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Hui D, Sanford E, Lorenz K, Damrauer SM, Assimes TL, Thom CS, Voight BF. Mendelian randomization analyses clarify the effects of height on cardiovascular diseases. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298786. [PMID: 38959188 PMCID: PMC11221663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
An inverse correlation between stature and risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) has been observed in several epidemiologic studies, and recent Mendelian randomization (MR) experiments have suggested causal association. However, the extent to which the effect estimated by MR can be explained by cardiovascular, anthropometric, lung function, and lifestyle-related risk factors is unclear, with a recent report suggesting that lung function traits could fully explain the height-CAD effect. To clarify this relationship, we utilized a well-powered set of genetic instruments for human stature, comprising >1,800 genetic variants for height and CAD. In univariable analysis, we confirmed that a one standard deviation decrease in height (~6.5 cm) was associated with a 12.0% increase in the risk of CAD, consistent with previous reports. In multivariable analysis accounting for effects from up to 12 established risk factors, we observed a >3-fold attenuation in the causal effect of height on CAD susceptibility (3.7%, p = 0.02). However, multivariable analyses demonstrated independent effects of height on other cardiovascular traits beyond CAD, consistent with epidemiologic associations and univariable MR experiments. In contrast with published reports, we observed minimal effects of lung function traits on CAD risk in our analyses, indicating that these traits are unlikely to explain the residual association between height and CAD risk. In sum, these results suggest the impact of height on CAD risk beyond previously established cardiovascular risk factors is minimal and not explained by lung function measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hui
- Graduate Program in Genomics and Computational Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Eric Sanford
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Kimberly Lorenz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Scott M. Damrauer
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Themistocles L. Assimes
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States of America
| | - Christopher S. Thom
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
| | - Benjamin F. Voight
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America
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2
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Bann D, Wright L, Hughes A, Chaturvedi N. Socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular disease: a causal perspective. Nat Rev Cardiol 2024; 21:238-249. [PMID: 37821646 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-023-00941-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Socioeconomic inequalities in cardiovascular disease (CVD) persist in high-income countries despite marked overall declines in CVD-related morbidity and mortality. After decades of research, the field has struggled to unequivocally answer a crucial question: is the association between low socioeconomic position (SEP) and the development of CVD causal? We review relevant evidence from various study designs and disciplinary perspectives. Traditional observational, family-based and Mendelian randomization studies support the widely accepted view that low SEP causally influences CVD. However, results from quasi-experimental and experimental studies are both limited and equivocal. While more experimental and quasi-experimental studies are needed to aid causal understanding and inform policy, high-quality descriptive studies are also required to document inequalities, investigate their contextual dependence and consider SEP throughout the lifespan; no simple hierarchy of evidence exists for an exposure as complex as SEP. The COVID-19 pandemic illustrates the context-dependent nature of CVD inequalities, with the generation of potentially new causal pathways linking SEP and CVD. The linked goals of understanding the causal nature of SEP and CVD associations, their contextual dependence, and their remediation by policy interventions necessitate a detailed understanding of society, its change over time and the phenotypes of CVD. Interdisciplinary research is therefore key to advancing both causal understanding and policy translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bann
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, IOE, UCL's Faculty of Education and Society, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Liam Wright
- Centre for Longitudinal Studies, Social Research Institute, IOE, UCL's Faculty of Education and Society, University College London, London, UK
| | - Alun Hughes
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nish Chaturvedi
- MRC Unit for Lifelong Health & Ageing at UCL, Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, Faculty of Population Health Science, University College London, London, UK
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3
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Chen TT, Kim J, Lam M, Chuang YF, Chiu YL, Lin SC, Jung SH, Kim B, Kim S, Cho C, Shim I, Park S, Ahn Y, Okbay A, Jang H, Kim HJ, Seo SW, Park WY, Ge T, Huang H, Feng YCA, Lin YF, Myung W, Chen CY, Won HH. Shared genetic architectures of educational attainment in East Asian and European populations. Nat Hum Behav 2024; 8:562-575. [PMID: 38182883 PMCID: PMC10963262 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-023-01781-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Educational attainment (EduYears), a heritable trait often used as a proxy for cognitive ability, is associated with various health and social outcomes. Previous genome-wide association studies (GWASs) on EduYears have been focused on samples of European (EUR) genetic ancestries. Here we present the first large-scale GWAS of EduYears in people of East Asian (EAS) ancestry (n = 176,400) and conduct a cross-ancestry meta-analysis with EduYears GWAS in people of EUR ancestry (n = 766,345). EduYears showed a high genetic correlation and power-adjusted transferability ratio between EAS and EUR. We also found similar functional enrichment, gene expression enrichment and cross-trait genetic correlations between two populations. Cross-ancestry fine-mapping identified refined credible sets with a higher posterior inclusion probability than single population fine-mapping. Polygenic prediction analysis in four independent EAS and EUR cohorts demonstrated transferability between populations. Our study supports the need for further research on diverse ancestries to increase our understanding of the genetic basis of educational attainment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Ting Chen
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jaeyoung Kim
- Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Max Lam
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Psychiatry Research, the Zucker Hillside Hospital, Northwell Health, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
- Research Division Institute of Mental Health Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Fang Chuang
- Institute of Public Health and International Health Program, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ling Chiu
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Chin Lin
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Sang-Hyuk Jung
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Beomsu Kim
- Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Soyeon Kim
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Chamlee Cho
- Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Injeong Shim
- Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sanghyeon Park
- Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yeeun Ahn
- Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Aysu Okbay
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Hyemin Jang
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang Won Seo
- Departments of Neurology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
- Alzheimer's Disease Convergence Research Center, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woong-Yang Park
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tian Ge
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hailiang Huang
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yen-Chen Anne Feng
- Institute of Health Data Analytics and Statistics, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Feng Lin
- Center for Neuropsychiatric Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.
