1
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Aggor FEY, Bertolini M, Coleman BM, Taylor TC, Ponde NO, Gaffen SL. Combinatorial actions of IL-22 and IL-17 drive optimal immunity to oral candidiasis through SPRRs. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012302. [PMID: 38949991 PMCID: PMC11216582 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is the most common human fungal infection, arising typically from T cell immune impairments. IL-17 and IL-22 contribute individually to OPC responses, but here we demonstrate that the combined actions of both cytokines are essential for resistance to OPC. Mice lacking IL-17RA and IL-22RA1 exhibited high fungal loads in esophagus- and intestinal tract, severe weight loss, and symptoms of colitis. Ultimately, mice succumbed to infection. Dual loss of IL-17RA and IL-22RA impaired expression of small proline rich proteins (SPRRs), a class of antimicrobial effectors not previously linked to fungal immunity. Sprr2a1 exhibited direct candidacidal activity in vitro, and Sprr1-3a-/- mice were susceptible to OPC. Thus, cooperative actions of Type 17 cytokines mediate oral mucosal anti-Candida defenses and reveal a role for SPRRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix E. Y. Aggor
- University of Pittsburgh, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Martinna Bertolini
- University of Pittsburgh, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Periodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Bianca M. Coleman
- University of Pittsburgh, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tiffany C. Taylor
- University of Pittsburgh, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicole O. Ponde
- University of Pittsburgh, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah L. Gaffen
- University of Pittsburgh, Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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2
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Abdurrahman G, Pospich R, Steil L, Gesell Salazar M, Izquierdo González JJ, Normann N, Mrochen D, Scharf C, Völker U, Werfel T, Bröker BM, Roesner LM, Gómez-Gascón L. The extracellular serine protease from Staphylococcus epidermidis elicits a type 2-biased immune response in atopic dermatitis patients. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1352704. [PMID: 38895118 PMCID: PMC11183529 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1352704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing inflammatory skin disease with skin barrier defects and a misdirected type 2 immune response against harmless antigens. The skin microbiome in AD is characterized by a reduction in microbial diversity with a dominance of staphylococci, including Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis). Objective To assess whether S. epidermidis antigens play a role in AD, we screened for candidate allergens and studied the T cell and humoral immune response against the extracellular serine protease (Esp). Methods To identify candidate allergens, we analyzed the binding of human serum IgG4, as a surrogate of IgE, to S. epidermidis extracellular proteins using 2-dimensional immunoblotting and mass spectrometry. We then measured serum IgE and IgG1 binding to recombinant Esp by ELISA in healthy and AD individuals. We also stimulated T cells from AD patients and control subjects with Esp and measured the secreted cytokines. Finally, we analyzed the proteolytic activity of Esp against IL-33 and determined the cleavage sites by mass spectrometry. Results We identified Esp as the dominant candidate allergen of S. epidermidis. Esp-specific IgE was present in human serum; AD patients had higher concentrations than controls. T cells reacting to Esp were detectable in both AD patients and healthy controls. The T cell response in healthy adults was characterized by IL-17, IL-22, IFN-γ, and IL-10, whereas the AD patients' T cells lacked IL-17 production and released only low amounts of IL-22, IFN-γ, and IL-10. In contrast, Th2 cytokine release was higher in T cells from AD patients than from healthy controls. Mature Esp cleaved and activated the alarmin IL-33. Conclusion The extracellular serine protease Esp of S. epidermidis can activate IL-33. As an antigen, Esp elicits a type 2-biased antibody and T cell response in AD patients. This suggests that S. epidermidis can aggravate AD through the allergenic properties of Esp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Abdurrahman
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rebecca Pospich
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Leif Steil
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | - Nicole Normann
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniel Mrochen
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Scharf
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Department of Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Thomas Werfel
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lennart M. Roesner
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lidia Gómez-Gascón
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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3
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Fiala GJ, Lücke J, Huber S. Pro- and antitumorigenic functions of γδ T cells. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2451070. [PMID: 38803018 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202451070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
γδ T cells are a subset of T cells that are characterized by the expression of a TCR-γδ instead of a TCR-αβ. Despite being outnumbered by their αβ T cell counterpart in many tissues, studies from the last 20 years underline their important and non-redundant roles in tumor and metastasis development. However, whether a γδ T cell exerts pro- or antitumorigenic effects seems to depend on a variety of factors, many of them still incompletely understood today. In this review, we summarize mechanisms by which γδ T cells exert these seemingly contradictory effector functions in mice and humans. Furthermore, we discuss the current view on inducing and inhibiting factors of γδ T cells during cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina J Fiala
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Signalling Studies BIOSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jöran Lücke
- Section of Molecular Immunology and Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Samuel Huber
- Section of Molecular Immunology and Gastroenterology, I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Hamburg Center for Translational Immunology (HCTI), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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4
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Qi M, Chu S, Wang W, Fu X, Jiang C, Zhang L, Ali MH, Lu Y, Jia M, Ubul D, Tang H, Li J, Liu M. Safflower polysaccharide ameliorates acute ulcerative colitis by regulating STAT3/NF-κB signaling pathways and repairing intestinal barrier function. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116553. [PMID: 38593703 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This study is to investigate the effect of SPS on the UC model. An animal model of UC induced by DSS was developed using C57BL/6 mice. The body weight was recorded every day, and the symptoms related to UC were detected. H&E staining, AB-PAS staining and PSR staining were used to evaluate the histopathological changes of the colon. Inflammation and mucosal barrier indicators were detected by qRT-PCR, and the 16 S rRNA sequence was used to detect the intestinal flora. SPS can significantly prevent and treat DSS-induced ulcerative colitis in animals. SPS significantly improved clinical symptoms, alleviated pathological damage, inhibited the infiltration of intestinal inflammatory cells. SPS treatment can protect goblet cells, enhance the expression of tight junction proteins and mucins, inhibit the expression of antimicrobial peptides, thereby improving intestinal barrier integrity. The prevention and treatment mechanism of SPS may be related to the inhibition of STAT3/NF-κB signaling pathway to regulate intestinal barrier function. In particular, SPS also significantly adjusted the structure of intestinal flora, significantly increasing the abundance of Akkermansia and Limosilactobacillus and inhibiting the abundance of Bacteroides. Overall, SPS has a significant therapeutic effect on ulcerative colitis mice, and is expected to play its value effectively in clinical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Qi
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China
| | - Shenghui Chu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China
| | - Wenxuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China
| | - Xianglei Fu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China
| | - Chao Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China
| | - Liang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China
| | - Md Hasan Ali
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China
| | - Yating Lu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China
| | - Mengwei Jia
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China
| | - Dilraba Ubul
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China
| | - Hui Tang
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China
| | - Jian Li
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China; State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Optogenetic Techniques for Cell Metabolism, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, North 4th Road 221, Shihezi, China.
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5
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Kim H, Jo JH, Lee HG, Park W, Lee HK, Park JE, Shin D. Inflammatory response in dairy cows caused by heat stress and biological mechanisms for maintaining homeostasis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300719. [PMID: 38527055 PMCID: PMC10962848 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change increases global temperatures, which is lethal to both livestock and humans. Heat stress is known as one of the various livestock stresses, and dairy cows react sensitively to high-temperature stress. We aimed to better understand the effects of heat stress on the health of dairy cows and observing biological changes. Individual cows were divided into normal (21-22 °C, 50-60% humidity) and high temperature (31-32 °C, 80-95% humidity), respectively, for 7-days. We performed metabolomic and transcriptome analyses of the blood and gut microbiomes of feces. In the high-temperature group, nine metabolites including linoleic acid and fructose were downregulated, and 154 upregulated and 72 downregulated DEGs (Differentially Expressed Genes) were identified, and eighteen microbes including Intestinimonas and Pseudoflavonifractor in genus level were significantly different from normal group. Linoleic acid and fructose have confirmed that associated with various stresses, and functional analysis of DEG and microorganisms showing significant differences confirmed that high-temperature stress is related to the inflammatory response, immune system, cellular energy mechanism, and microbial butyrate production. These biological changes were likely to withstand high-temperature stress. Immune and inflammatory responses are known to be induced by heat stress, which has been identified to maintain homeostasis through modulation at metabolome, transcriptome and microbiome levels. In these findings, heat stress condition can trigger alteration of immune system and cellular energy metabolism, which is shown as reduced metabolites, pathway enrichment and differential microbes. As results of this study did not include direct phenotypic data, we believe that additional validation is required in the future. In conclusion, high-temperature stress contributed to the reduction of metabolites, changes in gene expression patterns and composition of gut microbiota, which are thought to support dairy cows in withstanding high-temperature stress via modulating immune-related genes, and cellular energy metabolism to maintain homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Kim
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang-Hoon Jo
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Gu Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sanghuh College of Life Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woncheoul Park
- Division of Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal Science, Rural Development Administration, Wanju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Kyo Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Park
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, College of Applied Life Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Jeju-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghyun Shin
- Agricultural Convergence Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk-do, Republic of Korea
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6
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Ra YE, Bang YJ. Balancing Act of the Intestinal Antimicrobial Proteins on Gut Microbiota and Health. J Microbiol 2024; 62:167-179. [PMID: 38630349 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-024-00122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
The human gut houses a diverse and dynamic microbiome critical for digestion, metabolism, and immune development, exerting profound effects on human health. However, these microorganisms pose a potential threat by breaching the gut barrier, entering host tissues, and triggering infections, uncontrolled inflammation, and even sepsis. The intestinal epithelial cells form the primary defense, acting as a frontline barrier against microbial invasion. Antimicrobial proteins (AMPs), produced by these cells, serve as innate immune effectors that regulate the gut microbiome by directly killing or inhibiting microbes. Abnormal AMP production, whether insufficient or excessive, can disturb the microbiome equilibrium, contributing to various intestinal diseases. This review delves into the complex interactions between AMPs and the gut microbiota and sheds light on the role of AMPs in governing host-microbiota interactions. We discuss the function and mechanisms of action of AMPs, their regulation by the gut microbiota, microbial evasion strategies, and the consequences of AMP dysregulation in disease. Understanding these complex interactions between AMPs and the gut microbiota is crucial for developing strategies to enhance immune responses and combat infections within the gut microbiota. Ongoing research continues to uncover novel aspects of this intricate relationship, deepening our understanding of the factors shaping gut health. This knowledge has the potential to revolutionize therapeutic interventions, offering enhanced treatments for a wide range of gut-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Eun Ra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Ji Bang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Zhao J, Yao C, Qin Y, Zhu H, Guo H, Ji B, Li X, Sun N, Li R, Wu Y, Zheng K, Pan Y, Zhao T, Yang J. Blockade of C5aR1 resets M1 via gut microbiota-mediated PFKM stabilization in a TLR5-dependent manner. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:120. [PMID: 38331868 PMCID: PMC10853248 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06500-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Targeting C5aR1 modulates the function of infiltrated immune cells including tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). The gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in colorectal cancer (CRC) tumorigenesis and development through TAM education. However, whether and how the gut flora is involved in C5aR1 inhibition-mediated TAMs remains unclear. Therefore, in this study, genetic deletion of C5ar1 or pharmacological inhibition of C5aR1 with anti-C5aR1 Ab or PMX-53 in the presence or absence of deletion Abs were utilized to verify if and how C5aR1 inhibition regulated TAMs polarization via affecting gut microbiota composition. We found that the therapeutic effects of C5aR1 inhibition on CRC benefited from programming of TAMs toward M1 polarization via driving AKT2-mediated 6-phosphofructokinase muscle type (PFKM) stabilization in a TLR5-dependent manner. Of note, in the further study, we found that C5aR1 inhibition elevated the concentration of serum IL-22 and the mRNA levels of its downstream target genes encoded antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), leading to gut microbiota modulation and flagellin releasement, which contributed to M1 polarization. Our data revealed that high levels of C5aR1 in TAMs predicted poor prognosis. In summary, our study suggested that C5aR1 inhibition reduced CRC growth via resetting M1 by AKT2 activation-mediated PFKM stabilization in a TLR5-dependent manner, which relied on IL-22-regulated gut flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhao
- Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Immunology, Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chen Yao
- Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yongqin Qin
- Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hanyong Zhu
- Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Binbin Ji
- Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xueqin Li
- Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Na Sun
- Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rongqing Li
- Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing, China
| | - Kuiyang Zheng
- Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuchen Pan
- Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Chongqing International Institute for Immunology, Chongqing, China.
