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Shantsila E, Shantsila A, Williams N, Lip GY, Gill PS. Left ventricular hypertrophy and mortality in ethnic minority groups in the UK: e-ECHOES study. J Hypertens 2024; 42:95-100. [PMID: 37706514 PMCID: PMC10712994 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Hypertension is the key modifiable cardiovascular risk factor but is underdiagnosed, and its scale in South Asian and African-Caribbean communities is unknown. Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) is a measure of target organ damage in uncontrolled hypertension. The study assesses LVH prevalence in South Asian and African-Caribbean communities and its impact on mortality. METHOD This study is based on the large prospective UK community Ethnic-Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening Study (E-ECHOES, age ≥45 years). Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) was calculated using echocardiography to establish LVH. The predictive value of LVH all-cause and cardiovascular mortality was assessed using Cox regression. RESULTS The study included 3200 South Asians (age 59 ± 10 years, 52% women, 45% had a history of hypertension, 5.8 ± 1.0-year follow-up). LVH was found in 1568 (49%), of whom 45% did not have hypertension diagnosis. On Cox regression, LVH was independently associated with all-cause mortality [hazard ratio 1.38, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.01-1.88], cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio 2.64, 95% CI 1.21-3.73). The projected overall hypertension prevalence was 82%, undiagnosed hypertension prevalence 37%. The study included 1858 African-Caribbeans (age 62 ± 12, 45% women, 45% had history of hypertension, 5.1 ± 0.9-year follow-up). LVH was found in 1186 (64%), of whom 32% did not have hypertension diagnosis. LVH was borderline associated with all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.57, 95% CI 1.01-2.44), but not cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio 1.82, 95% CI 0.80-4.16). The projected overall hypertension prevalence was 78.5%, and undiagnosed hypertension prevalence was 20.8%. CONCLUSION UK South Asians and African-Caribbeans have a high prevalence of hypertension, which is often underdiagnosed and poorly controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Shantsila
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, University of Liverpool
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alena Shantsila
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Nefyn Williams
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, University of Liverpool
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Gregory Y.H. Lip
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science at University of Liverpool, Liverpool John Moores University and Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Paramjit S. Gill
- Academic Unit of Primary Care Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick Coventry, UK
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Onwumere J, Gentle A, Obanubi R, Davis A, Karuga M, Ali R, Cardi V. Amplifying the voices of Black racial minorities in mental health research through public involvement and engagement: The importance of advisory roles. Health Expect 2023; 27:e13892. [PMID: 37986702 PMCID: PMC10726207 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ensuring adequate representation and the active, meaningful and visible involvement of groups likely to be most impacted by research findings and/or the lack of research inquiry are increasingly acknowledged. This is particularly relevant for Black racially minoritised groups who are less visible as research participants and in patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) roles. Our viewpoint article sought to discuss reflections and insights on their involvement experience, with particular attention to perceived barriers and enablers to PPIE involvement. METHODS Qualitative data were collected as part of facilitated group discussions from nine Black racially minoritised experts-by-experience involved in a PPIE advisory group. Data were subjected to thematic analysis to identify key themes. RESULTS Five main themes were identified that reflected factors linked to practicalities: role unfamiliarity, benefits for the larger community, acknowledgement of previous harm and mental health stigma. CONCLUSION Given the existence and importance of the direct links between research and service and treatment innovations in health and social care, ensuring that those from underrepresented Black racial communities are meaningfully and equitably supported to have roles in advising and influencing research programmes should be prioritised and an ongoing consideration for different stakeholders, including research funders, researchers, healthcare providers and community leaders/representatives. PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION This viewpoint article is a collaboration between lived experience stakeholders and researchers, comprising conceiving the original idea for the paper, its conceptualisation and data generation and the coproduction including editing of the manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Onwumere
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health South London and Maudsley NHSLondonUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Rubbia Ali
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Valentina Cardi
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Department of General PsychologyUniversity of PadovaPaduaItaly
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Leach E, Ndosi M, Jones GT, Ambler H, Park S, Lewis JS. Access to Chronic Pain Services for Adults from Minority Ethnic Groups in the United Kingdom (UK): a Scoping Review. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2023:10.1007/s40615-023-01803-2. [PMID: 37843777 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-023-01803-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic pain services in the UK are required to provide services which meet the diverse needs of patients, but little is known about the access and use of these services by minority ethnic groups. OBJECTIVE To assess the available evidence regarding the ethnic profile of adults who access secondary and tertiary chronic pain services in the UK. METHODS A scoping review was conducted (August 2021-October 2021), comprising comprehensive literature searches using Embase, Medline and CINAHL databases and the grey literature. Studies were included if they reported on (i) access to chronic pain services in secondary and/or tertiary care in the UK, (ii) adults and (iii) stated the ethnicity of the involved participants. Studies were included if published between 2004 and 2021, as demographic data during this period would be broadly representative of the UK population, as per the 2021 UK census. A descriptive synthesis of the extracted data was performed. RESULTS The search yielded 124 records after duplicates were removed. Following title and abstract screening, 44 full texts were screened, ten of which were included in the review. CONCLUSIONS This is the first review to explore access to chronic pain services for adults from minority ethnic groups in the UK. Given the limited number of studies that met the inclusion criteria, the review highlights the need for routine collection of ethnicity data using consistent ethnic categories within UK chronic pain services and increased involvement of minority ethnic groups within chronic pain research. Findings should inform future research that aims to improve access to UK chronic pain services for adults from minority ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Leach
- School of Health and Social Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
- Solent NHS Podiatry, Solent NHS Trust, Southampton, UK
| | - Mwidimi Ndosi
- School of Health and Social Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | - Gareth T Jones
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Helen Ambler
- Bath National Pain Centre, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Trust, Bath, UK
| | - Sophie Park
- Bath National Pain Centre, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Trust, Bath, UK
| | - Jennifer S Lewis
- School of Health and Social Wellbeing, University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.
- Bath National Pain Centre, Royal United Hospitals Bath NHS Trust, Bath, UK.