- Department of Public Health and Medical Humanities, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.
- Institute of Behavioral Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Woojae Myung
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | | | - Hong-Hee Won
- Department of Digital Health, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea.
- Samsung Genome Institute, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Li Y, Zhang J, Wen J, Liu M, Liu W, Li Y. Large-scale genome-wide association study to identify causal relationships and potential mediators between education and autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1249017. [PMID: 38146362 PMCID: PMC10749315 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1249017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Epidemiological studies suggested a potential connection between education and autoimmune disorders. This study investigated the possible cause-and-effect relationship using a Mendelian randomization approach. Methods We explored the causality between four education traits (n = 257,841~1,131,881) and 22 autoimmune diseases. The mediating role of smoking (632,802 individuals), BMI (681,275 individuals), alcohol (335,394 individuals), and income (397,751 individuals) was also investigated. Transcriptome-wide association study (TWAS) and enriched signaling pathways analysis were used to investigate the underlying biological mechanisms. Results Especially, higher cognitive performance was protective for psoriasis (odds ratio (OR) = 0.69, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.60-0.79, p = 6.12×10-8), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.67-0.83, p = 4.62×10-6), and hypothyroidism (OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.77-0.90, p = 9.82×10-6). Higher levels of educational attainment decreased risks of psoriasis (OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.52-0.72, p = 1.12×10-9), RA (OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.59-0.79, p = 1.56×10-7), and hypothyroidism (OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.72-0.88, p = 5.00×10-6). The completion of highest-level math class genetically downregulates the incidence of psoriasis (OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.58-0.76, p = 2.47×10-9), RA (OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.63-0.81, p = 5.28×10-8), and hypothyroidism (OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.79-0.92, p = 8.88×10-5). Higher self-reported math ability showed protective effects on Crohn's disease (CD) (OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.55-0.81, p = 4.96×10-5), RA (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.67-0.87, p = 5.21×10-5), and psoriasis (OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.65-0.88, p = 4.08×10-4). Protein modification and localization, response to arsenic-containing substances may participate in the genetic association of cognitive performance on UC, RA, psoriasis, and hypothyroidism. According to mediation analyses, BMI, smoking, and income served as significant mediators in the causal connection between educational traits and autoimmune diseases. Conclusion Higher levels of education-related factors have a protective effect on the risk of several autoimmune disorders. Reducing smoking and BMI and promoting income equality can mitigate health risks associated with low education levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- The Institution of Hepatology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hypothalamic Pituitary Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jie Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hypothalamic Pituitary Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingren Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hypothalamic Pituitary Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wanyao Liu
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongzhen Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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5
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Howe LJ, Rasheed H, Jones PR, Boomsma DI, Evans DM, Giannelis A, Hayward C, Hopper JL, Hughes A, Lahtinen H, Li S, Lind PA, Martin NG, Martikainen P, Medland SE, Morris TT, Nivard MG, Pingault JB, Silventoinen K, Smith JA, Willoughby EA, Wilson JF. Educational attainment, health outcomes and mortality: a within-sibship Mendelian randomization study. Int J Epidemiol 2023; 52:1579-1591. [PMID: 37295953 PMCID: PMC10555788 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyad079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous Mendelian randomization (MR) studies using population samples (population MR) have provided evidence for beneficial effects of educational attainment on health outcomes in adulthood. However, estimates from these studies may have been susceptible to bias from population stratification, assortative mating and indirect genetic effects due to unadjusted parental genotypes. MR using genetic association estimates derived from within-sibship models (within-sibship MR) can avoid these potential biases because genetic differences between siblings are due to random segregation at meiosis. METHODS Applying both population and within-sibship MR, we estimated the effects of genetic liability to educational attainment on body mass index (BMI), cigarette smoking, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and all-cause mortality. MR analyses used individual-level data on 72 932 siblings from UK Biobank and the Norwegian HUNT study, and summary-level data from a within-sibship Genome-wide Association Study including >140 000 individuals. RESULTS Both population and within-sibship MR estimates provided evidence that educational attainment decreased BMI, cigarette smoking and SBP. Genetic variant-outcome associations attenuated in the within-sibship model, but genetic variant-educational attainment associations also attenuated to a similar extent. Thus, within-sibship and population MR estimates were largely consistent. The within-sibship MR estimate of education on mortality was imprecise but consistent with a putative effect. CONCLUSIONS These results provide evidence of beneficial individual-level effects of education (or liability to education) on adulthood health, independently of potential demographic and family-level confounders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence J Howe
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Humaira Rasheed
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
- K.G. Jebsen Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Medicine and Laboratory Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Paul R Jones
- Department of Community Medicine and Global Health, Institute of Health and Society, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Registry, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Public Health (APH) and Amsterdam Reproduction and Development (AR&D)
| | - David M Evans
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda Hughes
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Hannu Lahtinen
- Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shuai Li
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Cancer Genetic Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Penelope A Lind
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Department of Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Population Research Unit, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Germany
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Sweden
| | - Sarah E Medland
- Psychiatric Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tim T Morris
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, UK
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Michel G Nivard
- Department of Biological Psychology, Netherlands Twin Registry, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Baptiste Pingault
- Social Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jennifer A Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - James F Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, UK