| | - Jing Yang
- Jiangsu International Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Basic Medicine Education, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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8
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Brackman LC, Dixon BREA, Bernard M, Revetta F, Cowell RP, Meenderink LM, Washington MK, Piazuelo MB, Algood HMS. IL-17 receptor A functions to help maintain barrier integrity and limit activation of immunopathogenic response to H. pylori infection. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0029223. [PMID: 38014948 PMCID: PMC10790819 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00292-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of Th17 cell responses, including the production of IL-17A and IL-21, contributes to host defense and inflammatory responses by coordinating adaptive and innate immune responses. IL-17A and IL-17F signal through a multimeric receptor, which includes the IL-17 receptor A (IL-17RA) subunit and the IL-17RC subunit. IL-17RA is expressed by many cell types, and data from previous studies suggest that loss of IL-17 receptor is required to limit immunopathology in the Helicobacter pylori model of infection. Here, an Il17ra-/- mouse was generated on the FVB/n background, and the role of IL-17 signaling in the maintenance of barrier responses to H. pylori was investigated. Generating the Il17ra-/- on the FVB/n background allowed for the examination of responses in the paragastric lymph node and will allow for future investigation into carcinogenesis. While uninfected Il17ra-/- mice do not develop spontaneous gastritis following H. pylori infection, Il17ra-/- mice develop severe gastric inflammation accompanied by lymphoid follicle production and exacerbated production of Th17 cytokines. Increased inflammation in the tissue, increased IgA levels in the lumen, and reduced production of Muc5ac in the corpus correlate with increased H. pylori-induced paragastric lymph node activation. These data suggest that the cross talk between immune cells and epithelial cells regulates mucin production, IgA production, and translocation, impacting the integrity of the gastric mucosa and therefore activating of the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee C. Brackman
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Beverly R. E. A. Dixon
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Margaret Bernard
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Frank Revetta
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rebecca P. Cowell
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Leslie M. Meenderink
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M. Kay Washington
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M. Blanca Piazuelo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation (VI4), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Holly M. Scott Algood
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Vanderbilt Institute of Infection, Immunity, and Inflammation (VI4), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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9
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Liu Y, Ouyang Y, You W, Liu W, Cheng Y, Mai X, Shen Z. Physiological roles of human interleukin-17 family. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e14964. [PMID: 37905720 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-17 s (IL-17s) are well-known proinflammatory cytokines, and their antagonists perform excellently in the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis. However, their physiological functions have not been given sufficient attention by clinicians. IL-17s can protect the host from extracellular pathogens, maintain epithelial integrity, regulate cognitive processes and modulate adipocyte activity through distinct mechanisms. Here, we present a systematic review concerning the physiological functions of IL-17s. Our goal is not to negate the therapeutic effect of IL-17 antagonists, but to ensure their safe use and reasonably explain the possible adverse events that may occur in their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yucong Liu
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ye Ouyang
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanchun You
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqi Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yufan Cheng
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinming Mai
- Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhu Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital (Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences), Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Singh G, Warang P, García-Bernalt Diego J, Chang L, Bykov Y, Singh S, Pache L, Cuadrado-Castano S, Webb B, Garcia-Sastre A, Schotsaert M. Host immune responses associated with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection result in protection or pathology during reinfection depending on mouse genetic background. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3637405. [PMID: 38077015 PMCID: PMC10705603 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3637405/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Rapid emergence of antigenic distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants implies a greater risk of reinfection as viruses can escape neutralizing antibodies induced by vaccination or previous viral exposure. Disease severity during COVID-19 depends on many variables such as age-related comorbidities, host immune status and genetic variation. The host immune response during infection with SARS-CoV-2 may contribute to disease severity, which can range from asymptomatic to severe with fatal outcome. Furthermore, the extent of host immune response activation may rely on underlying genetic predisposition for disease or protection. To address these questions, we performed immune profiling studies in mice with different genetic backgrounds - transgenic K18-hACE2 and wild-type 129S1 mice - subjected to reinfection with the severe disease-causing SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351 variant, 30 days after experimental milder BA.1 infection. BA.1 preinfection conferred protection against B.1.351-induced morbidity in K18-hACE2 mice but aggravated disease in 129S1 mice. We found that he cytokine/chemokine profile in B.1.351 re-infected 129S1mice is similar to that during severe SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and is characterized by a much higher level of IL-10, IL-1β, IL-18 and IFN-γ, whereas in B.1.351 re-infected K18-hACE2 mice, the cytokine profile echoes the signature of naïve mice undergoing viral infection for the first time. Interestingly, the enhanced pathology observed in 129S1 mice upon reinfection cannot be attributed to a less efficient induction of adaptive immune responses to the initial BA.1 infection, as both K18-hACE2 and 129S1 mice exhibited similar B and T cell responses at 30 DPI against BA.1, with similar anti-BA.1 or B.1.351 spike-specific ELISA binding titers, levels of germinal center B-cells, and SARS-CoV-2-Spike specific tissue-resident T-cells. Long-term effects of BA.1 infection are associated with differential transcriptional changes in bronchoalveolar lavage-derived CD11c + immune cells from K18-hACE2 and 129S1, with K18-hACE2 CD11c + cells showing a strong antiviral defense gene expression profile whereas 129S1 CD11c + cells showed a more pro-inflammatory response. In conclusion, initial infection with BA.1 induces cross-reactive adaptive immune responses in both K18-hACE2 and 129S1 mice, however the different disease outcome of reinfection seems to be driven by differential responses of CD11c + cells in the alveolar space.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sarabjot Singh
- RT-PCR COVID-19 Laboratory, Civil Hospital, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Lars Pache
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute
| | | | - Brett Webb
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming
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11
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Liang Y, Wang L, Ma P, Ju D, Zhao M, Shi Y. Enhancing anti-tumor immune responses through combination therapies: epigenetic drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1308264. [PMID: 38077327 PMCID: PMC10704038 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1308264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms are processes that affect gene expression and cellular functions without involving changes in the DNA sequence. This abnormal or unstable expression of genes regulated by epigenetics can trigger cancer and other various diseases. The immune cells involved in anti-tumor responses and the immunogenicity of tumors may also be affected by epigenomic changes. This holds significant implications for the development and application of cancer immunotherapy, epigenetic therapy, and their combined treatments in the fight against cancer. We provide an overview of recent research literature focusing on how epigenomic changes in immune cells influence immune cell behavior and function, as well as the immunogenicity of cancer cells. And the combined utilization of epigenetic medications with immune checkpoint inhibitors that focus on immune checkpoint molecules [e.g., Programmed Death 1 (PD-1), Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Associated Protein 4 (CTLA-4), T cell Immunoglobulin and Mucin Domain (TIM-3), Lymphocyte Activation Gene-3 (LAG-3)] present in immune cells and stromal cells associated with tumors. We highlight the potential of small-molecule inhibitors targeting epigenetic regulators to amplify anti-tumor immune responses. Moreover, we discuss how to leverage the intricate relationship between cancer epigenetics and cancer immunology to create treatment regimens that integrate epigenetic therapies with immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liang
- Precision Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Wuchang Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan Wuchang Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Peijun Ma
- Clinical Laboratory, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongen Ju
- Department of Urology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Minggao Zhao
- Precision Pharmacy and Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yun Shi
- Department of Immunology and Theranostics, Arthur Riggs Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute, Beckman Research Institute of the City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
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12
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Jakobsson G, Papareddy P, Andersson H, Mulholland M, Bhongir R, Ljungcrantz I, Engelbertsen D, Björkbacka H, Nilsson J, Manea A, Herwald H, Ruiz-Meana M, Rodríguez-Sinovas A, Chew M, Schiopu A. Therapeutic S100A8/A9 blockade inhibits myocardial and systemic inflammation and mitigates sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction. Crit Care 2023; 27:374. [PMID: 37773186 PMCID: PMC10540409 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-023-04652-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The triggering factors of sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction (SIMD) are poorly understood and are not addressed by current treatments. S100A8/A9 is a pro-inflammatory alarmin abundantly secreted by activated neutrophils during infection and inflammation. We investigated the efficacy of S100A8/A9 blockade as a potential new treatment in SIMD. METHODS The relationship between plasma S100A8/A9 and cardiac dysfunction was assessed in a cohort of 62 patients with severe sepsis admitted to the intensive care unit of Linköping University Hospital, Sweden. We used S100A8/A9 blockade with the small-molecule inhibitor ABR-238901 and S100A9-/- mice for therapeutic and mechanistic studies on endotoxemia-induced cardiac dysfunction in mice. RESULTS In sepsis patients, elevated plasma S100A8/A9 was associated with left-ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction and increased SOFA score. In wild-type mice, 5 mg/kg of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced rapid plasma S100A8/A9 increase and acute LV dysfunction. Two ABR-238901 doses (30 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally with a 6 h interval, starting directly after LPS or at a later time-point when LV dysfunction is fully established, efficiently prevented and reversed the phenotype, respectively. In contrast, dexamethasone did not improve cardiac function compared to PBS-treated endotoxemic controls. S100A8/A9 inhibition potently reduced systemic levels of inflammatory mediators, prevented upregulation of inflammatory genes and restored mitochondrial function in the myocardium. The S100A9-/- mice were protected against LPS-induced LV dysfunction to an extent comparable with pharmacologic S100A8/A9 blockade. The ABR-238901 treatment did not induce an additional improvement of LV function in the S100A9-/- mice, confirming target specificity. CONCLUSION Elevated S100A8/A9 is associated with the development of LV dysfunction in severe sepsis patients and in a mouse model of endotoxemia. Pharmacological blockade of S100A8/A9 with ABR-238901 has potent anti-inflammatory effects, mitigates myocardial dysfunction and might represent a novel therapeutic strategy for patients with severe sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Jakobsson
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Cardiac Inflammation Research Group, Clinical Research Center, 91:12, Jan Waldenströms Gata 35, 21 428, Malmö, Sweden
| | | | - Henrik Andersson
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Megan Mulholland
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ravi Bhongir
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Irena Ljungcrantz
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Harry Björkbacka
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jan Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Adrian Manea
- Nicolae Simionescu Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Heiko Herwald
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marisol Ruiz-Meana
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Sinovas
- Cardiovascular Diseases Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Vall d'Hebron Hospital Universitari, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michelle Chew
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alexandru Schiopu
- Department of Translational Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Nicolae Simionescu Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Skane University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.
- Cardiac Inflammation Research Group, Clinical Research Center, 91:12, Jan Waldenströms Gata 35, 21 428, Malmö, Sweden.
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13
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Wang X, Tang Q, Bergquist R, Zhou X, Qin Z. The Cytokine Profile in Different Stages of Schistosomiasis Japonica. Pathogens 2023; 12:1201. [PMID: 37887717 PMCID: PMC10610117 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12101201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
To explore and profile the level of cytokines in the sera of patients infected with Schistosoma japonicum to explore the helper T-cell response of patients either at the chronic or advanced stage of the disease. We randomly selected 58 subjects from several areas endemic for schistosomiasis japonica in China and collected serum samples to be tested for 18 different cytokines secreted by (1) Th1/Th2 cells (GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-12p70, IL-10, IL-13, IL-18 and TNF-α) and (2) Th9/Th17/Th22/Treg cells (IL-9, IL-17A, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23 and IL-27). The Th1/Th2 cytokines in chronic patients were not significantly different from those in healthy people, while patients with advanced schistosomiasis had higher levels of IL-2, IL-23 and IL-27 and lower levels of IL-18 and IFN-γ. With respect to the Th9/Th17/Th22/Treg cell cytokines, there were higher levels of IL-23. Thus, a limited variation of the cytokine response between the three patient groups was evident, but only in those with advanced infection, while there was no difference between chronic schistosomiasis infection and healthy subjects in this respect. The cytokine expression should be followed in patients with advanced schistosomiasis who show a cytokine pattern of a weakened Th1 cell response and an increased Th17 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China; (X.W.); (Q.T.)
| | - Qi Tang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China; (X.W.); (Q.T.)
| | | | - Xiaorong Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan 430079, China;
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases, National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China; (X.W.); (Q.T.)