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Meskell P, Biesty LM, Dowling M, Roche K, Meehan E, Glenton C, Devane D, Shepperd S, Booth A, Cox R, Chan XHS, Houghton C. Factors that impact on recruitment to vaccine trials in the context of a pandemic or epidemic: a qualitative evidence synthesis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023; 9:MR000065. [PMID: 37655964 PMCID: PMC10472890 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.mr000065.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 pandemic on 11 March 2020. Vaccine development and deployment were swiftly prioritised as a method to manage and control disease spread. The development of an effective vaccine relies on people's participation in randomised trials. Recruitment to vaccine trials is particularly challenging as it involves healthy volunteers who may have concerns around the potential risks and benefits associated with rapidly developed vaccines. OBJECTIVES To explore the factors that influence a person's decision to participate in a vaccine trial in the context of a pandemic or epidemic. SEARCH METHODS We used standard, extensive Cochrane search methods. The latest search date was June 2021. SELECTION CRITERIA We included qualitative studies and mixed-methods studies with an identifiable qualitative component. We included studies that explored the perspectives of adults aged 18 years or older who were invited to take part in vaccine trials in the context of a pandemic or epidemic. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We assessed the title, abstracts and full texts identified by the search. We used a sampling frame to identify data-rich studies that represented a range of diseases and geographical spread. We used QSR NVivo to manage extracted data. We assessed methodological limitations using an adapted version of the Critical Skills Appraisal Programme (CASP) tool for qualitative studies. We used the 'best-fit framework approach' to analyse and synthesise the evidence from our included studies. We then used the Confidence in the Evidence from Reviews of Qualitative research (GRADE-CERQual) assessment to assess our confidence in each finding and develop implications for practice. MAIN RESULTS We included 34 studies in our review. Most studies related to HIV vaccine trials. The other studies related to Ebola virus, tuberculosis, Zika virus and COVID-19. We developed 20 key findings, under three broad themes (with seven subthemes), that described the factors that people consider when deciding whether to take part in a vaccine trial for a pandemic or epidemic disease. Our GRADE-CERQual confidence was high in nine of the key findings, moderate in 10 key findings and low in one key finding. The main reason for downgrading review findings were concerns regarding the relevance and adequacy of the underlying data. As a result of the over-representation of HIV studies, our GRADE-CERQual assessment of some findings was downgraded in terms of relevance because the views described may not reflect those of people regarding vaccine trials for other pandemic or epidemic diseases. Adequacy relates to the degree of richness and quantity of data supporting a review finding. Moderate concerns about adequacy resulted in a downgrading of some review findings. Some factors were considered to be under the control of the trial team. These included how trial information was communicated and the inclusion of people in the community to help with trial information dissemination. Aspects of trial design were also considered under control of the trial team and included convenience of participation, provision of financial incentives and access to additional support services for those taking part in the trial. Other factors influencing people's decision to take part could be personal, from family, friends or wider society. From a personal perceptive, people had concerns about vaccine side effects, vaccine efficacy and possible impact on their daily lives (carer responsibilities, work, etc.). People were also influenced by their families, and the impact participation may have on relationships. The fear of stigma from society influenced the decision to take part. Also, from a societal perspective, the level of trust in governments' involvement in research and trial may influence a person's decision. Finally, the perceived rewards, both personal and societal, were influencing factors on the decision to participate. Personal rewards included access to a vaccine, improved health and improved disease knowledge, and a return to normality in the context of a pandemic or epidemic. Potential societal rewards included helping the community and contributing to science, often motivated by the memories of family and friends who had died from the disease. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This review identifies many of the factors that influence a person's decision to take part in a vaccine trial, and these reflect findings from reviews that examine trials more broadly. However, we also recognise some factors that become more important in connection with a vaccine trial in the context of a pandemic or epidemic. These factors include the potential stigma of taking part, the possible adverse effects of a vaccine, the added motivation for helping society, the role of community leaders in trial dissemination, and the level of trust placed in governments and companies developing vaccines. These specific influences need to be considered by trial teams when designing, and communicating about, vaccine trials in the context of a pandemic or epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Meskell
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Linda M Biesty
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Maura Dowling
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Elaine Meehan
- Ageing Research Centre, School of Allied Health, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | | | - Declan Devane
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sasha Shepperd
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew Booth
- School of Health and Related Research, University of Sheffield, ScHARR, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rebecca Cox
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Xin Hui S Chan
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Catherine Houghton
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Furtado JM, Fernandes AG, Silva JC, Del Pino S, Hommes C. Indigenous Eye Health in the Americas: The Burden of Vision Impairment and Ocular Diseases. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3820. [PMID: 36900846 PMCID: PMC10000964 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20053820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Review of the burden of vision impairment and blindness and ocular disease occurrence in Indigenous Peoples of the Americas. We systematically reviewed findings of the frequency of vision impairment and blindness and/or frequency of ocular findings in Indigenous groups. The database search yielded 2829 citations, of which 2747 were excluded. We screened the full texts of 82 records for relevance and excluded 16. The remaining 66 articles were examined thoroughly, and 25 presented sufficient data to be included. Another 7 articles derived from references were included, summing a total of 32 studies selected. When considering adults over 40 years old, the highest frequencies of vision impairment and blindness in Indigenous Peoples varied from 11.1% in high-income North America to 28.5% in tropical Latin America, whose rates are considerably higher than those in the general population. Most of the ocular diseases reported were preventable and/or treatable, so blindness prevention programs should focus on accessibility to eye examinations, cataract surgeries, control of infectious diseases, and spectacles distribution. Finally, we recommend actions in six areas of attention towards improving the eye health in Indigenous Peoples: access and integration of eye services with primary care; telemedicine; customized propaedeutics; education on eye health; and quality of data.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Marcello Furtado
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC 20037, USA
- Division of Ophthalmology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14015-010, Brazil
| | - Arthur Gustavo Fernandes
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 04023-062, Brazil
- Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Odejinmi F, Mallick R, Neophytou C, Mondeh K, Hall M, Scrivener C, Tibble K, Turay-Olusile M, Deo N, Oforiwaa D, Osayimwen R. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: a midwifery survey into attitudes towards the COVID-19 vaccine. BMC Public Health 2022; 22:1219. [PMID: 35717164 PMCID: PMC9206526 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-022-13540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ethnically minoritised people have been disproportionately affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging evidence suggests a lower uptake of the vaccine in ethnically minoritised people, particularly Black females of reproductive age. Unvaccinated pregnant women are high risk for morbidity and mortality from COVID-19. Midwives are the principal healthcare professionals responsible for counselling the pregnant population on decisions relating to vaccine uptake. The aim of this study was to explore midwifery uptake of and attitudes towards the COVID-19 vaccine in two ethnically diverse areas. Methods A 45-point questionnaire was circulated over a six-week period to midwives employed in two teaching hospitals in England; London (Barts Health NHS Trust) and Sussex (Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust (BSUH)). A total of 378 out of 868 midwives responded. Results were analysed to determine vaccine uptake as well as factors influencing vaccine hesitancy and decision-making between the two trusts and ethnic groups. Thematic analysis was also undertaken. Results Midwives of Black ethnicities were over 4-times less likely to have received a COVID-19 vaccine compared to midwives of White ethnicities (52% vs 85%, adjusted OR = 0.22, p = < 0.001). Overall, there were no significant differences between trusts in receipt of the COVID-19 vaccine (p = 0.13). Midwives at Barts Health were significantly more likely to have tested positive for COVID-19 compared to midwives at BSUH (adjusted OR = 2.55, p = 0.007). There was no statistical difference between ethnicities in testing positive for COVID-19 (p = 0.86). The most common concerns amongst all participants were regarding the long-term effect of the vaccine (35%), that it was developed too fast (24%), having an allergic reaction (22%) and concerns about fertility (15%). Amongst unvaccinated midwives, those of Black ethnicity had a higher occurrence of concern that the vaccine contained meat / porcine products (adjusted OR = 5.93, p = 0.04) and that the vaccine would have an adverse effect on ethnic minorities (adjusted OR = 4.42, p = 0.03). Conclusion This study highlights the significantly higher level of vaccine hesitancy amongst Black midwives and offer insights into midwives’ concerns. This can facilitate future targeted public health interventions. It is essential that vaccine hesitancy amongst midwifery staff is addressed to improve vaccine uptake in the pregnant population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Funlayo Odejinmi
- Whipps Cross University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, E11 1NR, UK
| | - Rebecca Mallick
- Princess Royal Hospital, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Lewes Road, Haywards Heath, RH16 4EX, UK
| | - Christina Neophytou
- Whipps Cross University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, E11 1NR, UK
| | - Kade Mondeh
- Newham University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Glen Rd, London, E13 8S, UK
| | - Megan Hall
- Newham University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, Glen Rd, London, E13 8S, UK
| | - Claire Scrivener
- Princess Royal Hospital, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Lewes Road, Haywards Heath, RH16 4EX, UK.
| | - Katie Tibble
- Princess Royal Hospital, Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust, Lewes Road, Haywards Heath, RH16 4EX, UK
| | - Mary Turay-Olusile
- Whipps Cross University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, E11 1NR, UK
| | - Nandita Deo
- Whipps Cross University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, E11 1NR, UK
| | - Doreen Oforiwaa
- Whipps Cross University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, E11 1NR, UK
| | - Rita Osayimwen
- Whipps Cross University Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, E11 1NR, UK
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Getting the Word Out: Methods of Learning About Research and Motivations for Participation in a Study Focusing on a Reproductive Aged Latina/x Population. J Clin Transl Sci 2022; 6:e40. [PMID: 35574152 PMCID: PMC9066315 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2022.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although one of the fastest-growing populations in the USA, Latinx individuals remain underrepresented in research. In this study, we aimed to identify how Latina/Latinx participants of the Environment, Leiomyomas, Latinas, and Adiposity Study (ELLAS) learned about the research study and what motivated them to participate. Materials and Methods: Using a standardized survey tool, bilingual staff interviewed participants and asked them, 1) how they heard about ELLAS and 2) to identify and rank their top three reasons for participating in ELLAS. Results: “Word of mouth” through a friend or relative was the most common method of learning about ELLAS (49.0%), followed by a “community outreach event” (29.3%). The three most common reasons for participating in ELLAS were “to learn more about women’s health” (83.3%), “to receive a free health assessment” (79.4%), and “to contribute to scientific knowledge” (59.5%). Correlation between demographic and socioeconomic characteristics and participant responses indicated that there are different reasons for participation based on these factors. Conclusions: Community engagement and word of mouth are vital to the successful recruitment of Latina/Latinx participants to research studies. Latinx participants are most motivated to participate by health benefits and health education, as well as altruistic aspects of research studies. Therefore, establishing mutually beneficial relationships within Latinx communities and appealing to motivations for research participation with close attention to the demographics of participants can both expand and allow for targeted recruitment efforts for this underrepresented group in research studies.
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Farooqi A, Jutlla K, Raghavan R, Wilson A, Uddin MS, Akroyd C, Patel N, Campbell-Morris PP, Farooqi AT. Developing a toolkit for increasing the participation of black, Asian and minority ethnic communities in health and social care research. BMC Med Res Methodol 2022; 22:17. [PMID: 35026996 PMCID: PMC8758375 DOI: 10.1186/s12874-021-01489-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is recognised that Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) populations are generally underrepresented in research studies. The key objective of this work was to develop an evidence based, practical toolkit to help researchers maximise recruitment of BAME groups in research. METHODS Development of the toolkit was an iterative process overseen by an expert steering group. Key steps included a detailed literature review, feedback from focus groups (including researchers and BAME community members) and further workshops and communication with participants to review the draft and final versions. RESULTS Poor recruitment of BAME populations in research is due to complex reasons, these include factors such as inadequate attention to recruitment strategies and planning, poor engagement with communities and individuals due to issues such as cultural competency of researchers, historical poor experience of participating in research, and lack of links with community networks. Other factors include language issues, relevant expertise in research team and a lack of adequate resources that might be required in recruitment of BAME populations. CONCLUSIONS A toolkit was developed with key sections providing guidance on planning research and ensuring adequate engagement of communities and individuals. Together with sections suggesting how the research team can address training needs and adopt best practice. Researchers highlighted the issue of funding and how best to address BAME recruitment in grant applications, so a section on preparing a grant application was also included. The final toolkit document is practical, and includes examples of best practice and 'top tips' for researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karan Jutlla
- Institute of Health, University of Wolverhampton, Gorway Road, Walsall, Wolverhampton, WS1 3BD, UK.
| | | | | | | | - Carol Akroyd
- East Midlands Centre for BME Health, Leicester, UK
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Barriers and facilitators to implementing a cancer risk assessment tool (QCancer) in primary care: a qualitative study. Prim Health Care Res Dev 2021; 22:e51. [PMID: 34615569 PMCID: PMC8527274 DOI: 10.1017/s1463423621000281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: We aimed to explore service users’ and primary care practitioners’ perspectives on the barriers and facilitators to implementing a cancer risk assessment tool (RAT), QCancer, in general practice consultations. Background: Cancer RATs, including QCancer, are designed to estimate the chances of previously undiagnosed cancer in symptomatic individuals. Little is known about the barriers and facilitators to implementing cancer RATs in primary care consultations. Methods: We used a qualitative design, conducting semi-structured individual interviews and focus groups with a convenience sample of service users and primary care practitioners. Findings: In all, 36 participants (19 service users, 17 practitioners) living in Lincolnshire, were included in the interviews and focus groups. Before asking for their views, participants were introduced to QCancer and shown an example of how it estimated cancer risk. Participants identified barriers to implementing the tool namely: additional consultation time; unnecessary worry; potential for over-referral; practitioner scepticism; need for training on use of the tool; need for evidence of effectiveness; and need to integrate the tool in general practice systems. Participants also identified facilitators to implementing the tool as: supporting decision-making; modifying health behaviours; improving speed of referral; and personalising care. Conclusions: The barriers and facilitators identified should be considered when seeking to implement QCancer in primary care. In addition, further evidence is needed that the use of this tool improves diagnosis rates without an unacceptable increase in harm from unnecessary investigation.