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Huang J, He Z, Xu M, Du J, Zhao YT. Socioeconomic status may affect association of vegetable intake with risk of ischemic cardio-cerebral vascular disease: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1161175. [PMID: 37599701 PMCID: PMC10436213 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1161175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Previous studies found that increasing vegetable intake benefits are reduced after adjustment for socioeconomic factors. Using genetic variation as an instrumental variable for vegetable intake and socioeconomic status, we investigated the relationship between vegetable intake and ischemic cardio-cerebral vascular diseases and focused on whether socioeconomic status was a possible confounder. Methods From three independent genome-wide association studies, we extracted instrumental variables reflecting raw and cooked vegetable intake, which were used to perform Mendelian randomization analysis. To evaluate the effects of socioeconomic factors on vegetable intake, univariate and multivariate Mendelian randomization analyses were performed using single nucleotide polymorphisms representing education attainment and household income reported in the literature. We also performed outlier assessment and a series of sensitivity analyses to confirm the results. Results Genetically predicted raw and cooked vegetable intake were not associated with any ischemic cardio-cerebral vascular diseases and lipid components after Bonferroni correction. Univariate Mendelian randomized analysis revealed that raw vegetable intake was positively correlated with education attainment (β = 0.04, p = 0.029) and household income (β = 0.07, p < 0.001). Multivariate Mendelian randomized model showed a positive correlation between household income and raw vegetable intake (β = 0.06, p = 0.004). Socioeconomic status was closely associated with eating habits and lifestyle related to the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Conclusion Genetically determined raw and cooked vegetable intake was not associated with significant benefits in terms of ischemic cardio-cerebral vascular diseases while genetically determined socioeconomic status may have an impact on vegetable intake. Socioeconomic status, which was closely associated with other eating habits and lifestyle, may affect the association between vegetable intake and ischemic cardio-cerebral vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiutian Huang
- Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyi He
- Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Minhui Xu
- Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jianing Du
- Aerospace Center Hospital, Peking University Aerospace School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yun-tao Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Aerospace Center Hospital, Beijing, China
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7
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Hui D, Sanford E, Lorenz K, Damrauer SM, Assimes TL, Thom CS, Voight BF. Mendelian randomization analyses clarify the effects of height on cardiovascular diseases. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2021.12.16.21267869. [PMID: 37205563 PMCID: PMC10187353 DOI: 10.1101/2021.12.16.21267869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
An inverse correlation between stature and risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) has been observed in several epidemiologic studies, and recent Mendelian randomization (MR) experiments have suggested causal association. However, the extent to which the effect estimated by MR can be explained by established cardiovascular risk factors is unclear, with a recent report suggesting that lung function traits could fully explain the height-CAD effect. To clarify this relationship, we utilized a well-powered set of genetic instruments for human stature, comprising >1,800 genetic variants for height and CAD. In univariable analysis, we confirmed that a one standard deviation decrease in height (~6.5 cm) was associated with a 12.0% increase in the risk of CAD, consistent with previous reports. In multivariable analysis accounting for effects from up to 12 established risk factors, we observed a >3-fold attenuation in the causal effect of height on CAD susceptibility (3.7%, p = 0.02). However, multivariable analyses demonstrated independent effects of height on other cardiovascular traits beyond CAD, consistent with epidemiologic associations and univariable MR experiments. In contrast with published reports, we observed minimal effects of lung function traits on CAD risk in our analyses, indicating that these traits are unlikely to explain the residual association between height and CAD risk. In sum, these results suggest the impact of height on CAD risk beyond previously established cardiovascular risk factors is minimal and not explained by lung function measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Hui
- Graduate Program in Genomics and Computational Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eric Sanford
- Medical Scientist Training Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly Lorenz
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Scott M. Damrauer
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Themistocles L. Assimes
- VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Christopher S. Thom
- Division of Neonatology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin F. Voight
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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8
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Pulmonary embolism and 529 human blood metabolites: genetic correlation and two-sample Mendelian randomization study. BMC Genom Data 2022; 23:69. [PMID: 36038828 PMCID: PMC9422150 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-022-01082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of pulmonary embolism complications in the literature ranges from 10 to 50%, with a 0.5-10% risk of fatal pulmonary embolism. However, the biological cause of pulmonary embolism is unknown. METHODS This study used data from the Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) of Pulmonary Embolism and Human Blood Metabolites from the UK Biobank, and the data from subjects of European ancestry were analyzed. We explored the relationship between pulmonary embolism and blood metabolites in three ways. We first analyzed the genetic correlation between pulmonary embolism and human blood metabolites using the linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC) and then analyzed the causal relationship between pulmonary embolism and meaningful blood metabolites obtained from the LDSC, a procedure for which we used Mendelian randomization analysis. Finally, we obtained transcriptome sequencing data for patients with a pulmonary embolism from the GEO database, analyzed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in patients with pulmonary embolism versus healthy populations, and compared the DEGs with the resulting blood metabolite genes to further validate the relationship between pulmonary embolism and blood metabolites. RESULT We found six human blood metabolites genetically associated with pulmonary embolism, stearic acid glycerol phosphate ethanolamine (correlation coefficient = 0.2582, P = 0.0493), hydroxytryptophan (correlation coefficient = 0.2894, P = 0.0435), and N1-methyladenosine (correlation coefficient = 0.0439, P = 0.3728), and a significant causal relationship was discovered between hydroxytryptophan and pulmonary embolism. After screening microarray data from the GEO database, we performed differential gene analysis on the GSE19151 dataset and screened a total of 22,216 genes with P values less than 0.05, including 17,361 upregulated genes and 4854 downregulated genes. By comparing the resulting differentially expressed genes with six genes encoding blood metabolites, LIPC and NAT2 were found to be differentially expressed in association with pulmonary embolism.