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14
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Park J, Nguyen TMN, Park HA, Nguyen MTT, Lee NY, Ban SY, Park KB, Lee CK, Kim J, Park JT. Protective Effects of Lanostane Triterpenoids from Chaga Mushroom in Human Keratinocytes, HaCaT Cells, against Inflammatory and Oxidative Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12803. [PMID: 37628993 PMCID: PMC10454022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inotodiol, a lanostane-type triterpenoid, and many phytochemicals from Chaga mushrooms have been investigated for various allergic diseases. However, the anti-aging and anti-inflammatory activities of inotodiol under different types of oxidative stress and the impact of inotodiol on collagen and hyaluronan synthesis have not been sufficiently studied. Lanostane triterpenoids-rich concentrate, which contained 10% inotodiol as major (inotodiol concentrate), was prepared from Chaga and compared with pure inotodiol in terms of anti-inflammatory activities on a human keratinocyte cell line, HaCaT cells, under various stimulations such as stimulation with ultraviolet (UV) B or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. In stimulation with TNF-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 genes were significantly repressed by 0.44~4.0 μg/mL of pure inotodiol. UVB irradiation induced the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but those genes were significantly suppressed by pure inotodiol or inotodiol concentrate. Moreover, pure inotodiol/inotodiol concentrate could also modulate the synthesis of collagen and hyaluronic acid by controlling COL1A2 and HAS2/3 expression, which implies a crucial role for pure inotodiol/inotodiol concentrate in the prevention of skin aging. These results illuminate the anti-inflammatory and anti-aging effects of pure inotodiol/inotodiol concentrate, and it is highly conceivable that pure inotodiol and inotodiol concentrate could be promising natural bioactive substances to be incorporated in therapeutic and beautifying applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Park
- CARBOEXPERT Inc., Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (T.M.N.N.); (H.-a.P.); (N.-y.L.); (S.-y.B.); (K.-b.P.); (C.-k.L.)
| | - Thi Minh Nguyet Nguyen
- CARBOEXPERT Inc., Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (T.M.N.N.); (H.-a.P.); (N.-y.L.); (S.-y.B.); (K.-b.P.); (C.-k.L.)
| | - Hyun-ah Park
- CARBOEXPERT Inc., Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (T.M.N.N.); (H.-a.P.); (N.-y.L.); (S.-y.B.); (K.-b.P.); (C.-k.L.)
| | - My Tuyen Thi Nguyen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (M.T.T.N.); (J.K.)
- College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho City 94115, Vietnam
| | - Nan-young Lee
- CARBOEXPERT Inc., Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (T.M.N.N.); (H.-a.P.); (N.-y.L.); (S.-y.B.); (K.-b.P.); (C.-k.L.)
| | - So-young Ban
- CARBOEXPERT Inc., Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (T.M.N.N.); (H.-a.P.); (N.-y.L.); (S.-y.B.); (K.-b.P.); (C.-k.L.)
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (M.T.T.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Kyu-been Park
- CARBOEXPERT Inc., Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (T.M.N.N.); (H.-a.P.); (N.-y.L.); (S.-y.B.); (K.-b.P.); (C.-k.L.)
| | - Chang-kyu Lee
- CARBOEXPERT Inc., Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (T.M.N.N.); (H.-a.P.); (N.-y.L.); (S.-y.B.); (K.-b.P.); (C.-k.L.)
| | - Jaehan Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (M.T.T.N.); (J.K.)
| | - Jong-Tae Park
- CARBOEXPERT Inc., Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea; (J.P.); (T.M.N.N.); (H.-a.P.); (N.-y.L.); (S.-y.B.); (K.-b.P.); (C.-k.L.)
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
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15
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Huang X, Shentu H, He Y, Lai H, Xu C, Chen M, Zhu H. Efficacy and safety of IL-23 inhibitors in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis: a meta-analysis based on randomized controlled trials. Immunol Res 2023; 71:505-515. [PMID: 36811818 PMCID: PMC10425519 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-023-09366-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of interleukin (IL) 23 inhibitors in the treatment of psoriatic arthritis (PsA) has been the subject of much research. By specifically binding to the p19 subunit of IL-23, IL-23 inhibitors block downstream signaling pathways and inhibit inflammatory responses. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of IL-23 inhibitors in the treatment of PsA. PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE databases were searched from the time of conception to June 2022 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) investigating the use of IL-23 in PsA therapy. The main outcome of interest was the American College of Rheumatology 20 (ACR20) response rate at week 24. We included six RCTs (3 studies on guselkumab, 2 on risankizumab, and 1 on tildrakizumab) with a total of 2971 PsA patients in our meta-analysis. We found that the IL-23 inhibitor group showed a significantly higher ACR20 response rate compared to the placebo group (relative risk = 1.74, 95% confidence interval: 1.57-1.92; P < 0.001; I2 = 40%). There was no statistical difference in the risk of adverse events (P = 0.07) and serious adverse events (P = 0.20) between the IL-23 inhibitor and placebo groups. Notably, the rate of elevated transaminases in the IL-23 inhibitor group was higher than the placebo group (relative risk = 1.69; 95%CI 1.29-2.23; P < 0.001; I2 = 24%). In the treatment of PsA, IL-23 inhibitors significantly outperform placebo intervention while maintaining a favorable safety profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Huang
- Emergency Medical Center, Ningbo Yinzhou No. 2 Hospital, 998 North Qianhe Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100 China
| | - Haojie Shentu
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, Hangzhou China
| | - Yujing He
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou China
| | - Haijia Lai
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, Hangzhou China
| | - Chen Xu
- School of Nursing, Hangzhou Medical College, Zhejiang, Hangzhou China
| | - Meiling Chen
- The Public Health College, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou China
| | - Haowei Zhu
- Emergency Medical Center, Ningbo Yinzhou No. 2 Hospital, 998 North Qianhe Road, Yinzhou District, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315100 China
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16
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Zhao M, Chu J, Feng S, Guo C, Xue B, He K, Li L. Immunological mechanisms of inflammatory diseases caused by gut microbiota dysbiosis: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 164:114985. [PMID: 37311282 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is indispensable for maintaining host health by enhancing the host's digestive capacity, safeguarding the intestinal epithelial barrier, and preventing pathogen invasion. Additionally, the gut microbiota exhibits a bidirectional interaction with the host immune system and promotes the immune system of the host to mature. Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota, primarily caused by factors such as host genetic susceptibility, age, BMI, diet, and drug abuse, is a significant contributor to inflammatory diseases. However, the mechanisms underlying inflammatory diseases resulting from gut microbiota dysbiosis lack systematic categorization. In this study, we summarize the normal physiological functions of symbiotic microbiota in a healthy state and demonstrate that when dysbiosis occurs due to various external factors, the normal physiological functions of the gut microbiota are lost, leading to pathological damage to the intestinal lining, metabolic disorders, and intestinal barrier damage. This, in turn, triggers immune system disorders and eventually causes inflammatory diseases in various systems. These discoveries provide fresh perspectives on how to diagnose and treat inflammatory diseases. However, the unrecognized variables that might affect the link between inflammatory illnesses and gut microbiota, need further studies and extensive basic and clinical research will still be required to investigate this relationship in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min'an Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China; School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Jiayi Chu
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Shiyao Feng
- School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China
| | - Chuanhao Guo
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130041, China
| | - Baigong Xue
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| | - Kan He
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
| | - Lisha Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130021, China.
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17
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Chen J, Cai B, Tian C, Jiang D, Shi H, Huang Y, Zhu C, Li G, Deng S. RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) Analysis Reveals Liver Lipid Metabolism Divergent Adaptive Response to Low- and High-Salinity Stress in Spotted Scat ( Scatophagus argus). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13091503. [PMID: 37174540 PMCID: PMC10177406 DOI: 10.3390/ani13091503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) can tolerate a wide range of salinity fluctuations. It is a good model for studying environmental salinity adaptation. Lipid metabolism plays an important role in salinity adaptation in fish. To elucidate the mechanism of lipid metabolism in the osmoregulation, the liver transcriptome was analyzed after 22 d culture with a salinity of 5 ppt (Low-salinity group: LS), 25 ppt (Control group: Ctrl), and 35 ppt (High-salinity group: HS) water by using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) in spotted scat. RNA-seq analysis showed that 1276 and 2768 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the LS vs. Ctrl and HS vs. Ctrl, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the pathways of steroid hormone biosynthesis, steroid biosynthesis, glycerophospholipid metabolism, glycerolipid metabolism, and lipid metabolism were significantly enriched in the LS vs. Ctrl. The genes of steroid biosynthesis (sqle, dhcr7, and cyp51a1), steroid hormone biosynthesis (ugt2a1, ugt2a2, ugt2b20, and ugt2b31), and glycerophospholipid metabolism (cept1, pla2g4a, and ptdss2) were significantly down-regulated in the LS vs. Ctrl. The pathways related to lipid metabolisms, such as fatty acid metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway, adipocytokine signaling pathway, fatty acid degradation, and unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, were significantly enriched in the HS vs. Ctrl. The genes of unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis (scd1, hacd3, fads2, pecr, and elovl1) and adipocytokine signaling pathway (g6pc1, socs1, socs3, adipor2, pck1, and pparα) were significantly up-regulated in the HS vs. Ctrl. These results suggest that the difference in liver lipid metabolism is important to adapt to low- and high-salinity stress in spotted scat, which clarifies the molecular regulatory mechanisms of salinity adaptation in euryhaline fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqing Chen
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Bosheng Cai
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Changxu Tian
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Dongneng Jiang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Hongjuan Shi
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Chunhua Zhu
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Guangli Li
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Siping Deng
- Fisheries College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
- Guangdong Research Center on Reproductive Control and Breeding Technology of Indigenous Valuable Fish Species, Zhanjiang 524088, China
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Holloman BL, Cannon A, Wilson K, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M. Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation Ameliorates Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome through Regulation of Th17 and Th22 Cells in the Lungs. mBio 2023; 14:e0313722. [PMID: 36809070 PMCID: PMC10128024 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03137-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is triggered by a variety of insults, including bacterial and viral infections, and this leads to high mortality. While the role of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in mucosal immunity is being increasingly recognized, its function during ARDS is unclear. In the current study, we investigated the role of AhR in LPS-induced ARDS. AhR ligand, indole-3-carbinol (I3C), attenuated ARDS which was associated with a decrease in CD4+ RORγt +IL-17a+IL-22+ pathogenic Th17 cells, but not CD4+RORγt +IL-17a+IL-22- homeostatic Th 17 cells, in the lungs. AhR activation also led to a significant increase in CD4+IL-17a-IL-22+ Th22 cells. I3C-mediated Th22 cell expansion was dependent on the AhR expression on RORγt+ cells. AhR activation downregulated miR-29b-2-5p in immune cells from the lungs, which in turn downregulated RORc expression and upregulated IL-22. Collectively, the current study suggests that AhR activation can attenuate ARDS and may serve as a therapeutic modality by which to treat this complex disorder. IMPORTANCE Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a type of respiratory failure that is triggered by a variety of bacterial and viral infections, including the coronavirus SARS-CoV2. ARDS is associated with a hyperimmune response in the lungs that which is challenging to treat. Because of this difficulty, approximately 40% of patients with ARDS die. Thus, it is critical to understand the nature of the immune response that is functional in the lungs during ARDS as well as approaches by which to attenuate it. AhR is a transcription factor that is activated by a variety of endogenous and exogenous environmental chemicals as well as bacterial metabolites. While AhR has been shown to regulate inflammation, its role in ARDS is unclear. In the current study, we provide evidence that AhR activation can attenuate LPS-mediated ARDS through the activation of Th22 cells in the lungs, which are regulated through miR-29b-2-5p. Thus, AhR can be targeted to attenuate ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Latrell Holloman
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Alkeiver Cannon
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Kiesha Wilson
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Prakash Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Mitzi Nagarkatti
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Maryam S, Krukiewicz K, Haq IU, Khan AA, Yahya G, Cavalu S. Interleukins (Cytokines) as Biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer: Progression, Detection, and Monitoring. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12093127. [PMID: 37176567 PMCID: PMC10179696 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12093127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the primary cause of death in economically developed countries and the second leading cause in developing countries. Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Risk factors for CRC include obesity, a diet low in fruits and vegetables, physical inactivity, and smoking. CRC has a poor prognosis, and there is a critical need for new diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers to reduce related deaths. Recently, studies have focused more on molecular testing to guide targeted treatments for CRC patients. The most crucial feature of activated immune cells is the production and release of growth factors and cytokines that modulate the inflammatory conditions in tumor tissues. The cytokine network is valuable for the prognosis and pathogenesis of colorectal cancer as they can aid in the cost-effective and non-invasive detection of cancer. A large number of interleukins (IL) released by the immune system at various stages of CRC can act as "biomarkers". They play diverse functions in colorectal cancer, and include IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-11, IL-17A, IL-22, IL-23, IL-33, TNF, TGF-β, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), which are pro-tumorigenic genes. However, there are an inadequate number of studies in this area considering its correlation with cytokine profiles that are clinically useful in diagnosing cancer. A better understanding of cytokine levels to establish diagnostic pathways entails an understanding of cytokine interactions and the regulation of their various biochemical signaling pathways in healthy individuals. This review provides a comprehensive summary of some interleukins as immunological biomarkers of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajida Maryam
