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Hook JL, Bhattacharya J. The pathogenesis of influenza in intact alveoli: virion endocytosis and its effects on the lung's air-blood barrier. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1328453. [PMID: 38343548 PMCID: PMC10853445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1328453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung infection by influenza A virus (IAV) is a major cause of global mortality from lung injury, a disease defined by widespread dysfunction of the lung's air-blood barrier. Endocytosis of IAV virions by the alveolar epithelium - the cells that determine barrier function - is central to barrier loss mechanisms. Here, we address the current understanding of the mechanistic steps that lead to endocytosis in the alveolar epithelium, with an eye to how the unique structure of lung alveoli shapes endocytic mechanisms. We highlight where future studies of alveolar interactions with IAV virions may lead to new therapeutic approaches for IAV-induced lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime L. Hook
- Lung Imaging Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jahar Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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2
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Liu M, Bakker AS, Narimatsu Y, van Kuppeveld FJM, Clausen H, de Haan CAM, de Vries E. H3N2 influenza A virus gradually adapts to human-type receptor binding and entry specificity after the start of the 1968 pandemic. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304992120. [PMID: 37467282 PMCID: PMC10401031 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304992120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
To become established upon zoonotic transfer, influenza A viruses (IAV) need to switch binding from "avian-type" α2-3-linked sialic acid receptors (2-3Sia) to "human-type" Siaα2-6-linked sialic acid receptors (2-6Sia). For the 1968 H3N2 pandemic virus, this was accomplished by two canonical amino acid substitutions in its hemagglutinin (HA) although a full specificity shift had not occurred. The receptor repertoire on epithelial cells is highly diverse and simultaneous interaction of a virus particle with a range of low- to very low-affinity receptors results in tight heteromultivalent binding. How this range of affinities determines binding selectivity and virus motility remains largely unknown as the analysis of low-affinity monovalent HA-receptor interactions is technically challenging. Here, a biolayer interferometry assay enabled a comprehensive analysis of receptor-binding kinetics evolution upon host-switching. Virus-binding kinetics of H3N2 virus isolates slowly evolved from 1968 to 1979 from mixed 2-3/2-6Sia specificity to high 2-6Sia specificity, surprisingly followed by a decline in selectivity after 1992. By using genetically tuned HEK293 cells, presenting either a simplified 2-3Sia- or 2-6Sia-specific receptor repertoire, receptor-specific binding was shown to correlate strongly with receptor-specific entry. In conclusion, the slow and continuous evolution of entry and receptor-binding specificity of seasonal H3N2 viruses contrasts with the paradigm that human IAVs need to rapidly acquire and maintain a high specificity for 2-6Sia. Analysis of the kinetic parameters of receptor binding provides a basis for understanding virus-binding specificity, motility, and HA/neuraminidase balance at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengying Liu
- Virology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - A. Sophie Bakker
- Virology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Yoshiki Narimatsu
- Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Virology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Henrik Clausen
- Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Virology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Erik de Vries
- Virology section, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584CLUtrecht, the Netherlands
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3
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Kastner M, Karner A, Zhu R, Huang Q, Geissner A, Sadewasser A, Lesch M, Wörmann X, Karlas A, Seeberger PH, Wolff T, Hinterdorfer P, Herrmann A, Sieben C. Relevance of Host Cell Surface Glycan Structure for Cell Specificity of Influenza A Viruses. Viruses 2023; 15:1507. [PMID: 37515193 PMCID: PMC10385328 DOI: 10.3390/v15071507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) initiate infection via binding of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) to sialylated glycans on host cells. HA's receptor specificity towards individual glycans is well studied and clearly critical for virus infection, but the contribution of the highly heterogeneous and complex glycocalyx to virus-cell adhesion remains elusive. Here, we use two complementary methods, glycan arrays and single-virus force spectroscopy (SVFS), to compare influenza virus receptor specificity with virus binding to live cells. Unexpectedly, we found that HA's receptor binding preference does not necessarily reflect virus-cell specificity. We propose SVFS as a tool to elucidate the cell binding preference of IAVs, thereby including the complex environment of sialylated receptors within the plasma membrane of living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Kastner
- Institute for Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Karner
- Institute for Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Rong Zhu
- Institute for Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Qiang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microorganisms, MOE Engineering Research Center of Gene Technology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Andreas Geissner
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Sadewasser
- Division of Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus Lesch
- Molecular Biology Department, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Xenia Wörmann
- Molecular Biology Department, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Karlas
- Molecular Biology Department, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter H Seeberger
- Department for Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Wolff
- Division of Influenza and other Respiratory Viruses, Robert Koch-Institute, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hinterdorfer
- Institute for Biophysics, Johannes Kepler University Linz, 4020 Linz, Austria
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Altensteinstraße 23a, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Sieben
- Nanoscale Infection Biology Group, Department of Cell Biology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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4