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Charney E. The "Golden Age" of Behavior Genetics? PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2022; 17:1188-1210. [PMID: 35180032 DOI: 10.1177/17456916211041602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The search for genetic risk factors underlying the presumed heritability of all human behavior has unfolded in two phases. The first phase, characterized by candidate-gene-association (CGA) studies, has fallen out of favor in the behavior-genetics community, so much so that it has been referred to as a "cautionary tale." The second and current iteration is characterized by genome-wide association studies (GWASs), single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) heritability estimates, and polygenic risk scores. This research is guided by the resurrection of, or reemphasis on, Fisher's "infinite infinitesimal allele" model of the heritability of complex phenotypes, first proposed over 100 years ago. Despite seemingly significant differences between the two iterations, they are united in viewing the discovery of risk alleles underlying heritability as a matter of finding differences in allele frequencies. Many of the infirmities that beset CGA studies persist in the era of GWASs, accompanied by a host of new difficulties due to the human genome's underlying complexities and the limitations of Fisher's model in the postgenomics era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Charney
- The Samuel DuBois Cook Center on Social Equity, Duke University
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10
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Okbay A. Genetics and causality in the educational attainment-coronary artery disease relationship. Eur Heart J 2022; 43:e26-e28. [PMID: 31263874 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Aysu Okbay
- Department of Economics, School of Business and Economics, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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11
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Chen L, Tan Y, Yu C, Guo Y, Pei P, Yang L, Chen Y, Du H, Wang X, Chen J, Chen Z, Lv J, Li L. Educational disparities in ischaemic heart disease among 0.5 million Chinese adults: a cohort study. J Epidemiol Community Health 2021; 75:1033-1043. [PMID: 33782052 PMCID: PMC8515104 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2020-216314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between educational attainment and ischaemic heart disease (IHD) is limited in evidence in middle-income countries like China. Exploring lifestyle-related mediators, which might be not universal between socioeconomic status and health outcomes in diverse regions, can contribute to interventions targeted at the Chinese to narrow the educational gap in IHD. METHODS Based on the China Kadoorie Biobank of 489 594 participants aged 30-79 years who did not have heart disease or stroke at baseline, this study examined the association of educational attainment with IHD. Total IHD cases were further divided into acute myocardial infarction (AMI) cases and non-AMI cases. The Cox proportional hazard model was performed to estimate the HRs and 95% CIs for mortality and incidence of IHD. Logistic regression was used to estimate the ORs and 95% CIs for case fatality. RESULTS During the median follow-up period of 11.1 years, this study documented 45 946 (6668) incident IHD (AMI) cases and 5948 (3689) deaths altogether. Lower educational attainment was associated with increased risk of incident AMI as well as death and fatality of total IHD including its subtypes (ptrend <0.001). Although the risk of incident non-AMI was greater for participants with higher levels of education in the whole population (ptrend <0.001), an inverse association of education with its incidence was found in participants from <50 years age group and rural areas. Smoking and dietary habits were the two most potent mediating factors in the associations of education with mortality and AMI incidence; whereas, physical activity was the major mediating factor for non-AMI incidence in the whole population. DISCUSSION Interventions targeting unhealthy lifestyles are ideal ways to narrow the educational gap in IHD while solving 'upstream' causes of health behaviours might be the most fundamental ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Yunlong Tan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
| | - Canqing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
- Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness & Response, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pei Pei
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ling Yang
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yiping Chen
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Huaidong Du
- Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiaohuan Wang
- Hainan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Haikou, China
| | - Junshi Chen
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
- Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness & Response, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Liming Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Centre, Beijing, China
- Center for Public Health and Epidemic Preparedness & Response, Peking University, Beijing, China
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12
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A genetic sum score of effect alleles associated with serum lipid concentrations interacts with educational attainment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16541. [PMID: 34400708 PMCID: PMC8368036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95970-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and total cholesterol (TC) levels are influenced by both genes and the environment. The aim was to investigate whether education and income as indicators of socioeconomic position (SEP) interact with lipid-increasing genetic effect allele scores (GES) in a population-based cohort. Using baseline data of 4516 study participants, age- and sex-adjusted linear regression models were fitted to investigate associations between GES and lipids stratified by SEP as well as including GES×SEP interaction terms. In the highest education group compared to the lowest stronger effects per GES standard deviation were observed for HDL-C (2.96 mg/dl [95%-CI: 2.19, 3.83] vs. 2.45 mg/dl [95%-CI: 1.12, 3.72]), LDL-C (6.57 mg/dl [95%-CI: 4.73, 8.37] vs. 2.66 mg/dl [95%-CI: −0.50, 5.76]) and TC (8.06 mg/dl [95%-CI: 6.14, 9.98] vs. 4.37 mg/dl [95%-CI: 0.94, 7.80]). Using the highest education group as reference, interaction terms showed indication of GES by low education interaction for LDL-C (ßGES×Education: −3.87; 95%-CI: −7.47, −0.32), which was slightly attenuated after controlling for GESLDL-C×Diabetes interaction (ßGES×Education: −3.42; 95%-CI: −6.98, 0.18). The present study showed stronger genetic effects on LDL-C in higher SEP groups and gave indication for a GESLDL-C×Education interaction, demonstrating the relevance of SEP for the expression of genetic health risks.