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Katarzyna Krukiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Centre for Organic and Nanohybrid Electronics, Silesian University of Technology, Konarskiego 22B, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Ihtisham Ul Haq
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, M. Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
- Joint Doctoral School, Silesian University of Technology, Akademicka 2A, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Awal Ayaz Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad (CUI), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Galal Yahya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Al Sharqia, Egypt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Paul-Ehrlich Str. 24, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Simona Cavalu
- Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, University of Oradea, P-ta 1 Decembrie 10, 410087 Oradea, Romania
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20
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Lv Y, Chang L, Yang J, Wen J, Zhao Y, Zhu M, Wu C, Zhao W. Immunogenicity of peptide-based vaccine composed of epitopes from Echinococcus granulosus rEg.P29. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22819. [PMID: 36848174 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201636r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is one of the main causes of economic loss in the livestock industry because of its food-borne transmission. Cutting off the transmission route is a valid prevention method, and vaccines are the most effective means of controlling and eliminating infectious diseases. However, no human-related vaccine has been yet marketed. As a genetic engineering vaccine, recombinant protein P29 of E. granulosus (rEg.P29) could provide protection against deadly challenges. In this study, we generated peptide vaccines (rEg.P29T , rEg.P29B , and rEg.P29T+B ) based on rEg.P29 and an immunized model was established by subcutaneous immunization. Further evaluation showed that peptide vaccine immunization in mice induced T helper type 1 (Th1)-mediated cellular immune responses, leading to high levels of rEg.P29 or rEg.P29B -specific antibodies. In addition, rEg.P29T+B immunization can induce a higher antibody and cytokine production level than single-epitope vaccines, and immune memory is also longer. Collectively, these results suggest that rEg.P29T+B has the potential to be developed as an efficient subunit vaccine for use in areas where E. granulosus is endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxue Lv
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
| | - Liangliang Chang
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jihui Yang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
| | - Jia Wen
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yinqi Zhao
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mingxing Zhu
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
| | - Changyou Wu
- Institute of Immunology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China.,Ningxia Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Common Infectious Diseases, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan, China
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21
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Maciel-Fiuza MF, Muller GC, Campos DMS, do Socorro Silva Costa P, Peruzzo J, Bonamigo RR, Veit T, Vianna FSL. Role of gut microbiota in infectious and inflammatory diseases. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1098386. [PMID: 37051522 PMCID: PMC10083300 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1098386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Thousands of microorganisms compose the human gut microbiota, fighting pathogens in infectious diseases and inhibiting or inducing inflammation in different immunological contexts. The gut microbiome is a dynamic and complex ecosystem that helps in the proliferation, growth, and differentiation of epithelial and immune cells to maintain intestinal homeostasis. Disorders that cause alteration of this microbiota lead to an imbalance in the host’s immune regulation. Growing evidence supports that the gut microbial community is associated with the development and progression of different infectious and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, understanding the interaction between intestinal microbiota and the modulation of the host’s immune system is fundamental to understanding the mechanisms involved in different pathologies, as well as for the search of new treatments. Here we review the main gut bacteria capable of impacting the immune response in different pathologies and we discuss the mechanisms by which this interaction between the immune system and the microbiota can alter disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriãn Ferrão Maciel-Fiuza
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Genomics Medicine Laboratory, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Cerutti Muller
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Daniel Marques Stuart Campos
- Genomics Medicine Laboratory, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Perpétua do Socorro Silva Costa
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Nursing, Universidade Federal do Maranhão, Imperatriz, Brazil
| | - Juliano Peruzzo
- Dermatology Service of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Renan Rangel Bonamigo
- Dermatology Service of Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Universidade Federal De Ciências Da Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Tiago Veit
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Sales Luiz Vianna
- Postgraduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Genética Médica Populacional, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Genomics Medicine Laboratory, Center of Experimental Research, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratory of Immunobiology and Immunogenetics, Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Medicine, Medical Sciences, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Fernanda Sales Luiz Vianna,
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22
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Teymournejad O, Li Z, Beesetty P, Yang C, Montgomery CP. Toxin expression during Staphylococcus aureus infection imprints host immunity to inhibit vaccine efficacy. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:3. [PMID: 36693884 PMCID: PMC9873725 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-022-00598-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus infections are a major public health issue, and a vaccine is urgently needed. Despite a considerable promise in preclinical models, all vaccines tested thus far have failed to protect humans against S. aureus. Unlike laboratory mice, humans are exposed to S. aureus throughout life. In the current study, we hypothesized that prior exposure to S. aureus "imprints" the immune response to inhibit vaccine-mediated protection. We established a mouse model in which S. aureus skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) is followed by vaccination and secondary SSTI. Unlike naïve mice, S. aureus-sensitized mice were incompletely protected against secondary SSTI by vaccination with the inactivated α-hemolysin (Hla) mutant HlaH35L. Inhibition of protection was specific for the HlaH35L vaccine and required hla expression during primary SSTI. Surprisingly, inhibition occurred at the level of vaccine-elicited effector T cells; hla expression during primary infection limited the expansion of T cells and dendritic cells and impaired vaccine-specific T cell responses. Importantly, the T cell-stimulating adjuvant CAF01 rescued inhibition and restored vaccine-mediated protection. Together, these findings identify a potential mechanism for the failure of translation of promising S. aureus vaccines from mouse models to clinical practice and suggest a path forward to prevent these devastating infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Teymournejad
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH US ,grid.185648.60000 0001 2175 0319Present Address: Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL US
| | - Zhaotao Li
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH US
| | - Pavani Beesetty
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH US ,grid.231844.80000 0004 0474 0428Present Address: Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario Canada
| | - Ching Yang
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH US ,grid.259180.70000 0001 2298 1899Present Address: Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Long Island University, Brookville, NY US
| | - Christopher P. Montgomery
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH US ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH US ,grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Division of Critical Care Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH US
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23
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Zhang K, Chen L, Zhu C, Zhang M, Liang C. Current Knowledge of Th22 Cell and IL-22 Functions in Infectious Diseases. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12020176. [PMID: 36839448 PMCID: PMC9965464 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
T helper 22 (Th22) cells, a newly defined CD4+ T-cell lineage, are characterized by their distinct cytokine profile, which primarily consists of IL-13, IL-22 and TNF-α. Th22 cells express a wide spectrum of chemokine receptors, such as CCR4, CCR6 and CCR10. The main effector molecule secreted by Th22 cells is IL-22, a member of the IL-10 family, which acts by binding to IL-22R and triggering a complex downstream signaling system. Th22 cells and IL-22 have been found to play variable roles in human immunity. In preventing the progression of infections such as HIV and influenza, Th22/IL-22 exhibited protective anti-inflammatory characteristics, and their deleterious proinflammatory activities have been demonstrated to exacerbate other illnesses, including hepatitis B and Helicobacter pylori infection. Herein, we review the current understanding of Th22 cells, including their definition, differentiation and mechanisms, and the effect of Th22/IL-22 on human infectious diseases. According to studies on Th22 cells, Th22/IL-22 may be a promising therapeutic target and an effective treatment strategy for various infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunyu Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
| | - Chenyu Zhu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- The Second Clinical Medical College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (C.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-55162922034 (M.Z.); +86-55162922034 (C.L.)
| | - Chaozhao Liang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Genitourinary Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Institute of Urology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230022, China
- Correspondence: (M.Z.); (C.L.); Tel./Fax: +86-55162922034 (M.Z.); +86-55162922034 (C.L.)
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24
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Zhou Z, Yang W, Yu T, Yu Y, Zhao X, Yu Y, Gu C, Bilotta AJ, Yao S, Zhao Q, Golovko G, Li M, Cong Y. GPR120 promotes neutrophil control of intestinal bacterial infection. Gut Microbes 2023; 15:2190311. [PMID: 36927391 PMCID: PMC10026904 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2190311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptor 120 (GPR 120) has been implicated in anti-inflammatory functions. However, how GPR120 regulates the neutrophil function remains unknown. This study investigated the role of GPR120 in the regulation of neutrophil function against enteric bacteria. 16S rRNA sequencing was used for measuring the gut microbiota of wild-type (WT) mice and Gpr120-/- mice. Citrobacter rodentium infection and dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis models were performed in WT and Gpr120-/- mice. Mouse peritoneal-derived primary neutrophils were used to determine the neutrophil functions. Gpr120-/- mice showed altered microbiota composition. Gpr120-/- mice exhibited less capacity to clear intestinal Citrobacter rodentium and more severe intestinal inflammation upon infection or DSS insults. Depletion of neutrophils decreased the intestinal clearance of Citrobacter rodentium. GPR120 agonist, CpdA, enhanced WT neutrophil production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and extracellular traps (NETs), and GPR120-deficient neutrophils demonstrated a lower level of ROS and NETs. CpdA-treated neutrophils showed an enhanced capacity to inhibit the growth of Citrobacter rodentium, which was abrogated by the inhibition of either NETs or ROS. CpdA promoted neutrophil inhibition of the growth of commensal bacteria Escherichia coli O9:H4 and pathobiont Escherichia coli O83:H1 isolated from a Crohn's disease patient. Mechanically, mTOR activation and glycolysis mediated GPR120 induction of ROS and NETs in neutrophils. Additionally, CpdA promoted the neutrophil production of IL-17 and IL-22, and treatment with a conditioned medium of GPR120-activated neutrophils increased intestinal epithelial cell barrier functions. Our study demonstrated the critical role of GPR120 in neutrophils in protection against enteric bacterial invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenjing Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Tianming Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Yu Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Xiaojing Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Yanbo Yu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Chuncai Gu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nan Fang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anthony J Bilotta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Suxia Yao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Qihong Zhao
- Bristol-MyersSquibb, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - George Golovko
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
| | - Mingsong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
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25
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Pascual DW, Goodwin ZI, Bhagyaraj E, Hoffman C, Yang X. Activation of mucosal immunity as a novel therapeutic strategy for combating brucellosis. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1018165. [PMID: 36620020 PMCID: PMC9814167 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1018165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is a disease of livestock that is commonly asymptomatic until an abortion occurs. Disease in humans results from contact of infected livestock or consumption of contaminated milk or meat. Brucella zoonosis is primarily caused by one of three species that infect livestock, Bacillus abortus in cattle, B. melitensis in goats and sheep, and B. suis in pigs. To aid in disease prophylaxis, livestock vaccines are available, but are only 70% effective; hence, improved vaccines are needed to mitigate disease, particularly in countries where disease remains pervasive. The absence of knowing which proteins confer complete protection limits development of subunit vaccines. Instead, efforts are focused on developing new and improved live, attenuated Brucella vaccines, since these mimic attributes of wild-type Brucella, and stimulate host immune, particularly T helper 1-type responses, required for protection. In considering their development, the new mutants must address Brucella's defense mechanisms normally active to circumvent host immune detection. Vaccination approaches should also consider mode and route of delivery since disease transmission among livestock and humans is believed to occur via the naso-oropharyngeal tissues. By arming the host's mucosal immune defenses with resident memory T cells (TRMs) and by expanding the sources of IFN-γ, brucellae dissemination from the site of infection to systemic tissues can be prevented. In this review, points of discussion focus on understanding the various immune mechanisms involved in disease progression and which immune players are important in fighting disease.