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Fernandes AG, Alves M, Nascimento RAE, Valdrighi NY, de Almeida RC, Nakano CT. Visual impairment and blindness in the Xingu Indigenous Park - Brazil. Int J Equity Health 2021; 20:197. [PMID: 34461895 PMCID: PMC8404365 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-021-01536-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Most estimates of visual impairment and blindness worldwide do not include data from specific minority groups as indigenous populations. We aimed to evaluate frequencies and causes of visual impairment and blindness in a large population sample from the Xingu Indigenous Park. Methods Cross-sectional study performed at Xingu Indigenous Park, Brazil, from 2016 to 2017. Residents from 16 selected villages were invited to participate and underwent a detailed ocular examination, including uncorrected (UVA) and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA). The main cause of UVA < 20/32 per eye was determined. Results A total of 2,099 individuals were evaluated. Overall, the frequency of visual impairment and blindness was 10.00% (95% CI: 8.72–11.29%) when considering UVA, decreasing to 7.15% (95% CI: 6.04–8.25%) when considering BCVA. For each increasing year on age, the risk of being in the visually impaired or blind category increased by 9% (p < 0.001). Cataracts (39.1%) and uncorrected refractive errors (29.1%) were the most frequent causes of visual impairment and blindness in this population. The main causes among those aged 45 years and more were cataracts (54.5%) while refractive errors were the main cause in adults aged 18 to 45 years (50.0%) and children up to 18 years old (37.1%). Conclusions A higher frequency of visual impairment and blindness was observed in the indigenous population when compared to worldwide estimates with most of the causes being preventable and/or treatable. Blindness prevention programs should focus on accessibility to eye exam, cataract surgeries and eyeglass distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Gustavo Fernandes
- Associação Médicos da Floresta, Sao Paulo, Brazil. .,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo - Paulista Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Monica Alves
- Associação Médicos da Floresta, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Ophthalmology and Otorhinolaryngology, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Roberta Andrade E Nascimento
- Associação Médicos da Floresta, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo - Paulista Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Natalia Yumi Valdrighi
- Associação Médicos da Floresta, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Federal University of Sao Paulo - Paulista Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Cunha de Almeida
- Associação Médicos da Floresta, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Ophthalmology, ABC Medical School, Santo Andre, Brazil
| | - Celso Takashi Nakano
- Associação Médicos da Floresta, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Blake H, Gupta A, Javed M, Wood B, Knowles S, Coyne E, Cooper J. COVID-Well Study: Qualitative Evaluation of Supported Wellbeing Centres and Psychological First Aid for Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3626. [PMID: 33807306 PMCID: PMC8036934 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Supported wellbeing centres were set up in UK hospital trusts as an early intervention aimed at mitigating the psychological impact of COVID-19 on healthcare workers. These provided high quality rest spaces with peer-to-peer psychological support provided by National Health Service (NHS) staff volunteers called 'wellbeing buddies', trained in psychological first aid. The aim of the study was to explore the views of centre visitors and operational staff towards this COVID-19 workforce wellbeing provision. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were undertaken with twenty-four (20F, 4M) employees from an acute hospital trust in the UK. Interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed, data were handled and analysed using thematic analysis. Interviews generated 3 over-arching themes, and 13 sub-themes covering 'exposure and job roles', 'emotional impacts of COVID-19 and 'the wellbeing centres'. Supported wellbeing centres were viewed as critical for the wellbeing of hospital employees during the first surge of COVID-19 in the UK. Wellbeing initiatives require managerial advocacy and must be inclusive. Job-related barriers to work breaks and accessing staff wellbeing provisions should be addressed. High quality rest spaces and access to peer-to-peer support are seen to benefit individuals, teams, organisations and care quality. Training NHS staff in psychological first aid is a useful approach to supporting the wellbeing of the NHS workforce during and beyond the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly Blake
- School of Health Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2HA, UK
- NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Alisha Gupta
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (A.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Mahnoor Javed
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (A.G.); (M.J.)
| | - Ben Wood
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (B.W.); (S.K.); (E.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Steph Knowles
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (B.W.); (S.K.); (E.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Emma Coyne
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (B.W.); (S.K.); (E.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Joanne Cooper
- Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; (B.W.); (S.K.); (E.C.); (J.C.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramjit S Gill
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Shoba Poduval
- UCL eHealth Unit, Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jarnail S Thakur
- Department of Community Medicine and School of Public Health, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Romaina Iqbal
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Aga Khan University. Karachi, Pakistan
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Enabling participation of Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) and seldom-heard communities in health research: A case study from the SCAMP adolescent cohort study. RESEARCH FOR ALL 2020. [DOI: 10.14324/rfa.04.2.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our inquiry investigated the barriers to, and facilitators for, the involvement of Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) and ‘seldom-heard’ communities, in a study researching the impact of mobile phone and wireless device usage on adolescents’ cognition, behaviour and mental health. The aim was to co-produce solutions to increase participation, and we used focus groups, telephone interviews, a community event and a public and patient involvement (PPI) café to conduct the inquiry. Five themes emerged from the data: two enablers – the value and benefits of research; and three barriers – concerns about research and about communication, and practical constraints. A central cross-cutting theme, the concept of trust, was evident from the data, and extended across all themes, including across the solutions to non-participation. When the data collection and analysis were completed, we ran a symposium for researchers and members of the public to share our findings and to co-produce solutions. The symposium generated ideas about improving participation, including tailoring participant information, engaging with local advocates and involving people in research design and delivery.