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13
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Kessler T, Schunkert H. Coronary Artery Disease Genetics Enlightened by Genome-Wide Association Studies. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2021; 6:610-623. [PMID: 34368511 PMCID: PMC8326228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many cardiovascular diseases are facilitated by strong inheritance. For example, large-scale genetic studies identified hundreds of genomic loci that affect the risk of coronary artery disease. At each of these loci, common variants are associated with disease risk with robust statistical evidence but individually small effect sizes. Only a minority of candidate genes found at these loci are involved in the pathophysiology of traditional risk factors, but experimental research is making progress in identifying novel, and, in part, unexpected mechanisms. Targets identified by genome-wide association studies have already led to the development of novel treatments, specifically in lipid metabolism. This review summarizes recent genetic and experimental findings in this field. In addition, the development and possible clinical usefulness of polygenic risk scores in risk prediction and individualization of treatment, particularly in lipid metabolism, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Kessler
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Cardiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- German Heart Centre Munich, Department of Cardiology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK e.V.), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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14
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Treur JL, Munafò MR, Logtenberg E, Wiers RW, Verweij KJH. Using Mendelian randomization analysis to better understand the relationship between mental health and substance use: a systematic review. Psychol Med 2021; 51:1593-1624. [PMID: 34030749 PMCID: PMC8327626 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172100180x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poor mental health has consistently been associated with substance use (smoking, alcohol drinking, cannabis use, and consumption of caffeinated drinks). To properly inform public health policy it is crucial to understand the mechanisms underlying these associations, and most importantly, whether or not they are causal. METHODS In this pre-registered systematic review, we assessed the evidence for causal relationships between mental health and substance use from Mendelian randomization (MR) studies, following PRISMA. We rated the quality of included studies using a scoring system that incorporates important indices of quality, such as the quality of phenotype measurement, instrument strength, and use of sensitivity methods. RESULTS Sixty-three studies were included for qualitative synthesis. The final quality rating was '-' for 16 studies, '- +' for 37 studies, and '+'for 10 studies. There was robust evidence that higher educational attainment decreases smoking and that there is a bi-directional, increasing relationship between smoking and (symptoms of) mental disorders. Another robust finding was that higher educational attainment increases alcohol use frequency, but decreases binge-drinking and alcohol use problems, and that mental disorders causally lead to more alcohol drinking without evidence for the reverse. CONCLUSIONS The current MR literature increases our understanding of the relationship between mental health and substance use. Bi-directional causal relationships are indicated, especially for smoking, providing further incentive to strengthen public health efforts to decrease substance use. Future MR studies should make use of large(r) samples in combination with detailed phenotypes, a wide range of sensitivity methods, and triangulate with other research methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorien L. Treur
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcus R. Munafò
- School of Psychological Science, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, the University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Emma Logtenberg
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Reinout W. Wiers
- Addiction Development and Psychopathology (ADAPT) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Center for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin J. H. Verweij
- Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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15
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Yuan S, Xiong Y, Michaëlsson M, Michaëlsson K, Larsson SC. Genetically predicted education attainment in relation to somatic and mental health. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4296. [PMID: 33619316 PMCID: PMC7900220 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83801-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A deeper understanding of the causal links from education level to health outcomes may shed a light for disease prevention. In the present Mendelian randomization study, we found that genetically higher education level was associated with lower risk of major mental disorders and most somatic diseases, independent of intelligence. Higher education level adjusted for intelligence was associated with lower risk of suicide attempts, insomnia, major depressive disorder, heart failure, stroke, coronary artery disease, lung cancer, breast cancer, type 2 diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis but with higher risk of obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa, anxiety, bipolar disorder and prostate cancer. Higher education level was associated with reduced obesity and smoking, which mediated quite an extent of the associations between education level and health outcomes. These findings emphasize the importance of education to reduce the burden of common diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobelsväg 13, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ying Xiong
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Madeleine Michaëlsson
- Department of Education, Health and Social Studies, Dalarna University, Falun, Sweden
| | - Karl Michaëlsson
- Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 14B, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Nobelsväg 13, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds Väg 14B, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
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16
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Magavern EF, Warren HR, Ng FL, Cabrera CP, Munroe PB, Caulfield MJ. An Academic Clinician's Road Map to Hypertension Genomics: Recent Advances and Future Directions MMXX. Hypertension 2021; 77:284-295. [PMID: 33390048 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
At the dawn of the new decade, it is judicious to reflect on the boom of knowledge about polygenic risk for essential hypertension supplied by the wealth of genome-wide association studies. Hypertension continues to account for significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with increasing prevalence anticipated. Here, we overview recent advances in the use of big data to understand polygenic hypertension, as well as opportunities for future innovation to translate this windfall of knowledge into clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma F Magavern
- From the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen R Warren
- From the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Fu L Ng