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Su A, Yan M, Pavasutthipaisit S, Wicke KD, Grassl GA, Beineke A, Felmy F, Schmidt S, Esser KH, Becher P, Herrler G. Infection Studies with Airway Organoids from Carollia perspicillata Indicate That the Respiratory Epithelium Is Not a Barrier for Interspecies Transmission of Influenza Viruses. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0309822. [PMID: 36916937 PMCID: PMC10100918 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03098-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Bats are a natural reservoir for many viruses and are considered to play an important role in the interspecies transmission of viruses. To analyze the susceptibility of bat airway cells to infection by viruses of other mammalian species, we developed an airway organoid culture model derived from airways of Carollia perspicillata. Application of specific antibodies for fluorescent staining indicated that the cell composition of organoids resembled those of bat trachea and lungs as determined by immunohistochemistry. Infection studies indicated that Carollia perspicillata bat airway organoids (AOs) from the trachea or the lung are highly susceptible to infection by two different porcine influenza A viruses. The bat AOs were also used to develop an air-liquid interface (ALI) culture system of filter-grown epithelial cells. Infection of these cells showed the same characteristics, including lower virulence and enhanced replication and release of the H1N1/2006 virus compared to infection with H3N2/2007. These observations agreed with the results obtained by infection of porcine ALI cultures with these two virus strains. Interestingly, lectin staining indicated that bat airway cells only contain a small amount of alpha 2,6-linked sialic acid, the preferred receptor determinant for mammalian influenza A viruses. In contrast, large amounts of alpha 2,3-linked sialic acid, the preferred receptor determinant for avian influenza viruses, are present in bat airway epithelial cells. Therefore, bat airway cells may be susceptible not only to mammalian but also to avian influenza viruses. Our culture models, which can be extended to other parts of the airways and to other species, provide a promising tool to analyze virus infectivity and the transmission of viruses both from bats to other species and from other species to bats. IMPORTANCE We developed an organoid culture system derived from the airways of the bat species Carollia perspicillata. Using this cell system, we showed that the airway epithelium of these bats is highly susceptible to infection by influenza viruses of other mammalian species and thus is not a barrier for interspecies transmission. These organoids provide an almost unlimited supply of airway epithelial cells that can be used to generate well-differentiated epithelial cells and perform infection studies. The establishment of the organoid model required only three animals, and can be extended to other epithelia (nose, intestine) as well as to other species (bat and other animal species). Therefore, organoids promise to be a valuable tool for future zoonosis research on the interspecies transmission of viruses (e.g., bat → intermediate host → human).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Su
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Miaomiao Yan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Suvarin Pavasutthipaisit
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mahanakorn University of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kathrin D. Wicke
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guntram A. Grassl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School and German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hannover, Germany
| | - Andreas Beineke
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix Felmy
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sabine Schmidt
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Esser
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Paul Becher
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
| | - Georg Herrler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Foundation, Hannover, Germany
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5
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Influenza A Virus Agnostic Receptor Tropism Revealed Using a Novel Biological System with Terminal Sialic Acid Knockout Cells. J Virol 2022; 96:e0041622. [PMID: 35862707 PMCID: PMC9364805 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00416-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Avian or human influenza A viruses bind preferentially to avian- or human-type sialic acid receptors, respectively, indicating that receptor tropism is an important factor for determining the viral host range. However, there are currently no reliable methods for analyzing receptor tropism biologically under physiological conditions. In this study, we established a novel system using MDCK cells with avian- or human-type sialic acid receptors and with both sialic acid receptors knocked out (KO). When we examined the replication of human and avian influenza viruses in these KO cells, we observed unique viral receptor tropism that could not be detected using a conventional solid-phase sialylglycan binding assay, which directly assesses physical binding between the virus and sialic acids. Furthermore, we serially passaged an engineered avian-derived H4N5 influenza virus, whose PB2 gene was deleted, in avian-type receptor KO cells stably expressing PB2 to select a mutant with enhanced replication in KO cells; however, its binding to human-type sialylglycan was undetectable using the solid-phase binding assay. These data indicate that a panel of sialic acid receptor KO cells could be a useful tool for determining the biological receptor tropism of influenza A viruses. Moreover, the PB2KO virus experimental system could help to safely and efficiently identify the mutations required for avian influenza viruses to adapt to human cells that could trigger a new influenza pandemic. IMPORTANCE The acquisition of mutations that allow avian influenza A virus hemagglutinins to recognize human-type receptors is mandatory for the transmission of avian viruses to humans, which could lead to a pandemic. In this study, we established a novel system using a set of genetically engineered MDCK cells with knocked out sialic acid receptors to biologically evaluate the receptor tropism for influenza A viruses. Using this system, we observed unique receptor tropism in several virus strains that was undetectable using conventional solid-phase binding assays that measure physical binding between the virus and artificially synthesized sialylglycans. This study contributes to elucidation of the relationship between the physical binding of virus and receptor and viral infectivity. Furthermore, the system using sialic acid knockout cells could provide a useful tool to explore the sialic acid-independent entry mechanism. In addition, our system could be safely used to identify mutations that could acquire human-type receptor tropism.
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Kurnia RS, Tarigan S, Nugroho CMH, Silaen OSM, Natalia L, Ibrahim F, Sudarmono PP. Potency of bacterial sialidase Clostridium perfringens as antiviral of Newcastle disease infections using embryonated chicken egg in ovo model. Vet World 2022; 15:1896-1905. [DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1896-1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Clostridium toxins are widely used as medicinal agents. Many active metabolic enzymes, including sialidase (neuraminidase), hyaluronidase, and collagenase, contribute to the mechanism of action of these toxins. Sialidase from Clostridium perfringens recognizes and degrades sialic acid receptors in the host cell glycoprotein, glycolipid, and polysaccharide complexes. Sialic acid promotes the adhesion of various pathogens, including viruses, under pathological conditions. This study aimed to investigate the potential of C. perfringens sialidase protein to inhibit Newcastle disease virus (NDV) infection in ovo model.