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Schmanski A, Roberts E, Coors M, Wicks SJ, Arbet J, Weber R, Crooks K, Barnes KC, Taylor MRG. Research participant understanding and engagement in an institutional, self-consent biobank model. J Genet Couns 2020; 30:257-267. [PMID: 32951257 DOI: 10.1002/jgc4.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The number of institutional and governmental biobanks and the target enrollment sizes of modern biobanks are increasing, affording more opportunities for the public to participate in biobanking efforts. In parallel with these expansions are pressures to increase the efficiency of obtaining informed consent using shorter consent forms that cover a broader scope of research and increasingly include provisions for return of research or clinical genetic test results to participants. Given these changes, how well these participants understand genetics, their level of understanding of what they are consenting to, and their wishes to engage longitudinally and receive biobank results are not well understood. We surveyed participants in a large, medical system-based biobank who had enrolled through a two-page, self-consent process about their baseline knowledge of genetics, understanding and recall of the consent process, wishes for future contact and engagement, and level of interest in receiving clinical genetic testing results. A total of 856 consented persons participated in the survey (67% women; 67% white). Participants' general reported genetics knowledge was relatively high (mean 11.60 of 15 questions answered correctly) as was recall of key elements from the two-page consent form. Overall participant enthusiasm for future contact by the biobank and for receiving clinical genetic testing results was high. The use of a two-page, self-consent process in a large, institutional biobank resulted in high levels of consent recall and enthusiasm for future ongoing engagement and receipt of genetic testing results by participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Schmanski
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Emily Roberts
- Department of Medicine, Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Marilyn Coors
- Department of Medicine, Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Stephen J Wicks
- Department of Medicine, Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jaron Arbet
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rachel Weber
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristy Crooks
- Department of Medicine, Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kathleen C Barnes
- Department of Medicine, Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Matthew R G Taylor
- Department of Medicine, Colorado Center for Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,Adult Medical Genetics Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
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Representation of patients with a migration background in studies on antithrombotic treatment. An analysis of recruitment data from a cluster randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230297. [PMID: 32176711 PMCID: PMC7075549 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The health status, health awareness and health behavior of persons with a migration background often differ from the autochthonous population. Little is known about the proportion of patients with a migration background (PMB) that participate in primary care studies on oral antithrombotic treatment (OAT) in Germany, and whether the quality of their antithrombotic care differs from patients without a migration background. The aim of this paper was to use the results of a cluster-randomized controlled trial (PICANT) to determine the proportion of PMB at different stages of recruitment, and to compare the results in terms of sociodemographic characteristics and antithrombotic treatment. Methods This study used screening and baseline data from the PICANT trial on oral anticoagulation management in GP practices. For this analysis, we determined the proportion of PMB during the recruitment period at stage 1 (screening of potentially eligible patients), stage 2 (eligible patients invited to participate in the trial), and stage 3 (assessment of baseline characteristics of patients participating in the PICANT trial). In addition, we compared patients in terms of sociodemographic characteristics and quality of anticoagulant treatment. Statistical analysis comprised descriptive and bivariate analyses. Results The proportion of PMB at each recruitment stage declined from 9.1% at stage 1 to 7.9% at stage 2 and 7.3% at stage 3). A lack of German language skills led to the exclusion of half the otherwise eligible PMB. At stages 1 and 3, PMB were younger (stage 1: 70.7 vs. 75.0 years, p<0.001; stage 3: 70.2 vs. 73.5 years, p = 0.013), but did not differ in terms of gender. The quality of their anticoagulant care was comparable (100.0% vs. 99.1% were receiving appropriate OAT, 94.4% vs. 95.7% took phenprocoumon, or warfarin, and the most recent INR measurement of 60.8% vs. 69.3% was within their individual INR range). Conclusions In the potentially eligible population and among participants at baseline, the quality of anticoagulant care was high in all groups of patients, which is reassuring. To enable the inclusion of more PMB, future primary care research on OAT in Germany should address how best to overcome language barriers. This will be challenging, particularly because the heterogeneity of PMB means the resulting sample sizes for each specific language group are small. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN41847489.
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Fry G, Gilgallon K, Khan W, Reynolds D, Spencer G, Wright A, Parveen S. Recruitment of south Asian carers into a survey-based research study. DEMENTIA 2020; 20:1154-1161. [PMID: 32164447 DOI: 10.1177/1471301220909246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Because of challenges involved in recruitment, little research has focused on care needs of minority ethnic groups. This article reports on a study that recruited 186 British south Asian carers of people with dementia. Four obstacles were faced: language barriers, confusion over research, feelings of shame/stigma, and mistrust. Researchers drew on various methods: enlisting multilingual researchers; activating contacts in minority ethnic communities; engaging with community groups; emphasising potential for enhancing support services; and tailoring research instruments to minority ethnic issues. Tips are offered to other researchers recruiting minority ethnic participants into studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary Fry
- Centre for Applied Dementia Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
| | | | - Wajid Khan
- South West Yorkshire Partnership NHS Foundation Trust, Wakefield, UK
| | | | - Graham Spencer
- Centre for Research & Development, Derbyshire Health Care NHS Foundation Trust
| | - Alice Wright
- Berkshire Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bracknell, UK
| | - Sahdia Parveen
- Centre for Applied Dementia Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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18
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Varma DS, Strelnick AH, Bennett N, Piechowski P, Aguilar-Gaxiola S, Cottler LB. Improving community participation in clinical and translational research: CTSA Sentinel Network proof of concept study. J Clin Transl Sci 2020; 4:323-330. [PMID: 33244413 PMCID: PMC7681133 DOI: 10.1017/cts.2020.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research participation by members of racial or ethnic minority groups continues to be less than optimum resulting in difficulties to generalization of research findings. Community-engaged research that relies on a community health worker (CHW) model has been found effective in building trust in the community, thereby motivating people to participate in health research. The Sentinel Network study aimed at testing the feasibility of utilizing the CHW model to link community members to appropriate health research studies at each of the research sites. METHODS The study was conducted at six Clinical and Translational Science Award institutions (N = 2371) across the country; 733 (30.9%) of the participants were from the University of Florida, 525 (22.0%) were from Washington University in St. Louis, 421 (17.8%) were from the University of California, Davis, 288 (12.1%) were from the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 250 (10.5%) were from Rochester, and 154 (6.5%) from Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Trained CHWs from each of these sites conducted regular community outreach where they administered a Health Needs Assessment, provided medical and social referrals, and linked to eligible research studies at each of those sites. A 30-day follow-up assessment was developed to track utilization of services satisfaction with the services and research study participation. RESULTS A large majority of people, especially African Americans, expressed willingness to participate in research studies. The top two health concerns reported by participants were hypertension and diabetes. CONCLUSION Findings on the rate of navigation and enrollment in research from this study indicate the effectiveness of a hybrid CHW service and research model of directly engaging community members to encourage people to participate in research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepthi S. Varma
