well-established atherosclerosis-prone model with human-like lipoprotein metabolism. METHODS Female APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice were fed an atherogenic diet alone or supplemented with choline, butyrate or their combination for 16 weeks. RESULTS Interestingly, choline protected against fat mass gain, increased the abundance of anti-inflammatory gut microbes, and increased the expression of gut microbial genes involved in TMA and TMAO degradation. Butyrate similarly attenuated fat mass gain and beneficially modulated the gut microbiome, as shown by increased abundance of anti-inflammatory and short chain fatty acid-producing microbes, and inhibited expression of gut microbial genes involved in lipopolysaccharide synthesis. Both choline and butyrate upregulated hepatic expression of flavin-containing monooxygenases, and their combination resulted in highest circulating TMAO levels. Nonetheless, choline, butyrate and their combination did not influence atherosclerosis development, and TMAO levels were not associated with atherosclerotic lesion size. CONCLUSIONS While choline and butyrate have been reported to oppositely modulate atherosclerosis development in Apoe-/- and Ldlr-/- mice as related to changes in the gut microbiota, both dietary constituents did not affect atherosclerosis development while beneficially modulating the gut microbiome in APOE*3-Leiden.CETP mice.
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High Throughput Fabrication of Flexible Top-Driven Sensing Probe. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235124. [PMID: 36501518 PMCID: PMC9738077 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, considering the current status of conservative and complicated traditional thrombosis treatment methods, a kind of flexible intelligent probe (FIP) with a top-driven sensing strategy is proposed to realize the expected function of thrombosis accurate localization in a liquid flow environment. After throughput fabrication, we find that the FIP has excellent electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. Notable, our FIP with the principle of piezo-resistive sensing has a quasi-linear sensitivity (approx. 0.325 L per minute) to flow sensing in the low flow velocity range (0-1 L per minute). Via the well-designed magnetically driven method, our FIP has a maximum deflection output force of 443.264 mN, a maximum deflection angle of 43°, and a maximum axial force of 54.176 mN. We demonstrate that the FIP is capable of completing the specified command actions relatively accurately and has a good response to real-time sensing feedback performance, which has broad application prospects in thrombus localization detection.
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27
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Ying Z, Tramper N, Zhou E, Boon MR, Rensen PCN, Kooijman S. Role of thermogenic adipose tissue in lipid metabolism and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: lessons from studies in mice and humans. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 119:905-918. [PMID: 35944189 PMCID: PMC10153643 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvac131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown adipocytes within brown adipose tissue (BAT) and beige adipocytes within white adipose tissue dissipate nutritional energy as heat. Studies in mice have shown that activation of thermogenesis in brown and beige adipocytes enhances the lipolytic processing of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) in plasma to supply these adipocytes with fatty acids for oxidation. This process results in formation of TRL remnants that are removed from the circulation through binding of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) on their surface to the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) on hepatocytes, followed by internalization. Concomitantly, lipolytic processing of circulating TRLs leads to generation of excess surface phospholipids that are transferred to nascent high-density lipoproteins (HDL), increasing their capacity for reverse cholesterol transport. Activation of thermogenic adipocytes thus lowers circulating triglycerides and non-HDL-cholesterol, while it increases HDL-cholesterol. The combined effect is protection from atherosclerosis development, which becomes evident in humanized mouse models with an intact ApoE-LDLR clearance pathway only, and is additive to the effects of classical lipid-lowering drugs including statins and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors. A large recent study revealed that the presence of metabolically active BAT in humans is associated with lower triglycerides, higher HDL-cholesterol and lower risk of cardiovascular diseases. This narrative review aims to provide leads for further exploration of thermogenic adipose tissue as a therapeutic target. To this end, we describe the latest knowledge on the role of BAT in lipoprotein metabolism and address, for example, the discovery of the β2-adrenergic receptor as the dominant adrenergic receptor in human thermogenic adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixiong Ying
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Naomi Tramper
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Enchen Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
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28
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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Bartesaghi S, Wallenius K, Hovdal D, Liljeblad M, Wallin S, Dekker N, Barlind L, Davies N, Seeliger F, Winzell MS, Patel S, Theisen M, Brito L, Bergenhem N, Andersson S, Peng XR. Subcutaneous delivery of FGF21 mRNA therapy reverses obesity, insulin resistance, and hepatic steatosis in diet-induced obese mice. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 28:500-513. [PMID: 35592498 PMCID: PMC9079007 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a promising therapeutic agent for treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). We show that therapeutic levels of FGF21 were achieved following subcutaneous (s.c.) administration of mRNA encoding human FGF21 proteins. The efficacy of mRNA was assessed following 2-weeks repeated s.c. dosing in diet-induced obese (DIO), mice which resulted in marked decreases in body weight, plasma insulin levels, and hepatic steatosis. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling of several studies in both lean and DIO mice showed that mRNA encoding human proteins provided improved therapeutic coverage over recombinant dosed proteins in vivo. This study is the first example of s.c. mRNA therapy showing pre-clinical efficacy in a disease-relevant model, thus, showing the potential for this modality in the treatment of chronic diseases, including T2D and NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Bartesaghi
- Metabolism, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Kristina Wallenius
- Metabolism, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Daniel Hovdal
- Metabolism, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Mathias Liljeblad
- Metabolism, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Simonetta Wallin
- Metabolism, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Niek Dekker
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Louise Barlind
- Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nigel Davies
- Advanced Drug Delivery, Pharmaceutical Science, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Frank Seeliger
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Sörhede Winzell
- Metabolism, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-43183, Sweden
| | - Sima Patel
- Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matt Theisen
- Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Luis Brito
- Moderna, Inc., 200 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nils Bergenhem
- Business Development, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shalini Andersson
- Oligonucleotide Discovery, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xiao-Rong Peng