Materials and Methods: C. perfringens was characterized by molecular identification through polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and is cultured in a broth medium to produce sialidase. In addition, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis was conducted to characterize the sialidase protein. In contrast, enzymatic activity and protein concentration were carried out using a neuraminidase assay kit and Bradford to obtain suitable active substances. Furthermore, embryonated chicken egg models were used to observe the toxicity of several sialidase doses. Then, the hemagglutination (HA) titer was obtained, and absolute quantitative reverse transcription–PCR assay was performed to measure the viral replication inhibitory activity of sialidase against NDV.
Results: Each isolate had a specific sialidase gene and its product. The sialidase derived from C. perfringens could hydrolyze the sialic acid receptor Neu5Ac (2,6)-Gal higher than Neu5Ac (2,3)Gal in chicken erythrocytes, as observed by enzyme-linked lectin assay. A significant difference (p = 0.05) in the HA titer in the pre-challenge administration group at dosages of 375 mU, 187.5 mU, and 93.75 mU in the competitive inhibition experiment suggests that sialidase inhibits NDV reproduction. Quantification of infective viral copy confirmed the interference of viral replication in the pre-challenge administration group, with a significant difference (p = 0.05) at the treatment doses of 750 mU, 375 mU, and 46.87 mU.
Conclusion: The potency of sialidase obtained from C. perfringens was shown in this study, given its ability to reduce the viral titer and copy number in allantoic fluids without adversely impacting the toxicity of the chicken embryo at different concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Septa Kurnia
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Simson Tarigan
- Department of Veterinary Technology, Faculty of Veterinary Technology, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Otto Sahat Martua Silaen
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Lily Natalia
- Akkhraratchakumari Veterinary College, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Fera Ibrahim
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pratiwi Pudjilestari Sudarmono
- Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Chatuchak, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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7
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Leong SK, Hsiao JC, Shie JJ. A Multiscale Molecular Dynamic Analysis Reveals the Effect of Sialylation on EGFR Clustering in a CRISPR/Cas9-Derived Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158754. [PMID: 35955894 PMCID: PMC9368999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and viral pathogens can modulate the glycosylation of key host proteins to facilitate pathogenesis by using various glycosidases, particularly sialidases. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling is activated by ligand-induced receptor dimerization and oligomerization. Ligand binding induces conformational changes in EGFR, leading to clusters and aggregation. However, information on the relevance of EGFR clustering in the pattern of glycosylation during bacterial and viral invasion remains unclear. In this study, (1) we established CRISPR/Cas9-mediated GFP knock-in (EGFP-KI) HeLa cells expressing fluorescently tagged EGFR at close to endogenous levels to study EGF-induced EGFR clustering and molecular dynamics; (2) We studied the effect of sialylation on EGF-induced EGFR clustering and localization in live cells using a high content analysis platform and raster image correlation spectroscopy (RICS) coupled with a number and brightness (N&B) analysis; (3) Our data reveal that the removal of cell surface sialic acids by sialidase treatment significantly decreases EGF receptor clustering with reduced fluorescence intensity, number, and area of EGFR-GFP clusters per cell upon EGF stimulation. Sialylation appears to mediate EGF-induced EGFR clustering as demonstrated by the change of EGFR-GFP clusters in the diffusion coefficient and molecular brightness, providing new insights into the role of sialylation in EGF-induced EGFR activation; and (4) We envision that the combination of CRISPR/Cas9-mediated fluorescent tagging of endogenous proteins and fluorescence imaging techniques can be the method of choice for studying the molecular dynamics and interactions of proteins in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shwee Khuan Leong
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Sustainable Chemical Science & Technology (SCST), Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (NYCU), Hsinchu 30050, Taiwan
| | - Jye-Chian Hsiao
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Jiun-Jie Shie
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
- Correspondence:
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Influenza Virus Infections in Polarized Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061307. [PMID: 35746778 PMCID: PMC9231244 DOI: 10.3390/v14061307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans and other mammals, the respiratory tract is represented by a complex network of polarized epithelial cells, forming an apical surface facing the external environment and a basal surface attached to the basement layer. These cells are characterized by differential expression of proteins and glycans, which serve as receptors during influenza virus infection. Attachment between these host receptors and the viral surface glycoprotein hemagglutinin (HA) initiates the influenza virus life cycle. However, the virus receptor binding specificities may not be static. Sialylated N-glycans are the most well-characterized receptors but are not essential for the entry of influenza viruses, and other molecules, such as O-glycans and non-sialylated glycans, may be involved in virus-cell attachment. Furthermore, correct cell polarity and directional trafficking of molecules are essential for the orderly development of the system and affect successful influenza infection; on the other hand, influenza infection can also change cell polarity. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of influenza virus infection in the respiratory tract of humans and other mammals, particularly the attachment between the virus and the surface of the polar cells and the polarity variation of these cells due to virus infection.