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alvin H. Strelnick
- Division of Community Health, Department of Family and Social Medicine, College of Medicine, Albert Einstein, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Nancy Bennett
- Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Patricia Piechowski
- Michigan Institute for Clinical and Health Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sergio Aguilar-Gaxiola
- Center for Reducing Health Disparities (CRHD), Clinical Internal Medicine, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Linda B. Cottler
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health and Health Professions and College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Akanuwe JNA, Black S, Owen S, Siriwardena AN. Communicating cancer risk in the primary care consultation when using a cancer risk assessment tool: Qualitative study with service users and practitioners. Health Expect 2020; 23:509-518. [PMID: 31967704 PMCID: PMC7104630 DOI: 10.1111/hex.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer risk assessment tools are designed to help detect cancer risk in symptomatic individuals presenting to primary care. An early detection of cancer risk could mean early referral for investigations, diagnosis and treatment, helping to address late diagnosis of cancer. It is not clear how best cancer risk may be communicated to patients when using a cancer risk assessment tool to assess their risk of developing cancer. Objective We aimed to explore the perspectives of service users and primary care practitioners on communicating cancer risk information to patients, when using QCancer, a cancer risk assessment tool. Design A qualitative study involving the use of individual interviews and focus groups. Setting and participants Conducted in primary care settings in Lincolnshire with a convenience sample of 36 participants (19 service users who were members of the public) and 17 primary care practitioners (general practitioners and practice nurses). Results Participants suggested ways to improve communication of cancer risk information: personalizing risk information; involving patients in use of the tool; sharing risk information openly; and providing sufficient time when using the tool during consultations. Conclusion Communication of cancer risk information is complex and difficult. We identified strategies for improving communication with patients involving cancer risk estimations in primary care consultations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph N A Akanuwe
- Community and Health Research Unit, School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Sharon Black
- Community and Health Research Unit, School of Health and Social Care, University of Lincoln, Lincoln, UK
| | - Sara Owen
- Waterford Institute of Technology, Waterford, Ireland
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20
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John C, Reeve NF, Free RC, Williams AT, Ntalla I, Farmaki AE, Bethea J, Barton LM, Shrine N, Batini C, Packer R, Terry S, Hargadon B, Wang Q, Melbourne CA, Adams EL, Bee CE, Harrington K, Miola J, Brunskill NJ, Brightling CE, Barwell J, Wallace SE, Hsu R, Shepherd DJ, Hollox EJ, Wain LV, Tobin MD. Cohort Profile: Extended Cohort for E-health, Environment and DNA (EXCEED). Int J Epidemiol 2019; 48:678-679j. [PMID: 31062032 PMCID: PMC6659362 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyz073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine John
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nicola F Reeve
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Robert C Free
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Ioanna Ntalla
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, UK
| | - Aliki-Eleni Farmaki
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Population Science and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jane Bethea
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Linda M Barton
- Department of Haematology, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | - Nick Shrine
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Chiara Batini
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Richard Packer
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Sarah Terry
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Beverley Hargadon
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Qingning Wang
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Carl A Melbourne
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Emma L Adams
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Catherine E Bee
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Kyla Harrington
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - José Miola
- Leicester Law School, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nigel J Brunskill
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Christopher E Brightling
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Respiratory Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Julian Barwell
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Susan E Wallace
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ron Hsu
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - David J Shepherd
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Edward J Hollox
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Louise V Wain
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Martin D Tobin
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- NIHR Leicester Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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Zucchelli F, Rumsey N, Humphries K, Bennett R, Davies A, Sandy J, Stock NM. Recruiting to cohort studies in specialist healthcare services: Lessons learned from clinical research nurses in UK cleft services. J Clin Nurs 2018; 27:e787-e797. [DOI: 10.1111/jocn.14188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Zucchelli
- Centre for Appearance Research; University of the West of England (UWE); Bristol UK
| | - Nichola Rumsey
- Centre for Appearance Research; University of the West of England (UWE); Bristol UK
- The Cleft Collective; School of Oral and Dental Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - Kerry Humphries
- The Cleft Collective; School of Oral and Dental Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - Rhiannon Bennett
- The Cleft Collective; School of Oral and Dental Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - Amy Davies
- The Cleft Collective; School of Oral and Dental Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - Jonathan Sandy
- The Cleft Collective; School of Oral and Dental Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
| | - Nicola Marie Stock
- Centre for Appearance Research; University of the West of England (UWE); Bristol UK
- The Cleft Collective; School of Oral and Dental Sciences; University of Bristol; Bristol UK
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Lecky DM, Nakiboneka-Ssenabulya D, Nichols T, Hawkey P, Turner K, Chung KT, Thomas M, Thomas HL, Xu McCrae L, Shabir S, Manzoor S, Alvarez-Buylla A, Smith S, McNulty C. Informing future research for carriage of multiresistant Gram-negative bacteria: problems with recruiting to an English stool sample community prevalence study. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017947. [PMID: 29229656 PMCID: PMC5778273 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to highlight problems with recruiting to an English stool sample community prevalence study. It was part of a larger cross-sectional research to determine the risk factors for the presence of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase and carbapenemase-producing coliforms in stool samples of the asymptomatic general English population. SETTING Four National Health Service primary care trusts (PCTs) of England representing a different section of the population of England: Newham PCT; Heart of Birmingham Teaching PCT; Shropshire County PCT; and Southampton City PCT. PARTICIPANTS Sixteen general practices across the four PCTs were purposefully selected. After stratification of GP lists by age, ethnicity and antibiotic use, 58 337 randomly selected patients were sent a postal invitation.Patients who had died, moved to a different surgery, were deemed too ill by their General Practitioner or hospitalised at the time of mailing were excluded. RESULTS Stool and questionnaire returns varied by area, age, gender and ethnicity; the highest return rate of 27.3% was in Shropshire in the age group of over 60 years; the lowest, 0.6%, was in Birmingham in the age group of 18-39 years. Whereas only 3.9%(2296) returned a completed questionnaire and stool sample, 94.9% of participants gave permission for their sample and data to be used in future research. CONCLUSION Researchers should consider the low stool specimen return rate and wide variation by ethnicity and age when planning future studies involving stool specimen collection. This is particularly pertinent if the study has no health benefit to participants. Further research is needed to explore how to improve recruitment in multicultural communities and in younger people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna M Lecky