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Amato M, Di Spirito F, D’Ambrosio F, Boccia G, Moccia G, De Caro F. Probiotics in Periodontal and Peri-Implant Health Management: Biofilm Control, Dysbiosis Reversal, and Host Modulation. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2289. [PMID: 36422359 PMCID: PMC9694231 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis and peri-implantitis are microbially associated diseases of the tissues supporting the teeth and dental implants that are mediated by host inflammation and eventually lead to tooth and dental implant loss. Given the probiotics' role in biofilm control, dysbiosis reversal, and host modulation, their potential beneficial effects on the improvement of periodontitis and peri-implantitis have been recently investigated. Moreover, probiotics use has also been proposed in periodontal health management in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy. Therefore, the present study aimed to review, considering the periodontal microbiome composition around teeth and dental implants in healthy and pathological conditions, the putative favorable effects of probiotics on gingivitis, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis. The secondary aim of the present narrative review was to synthesize the supporting evidence and proposed protocols for probiotics use as adjuncts in periodontitis and peri-implantitis treatment and the periodontal health management of orthodontic patients with fixed appliances. Contrasting findings from the literature may be due to the different methods, posology, and duration of probiotics prescriptions and due to the heterogeneous biological and clinical measurement methods employed. Thus, no definitive conclusions could be drawn about the effectiveness of probiotics in periodontal management, both in healthy and pathological conditions. Further studies are needed to validate probiotics for periodontal management and provide recommended protocols.
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27
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Al-Hakeim HK, Al-Musawi AF, Al-Mulla A, Al-Dujaili AH, Debnath M, Maes M. The interleukin-6/interleukin-23/T helper 17-axis as a driver of neuro-immune toxicity in the major neurocognitive psychosis or deficit schizophrenia: A precision nomothetic psychiatry analysis. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275839. [PMID: 36256663 PMCID: PMC9578624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia and especially deficit schizophrenia (DSCZ) are characterized by increased activity of neuroimmunotoxic pathways and a generalized cognitive decline (G-CoDe). There is no data on whether the interleukin (IL)-6/IL-23/T helper 17 (IL-6/IL-23/Th17)-axis is more associated with DSCZ than with non-deficit schizophrenia (NDSCZ) and whether changes in this axis are associated with the G-CoDe and the phenome (a factor extracted from all symptom domains) of schizophrenia. METHODS This study included 45 DSCZ and 45 NDSCZ patients and 40 controls and delineated whether the IL-6/IL-23/Th17 axis, trace elements (copper, zinc) and ions (magnesium, calcium) are associated with DSCZ, the G-CoDe and the schizophrenia phenome. RESULTS Increased plasma IL-23 and IL-6 levels were associated with Th17 upregulation, assessed as a latent vector (LV) extracted from IL-17, IL-21, IL-22, and TNF-α. The IL-6/IL-23/Th17-axis score, as assessed by an LV extracted from IL-23, IL-6, and the Th17 LV, was significantly higher in DSCZ than in NDSCZ and controls. We discovered that 70.7% of the variance in the phenome was explained by the IL-6/IL-23/Th17-axis (positively) and the G-CoDe and IL-10 (both inversely); and that 54.6% of the variance in the G-CoDe was explained by the IL-6/IL-23/Th17 scores (inversely) and magnesium, copper, calcium, and zinc (all positively). CONCLUSION The pathogenic IL-6/IL-23/Th17-axis contributes to the generalized neurocognitive deficit and the phenome of schizophrenia, especially that of DSCZ, due to its key role in peripheral inflammation and neuroinflammation and its consequent immunotoxic effects on neuronal circuits. These clinical impairments are more prominent in subjects with lowered IL-10, magnesium, calcium, and zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Fattah Al-Musawi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Laboratory Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Al-Kafeel, Kufa, Iraq
| | - Abbas Al-Mulla
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | | | - Monojit Debnath
- Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
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Lanna C, Lambiase S, Gaeta Shumak R, Borselli C, Cosio T, Dattola A, Bianchi L, Campione E. Why targeted therapeutics have provided benefit in psoriasis: looking at IL-17 biology. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2022; 15:1209-1224. [PMID: 36189480 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2022.2130758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Psoriasis is an inflammatory, chronic and immune-mediated disease that can affect the skin and joints. Pro-inflammatory cytokines have a dominant role in the pathogenesis of this heterogeneous disease in which the IL-23/IL-17 axis plays a crucial role. The IL-17 family is involved in numerous processes such as immune defense, intestinal disorders and diseases of the central nervous system. In psoriasis, in particular, many cytokines belonging to the IL-17 family are involved in the inflammatory cascade underlying the disease. AREAS COVERED The knowledge of the mechanisms and pathways behind psoriasis is crucial for the development of new target therapies. We focused on IL-17 biology in order to understand why biological drugs against this cytokine are an effective treatment for moderate to severe psoriasis. Clinical trials results of ixekizumab, brodalumab, secukinumab and bimekizumab have been presented. EXPERT OPINION Il-17 inhibitors are a very fast and effective treatment against psoriasis; however, fungal infections can occur during their use, due to IL-17 biological functions. Therefore, it should be mandatory to choose the right patients to treat with these monoclonal antibodies in order to have a tailored target therapy for each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Lanna
- Dermatologic Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Sara Lambiase
- Dermatologic Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | - Terenzio Cosio
- Dermatologic Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Luca Bianchi
- Dermatologic Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
| | - Elena Campione
- Dermatologic Unit, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Roma, Italy
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Biryukov SS, Cote CK, Klimko CP, Dankmeyer JL, Rill NO, Shoe JL, Hunter M, Shamsuddin Z, Velez I, Hedrick ZM, Rosario-Acevedo R, Talyansky Y, Schmidt LK, Orne CE, Fetterer DP, Burtnick MN, Brett PJ, Welkos SL, DeShazer D. Evaluation of two different vaccine platforms for immunization against melioidosis and glanders. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:965518. [PMID: 36060742 PMCID: PMC9428723 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.965518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkholderia pseudomallei and the closely related species, Burkholderia mallei, produce similar multifaceted diseases which range from rapidly fatal to protracted and chronic, and are a major cause of mortality in endemic regions. Besides causing natural infections, both microbes are Tier 1 potential biothreat agents. Antibiotic treatment is prolonged with variable results, hence effective vaccines are urgently needed. The purpose of our studies was to compare candidate vaccines that target both melioidosis and glanders to identify the most efficacious one(s) and define residual requirements for their transition to the non-human primate aerosol model. Studies were conducted in the C57BL/6 mouse model to evaluate the humoral and cell-mediated immune response and protective efficacy of three Burkholderia vaccine candidates against lethal aerosol challenges with B. pseudomallei K96243, B. pseudomallei MSHR5855, and B. mallei FMH. The recombinant vaccines generated significant immune responses to the vaccine antigens, and the live attenuated vaccine generated a greater immune response to OPS and the whole bacterial cells. Regardless of the candidate vaccine evaluated, the protection of mice was associated with a dampened cytokine response within the lungs after exposure to aerosolized bacteria. Despite being delivered by two different platforms and generating distinct immune responses, two experimental vaccines, a capsule conjugate + Hcp1 subunit vaccine and the live B. pseudomallei 668 ΔilvI strain, provided significant protection and were down-selected for further investigation and advanced development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei S. Biryukov
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Christopher K. Cote
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Christopher K. Cote
| | - Christopher P. Klimko
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Dankmeyer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Nathaniel O. Rill
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Shoe
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Melissa Hunter
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Zain Shamsuddin
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ivan Velez
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Zander M. Hedrick
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Raysa Rosario-Acevedo
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Yuli Talyansky
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Lindsey K. Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Caitlyn E. Orne
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
| | - David P. Fetterer
- Biostatistics Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Mary N. Burtnick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paul J. Brett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno School of Medicine, Reno, NV, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Susan L. Welkos
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - David DeShazer
- Bacteriology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD, United States
- David DeShazer
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Lok S, Lau TNH, Trost B, Tong AHY, Wintle RF, Engstrom MD, Stacy E, Waits LP, Scrafford M, Scherer SW. Chromosomal-level reference genome assembly of the North American wolverine ( Gulo gulo luscus): a resource for conservation genomics. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6604289. [PMID: 35674384 PMCID: PMC9339297 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report a chromosomal-level genome assembly of a male North American wolverine (Gulo gulo luscus) from the Kugluktuk region of Nunavut, Canada. The genome was assembled directly from long-reads, comprising: 758 contigs with a contig N50 of 36.6 Mb; contig L50 of 20; base count of 2.39 Gb; and a near complete representation (99.98%) of the BUSCO 5.2.2 set of 9,226 genes. A presumptive chromosomal-level assembly was generated by scaffolding against two chromosomal-level Mustelidae reference genomes, the ermine and the Eurasian river otter, to derive a final scaffold N50 of 144.0 Mb and a scaffold L50 of 7. We annotated a comprehensive set of genes that have been associated with models of aggressive behavior, a trait which the wolverine is purported to have in the popular literature. To support an integrated, genomics-based wildlife management strategy at a time of environmental disruption from climate change, we annotated the principal genes of the innate immune system to provide a resource to study the wolverine’s susceptibility to new infectious and parasitic diseases. As a resource, we annotated genes involved in the modality of infection by the coronaviruses, an important class of viral pathogens of growing concern as shown by the recent spillover infections by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 to naïve wildlife. Tabulation of heterozygous single nucleotide variants in our specimen revealed a heterozygosity level of 0.065%, indicating a relatively diverse genetic pool that would serve as a baseline for the genomics-based conservation of the wolverine, a rare cold-adapted carnivore now under threat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Lok
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Timothy N H Lau
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Brett Trost
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Amy H Y Tong
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular and Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto , ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Richard F Wintle
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Mark D Engstrom
- Department of Natural History, Royal Ontario Museum , Toronto, ON M5S 2C6, Canada
| | - Elise Stacy
- Environmental Science Program, University of Idaho , Moscow, ID 83844, USA
- Wildlife Conservation Society, Arctic Beringia , Fairbanks, AK 99709, USA
| | - Lisette P Waits
- Department of Fish and Wildlife, University of Idaho , Moscow, ID 83844, USA
| | - Matthew Scrafford
- Wildlife Conservation Society Canada , Thunder Bay, ON P7A 4K9, Canada
| | - Stephen W Scherer
- The Centre for Applied Genomics, Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- McLaughlin Centre, University of Toronto , Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto , ON M5S 1A8, Canada
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31
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The Associations between Cytokine Levels, Kidney and Heart Function Biomarkers, and Expression Levels of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme-2 and Neuropilin-1 in COVID-19 Patients. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10071045. [PMID: 35891209 PMCID: PMC9316107 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10071045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Higher expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) in addition to neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) can lead to a cytokine storm which is correlated to higher mortality rate and contributes to the progression of renal diseases and the pathogenesis of coronary heart disease (CHD) in COVID-19 patients. Aim: We herein sought to examine correlations between cytokine levels, ACE-2 and NRP-1 expression, renal function biomarkers, and cardiac enzymes in COVID-19 patients. Patients and Methods: For the study, 50 healthy subjects and 100 COVID-19 patients were enrolled. Then, confirmed cases of COVID-19 were divided into two groups—those with moderate infection and those with severe infection—and compared to healthy controls. Serum creatinine, urea, CK-MB, LDH, troponin I, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-10, IL-17, and INF-γ levels were estimated. We also studied the gene expression for ACE-2 and NRP-1 in blood samples utilizing quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results: All COVID-19 patients demonstrated a significant increase in the levels of serum creatinine, urea, CK-MB, LDH, and troponin I, as well as examined cytokines compared to the healthy controls. Furthermore, ACE-2 mRNA and NRP-1 mRNA expression levels demonstrated a significant increase in both severe and moderate COVID-19 patient groups. In the severe group, serum creatinine and urea levels were positively correlated with IL-10, INF-γ, NRP-1, and ACE-2 expression levels. Moreover, LDH was positively correlated with all the examined cytokine, NRP-1, and ACE-2 expression levels. Conclusion: Deficits in renal and cardiac functions might be attributable to cytokine storm resulting from the higher expression of ACE-2 and NRP-1 in cases of COVID-19.