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9
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Glycocalyx crowding with mucin mimetics strengthens binding of soluble and virus-associated lectins to host cell glycan receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2107896118. [PMID: 34583992 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2107896118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-associated mucins protect epithelial cell surfaces against pathogenic threats by serving as nonproductive decoys that capture infectious agents and clear them from the cell surface and by erecting a physical barrier that restricts their access to target receptors on host cells. However, the mechanisms through which mucins function are still poorly defined because of a limited repertoire of tools available for tailoring their structure and composition in living cells with molecular precision. Using synthetic glycopolymer mimetics of mucins, we modeled the mucosal glycocalyx on red blood cells (RBCs) and evaluated its influence on lectin (SNA) and virus (H1N1) adhesion to endogenous sialic acid receptors. The glycocalyx inhibited the rate of SNA and H1N1 adhesion in a size- and density-dependent manner, consistent with the current view of mucins as providing a protective shield against pathogens. Counterintuitively, increasing the density of the mucin mimetics enhanced the retention of bound lectins and viruses. Careful characterization of SNA behavior at the RBC surface using a range of biophysical and imaging techniques revealed lectin-induced crowding and reorganization of the glycocalyx with concomitant enhancement in lectin clustering, presumably through the formation of a more extensive glycan receptor patch at the cell membrane. Our findings indicate that glycan-targeting pathogens may exploit the biophysical and biomechanical properties of mucins to overcome the mucosal glycocalyx barrier.
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10
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Lai Z, Zhang M, Zhou J, Chen T, Li D, Shen X, Liu J, Zhou J, Li Z. Fe 3O 4@PANI: a magnetic polyaniline nanomaterial for highly efficient and handy enrichment of intact N-glycopeptides. Analyst 2021; 146:4261-4267. [PMID: 34105527 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00580d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Glycosylation of proteins plays important roles in the occurrence and development of chronic diseases. In this study, we report an enrichment method of intact N-glycopeptides using a magnetic polyaniline nanomaterial (Fe3O4@PANI). Under the synergistic effect of hydrogen bonding and electrostatic adsorption, Fe3O4@PANI can rapidly and easily enrich N-glycopeptides derived from standard protein (bovine fetuin and transferrin) tryptic digests and serum haptoglobin tryptic digests. Finally we have detected 63 glycopeptides in the glycosylation sites of both N204 and N211 from the serum haptoglobin beta chain using MALDI FTICR MS. Compared with non-magnetic materials, Fe3O4@PANI can achieve complete separation from complex biological samples, meeting the requirement of the high purity of samples for mass spectrometric detection. Overall, Fe3O4@PANI exhibits great application potential in the highly efficient enrichment of intact N-glycopeptides due to its stability and convenient preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhen Lai
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, 5 Dongdan San Tiao, Beijing 100005, China.
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11
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CMAS and ST3GAL4 Play an Important Role in the Adsorption of Influenza Virus by Affecting the Synthesis of Sialic Acid Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22116081. [PMID: 34200006 PMCID: PMC8200212 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22116081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) initiate infection by attaching Hemagglutinin (HA) on the viral envelope to sialic acid (SA) receptors on the cell surface. Importantly, HA of human IAVs has a higher affinity for α-2,6-linked SA receptors, and avian strains prefer α-2,3-linked SA receptors, whereas swine strains have a strong affinity for both SA receptors. Host gene CMAS and ST3GAL4 were found to be essential for IAV attachment and entry. Loss of CMAS and ST3GAL4 hindered the synthesis of sialic acid receptors, which in turn prevented the adsorption of IAV. Further, the knockout of CMAS had an effect on the adsorption of swine, avian and human IAVs. However, ST3GAL4 knockout prevented the adsorption of swine and avian IAV and the impact on avian IAV was more distinct, whereas it had no effect on the adsorption of human IAV. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that knocking out CMAS and ST3GAL4 negatively regulated IAV replication by inhibiting the synthesis of SA receptors, which also provides new insights into the production of gene-edited animals in the future.
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12
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In Vitro Characterization of the Carbohydrate-Binding Agents HHA, GNA, and UDA as Inhibitors of Influenza A and B Virus Replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2021; 65:AAC.01732-20. [PMID: 33288640 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01732-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we report on the anti-influenza virus activity of the mannose-binding agents Hippeastrum hybrid agglutinin (HHA) and Galanthus nivalis agglutinin (GNA) and the (N-acetylglucosamine) n -specific Urtica dioica agglutinin (UDA). These carbohydrate-binding agents (CBA) strongly inhibited various influenza A(H1N1), A(H3N2), and B viruses in vitro, with 50% effective concentration values ranging from 0.016 to 83 nM, generating selectivity indexes up to 125,000. Somewhat less activity was observed against A/Puerto Rico/8/34 and an A(H1N1)pdm09 strain. In time-of-addition experiments, these CBA lost their inhibitory activity when added 30 min postinfection (p.i.). Interference with virus entry processes was also evident from strong inhibition of virus-induced hemolysis at low pH. However, a direct effect on acid-induced refolding of the viral hemagglutinin (HA) was excluded by the tryptic digestion assay. Instead, HHA treatment of HA-expressing cells led to a significant reduction of plasma membrane mobility. Crosslinking of membrane glycoproteins, through interaction with HA, could also explain the inhibitory effect on the release of newly formed virions when HHA was added at 6 h p.i. These CBA presumably interact with one or more N-glycans on the globular head of HA, since their absence led to reduced activity against mutant influenza B viruses and HHA-resistant A(H1N1) viruses. The latter condition emerged only after 33 cell culture passages in the continuous presence of HHA, and the A(H3N2) virus retained full sensitivity even after 50 passages. Thus, these CBA qualify as potent inhibitors of influenza A and B viruses in vitro with a pleiotropic mechanism of action and a high barrier for viral resistance.