- From the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudia P Cabrera
- From the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Patricia B Munroe
- From the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Caulfield
- From the William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, United Kingdom
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17
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van Oort S, Beulens JW, van Ballegooijen AJ, Grobbee DE, Larsson SC. Association of Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Lifestyle Behaviors With Hypertension. Hypertension 2020; 76:1971-1979. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and mortality. To identify targets for the prevention of hypertension and its associated disease burden, we used the 2-sample Mendelian randomization method to investigate the causal associations of 18 cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviors with hypertension. From European-descent genome-wide association studies, we selected genetic variants (P<5×10−8) for type 2 diabetes, fasting glucose, lipids, body mass index, smoking, alcohol and coffee consumption, physical activity, sleep duration, insomnia, and educational level. We extracted the genetic associations with hypertension from 2 European cohorts: the FinnGen Study (15 870 cases and 74 345 controls) and UK Biobank (54 358 cases and 408 652 controls). The inverse-variance weighted method was used as main analysis method. Genetically predicted triglycerides (pooled odds ratio [OR] per 1 SD, 1.17 [1.10–1.25]), body mass index (OR per 1 SD, 1.42 [1.37–1.48]), alcohol dependence (OR, 1.10 [1.06–1.13]), and insomnia (OR, 1.17 [1.13–1.20]) were associated with a higher odds of hypertension. Higher genetically predicted high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (OR per 1 SD, 0.88 [0.83–0.94]) and educational level (OR per 1 SD, 0.56 [0.54–0.59]) were associated with a lower odds of hypertension. Suggestive evidence was obtained for type 2 diabetes, smoking initiation and alcohol consumption with a higher hypertension odds, and longer sleep duration with a lower hypertension odds. This Mendelian randomization study identified high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, body mass index, alcohol dependence, insomnia, and educational level as causal risk factors for hypertension. This implicates that these modifiable risk factors are important targets in the prevention of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine van Oort
- From the Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden (S.v.O., S.C.L.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Research Institute, the Netherlands (S.v.O., J.W.J.B., A.J.v.B.)
| | - Joline W.J. Beulens
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Research Institute, the Netherlands (S.v.O., J.W.J.B., A.J.v.B.)
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.W.J.B., D.E.G.)
| | - Adriana J. van Ballegooijen
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences Research Institute, the Netherlands (S.v.O., J.W.J.B., A.J.v.B.)
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, department of Nephrology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (A.J.v.B.)
| | - Diederick E. Grobbee
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands (J.W.J.B., D.E.G.)
| | - Susanna C. Larsson
- From the Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Sweden (S.v.O., S.C.L.)
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden (S.C.L.)
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18
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Schunkert H, Erdmann J, Samani NJ, Deloukas P, Zeng L. Genetics of educational attainment and coronary risk in Mendelian randomization studies. Eur Heart J 2020; 41:894-895. [PMID: 31960029 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heribert Schunkert
- Department of Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institut für integrative und experimentelle Genomik, Universität zu Lübeck, DZHK partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Nilesh J Samani
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester and Leicester National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease, Glenfield Hospital, Leicester LE3 9QP, UK
| | - Panos Deloukas
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & the London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London; Centre for Genomic Health, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.,Princess Al-Jawhara Al-Brahim Centre of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lingyao Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München and DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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19
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Liao LZ, Zhuang XD, Zhang SZ, Liao XX, Li WD. Education and heart failure: New insights from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study and mendelian randomization study. Int J Cardiol 2020; 324:115-121. [PMID: 33017630 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.09.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We aim to characterize the nature and magnitude of the prospective association between education and incident heart failure (HF) in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study and investigate any causal relevance to the association between them. METHODS The final sample size was 12,315 in this study. Baseline characteristics between education levels were compared using 1-way ANOVA test, the Kruskal-Wallis test, or the χ2 test. We used the Kaplan-Meier estimate to compute the cumulative incident of HF by education levels and the difference in estimate was compared using the log-rank test. Cox hazard regression models were used to explore the association between education levels and incident HF. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) based on publicly available summary-level data from genome-wide association studies (GWASs) was used to estimate the causal influence of the education and incident HF. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 25.1years, 2453 cases (19.9%) of incident HF occurred. After multiple adjustments in the final model, participants in the intermediate and advanced education levels were still associated with 18% and 21% decreased rate of incident HF separately. In MR analysis, we detected a protective causal association between education and HF (P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS Participants with higher education levels were associated with a decreased rate of incident HF. There was a causal association between education and HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Zhen Liao
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, GuangDong, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Light and Health, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, GuangDong, PR China
| | - Xiao-Dong Zhuang
- Cardiology Department, The First affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yue Xiu, GuangZhou 510080, GuangDong, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), PR China
| | - Shao-Zhao Zhang
- Cardiology Department, The First affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yue Xiu, GuangZhou 510080, GuangDong, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), PR China
| | - Xin-Xue Liao
- Cardiology Department, The First affiliated hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, 58 Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yue Xiu, GuangZhou 510080, GuangDong, PR China; NHC Key Laboratory of Assisted Circulation (Sun Yat-sen University), PR China.