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Martins LRL, Grzech-Leśniak K, Castro dos Santos N, Suárez LJ, Giro G, Bastos MF, Shibli JA. Transcription Factor AhR, Cytokines IL-6 and IL-22 in Subjects with and without Peri-Implantitis: A Case Control-Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:7434. [PMID: 35742682 PMCID: PMC9224299 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Peri-implantitis is a plaque-associated condition characterized by mucosal inflammation and subsequent progressive loss of supporting bone; it is caused by bacterial biofilm, but the host response triggered by bacterial stimulation promotes the release of cells and mediators that culminate in tissue destruction. The Aryl-hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) is associated with IL-22 production by Th22 and Th17 CD4+ Th cells. The presence of IL-6 may promote the Th22 phenotype. The present case-control study evaluated the gene expression of AhR, IL-22, and IL-6 in the peri-implant tissues of healthy and peri-implantitis patients. Tissue biopsies were collected from thirty-five volunteers (15 healthy and 20 with peri-implantitis). A real-time PCR reaction was utilized to assess the AhR, IL-22, and IL-6 gene expression levels relative to the reference gene (GAPDH). The results were analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test with a significance level of 5%. Higher levels of gene expression of AhR and IL-6 were detected in peri-implantitis tissues. The IL-22 gene expression levels did not differ between groups. In conclusion, higher gene expression levels for AhR and IL-6 were detected in the soft tissues of peri-implantitis patients. IL-22 did not vary between conditions, which may indicate the loss of the immunomodulatory role of IL-22 in periimplantitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Ricardo Linard Martins
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, Brazil; (L.R.L.M.); (N.C.d.S.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Kinga Grzech-Leśniak
- Laser Laboratory at Dental Surgery Department, Medical University of Wroclaw, 50-425 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Nidia Castro dos Santos
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, Brazil; (L.R.L.M.); (N.C.d.S.); (L.J.S.)
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Lina J. Suárez
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, Brazil; (L.R.L.M.); (N.C.d.S.); (L.J.S.)
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas y Medicina Oral, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Cra 45 # 26-85, Bogota 11001, Colombia
| | - Gabriela Giro
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, Brazil; (L.R.L.M.); (N.C.d.S.); (L.J.S.)
| | - Marta Ferreira Bastos
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Ciências do Envelhecimento, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, Rua Taquari, 546, Sao Paulo 03166-000, Brazil;
| | - Jamil Awad Shibli
- Department of Periodontology, Dental Research Division, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos 07023-070, Brazil; (L.R.L.M.); (N.C.d.S.); (L.J.S.)
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Correia A, Alves P, Fróis-Martins R, Teixeira L, Vilanova M. Protective Effect against Neosporosis Induced by Intranasal Immunization with Neospora caninum Membrane Antigens Plus Carbomer-Based Adjuvant. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060925. [PMID: 35746533 PMCID: PMC9230871 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neospora caninum is an obligate intracellular protozoan responsible for abortion and stillbirths in cattle. We previously developed a mucosal vaccination approach using N. caninum membrane proteins and CpG adjuvant that conferred long-term protection against neosporosis in mice. Here, we have extended this approach by alternatively using the carbomer-based adjuvant Carbigen™ in the immunizing preparation. Immunized mice presented higher proportions and numbers of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Stimulation of spleen, lungs and liver leukocytes with parasite antigens induced a marked production of IFN-γ and IL-17A and, less markedly, IL-4. This balanced response was also evident in that both parasite-specific IgG1 and IgG2c were raised by immunization, together with specific intestinal IgA. Upon intraperitoneal infection with N. caninum, immunized mice presented lower parasitic burdens than sham-immunized controls. In the infected immunized mice, memory CD4+ T cells predominantly expressed T-bet and RORγt, and CD8+ T cells expressing T-bet were found increased. While spleen, lungs and liver leukocytes of both immunized and sham-immunized infected animals produced high amounts of IFN-γ, only the cells from immunized mice responded with high IL-17A production. Since in cattle both IFN-γ and IL-17A have been associated with protective mechanisms against N. caninum infection, the elicited cytokine profile obtained using CarbigenTM as adjuvant indicates that it could be worth exploring for bovine neosporosis vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Correia
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.C.); (P.A.)
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro Alves
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.C.); (P.A.)
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Fróis-Martins
- Immunology Section, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 266a, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luzia Teixeira
- UMIB—Unidade Multidisciplinar de Investigação Biomédica, ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- ITR—Laboratory for Integrative and Translational Research in Population Health, 4050-290 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel Vilanova
- ICBAS—Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; (A.C.); (P.A.)
- I3S—Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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Kuijpers Y, Chu X, Jaeger M, Moorlag SJCFM, Koeken VACM, Zhang B, de Nooijer A, Grondman I, Gupta MK, Janssen N, Mourits VP, de Bree LCJ, de Mast Q, van de Veerdonk FL, Joosten LAB, Li Y, Netea MG, Xu CJ. The Genetic Risk for COVID-19 Severity Is Associated With Defective Immune Responses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:859387. [PMID: 35634344 PMCID: PMC9133558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of COVID-19 patients of European ancestry have identified genetic loci significantly associated with disease severity. Here, we employed the detailed clinical, immunological and multi-omics dataset of the Human Functional Genomics Project (HFGP) to explore the physiological significance of the host genetic variants that influence susceptibility to severe COVID-19. A genomics investigation intersected with functional characterization of individuals with high genetic risk for severe COVID-19 susceptibility identified several major patterns: i. a large impact of genetically determined innate immune responses in COVID-19, with ii. increased susceptibility for severe disease in individuals with defective cytokine production; iii. genetic susceptibility related to ABO blood groups is probably mediated through the von Willebrand factor (VWF) and endothelial dysfunction. We further validated these identified associations at transcript and protein levels by using independent disease cohorts. These insights allow a physiological understanding of genetic susceptibility to severe COVID-19, and indicate pathways that could be targeted for prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Kuijpers
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, CiiM, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Xiaojing Chu
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, CiiM, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Simone J C F M Moorlag
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Valerie A C M Koeken
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, CiiM, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Bowen Zhang
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, CiiM, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Aline de Nooijer
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Inge Grondman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Manoj Kumar Gupta
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, CiiM, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nico Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Vera P Mourits
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - L Charlotte J de Bree
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Quirijn de Mast
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Frank L van de Veerdonk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Leo A B Joosten
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Núcleo de Pesquisa da Faculdade da Polícia Militar (FPM) do Estado de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Yang Li
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, CiiM, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Mihai G Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department for Genomics and Immunoregulation, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Cheng-Jian Xu
- Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine, CiiM, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,TWINCORE, Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a joint venture between the Hannover Medical School and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Institute for Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Ahmed Mostafa G, Mohamed Ibrahim H, Al Sayed Shehab A, Mohamed Magdy S, AboAbdoun Soliman N, Fathy El-Sherif D. Up-regulated serum levels of interleukin (IL)-17A and IL-22 in Egyptian pediatric patients with COVID-19 and MIS-C: Relation to the disease outcome. Cytokine 2022; 154:155870. [PMID: 35398721 PMCID: PMC8977483 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Both IL-17A and IL-22 share cellular sources and signaling pathways. They have synergistic action on epithelial cells to stimulate their production of antimicrobial peptides which are protective against infections. However, both interleukins may contribute to ARDS pathology if their production is not controlled. This study aimed to investigate serum levels of IL-17A and IL-22 in relation to the disease outcome in patients with SARS-CoV-2. Serum IL-17A and IL-22 were measured by ELISA in 40 patients with SARS-CoV-2, aged between 2 months and 16 years, (18 had COVID-19 and 22 had multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children "MIS-C") in comparison to 48 age- and sex-matched healthy control children. Patients with COVID-19 and MIS-C had significantly higher serum IL-17A and IL-22 levels than healthy control children (P < 0.001). Increased serum IL-17A and IL-22 levels were found in all patients. Elevated CRP and serum ferritin levels were found in 90% of these patients. Lymphopenia, neutrophilia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia and elevated ALT, LDH and D-dimer were found in 45%, 42.5 %, 2.5%, 30%, 32.5%, 82.5%, and 65%, respectively of these patients. There were non-significant differences between patients who recovered and those who died or had a residual illness in serum levels of IL-17A, IL-22 and the routine inflammatory markers of COVID-19. In conclusions, serum IL-17A and IL-22 levels were up-regulated in all patients with COVID-19 and MIS-C. Levels of serum IL-17A, IL-22 and the routine inflammatory markers of COVID-19 were not correlated with the disease outcome. Our conclusions are limited by the sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gehan Ahmed Mostafa
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | | - Abeer Al Sayed Shehab
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sondos Mohamed Magdy
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Rauch J, Jochum J, Eisermann P, Gisbrecht J, Völker K, Hunstig F, Mehlhoop U, Muntau B, Tappe D. Inflammatory cytokine profile and T cell responses in African tick bite fever patients. Med Microbiol Immunol 2022; 211:143-152. [PMID: 35543881 PMCID: PMC9092931 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-022-00738-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
African tick bite fever, an acute febrile illness, is caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium Rickettsia africae. Immune responses to rickettsial infections have so far mainly been investigated in vitro with infected endothelial cells as the main target cells, and in mouse models. Patient studies are rare and little is known about the immunology of human infections. In this study, inflammatory mediators and T cell responses were examined in samples from 13 patients with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed R. africae infections at different time points of illness. The Th1-associated cytokines IFNγ and IL-12 were increased in the acute phase of illness, as were levels of the T cell chemoattractant cytokine CXCL-10. In addition, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 and also IL-22 were elevated. IL-22 but not IFNγ was increasingly produced by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells during illness. Besides IFNγ, IL-22 appears to play a protective role in rickettsial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Rauch
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Jochum
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Philip Eisermann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jana Gisbrecht
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Ute Mehlhoop
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Birgit Muntau
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, 20359, Hamburg, Germany
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Happel AU, Gasper M, Balle C, Konstantinus I, Gamieldien H, Dabee S, Gill K, Bekker LG, Passmore JAS, Jaspan HB. Persistent, Asymptomatic Colonization with Candida is Associated with Elevated Frequencies of Highly Activated Cervical Th17-Like Cells and Related Cytokines in the Reproductive Tract of South African Adolescents. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0162621. [PMID: 35348351 PMCID: PMC9045181 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01626-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervicovaginal inflammation, nonoptimal microbiota, T-cell activation, and hormonal contraceptives may increase HIV risk, yet associations between these factors and subclinical Candida colonization or hyphae are unknown. We collected cervicovaginal samples from 94 South African adolescents, aged 15 to 19 years, who were randomized to injectable norethisterone enanthate (Net-En), an etonorgesterol/ethinyl estradiol vaginal ring (NuvaRing), or oral contraceptives in the UChoose trial (NCT02404038) at baseline and 16 weeks post-randomization. We assessed cervicovaginal samples for subclinical Candida colonization (by quantitative PCR [qPCR]), hyphae (by Gram stain), microbiota composition (by 16S rRNA gene sequencing), cytokine concentrations (by Luminex), and cervical T-cell phenotypes and activation (by multiparameter flow cytometry). While hormonal contraceptive type did not influence incidence of Candida colonization or hyphae, hyphae presence was associated with significantly elevated concentrations of IL-22, IL-17A and IL-17F, all produced by Th17 cells, but not of other cytokines, such as IL-1β or IL-6, after adjustment for confounders. Subclinical Candida colonization was associated with reduced frequencies of Th17-like cells and elevated frequencies of CCR6-CCR10 T cells. Women with Candida hyphae were less likely to have bacterial vaginosis (BV). Persistent, subclinical colonization with Candida over 16 weeks was associated with significant increases in Th17-related cytokine concentrations and highly activated Th17-like and CCR6-CCR10 T-cell frequencies. These data suggest that vaginal Candida colonization and hyphae increase Th17-related cytokines, but not overall female genital tract inflammation in Sub-Saharan African adolescents. Persistent Candida colonization, even when asymptomatic, may increase Th17 cell frequencies and related cytokines and thereby could subsequently increase HIV risk, although the causal relationship requires confirmation. IMPORTANCE Sub-Saharan African female adolescents are globally at the highest risk of HIV acquisition, and genital inflammation, microbial dysbiosis, and cervical HIV target cell activation are thought to contribute to this risk. Previously, the relationship between these mucosal factors and subclinical vaginal Candida colonization or hyphae has not been described, and the role of HIV-susceptible Th17 cells in mediating anti-Candida immunity in the human female genital tract has not been clearly established. We show that presence of yeast hyphae was associated with increases in Th17 cell-related cytokines and the absence of microbial dysbiosis, and that persistent Candida colonization resulted in significant increases in Th17-related cytokines and highly activated Th17-like cell frequencies. Our results suggest that Th17 cells are important for anti-Candida immunity in the human female genital tract and that prolonged vaginal Candida colonization may contribute to increased HIV risk in Sub-Saharan African adolescents by increasing HIV target cell frequencies and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Ursula Happel
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Melanie Gasper
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Christina Balle
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Iyaloo Konstantinus
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Namibia Institute of Pathology, Windhoek, Namibia
| | - Hoyam Gamieldien
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Smritee Dabee
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Katherine Gill
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Linda-Gail Bekker
- Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jo-Ann S. Passmore
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- DST-NRF CAPRISA Centre of Excellence in HIV Prevention, Cape Town, South Africa
- National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather B. Jaspan
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Beltrán-García J, Osca-Verdegal R, Jávega B, Herrera G, O’Connor JE, García-López E, Casabó-Vallés G, Rodriguez-Gimillo M, Ferreres J, Carbonell N, Pallardó FV, García-Giménez JL. Characterization of Early Peripheral Immune Responses in Patients with Sepsis and Septic Shock. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10030525. [PMID: 35327327 PMCID: PMC8945007 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10030525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by an abnormal host response to infection that produces altered physiological responses causing tissue damage and can result in organ dysfunction and, in some cases, death. Although sepsis is characterized by a malfunction of the immune system leading to an altered immune response and immunosuppression, the high complexity of the pathophysiology of sepsis requires further investigation to characterize the immune response in sepsis and septic shock. (2) Methods: This study analyzes the immune-related responses occurring during the early stages of sepsis by comparing the amounts of cytokines, immune modulators and other endothelial mediators of a control group and three types of severe patients: critically ill non-septic patients, septic and septic shock patients. (3) Results: We showed that in the early stages of sepsis the innate immune system attempts to counteract infection, probably via neutrophils. Conversely, the adaptive immune system is not yet fully activated, either in septic or in septic shock patients. In addition, immunosuppressive responses and pro-coagulation signals are active in patients with septic shock. (4) Conclusions: The highest levels of IL-6 and pyroptosis-related cytokines (IL-18 and IL-1α) were found in septic shock patients, which correlated with D-dimer. Moreover, endothelial function may be affected as shown by the overexpression of adhesion molecules such as s-ICAM1 and E-Selectin during septic shock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Beltrán-García
- Center for Biomedical Research Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.B.-G.); (R.O.-V.); (E.G.-L.); (F.V.P.)