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Gloucester, UK
| | | | - Tom Nichols
- Statistics, Modelling and Bioinformatics Department, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Peter Hawkey
- Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kim Turner
- Public Health England, Primary Care Unit, Gloucester, UK
| | - Keun-Taik Chung
- Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mike Thomas
- University of Southampton Faculty of Health Sciences, Southampton, UK
| | | | - Li Xu McCrae
- Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sahida Shabir
- Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Susan Manzoor
- Public Health Laboratory, Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Steve Smith
- Midlands & NW Bowel Cancer Screening Hub, Coventry, UK
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Cohn EG, Hamilton N, Larson EL, Williams JK. Self-reported race and ethnicity of US biobank participants compared to the US Census. J Community Genet 2017; 8:229-238. [PMID: 28623623 PMCID: PMC5496846 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-017-0308-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Precision medicine envisions a future of effective diagnosis, treatment, and prevention grounded in precise understandings of the genetic and environmental determinants of disease. Given that the original genome-wide association studies represented a predominately European White population, and that diversity in genomic studies must account for genetic variation both within and across racial categories, new research studies are at a heightened risk for inadequate representation. Currently biological samples are being made available for sequencing in biobanks across the USA, but the diversity of those samples is unknown. The aims of this study were to describe the types of recruitment and enrollment materials used by US biobanks and the diversity of the samples contained within their collection. Biobank websites and brochures were evaluated for reading level, health literacy, and factors known to encourage the recruitment of minorities, such as showing pictures of diverse populations. Biobank managers were surveyed by mail on the methods and materials used for enrollment, recruitment, consent, and the self-reported race/ethnicity of biobank participants. From 51 US biobanks (68% response rate), recruitment and enrollment materials were in English only, and most of the websites and brochures exceeded a fifth-grade reading level. When compared to the 2015 US Census, self-reported race/ethnicity of participants was not significantly different for Whites (61%) and blacks (13%). The percentages were significantly lower for Hispanics and Latinos (18 vs. 7%, p = 0.00) and Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders (0.2 vs. 0.01%; p = 0.01) and higher for Asians (13 vs. 5%, p = 0.01). Materials for recruitment predominantly in English may limit participation by underrepresented populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Gross Cohn
- School of Nursing, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Adelphi University, Garden City, NY, USA.
| | - Nalo Hamilton
- School of Nursing, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Smart A, Harrison E. The under-representation of minority ethnic groups in UK medical research. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2017; 22:65-82. [PMID: 27174778 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2016.1182126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Objectives . The paper investigates differences in engagement with medical research between White British and Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) groups in the UK, using data from the Wellcome Trust Monitor (WTM). DESIGN The study used two waves of the WTM (n = 2575) to examine associations between ethnic group and participation in medical research, and willingness to participate (WP) in medical research. Logistic regression models controlled for socio-economic and demographic factors, and relevant outlooks and experiences that are assumed to be markers of engagement. RESULTS Respondents from the BAME group were less likely to have participated in medical research compared to those from the White British group, but there was only patchy evidence of small ethnic group differences in WP. Influences on engagement with medical research varied somewhat between the White British and BAME groups, in particular in relation to occupation, education, health, attitudes to medical science and belief. CONCLUSIONS These findings consolidate previously context-specific evidence of BAME group under-representation in the UK, and highlight heterogeneity in that group. Efforts to address the under-representation of those from BAME groups might benefit from targeted strategies for recruitment and advocacy, although improved data sets are required to fully understand ethnic differences in engagement with medical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Smart
- a Department of Social Sciences , Bath Spa University , Bath , UK
| | - Eric Harrison
- b Department of Sociology , City University London , London , UK
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Kapiriri L, Tharao W, Muchenje M, Khatundi IM, Ongoiba F. How acceptable is it for HIV positive African, Caribbean and Black women to provide breast milk/fluid samples for research purposes? BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:7. [PMID: 28057074 PMCID: PMC5217306 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2326-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The African, Caribbean and Black communities have been found to be reluctant to participate in health research in North America. This is partly attributed to historical experiences as well as their cultural beliefs. Cultural beliefs about the uses of breast milk/fluids could further hinder the participation of African, Caribbean, and Black communities in research involving the collection of breast milk/fluids samples. Methods We conducted 17 in-depth interviews and three group interviews (n = 10) with HIV+ African, Caribbean and Black women living in Ontario, Canada to explore their cultural beliefs about breast milk/fluids and their acceptance of participating in research that involves the provision of breast fluid samples. Study design Qualitative study involving in-depth interviews. Results Our respondents believed that breast milk/fluids should be used for infant feeding and for curative purposes for a variety of children’s health ailments as well as ailments experienced by other family members. The cultural belief that breast milk/fluids could be used to bewitch the baby and mother and the perception that it is intrusive (equating breast milk/fluids research to DNA testing), could prevent African, Caribbean and Black women from participating in research involving the collection of breast milk/fluids. Despite these fears, some respondents expressed that they would participate if the research results would benefit them directly, for example, by finding a cure for HIV, enabling HIV+ mothers to breastfeed, or contributing to developing new drugs or vaccines for HIV. Women’s recommendations to facilitate successful recruitment included giving incentives to participants, and employing a recruiter who was trustworthy, informed, and culturally sensitive. Conclusion Cultural beliefs could present barriers to recruitment and participation of Africa, Caribbean and Black communities in health research involving breast milk/fluid samples. Successful recruitment for future studies would necessitate researchers to be culturally aware of the beliefs held by African, Caribbean and Black women, to build trust, and use an appropriate recruiter. While the findings relate to breast milk/fluids, the suggested recommendations for facilitating recruitment of research participants from these communities may be useful to consider when recruiting ethnically and culturally similar participants for research involving biological samples. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13104-016-2326-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kapiriri
- Department of Health, Aging and Society, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, ON, L8S 4M4, Canada.