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13
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Jung HE, Lee HK. Host Protective Immune Responses against Influenza A Virus Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12050504. [PMID: 32375274 PMCID: PMC7291249 DOI: 10.3390/v12050504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza viruses cause infectious respiratory disease characterized by fever, myalgia, and congestion, ranging in severity from mild to life-threating. Although enormous efforts have aimed to prevent and treat influenza infections, seasonal and pandemic influenza outbreaks remain a major public health concern. This is largely because influenza viruses rapidly undergo genetic mutations that restrict the long-lasting efficacy of vaccine-induced immune responses and therapeutic regimens. In this review, we discuss the virological features of influenza A viruses and provide an overview of current knowledge of the innate sensing of invading influenza viruses and the protective immune responses in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hi Eun Jung
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.E.J.); (H.K.L.); Tel.: +82-42-350-4281 (H.K.L.)
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
- KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.E.J.); (H.K.L.); Tel.: +82-42-350-4281 (H.K.L.)
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14
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Park MS, Kim JI, Bae JY, Park MS. Animal models for the risk assessment of viral pandemic potential. Lab Anim Res 2020; 36:11. [PMID: 32337177 PMCID: PMC7175453 DOI: 10.1186/s42826-020-00040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pandemics affect human lives severely and globally. Experience predicts that there will be a pandemic for sure although the time is unknown. When a viral epidemic breaks out, assessing its pandemic risk is an important part of the process that characterizes genomic property, viral pathogenicity, transmission in animal model, and so forth. In this review, we intend to figure out how a pandemic may occur by looking into the past influenza pandemic events. We discuss interpretations of the experimental evidences resulted from animal model studies and extend implications of viral pandemic potentials and ingredients to emerging viral epidemics. Focusing on the pandemic potential of viral infectious diseases, we suggest what should be assessed to prevent global catastrophes from influenza virus, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, dengue and Zika viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mee Sook Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 02841
| | - Jin Il Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 02841
| | - Joon-Yong Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 02841
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea 02841
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15
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Meischel T, Villalon-Letelier F, Saunders PM, Reading PC, Londrigan SL. Influenza A virus interactions with macrophages: Lessons from epithelial cells. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13170. [PMID: 31990121 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses are an important cause of respiratory infection worldwide. In humans, infection with seasonal influenza A virus (IAV) is generally restricted to the respiratory tract where productive infection of airway epithelial cells promotes viral amplification, dissemination, and disease. Alveolar macrophages (MΦ) are also among the first cells to detect and respond to IAV, where they play a pivotal role in mounting effective innate immune responses. In contrast to epithelial cells, IAV infection of MΦ is a "dead end" for most seasonal strains, where replication is abortive and newly synthesised virions are not released. Although the key replicative stages leading to productive IAV infection in epithelial cells are defined, there is limited knowledge about the abortive IAV life cycle in MΦ. In this review, we will explore host factors and viral elements that support the early stages (entry) through to the late stages (viral egress) of IAV replication in epithelial cells. Similarities, differences, and unknowns for each key stage of the IAV replicative cycle in MΦ will then be highlighted. Herein, we provide mechanistic insights into MΦ-specific control of seasonal IAV replication through abortive infection, which may in turn, contribute to effective host defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Meischel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fernando Villalon-Letelier
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philippa M Saunders
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick C Reading
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sarah L Londrigan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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16
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McKimm-Breschkin JL, Barrett S, McKenzie-Kludas C, McAuley J, Streltsov VA, Withers SG. Passaging of an influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in a difluoro sialic acid inhibitor selects for a novel, but unfit I106M neuraminidase mutant. Antiviral Res 2019; 169:104542. [PMID: 31233807 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.104542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
An influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and an influenza B virus were passaged in 3-fluoro(eq)-4-guanidino difluoro sialic acid (3Feq4Gu DFSA), an inhibitor of the influenza neuraminidase (NA) to determine whether resistant variants could be selected. 3Feq4Gu DFSA is a mechanism-based inhibitor, forming a covalent link to Y406 in the NA active site. Given its similarity to the natural substrate, sialic acid, we predicted resistant variants would be difficult to select. Yields of both viruses decreased with passaging, so that after 12 passages both viruses were only growing to low titers. Drug concentrations were decreased for another three passages. There was no difference in NA sensitivity in the MUNANA fluorescence-based assay, nor in plaque assays for the passaged virus stocks. All influenza B plaques were still wild type in all assays. There were isolated small diffuse plaques in the P15 pdm09 stock, which after purification had barely detectable NA or hemagglutinin (HA) activity. These had a novel non-active site I106M substitution in the NA gene, but unexpectedly no HA changes. The I106M may impact NA function through steric effects on the movement of the 150 and 430-loops. The I106M viruses had similar replication kinetics in MDCK cells as wild type viruses, but their ability to bind to and infect CHO-K1 cells expressing high levels of cell-bound mucin was compromised. The I106M substitution was unstable, with progeny rapidly reverting to wild type by three different mechanisms. Some had reverted to I106, some had V106, both with wild type NA and HA properties. A third group retained the I106M, but had a compensating R363K substitution, which regained almost wild type NA properties. These viruses now agglutinated chicken red blood cells (CRBCs) but unlike the I/V106, they rebound after elution at 37 °C. There were no mutations in the HA, but each phenotype correlated with the NA sequence. We propose that the activity in the I106M mutant is insufficient to remove carbohydrates from the virion HA and NA, sterically limiting HA access to CRBC receptors, thus resulting in poor HA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L McKimm-Breschkin
- CSIRO Manufacturing, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.
| | - Susan Barrett
- CSIRO Manufacturing, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Australia.
| | - Charley McKenzie-Kludas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.
| | - Julie McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, 3000, Australia.
| | - Victor A Streltsov
- CSIRO Manufacturing, 343 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Australia; The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, 30 Royal Parade, Parkville, 3052, Australia.