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (J.F.); (N.C.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Rebeca Osca-Verdegal
- Center for Biomedical Research Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.B.-G.); (R.O.-V.); (E.G.-L.); (F.V.P.)
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (J.F.); (N.C.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Jávega
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (B.J.); (J.-E.O.)
| | - Guadalupe Herrera
- Flow Cytometry Unit, IIS INCLIVA, Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José-Enrique O’Connor
- Laboratory of Cytomics, Joint Research Unit CIPF-UVEG, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (B.J.); (J.-E.O.)
| | - Eva García-López
- Center for Biomedical Research Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.B.-G.); (R.O.-V.); (E.G.-L.); (F.V.P.)
- EpiDisease S.L. (Spin-Off CIBER-ISCIII), Parc Científic de la Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain;
| | - Germán Casabó-Vallés
- EpiDisease S.L. (Spin-Off CIBER-ISCIII), Parc Científic de la Universitat de València, 46980 Paterna, Spain;
| | - María Rodriguez-Gimillo
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (J.F.); (N.C.)
- Intensive Care Unit, Clinical University Hospital of Valencia (HCUV), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Ferreres
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (J.F.); (N.C.)
- Intensive Care Unit, Clinical University Hospital of Valencia (HCUV), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nieves Carbonell
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (J.F.); (N.C.)
- Intensive Care Unit, Clinical University Hospital of Valencia (HCUV), 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V. Pallardó
- Center for Biomedical Research Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.B.-G.); (R.O.-V.); (E.G.-L.); (F.V.P.)
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (J.F.); (N.C.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis García-Giménez
- Center for Biomedical Research Network on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Carlos III Health Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (J.B.-G.); (R.O.-V.); (E.G.-L.); (F.V.P.)
- INCLIVA Biomedical Research Institute, 46010 Valencia, Spain; (M.R.-G.); (J.F.); (N.C.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-96-386-46-46
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Garcillán B, Salavert M, Regueiro JR, Díaz-Castroverde S. Response to Vaccines in Patients with Immune-Mediated Inflammatory Diseases: A Narrative Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:297. [PMID: 35214755 PMCID: PMC8877652 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs), such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, are at increased risk of infection. International guidelines recommend vaccination to limit this risk of infection, although live attenuated vaccines are contraindicated once immunosuppressive therapy has begun. Biologic therapies used to treat IMIDs target the immune system to stop chronic pathogenic process but may also attenuate the protective immune response to vaccines. Here, we review the current knowledge regarding vaccine responses in IMID patients receiving treatment with biologic therapies, with a focus on the interleukin (IL)-12/23 inhibitors. B cell-depleting therapies, such as rituximab, strongly impair vaccines immunogenicity, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors and the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) fusion protein abatacept are also associated with attenuated antibody responses, which are further diminished in patients taking concomitant immunosuppressants. On the other hand, integrin, IL-6, IL-12/23, IL-17, and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) inhibitors do not appear to affect the immune response to several vaccines evaluated. Importantly, treatment with biologic therapies in IMID patients is not associated with an increased risk of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or developing severe disease. However, the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines on IMID patients may be reduced compared with healthy individuals. The impact of biologic therapies on the response to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines seems to replicate what has been described for other vaccines. SARS-CoV-2 vaccination appears to be safe and well tolerated in IMID patients. Attenuated but, in general, still protective responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in the context of certain therapies warrant current recommendations for a third primary dose in IMID patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miguel Salavert
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, La Fe Health Research Institute, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - José R. Regueiro
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University, 12 de Octubre Health Research Institute (imas12), 28040 Madrid, Spain;
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Mohanakrishnan R, Beier S, Deodhar A. Tofacitinib for the treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis in adults. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2022; 18:273-280. [PMID: 35152808 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2022.2038134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ankylosing spondylitis, also known as radiographic axial spondyloarthritis, is a complex, immune-mediated inflammatory disorder most commonly involving the spine including the sacroiliac joints. AREAS COVERED Complex pathogenesis of axial spondyloarthritis involving genetic, environmental, and both innate and adaptive immune systems. Treatment options for ankylosing spondylitis. Pharmacologic properties, efficacy, and safety of tofacitinib, a JAK inhibitor. Data regarding efficacy of approved JAK inhibitors in the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis, including tofacitinib, upadacitinib, and filgotinib. EXPERT OPINION Current treatment options of ankylosing spondylitis include NSAIDs, TNFi, and IL-17i. JAK inhibitors present a new class of therapy that has shown efficacy in the treatment of active ankylosing spondylitis in adults. While it has not been directly compared to alternate therapies, tofacitinib has been shown to be effective in both phase II and phase III trials for the treatment of ankylosing spondylitis. While these trials did not show any significant difference from placebo in terms of safety, the ORAL Surveillance study showed tofacitinib to be inferior to TNFi when comparing adverse events. Thus, tofacitinib presents a viable treatment option for the management of AS, however shared decision making regarding risks and benefits will be important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raagav Mohanakrishnan
- Division of Arthritis & Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
| | - Secia Beier
- Division of Arthritis & Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
| | - Atul Deodhar
- Division of Arthritis & Rheumatic Diseases, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239
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Kleinwort KJH, Degroote RL, Hirmer S, Korbonits L, Lorenz L, Scholz AM, Hauck SM, Deeg CA. Bovine Peripheral Blood Derived Lymphocyte Proteome and Secretome Show Divergent Reaction of Bovine Immune Phenotypes after Stimulation with Pokeweed Mitogen. Proteomes 2022; 10:proteomes10010007. [PMID: 35225986 PMCID: PMC8883952 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes10010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently identified a deviant bovine immune phenotype characterized by hyperproliferation of lymphocytes after polyclonal stimulation. This phenotype was first discovered in dams that responded to PregSure BVD vaccination by producing pathological antibodies, triggering the fatal disease “bovine neonatal pancytopenia” in calves. The aim of the study was to gain deeper insights into molecular processes occurring in lymphocytes of immune phenotypes and the effect on their secretome after immune stimulation. Two discovery proteomic experiments were performed with unstimulated and Pokeweed Mitogen (PWM) stimulated lymphocytes, using label-free LC-MS/MS. In lymphocytes, 2447 proteins were quantified, and 1204 proteins were quantified in the secretome. Quantitative proteome analysis of immune deviant and control samples after PWM stimulation revealed clear differences. The increase in abundance of IL17A, IL17F, IL8, CCL5, LRRC59, and CLIC4 was higher in controls through mitogenic stimulation. In contrast, the abundance of IFNγ, IL2, IL2RA, CD83, and CD200 increased significantly more in immune deviant lymphocytes. Additional pathway enrichment analysis of differentially secreted proteins also yielded fundamental differences between the immune phenotypes. Our study provides a comprehensive dataset, which gives novel insights into proteome changes of lymphocytes from different bovine immune phenotypes. These differences point to the development of diverse immune responses of bovine immune phenotypes after immune stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina J. H. Kleinwort
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Planegg, Germany; (K.J.H.K.); (R.L.D.); (S.H.); (L.K.); (L.L.)
| | - Roxane L. Degroote
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Planegg, Germany; (K.J.H.K.); (R.L.D.); (S.H.); (L.K.); (L.L.)
| | - Sieglinde Hirmer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Planegg, Germany; (K.J.H.K.); (R.L.D.); (S.H.); (L.K.); (L.L.)
| | - Lucia Korbonits
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Planegg, Germany; (K.J.H.K.); (R.L.D.); (S.H.); (L.K.); (L.L.)
| | - Lea Lorenz
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Planegg, Germany; (K.J.H.K.); (R.L.D.); (S.H.); (L.K.); (L.L.)