| | - W Tharao
- Women's Health in Women's Hands, Carlton Toronto, ON, M5B 1J3, Canada
| | - M Muchenje
- Women's Health in Women's Hands, Carlton Toronto, ON, M5B 1J3, Canada
| | | | - F Ongoiba
- Africans in Partnership Against AIDS, 314 Jarvis Street. Suite 101, Toronto, ON, M5B 2C5, Canada
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Bodewes AJ, Kunst AE. Involving hard-to-reach ethnic minorities in low-budget health research: lessons from a health survey among Moluccans in the Netherlands. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:319. [PMID: 27328767 PMCID: PMC4915185 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2124-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is little evidence on which strategies are effective in recruiting minority groups in low-budget health surveys. We evaluated different recruitment strategies for their impact on response rates in a hard-to-reach minority population in the Netherlands. Methods We conducted a health survey in 19 Moluccan districts (MDs). Each MD had its own set of recruitment strategies, such as information meetings, involving social or local media, involving community organizations, and door-to-door collection. The association between recruitment strategies and MD-specific response rates was assessed with logistic regression analysis. Results The overall response rate was 24 %, and varied from 9 to 58 %. Higher rates were obtained when the strategy included door-to-door collection (OR 1.57) and ‘active’ key informants (OR 1.68). No positive associations with response rates were observed of the other strategies. Conclusions The overall low response rate in this study may be due to high levels of distrust, segmentation within the community and high respect for privacy among Moluccans. Our study shows that in such communities, response may be increased by a highly personal recruitment approach and a strong commitment and participation of community key-figures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adee J Bodewes
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anton E Kunst
- Department of Public Health, Academic Medical Centre, PO Box 22660, 1100 DD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pound C, Greenwood N. The human dimensions of post-stroke homecare: experiences of older carers from diverse ethnic groups. Disabil Rehabil 2016; 38:1987-99. [DOI: 10.3109/09638288.2015.1107783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carole Pound
- Centre for Qualitative Research, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK
| | - Nan Greenwood
- Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, St George’s University of London and Kingston University, London, UK
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Cohn EG, Husamudeen M, Larson EL, Williams JK. Increasing participation in genomic research and biobanking through community-based capacity building. J Genet Couns 2015; 24:491-502. [PMID: 25228357 PMCID: PMC4815899 DOI: 10.1007/s10897-014-9768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Achieving equitable minority representation in genomic biobanking is one of the most difficult challenges faced by researchers today. Capacity building--a framework for research that includes collaborations and on-going engagement--can be used to help researchers, clinicians and communities better understand the process, utility, and clinical application of genomic science. The purpose of this exploratory descriptive study was to examine factors that influence the decision to participate in genomic research, and identify essential components of capacity building with a community at risk of being under-represented in biobanks. Results of focus groups conducted in Central Harlem with 46 participants were analyzed by a collaborative team of community and academic investigators using content analysis and AtlisTi. Key themes identified were: (1) the potential contribution of biobanking to individual and community health, for example the effect of the environment on health, (2) the societal context of the science, such as DNA criminal databases and paternity testing, that may affect the decision to participate, and (3) the researchers' commitment to community health as an outcome of capacity building. These key factors can contribute to achieving equity in biobank participation, and guide genetic specialists in biobank planning and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Gross Cohn
- Columbia University, School of Nursing, 617 W. 168 Street Room 244, New York, NY, USA,
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The influence of ethnic group composition on focus group discussions. BMC Med Res Methodol 2014; 14:107. [PMID: 25240807 PMCID: PMC4177596 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2288-14-107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Focus groups are commonly used to explore participants’ experiences in health and social care research. Although it is suggested that having demographically homogenous groups may help put participants at ease, the evidence is sparse. The aims of the paper are to: explore the impact of relative ethnic homogeneity and heterogeneity of focus group participants on the group discussions; improve understanding of homogeneity and heterogeneity in focus groups; suggest ways to operationalise concepts such as being ‘more comfortable’ with other focus group participants. Method Digitally recorded focus groups were undertaken with family carers of stroke survivors and were later transcribed and analysed using framework analysis. Groups were designated as more or less ethnically homogenous. More homogenous groups included, for example, only White British or Asian Indian participants whilst more heterogeneous groups comprised a mixture of, for example, Asian, White British and Black Caribbean participants. Results Forty-one carers participated in seven focus groups. Analysis revealed differences in discussions around ethnicity between the more or less ethnically homogenous groups. For example, participants in more ethnically homogenous focus groups were more likely to say ethnicity might influence perceptions of social care services. On the other hand, more heterogeneous groups emphasised similarity in carers’ experiences, irrespective of ethnicity. Participants in the more homogenous groups were also more likely to make potentially controversial comments relating to ethnic differences. Additionally they appeared to be more at ease with each other discussing the topic. For example, they spontaneously mentioned ethnic differences earlier in these groups. In contrast, analysis of topics not specifically related to ethnicity, such as the difficult experiences of being a carer, produced no discernible patterns when comparing more and less homogenous focus groups. Conclusion Considerations around focus group participant demographic homogeneity and heterogeneity are complex and these terms may be most usefully applied only in relative terms. Data derived from more homogenous groups complement data from more heterogeneous groups providing different perspectives. Depending on the focus of the discussion, having characteristics in common, such as being a carer can override other differences.
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Under-representation of minority ethnic groups in research--call for action. Br J Gen Pract 2014; 63:342-3. [PMID: 23834862 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp13x668456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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Posselt M, Galletly C, de Crespigny C, Cairney I, Moss J, Liu D, Francis H, Kelly J, Procter N, Banders A. Ethics overload: impact of excessive ethical review on comorbidity research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/17523281.2014.880730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Willingness to participate in genomics research and desire for personal results among underrepresented minority patients: a structured interview study. J Community Genet 2013; 4:469-82. [PMID: 23794263 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-013-0154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients from traditionally underrepresented communities need to be involved in discussions around genomics research including attitudes towards participation and receiving personal results. Structured interviews, including open-ended and closed-ended questions, were conducted with 205 patients in an inner-city hospital outpatient clinic: 48 % of participants self-identified as Black or African American, 29 % Hispanic, 10 % White; 49 % had an annual household income of <$20,000. When the potential for personal results to be returned was not mentioned, 82 % of participants were willing to participate in genomics research. Reasons for willingness fell into four themes: altruism; benefit to family members; personal health benefit; personal curiosity and improving understanding. Reasons for being unwilling fell into five themes: negative perception of research; not personally relevant; negative feelings about procedures (e.g., blood draws); practical barriers; and fear of results. Participants were more likely to report that they would participate in genomics research if personal results were offered than if they were not offered (89 vs. 62 % respectively, p < 0.001). Participants were more interested in receiving personal genomic risk results for cancer, heart disease and type 2 diabetes than obesity (89, 89, 91, 80 % respectively, all p < 0.001). The only characteristic consistently associated with interest in receiving personal results was disease-specific worry. There was considerable willingness to participate in and desire for personal results from genomics research in this sample of predominantly low-income, Hispanic and African American patients. When returning results is not practical, or even when it is, alternatively or additionally providing generic information about genomics and health may also be a valuable commodity to underrepresented minority and other populations considering participating in genomics research.
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