| | - Wei-Dong Li
- Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, GuangDong, PR China; Guangdong Engineering Research Center for Light and Health, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, GuangDong, PR China.
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20
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Schunkert H, Pang S, Li L, Paré G. Tracing risk of multiple cardiovascular diseases to smoking-related genes. Eur Heart J 2020; 41:3311-3313. [PMID: 32357238 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Heribert Schunkert
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz- und Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK) e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Shichao Pang
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ling Li
- Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Guillaume Paré
- Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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21
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Li L, Pang S, Zeng L, Güldener U, Schunkert H. Genetically determined intelligence and coronary artery disease risk. Clin Res Cardiol 2020; 110:211-219. [PMID: 32740755 PMCID: PMC7862508 DOI: 10.1007/s00392-020-01721-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have shown inverse association between intelligence and coronary artery disease (CAD) risk, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS Based on 242 SNPs independently associated with intelligence, we calculated the genetic intelligence score (gIQ) for participants from 10 CAD case-control studies (n = 34,083) and UK Biobank (n = 427,306). From UK Biobank, we extracted phenotypes including body mass index (BMI), type 2 diabetes (T2D), smoking, hypertension, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, measured intelligence score, and education attainment. To estimate the effects of gIQ on CAD and its related risk factors, regression analyses was applied. Next, we studied the mediatory roles of measured intelligence and educational attainment. Lastly, Mendelian randomization was performed to validate the findings. RESULTS In CAD case-control studies, one standard deviation (SD) increase of gIQ was related to a 5% decrease of CAD risk (odds ratio [OR] of 0.95; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.93 to 0.98; P = 4.93e-5), which was validated in UK Biobank (OR = 0.97; 95% CI 0.96 to 0.99; P = 6.4e-4). In UK Biobank, we also found significant inverse correlations between gIQ and risk factors of CAD including smoking, BMI, T2D, hypertension, and a positive correlation with HDL cholesterol. The association signals between gIQ and CAD as well as its risk factors got largely attenuated after the adjustment of measured intelligence and educational attainment. The causal role of intelligence in mediating CAD risk was confirmed by Mendelian randomization analyses. CONCLUSION Genetic components of intelligence affect measured intelligence and educational attainment, which subsequently affect the prevalence of CAD via a series of unfavorable risk factor profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636, Munich, Germany
| | - Shichao Pang
- Department of Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636, Munich, Germany
| | - Lingyao Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrich Güldener
- Department of Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636, Munich, Germany
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Department of Cardiology, Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, Lazarettstr. 36, 80636, Munich, Germany. .,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz- und Kreislaufforschung (DZHK), Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
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22
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Chang M, Lee HY, Seo SM, Koh YS, Park HJ, Kim PJ, Seung KB. The impact of educational attainment on cardiorespiratory fitness and metabolic syndrome in Korean adults. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e19865. [PMID: 32332649 PMCID: PMC7440071 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000019865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between educational attainment and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) as a predictor of metabolic syndrome in a Korean population.In this single-center, retrospective cross-sectional study, 988 healthy adults (601 men and 387 women) who underwent regular health check-up in Seoul St. Mary's Hospital were analyzed. Educational attainment was categorized into 3 groups according to their final grade of educational course: middle or high school (≤12 years of education), college or university (12-16 years of education), and postgraduate (≥16 years of education). CRF was assessed by cardiopulmonary exercise testing, biceps strength, hand grip strength, bioelectrical impedance analysis, and echocardiography. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the 3rd report of the National Cholesterol Education Program.Among the subjects, 357 (36.1%) had metabolic syndrome. The postgraduate group had significantly higher peak oxygen consumption (VO2), biceps strength, hand grip strength, and peak expiratory flow than other groups (all P < .001). This group showed better left ventricular diastolic function, in terms of deceleration time of mitral inflow, maximal tricuspid valve regurgitation velocity, and left atrial volume index than other groups. Peak VO2 (%) was significantly correlated with all the parameters of metabolic syndrome, including insulin resistance (r = -0.106, P = .002), waist circumference (r = -0.387, P < .001), triglyceride (r = -0.109, P = .001), high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (r = 0.219, P < .001), systolic blood pressure (r = -0.143, P < .001), and diastolic blood pressure (r = -0.177, P < .001). And Peak VO2 (%) was found to be a predictor of metabolic syndrome (adjusted β = .988, P < .001). However, the level of education was not able to predict metabolic syndrome (postgraduate group; β = .955, P = .801).Although the postgraduate group had better CRF than other groups, the educational attainment could not exclusively predict metabolic syndrome in this study. Further research is needed to reveal the socioeconomic mechanism of developing metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mineok Chang
- Division of Cardiology, Seoul National University Hospital
| | - Hea-Yeon Lee
- Health promotion center, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital
| | - Suk Min Seo
- Division of Cardiology, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital
| | - Yoon-Seok Koh
- Division of Cardiology, Uijeongbu St. Mary's Hospital
| | - Hun-Jun Park
- Division of Cardiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Pum-Joon Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Eunpyeong St. Mary's Hospital
| | - Ki-Bae Seung
- Division of Cardiology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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23