- Metabolism, Research and Early Development Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg SE-43183, Sweden
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Li X, Zhang Y, Su L, Cai L, Zhang C, Zhang J, Sun J, Chai M, Cai M, Wu Q, Zhang C, Yan X, Wang L, Huang X. FGF21 alleviates pulmonary hypertension by inhibiting mTORC1/EIF4EBP1 pathway via H19. J Cell Mol Med 2022; 26:3005-3021. [PMID: 35437883 PMCID: PMC9097832 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play a significant role in pulmonary hypertension (PH). Our preliminary data showed that hypoxia‐induced PH is attenuated by fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) administration. Therefore, we further investigated the regulatory role of long non‐coding RNAs in PH treated with FGF21. RNA sequencing analysis and real‐time PCR identified a significantly up‐regulation of the H19 after FGF21 administration. Moreover, gain‐ and loss‐of‐function assays demonstrated that FGF21 suppressed hypoxia‐induced proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells partially through upregulation of H19. In addition, FGF21 deficiency markedly exacerbated hypoxia‐induced increases of pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular remodelling. In addition, AAV‐mediated H19 overexpression reversed the malignant phenotype of FGF21 knockout mice under hypoxia expose. Further investigation uncovered that H19 also acted as an orchestra conductor that inhibited the function of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) by disrupting the interaction of mTORC1 with eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E–binding protein 1 (EIF4EBP1). Our work highlights the important role of H19 in PH treated with FGF21 and suggests a mechanism involving mTORC1/EIF4EBP1 inhibition, which may provide a fundamental for clinical application of FGF21 in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuchun Li
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yaxin Zhang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Lihuang Su
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Luqiong Cai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianhao Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Junwei Sun
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mengyu Chai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Mengsi Cai
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wu
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications at Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Yan
- Chinese-American Research Institute for Diabetic Complications at Department of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Liangxing Wang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoying Huang
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Key Laboratory of Heart and Lung, Wenzhou, P.R. China
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Wu G, Wu S, Yan J, Gao S, Zhu J, Yue M, Li Z, Tan X. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Predicts Short-Term Prognosis in Patients With Acute Heart Failure: A Prospective Cohort Study. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:834967. [PMID: 35369322 PMCID: PMC8965840 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.834967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), first recognized as a regulator of glucose and lipid metabolism, have found that the level of in serum FGF21 is associated with the prognosis of many cardiovascular diseases, but its relationship to acute heart failure (AHF) patients remains unknown. Our study aimed to investigate whether circulating FGF21 could predict the short-term prognosis of AHF patients. METHODS Four hundred and two AHF patients and 19 healthy controls were recruited into the prospective cohort study, and blood samples of participants were collected, in tubes without anticoagulant, within the first 24 h after hospital admission. Serum FGF21 levels were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All patients were followed-up at least 6 months after discharge. The primary endpoint was all-cause death, and secondary endpoint was a composite endpoint of death and heart failure readmission. Mortality and composite end point events were analyzed using Kaplan-Meier curves. ROC curves compared the difference between the FGF21 and NT-proBNP in predicting 3- and 6-months mortality. Time-to-event data were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier estimation and Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS In the present study, the serum FGF21 concentrations were significantly higher in the 402 AHF patients enrolled, compared with the 19 healthy controls (p < 0.001). The average age was 70 (±12) years, and 58% were males. Participants were divided into two groups according to the median FGF21 level (262 pg/ml): a high FGF21 group (n = 201, FGF21 ≥ 262 pg/ml) and low FGF21 group (n = 201, FGF21 <262 pg/ml). FGF21 was positively correlated with NT-proBNP, BUN, AST, creatinine and cholesterol, and negatively correlated with ALB and HDL. After a median follow-up of 193 days, the high FGF21 group had higher mortality and composite endpoint events compared with the low FGF21 group (HR: 3.91, 95% CI 2.21-6.92, p <0.001), even after adjusting for NT-proBNP (HR: 3.17, 95% CI 1.72-5.81, p < 0.001). ROC analysis shows that FGF21 was better than NT-proBNP in predicting death at both 3 (AUC, 0.77 vs. 0.63, p < 0.001) and 6 months (AUC, 0.78 vs. 0.66). CONCLUSION High baseline FGF21 levels are associated with adverse clinical outcomes in AHF patients. Serum FGF21 might be a potential predictive biomarker of AHF patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guihai Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shenglin Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jingyi Yan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Jinxiu Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Minghui Yue
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zexin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Xuerui Tan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Clinical Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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32
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Zhang Y, Liu D, Long XX, Fang QC, Jia WP, Li HT. The role of FGF21 in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:2931-2943. [PMID: 34939977 PMCID: PMC8710326 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are increasing worldwide and seriously threaten human life and health. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a metabolic regulator, regulates glucose and lipid metabolism and may exert beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. In recent years, FGF21 has been found to act directly on the cardiovascular system and may be used as an early biomarker of CVDs. The present review highlights the recent progress in understanding the relationship between FGF21 and CVDs including coronary heart disease, myocardial ischemia, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure and also explores the related mechanism of the cardioprotective effect of FGF21. FGF21 plays an important role in the prediction, treatment, and improvement of prognosis in CVDs. This cardioprotective effect of FGF21 may be achieved by preventing endothelial dysfunction and lipid accumulating, inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis and regulating the associated oxidative stress, inflammation and autophagy. In conclusion, FGF21 is a promising target for the treatment of CVDs, however, its clinical application requires further clarification of the precise role of FGF21 in CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiao-Xue Long
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qi-Chen Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wei-Ping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hua-Ting Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
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