| | - Armin M. Scholz
- Livestock Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, D-85764 Oberschleißheim, Germany;
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, D-80939 Munich, Germany;
| | - Cornelia A. Deeg
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, D-82152 Planegg, Germany; (K.J.H.K.); (R.L.D.); (S.H.); (L.K.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Fernández-Ruiz M. Interleukin-12 and -23 Targeted Agents. INFECTIOUS COMPLICATIONS IN BIOLOGIC AND TARGETED THERAPIES 2022:199-217. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11363-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Donnelly E, de Water JV, Luckhart S. Malaria-induced bacteremia as a consequence of multiple parasite survival strategies. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2021; 2:100036. [PMID: 34841327 PMCID: PMC8610325 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2021.100036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, malaria continues to be an enormous public health burden, with concomitant parasite-induced damage to the gastrointestinal (GI) barrier resulting in bacteremia-associated morbidity and mortality in both adults and children. Infected red blood cells sequester in and can occlude the GI microvasculature, ultimately leading to disruption of the tight and adherens junctions that would normally serve as a physical barrier to translocating enteric bacteria. Mast cell (MC) activation and translocation to the GI during malaria intensifies damage to the physical barrier and weakens the immunological barrier through the release of enzymes and factors that alter the host response to escaped enteric bacteria. In this context, activated MCs release Th2 cytokines, promoting a balanced Th1/Th2 response that increases local and systemic allergic inflammation while protecting the host from overwhelming Th1-mediated immunopathology. Beyond the mammalian host, recent studies in both the lab and field have revealed an association between a Th2-skewed host response and success of parasite transmission to mosquitoes, biology that is evocative of parasite manipulation of the mammalian host. Collectively, these observations suggest that malaria-induced bacteremia may be, in part, an unintended consequence of a Th2-shifted host response that promotes parasite survival and transmission. Future directions of this work include defining the factors and mechanisms that precede the development of bacteremia, which will enable the development of biomarkers to simplify diagnostics, the identification of therapeutic targets to improve patient outcomes and better understanding of the consequences of clinical interventions to transmission blocking strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erinn Donnelly
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
| | - Judy Van de Water
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shirley Luckhart
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
- Department of Entomology, Plant Pathology and Nematology, University of Idaho, Moscow, ID, USA
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Cui JY, Lisi GP. Molecular Level Insights Into the Structural and Dynamic Factors Driving Cytokine Function. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:773252. [PMID: 34760929 PMCID: PMC8573031 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.773252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines are key mediators of cellular communication and regulators of biological advents. The timing, quantity and localization of cytokines are key features in producing specific biological outcomes, and thus have been thoroughly studied and reviewed while continuing to be a focus of the cytokine biology community. Due to the complexity of cellular signaling and multitude of factors that can affect signaling outcomes, systemic level studies of cytokines are ongoing. Despite their small size, cytokines can exhibit structurally promiscuous and dynamic behavior that plays an equally important role in biological activity. In this review using case studies, we highlight the recent insight gained from observing cytokines through a molecular lens and how this may complement a system-level understanding of cytokine biology, explain diversity of downstream signaling events, and inform therapeutic and experimental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y Cui
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - George P Lisi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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Flores RA, Cammayo PLT, Nguyen BT, Fernandez-Colorado CP, Kim S, Kim WH, Min W. Duck Interleukin-22: Identification and Expression Analysis in Riemerella anatipestifer Infection. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:3862492. [PMID: 34805416 PMCID: PMC8601822 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3862492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Riemerella anatipestifer is one of the most devastating pathogens affecting the global duck farms. Infection is involved in secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin- (IL-) 17A. During the immune response to infection, IL-22 and IL-17A are often produced concurrently and at high levels in inflamed tissues. Little is known about duck IL-22 (duIL-22) during R. anatipestifer infection. We describe the characterization of duIL-22 and its mRNA expression analysis in splenic lymphocytes and macrophages treated with heat-killed R. anatipestifer and in the spleens and livers of R. anatipestifer-infected ducks. Full-length cDNA of duIL-22 encoded 197 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of duIL-22 shared a 30.4-40.5% similarity with piscine counterparts, 57.4-60.1% with mammalian homologs, and 93.4% similarity to the chicken. Duck IL-22 mRNA expression level was relatively high in the skin of normal ducks. It was increased in mitogen-stimulated splenic lymphocytes and in killed R. anatipestifer-activated splenic lymphocytes and macrophages. Compared with healthy ducks, IL-22 transcript expression was significantly upregulated in the livers and spleens on days 1 and 4 postinfection, but not on day 7. IL-17A was significantly increased in the spleens only on day 4 postinfection and in the livers at all time points. When splenic lymphocytes were stimulated with heat-killed R. anatipestifer, CD4+ cells predominantly produced IL-22 while IL-17A was expressed both by CD4+ and CD4- cells. These results suggested that IL-22 and IL-17A are likely expressed in different cell types during R. anatipestifer infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rochelle A. Flores
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Paula Leona T. Cammayo
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Binh T. Nguyen
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Cherry P. Fernandez-Colorado
- Department of Veterinary Paraclinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of the Philippines Los Baños College, Laguna 4031, Philippines
| | - Suk Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo H. Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Wongi Min
- College of Veterinary Medicine & Institute of Animal Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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Mallela LS, Sharma P, Rao TSR, Roy S. Recombinant IL-22 promotes protection in a murine model of Aspergillus flavus keratitis and mediates host immune responses in human corneal epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2021; 23:e13367. [PMID: 34029434 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus is a leading cause of corneal infections in India and worldwide, resulting in severe visual impairment. We studied the host immune response towards A. flavus in immortalised human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) and found increased expression of Toll-like receptors, antimicrobial peptides and proinflammatory cytokines like IL-6 and IL-8. Differential expressions of antimicrobial peptides were determined in corneal scrapings from A. flavus keratitis patients with significantly increased expression of LL-37, S100A12 and RNase 7. Increased levels of IL-22 expression were observed both in patients with A. flavus keratitis and in experimental mice model of corneal infections along with IL-17, IL-23 and IL-18. IL-22 is an important mediator of inflammation during microbial infections, and acts primarily on fibroblasts and epithelial cells. We observed constitutive expression of IL-22 receptors in HCEC, and IL-22 mediated activation of NF-κB, MAPK pathways and STAT3, along with increased expression of antimicrobial peptides in these cells. IL-22 also efficiently lessened cell deaths in corneal epithelial cells during A. flavus infection in vitro. Furthermore, recombinant IL-22 reduced fungal burden and corneal opacity in an experimental murine model of A. flavus keratitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Prerana Sharma
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Sanhita Roy
- Prof. Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, LV Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
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Seribelli AA, Ribeiro TRM, da Silva P, Martins IM, Vilela FP, Medeiros MIC, Peronni KC, da Silva Junior WA, Moreira CG, Falcão JP. Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 isolated in Brazil revealed to be more invasive and inflammatory in murine colon compared to ST19 strains. J Microbiol 2021; 59:861-870. [PMID: 34382146 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-021-1082-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Salmonella Typhimurium (ST313) has caused an epidemic of invasive disease in sub-Saharan Africa and has been recently identified in Brazil. As the virulence of this ST is poorly understood, the present study aimed to (i) perform the RNA-seq in vitro of S. Typhimurium STm30 (ST313) grown in Luria-Bertani medium at 37°C; (ii) compare it with the RNA-seq of the S. Typhimurium SL1344 (ST19) and S. Typhimurium STm11 (ST19) strains under the same growing conditions; and (iii) examine the colonization capacity and expression of virulence genes and cytokines in murine colon. The STm30 (ST313) strain exhibited stronger virulence and was associated with a more inflammatory profile than the strains SL1344 (ST19) and STm11 (ST19), as demonstrated by transcriptome and in vivo assay. The expression levels of the hilA, sopD2, pipB, and ssaS virulence genes, other Salmonella pathogenicity islands SPI-1 and SPI-2 genes or effectors, and genes of the cytokines IL-1β, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-17, IL-22, and IL-12 were increased during ST313 infection in C57BL/6J mice. In conclusion, S. Typhimurium STm30 (ST313) isolated from human feces in Brazil express higher levels of pathogenesis-related genes at 37°C and has stronger colonization and invasion capacity in murine colon due to its high expression levels of virulence genes, when compared with the S. Typhimurium SL1344 (ST19) and STm11 (ST19) strains. STm30 (ST313) also induces stronger expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in this organ, suggesting that it causes more extensive tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Aparecida Seribelli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 05508-220, Brazil
| | - Tamara R Machado Ribeiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, 01049-010, Brazil
| | - Patrick da Silva
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, 01049-010, Brazil
| | - Isabela Mancini Martins
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, 01049-010, Brazil
| | - Felipe Pinheiro Vilela
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 05508-220, Brazil
| | | | - Kamila Chagas Peronni
- Regional Blood Center of the University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 05508-220, Brazil
| | - Wilson Araújo da Silva Junior
- Regional Blood Center of the University Hospital of the Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 05508-220, Brazil
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, Genetics Department, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 05508-220, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Gallina Moreira
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, 01049-010, Brazil.
| | - Juliana Pfrimer Falcão
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 05508-220, Brazil.
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Novel insights on gut microbiota manipulation and immune checkpoint inhibition in cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 59:75. [PMID: 34396439 PMCID: PMC8360620 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer affects millions of individuals worldwide. Thus, there is an increased need for the development of novel effective therapeutic approaches. Tumorigenesis is often coupled with immunosuppression which defeats the anticancer immune defense mechanisms activated by the host. Novel anticancer therapies based on the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are very promising against both solid and hematological tumors, although still exhibiting heterogeneous efficacy, as well as tolerability. Such a differential response seems to derive from individual diversity, including the gut microbiota (GM) composition of specific patients. Experimental evidence supports the key role played by the GM in the activation of the immune system response against malignancies. This observation suggests to aim for patient-tailored complementary therapies able to modulate the GM, enabling the selective enrichment in microbial species, which can improve the positive outcome of ICI-based immunotherapy. Moreover, the research of GM-derived predictive biomarkers may help to identify the selected cancer population, which can benefit from ICI-based therapy, without the occurrence of adverse reactions and/or cancer relapse. The present review summarizes the landmark studies published to date, which have contributed to uncovering the tight link existing between GM composition, cancer development and the host immune system. Bridging this triangle of interactions may ultimately guide towards the identification of novel biomarkers, as well as integrated and patient-tailored anticancer approaches with greater efficacy.
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Brooks JF, Behrendt CL, Ruhn KA, Lee S, Raj P, Takahashi JS, Hooper LV. The microbiota coordinates diurnal rhythms in innate immunity with the circadian clock. Cell 2021; 184:4154-4167.e12. [PMID: 34324837 PMCID: PMC8967342 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Environmental light cycles entrain circadian feeding behaviors in animals that produce rhythms in exposure to foodborne bacteria. Here, we show that the intestinal microbiota generates diurnal rhythms in innate immunity that synchronize with feeding rhythms to anticipate microbial exposure. Rhythmic expression of antimicrobial proteins was driven by daily rhythms in epithelial attachment by segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB), members of the mouse intestinal microbiota. Rhythmic SFB attachment was driven by the circadian clock through control of feeding rhythms. Mechanistically, rhythmic SFB attachment activated an immunological circuit involving group 3 innate lymphoid cells. This circuit triggered oscillations in epithelial STAT3 expression and activation that produced rhythmic antimicrobial protein expression and caused resistance to Salmonella Typhimurium infection to vary across the day-night cycle. Thus, host feeding rhythms synchronize with the microbiota to promote rhythms in intestinal innate immunity that anticipate exogenous microbial exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Brooks
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Cassie L Behrendt
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Kelly A Ruhn
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Syann Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Prithvi Raj
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Joseph S Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Lora V Hooper
- Department of Immunology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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50
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Eltwisy HO, Abdel-Fattah M, Elsisi AM, Omar MM, Abdelmoteleb AA, El-Mokhtar MA. Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus haemolyticus on primary human skin fibroblast cells. Virulence 2021; 11:1142-1157. [PMID: 32799619 PMCID: PMC7549902 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1809962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
STAPHYLOCOCCUS HAEMOLYTICUS (S. haemolyticus) is one of the Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) that inhabits the skin as a commensal. It is increasingly implicated in opportunistic infections, including diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) infections. In contrast to the abundance of information available for S. aureus and S. epidermidis, little is known about the pathogenicity of S. haemolyticus, despite the increased prevalence of this pathogen in hospitalized patients. We described, for the first time, the pathogenesis of different clinical isolates of S. haemolyticus isolated from DFU on primary human skin fibroblast (PHSF) cells. Virulence-related genes were investigated, adhesion and invasion assays were carried out using Giemsa stain, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), MTT and flowcytometry assays. Our results showed that most S. haemolyticus carried different sets of virulence-related genes. S. haemolyticus adhered to the PHSF cells to variable degrees. TEM showed that the bacteria were engulfed in a zipper-like mechanism into a vacuole inside the cell. Bacterial internalization was confirmed using flowcytometry and achieved high intracellular levels. PHSF cells infected with S.haemolyticus suffered from amarked decrease in viability and increased apoptosis when treated with whole bacterial suspensions or cell-free supernatants but not with heat-treated cells. After co-culture with PBMCs, S. haemolyticus induced high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study highlights the significant development of S. haemolyticus, which was previously considered a contaminant when detected in cultures of clinical samples. Their high ability to adhere, invade and kill the PHSF cells illustrate the severe damage associated with DFU infections. ABBREVIATIONS CoNS, coagulase-negative staphylococci; DFU, diabetic foot ulcer; DM, diabetes mellitus; DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium; MTT, 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; PBMCs,peripheral blood mononuclear cells; PHSF, primary human skin fibroblast; CFU, colony-forming unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hala O Eltwisy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University , Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Medhat Abdel-Fattah
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University , Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Amani M Elsisi
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University , Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Omar
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Deraya University , El-Minia, Egypt
| | | | - Mohamed A El-Mokhtar
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University , Assiut, Egypt
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