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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17
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Zhang Y, Xu C, Zhang H, Liu GD, Xue C, Cao Y. Targeting Hemagglutinin: Approaches for Broad Protection against the Influenza A Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11050405. [PMID: 31052339 PMCID: PMC6563292 DOI: 10.3390/v11050405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses are dynamically epidemic and genetically diverse. Due to the antigenic drift and shift of the virus, seasonal vaccines are required to be reformulated annually to match with current circulating strains. However, the mismatch between vaccinal strains and circulating strains occurs frequently, resulting in the low efficacy of seasonal vaccines. Therefore, several “universal” vaccine candidates based on the structure and function of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein have been developed to meet the requirement of a broad protection against homo-/heterosubtypic challenges. Here, we review recent novel constructs and discuss several important findings regarding the broad protective efficacy of HA-based universal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Cong Xu
- Research Center of Agricultural of Dongguan City, Dongguan 523086, China.
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - George Dacai Liu
- Firstline Biopharmaceuticals Corporation, 12,050 167th PL NE, Redmond, WA 98052, USA.
| | - Chunyi Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Yongchang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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18
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Kosik I, Yewdell JW. Influenza Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase: Yin⁻Yang Proteins Coevolving to Thwart Immunity. Viruses 2019; 11:E346. [PMID: 31014029 PMCID: PMC6520700 DOI: 10.3390/v11040346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virions possess two surface glycoproteins-the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA)-which exert opposite functions. HA attaches virions to cells by binding to terminal sialic acid residues on glycoproteins/glycolipids to initiate the infectious cycle, while NA cleaves terminal sialic acids, releasing virions to complete the infectious cycle. Antibodies specific for HA or NA can protect experimental animals from IAV pathogenesis and drive antigenic variation in their target epitopes that impairs vaccine effectiveness in humans. Here, we review progress in understanding HA/NA co-evolution as each acquires epistatic mutations to restore viral fitness to mutants selected in the other protein by host innate or adaptive immune pressure. We also discuss recent exciting findings that antibodies to HA can function in vivo by blocking NA enzyme activity to prevent nascent virion release and enhance Fc receptor-based activation of innate immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Kosik
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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19
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Byrd-Leotis L, Jia N, Dutta S, Trost JF, Gao C, Cummings SF, Braulke T, Müller-Loennies S, Heimburg-Molinaro J, Steinhauer DA, Cummings RD. Influenza binds phosphorylated glycans from human lung. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav2554. [PMID: 30788437 PMCID: PMC6374103 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav2554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses can bind sialic acid-terminating glycan receptors, and species specificity is often correlated with sialic acid linkage with avian strains recognizing α2,3-linked sialylated glycans and mammalian strains preferring α2,6-linked sialylated glycans. These paradigms derive primarily from studies involving erythrocyte agglutination, binding to synthetic receptor analogs or binding to undefined surface markers on cells or tissues. Here, we present the first examination of the N-glycome of the human lung for identifying natural receptors for a range of avian and mammalian influenza viruses. We found that the human lung contains many α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialylated glycan determinants bound by virus, but all viruses also bound to phosphorylated, nonsialylated glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Byrd-Leotis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nan Jia
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sucharita Dutta
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica F. Trost
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chao Gao
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandra F. Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas Braulke
- Department of Biochemistry, Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Müller-Loennies
- Research Center Borstel (RCB), Leibniz Lung Center, Division Biophysics, Parkallee 22, D-23845 Borstel, Germany
| | - Jamie Heimburg-Molinaro
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A. Steinhauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Richard D. Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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20
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Johnson RI, Tachedjian M, Clayton BA, Layton R, Bergfeld J, Wang LF, Marsh GA. Characterization of Teviot virus, an Australian bat-borne paramyxovirus. J Gen Virol 2019; 100:403-413. [PMID: 30688635 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Bats are the reservoir hosts for multiple viruses with zoonotic potential, including coronaviruses, paramyxoviruses and filoviruses. Urine collected from Australian pteropid bats was assessed for the presence of paramyxoviruses. One of the viruses isolated was Teviot virus (TevPV), a novel rubulavirus previously isolated from pteropid bat urine throughout the east coast of Australia. Here, we further characterize TevPV through analysis of whole-genome sequencing, growth kinetics, antigenic relatedness and the experimental infection of ferrets and mice. TevPV is phylogenetically and antigenically most closely related to Tioman virus (TioPV). Unlike many other rubulaviruses, cell receptor attachment by TevPV does not appear to be sialic acid-dependent, with the receptor for host cell entry being unknown. The infection of ferrets and mice suggested that TevPV has a low pathogenic potential in mammals. Infected ferrets seroconverted by 10 days post-infection without clinical signs of disease. Furthermore, infected ferrets did not shed virus in any respiratory secretions, suggesting a low risk of onward transmission of TevPV. No productive infection was observed in the mouse infection study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca I Johnson
- 1CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Mary Tachedjian
- 1CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Bronwyn A Clayton