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Labrecque JA, Kaufman JS, Huang JY. Genetic instruments with too many strings: acknowledging pleiotropy and population structure in Mendelian randomization studies. Eur Heart J 2020; 41:892-893. [PMID: 31960031 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy A Labrecque
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus MC, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015 GE Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jay S Kaufman
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, 1020 Avenue des Pins Ouest, H3A 1A2 Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jonathan Y Huang
- Department of Biostatistics, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 117609, Singapore
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24
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Lüscher TF. Frontiers of acute coronary syndromes: primary PCI time window, 15-year outcomes, bleeding and MINOCA. Eur Heart J 2020; 41:805-809. [PMID: 33216912 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Lüscher
- Professor of Cardiology, Imperial College and Director of Research, Education & Development, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals London, UK.,Professor and Chairman, Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Editor-in-Chief, EHJ Editorial Office, Zurich Heart House, Hottingerstreet 14, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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de Jong L, Bobeldijk-Pastorova I, Erdmann J, Bijker-Schreurs M, Schunkert H, Kuivenhoven JA, van Gool AJ. Sharing lessons learnt across European cardiovascular research consortia. Drug Discov Today 2020; 25:787-792. [PMID: 31981480 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2020.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Research consortia in Europe often compete with each other for skills, human and technical resources and, eventually, recognition of the scientific impact of their work. In response to the same EU Horizon2020 call, we received funding for our research project proposals to identify and validate novel drug targets for cardiovascular disease treatment. Each consortium followed a unique and independent research strategy. However, as coordinators of these consortia we envisioned we could increase impact, outcomes and efficiency by intensifying our interaction. At an agreed stage during our projects we chose to share our knowledge, vision and ideas. In this paper we present what we learned, in the hope that future consortia will see the benefits of this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeanette Erdmann
- Institute for Cardiogenetics and University Heart Center Luebeck, University of Lübeck, Maria-Goeppert-Straße 1, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Marijke Bijker-Schreurs
- Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, and Deutsches Zentrum für Herz- und Kreislaufforschung (DZHK), 80636 Munich, Germany
| | - Jan Albert Kuivenhoven
- Department of Pediatrics, Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Alain J van Gool
- Metabolic Health Research, TNO Innovation for Life, Leiden, The Netherlands; Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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26
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Ray KK, Laufs U, Cosentino F, Lobo MD, Landmesser U. The year in cardiology: cardiovascular prevention. Eur Heart J 2020; 41:1157-1163. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Kausik K Ray
- Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial Centre for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention, Imperial College London, Reynolds building, St Dunstan’s Road, London W68RP, UK
| | - Ulrich Laufs
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Kardiologie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Francesco Cosentino
- Unit of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute and Karolinska University Hospital, SE 171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Melvin D Lobo
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Barts NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, QMUL Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ulf Landmesser
- Department of Cardiology, Charite University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH); German Center of Cardiovascular Research (DZHK); Partner Site Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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27
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Kessler T, Schunkert H. Genomic Strategies Toward Identification of Novel Therapeutic Targets. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2020; 270:429-462. [PMID: 32399778 DOI: 10.1007/164_2020_360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, and secondary damages of the myocardium in the form of ischemic heart disease remain major causes of death in Western countries. Beyond traditional risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, dyslipidemia, or diabetes, a positive family history is known to increase risk. The genetic factors underlying this observation remained unknown for decades until genetic studies were able to identify multiple genomic loci contributing to the heritability of the trait. Knowledge of the affected genes and the resulting molecular and cellular mechanisms leads to improved understanding of the pathophysiology leading to coronary atherosclerosis. Major goals are also to improve prevention and therapy of coronary artery disease and its sequelae via improved risk prediction tools and pharmacological targets. In this chapter, we recapitulate recent major findings. We focus on established novel targets and discuss possible further targets which are currently explored in translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Kessler
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany. .,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK) e.V., partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany.
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Klinik für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK) e.V., partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Lüscher
- Professor of Cardiology, Imperial College, and Director of Research, Education & Development, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals London, UK.,Professor and Chairman, Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Editor-in-Chief, EHJ Editorial Office, Zurich Heart House, Hottingerstreet 14, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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Lüscher TF. The spectrum of chronic coronary syndromes: genetics, imaging, and management after PCI and CABG. Eur Heart J 2019; 40:2381-2384. [PMID: 33215649 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehz518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas F Lüscher
- Professor of Cardiology, Imperial College and Director of Research, Education & Development, Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals London, UK.,Professor and Chairman, Center for Molecular Cardiology, University of Zurich, Switzerland.,Editor-in-Chief, EHJ Editorial Office, Zurich Heart House, Hottingerstreet 14, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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