- 1CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Rachel Layton
- 1CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Jemma Bergfeld
- 1CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
| | - Lin-Fa Wang
- 2Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Glenn A Marsh
- 1CSIRO Health and Biosecurity, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Geelong, Australia
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21
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Lazniewski M, Dawson WK, Szczepińska T, Plewczynski D. The structural variability of the influenza A hemagglutinin receptor-binding site. Brief Funct Genomics 2018; 17:415-427. [PMID: 29253080 PMCID: PMC6252403 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elx042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemagglutinin (HA) is a transmembrane protein of the influenza A virus and a key component in its life cycle. The protein allows the virus to enter a host cell by recognizing specific glycans attached to transmembrane proteins of the host, which leads to viral endocytosis. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the structural relationship between changes in the HA receptor-binding site (RBS) and the sialylated glycans that bind them. Several mutations were identified in the HA RBS that allows the virus to change host tropism. Their impact on binding the analogs of human and avian receptors was determined with X-ray crystallography. In this article, we provide a short overview of the HA protein structure and briefly discuss the adaptive mutations introduced to different HA subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Lazniewski
- University of Warsaw, Center of New Technologies (CeNT), Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Physical Chemistry in the Faculty of Pharmacy at the Medical University of Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wayne K Dawson
- University of Warsaw, Center of New Technologies (CeNT), Warsaw, Poland
- Bio-information Lab in Yayoi campus at the University of Tokyo
| | - Teresa Szczepińska
- Professor Dariusz Plewczyński Laboratory at Center of New Technologies, Warsaw, Poland
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22
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Kim H, Na W, Yeom M, Choi J, Kim J, Lim J, Yun D, Chun H, Park G, Park C, Kim J, Jeong DG, Le VP, Lee K, Lee JM, Jeong HH, Song D, Haam S. Host Cell Mimic Polymersomes for Rapid Detection of Highly Pathogenic Influenza Virus via a Viral Fusion and Cell Entry Mechanism. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2018; 28:1800960. [PMID: 32313543 PMCID: PMC7161833 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201800960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) infections have occurred continuously and crossed the species barrier to humans, leading to fatalities. A polymerase chain reaction based molecular test is currently the most sensitive diagnostic tool for HPAIV; however, the results must be analyzed in centralized diagnosis systems by a trained individual. This requirement leads to delays in quarantine and isolation. To control the spread of HPAIV, rapid and accurate diagnostics suitable for field testing are needed, and the tests must facilitate a differential diagnosis between HPAIV and low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV), which undergo cleavage specifically by trypsin- or furin-like proteases, respectively. In this study, a differential avian influenza virus rapid test kit is developed and evaluated in vitro and using clinical specimens from HPAIV H5N1-infected animals. It is demonstrated that this rapid test kit provides highly sensitive and specific detection of HPAIV and LPAIV and is thus a useful field diagnostic tool for H5N1 HPAIV outbreaks and for rapid quarantine control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun‐Ouk Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Woonsung Na
- Department of PharmacyCollege of PharmacyKorea UniversitySejong30019Republic of Korea
| | - Minjoo Yeom
- Department of PharmacyCollege of PharmacyKorea UniversitySejong30019Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Choi
- Research Institute of Radiological ScienceCollege of MedicineYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Jong‐Woo Lim
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Dayeon Yun
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Haejin Chun
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Geunseon Park
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Chaewon Park
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong‐Ki Kim
- Department of PharmacyCollege of PharmacyKorea UniversitySejong30019Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Gwin Jeong
- Infectious Disease Research CenterKorea Research Institute of Bioscience and BiotechnologyDaejeon34141South Korea
| | - Van Phan Le
- Department of Microbiology and Infectious DiseasesCollege of Veterinary MedicineVietnam National University of AgricultureHanoi100000Vietnam
| | - Kwangyeol Lee
- Department of ChemistryKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
- Center for Molecular Spectroscopy and DynamicsInstitute for Basic Science (IBS)Seoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Myun Lee
- Department of MicrobiologyYonsei University College of MedicineSeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | | | - Daesub Song
- Department of PharmacyCollege of PharmacyKorea UniversitySejong30019Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjoo Haam
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
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23
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Guo H, Rabouw H, Slomp A, Dai M, van der Vegt F, van Lent JWM, McBride R, Paulson JC, de Groot RJ, van Kuppeveld FJM, de Vries E, de Haan CAM. Kinetic analysis of the influenza A virus HA/NA balance reveals contribution of NA to virus-receptor binding and NA-dependent rolling on receptor-containing surfaces. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007233. [PMID: 30102740 PMCID: PMC6107293 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions of influenza A virus (IAV) with sialic acid (SIA) receptors determine viral fitness and host tropism. Binding to mucus decoy receptors and receptors on epithelial host cells is determined by a receptor-binding hemagglutinin (HA), a receptor-destroying neuraminidase (NA) and a complex in vivo receptor-repertoire. The crucial but poorly understood dynamics of these multivalent virus-receptor interactions cannot be properly analyzed using equilibrium binding models and endpoint binding assays. In this study, the use of biolayer interferometric analysis revealed the virtually irreversible nature of IAV binding to surfaces coated with synthetic sialosides or engineered sialoglycoproteins in the absence of NA activity. In addition to HA, NA was shown to be able to contribute to the initial binding rate while catalytically active. Virus-receptor binding in turn contributed to receptor cleavage by NA. Multiple low-affinity HA-SIA interactions resulted in overall extremely high avidity but also permitted a dynamic binding mode, in which NA activity was driving rolling of virus particles over the receptor-surface. Virus dissociation only took place after receptor density of the complete receptor-surface was sufficiently decreased due to NA activity of rolling IAV particles. The results indicate that in vivo IAV particles, after landing on the mucus layer, reside continuously in a receptor-bound state while rolling through the mucus layer and over epithelial cell surfaces driven by the HA-NA-receptor balance. Quantitative BLI analysis enabled functional examination of this balance which governs this dynamic and motile interaction that is expected to be crucial for penetration of the mucus layer and subsequent infection of cells by IAV but likely also by other enveloped viruses carrying a receptor-destroying enzyme in addition to a receptor-binding protein. Influenza A virus (IAV) tropism is largely determined by the interaction of virus particles with the sialic acid receptor repertoire of the host. IAVs encounter a diverse range of sialic acid receptors that can function as decoys (e.g. in the mucus that covers epithelial cells) or as entry receptors. We studied the dynamics of IAV-receptor interactions in real-time using biolayer interferometry (BLI) in combination with synthetic glycans and recombinant sialoglycoproteins mimicking in vivo receptors. Thereby we could show that IAVs do not continuously associate and dissociate with receptor-coated surfaces but actually were rolling over the surface with which they remained permanently associated until the receptors were sufficiently cleared. This required the concerted action of the receptor-binding hemagglutinin (HA) and the receptor-destroying neuraminidase (NA) on the receptor surface. We could quantify the precise HA-NA-receptor balance that determined the speed of rolling and eventual elution from the surface by BLI and propose a model in which IAV is permanently, but dynamically, associated with receptors on mucus or host cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Guo
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Huib Rabouw
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Anne Slomp
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Meiling Dai
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Floor van der Vegt
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan W. M. van Lent
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, PB Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ryan McBride
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chemical Physiology, and Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - James C. Paulson
- Departments of Cell and Molecular Biology, Chemical Physiology, and Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Raoul J. de Groot
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J. M. van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Erik de Vries
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: (EDV); (CAMDH)
| | - Cornelis A. M. de Haan
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- * E-mail: (EDV); (CAMDH)
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Antonova E, Glazova O, Gaponova A, Eremyan A, Grebenkina N, Zvereva S, Volkova N, Volchkov P. Evaluation of the potential defensive strategy against Influenza A in cell line models. F1000Res 2018; 7:206. [PMID: 29946435 PMCID: PMC6008855 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13496.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Influenza virus can cause both seasonal infections and unpredictable pandemics. Rapidly evolving avian H5N1 and H7N9 viruses have a potential pandemic threat for humans. Since avian Influenza can be transmitted by domestic birds, serving as a key link between wild birds and humans, an effective measure to control the influenza transmission would be eradication of the infection in poultry. It is known that the virus penetrates into the cell through binding with the terminal oligosaccharides - sialic acids (SA) - on the cell surfaces. Removal of SA might be a potential antiviral strategy. An approach to developing chicken lines that are resistant to influenza viruses could be the creation of genetically modified birds. Thus it is necessary to select a gene that provides defense to influenza. Here we have expressed in cells a range of exogenous sialidases and estimated their activity and specificity towards SA residues. Methods: Several bacterial, viral and human sialidases were tested. We adopted bacterial sialidases from Salmonella and Actinomyces for expression on the cell surface by fusing catalytic domains with transmembrane domains. We also selected Influenza A/PuertoRico/8/34/H1N1 neuraminidase and human membrane sialidase ( hNeu3) genes. Lectin binding assay was used for estimation of a α (2,3)-sialylation level by fluorescent microscopy and FACS. Results: We compared sialidases from bacteria, Influenza virus and human. Sialidases from Salmonella and Influenza A neuraminidase effectively cleaved α (2-3)-SA receptors. Viral neuraminidase demonstrated a higher activity. Sialidases from Actinomyces and hNeu3 did not show any activity against α (2-3) SA under physiological conditions. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that sialidases with different specificity and activity can be selected as genes providing antiviral defence. Combining chosen sialidases with different activity together with tissue-specific promoters would provide an optimal level of desialylation. Tissue specific expression of the sialidases could protect domestic birds from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Antonova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Glazova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Gaponova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Aykaz Eremyan
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Natalya Grebenkina
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana Zvereva
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Natalya Volkova
- Ernst Institute of Animal Husbandry, Podolsk Municipal District, Moscow Region, 142132, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel Volchkov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
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25
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Antonova E, Glazova O, Gaponova A, Eremyan A, Grebenkina N, Zvereva S, Volkova N, Volchkov P. Evaluation of defense strategy against Influenza A in cell line models. F1000Res 2018; 7:206. [PMID: 29946435 PMCID: PMC6008855 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.13496.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Influenza virus can cause both seasonal infections and unpredictable pandemics. Rapidly evolving avian H5N1 virus is getting increasingly infective for humans. Since avian Influenza can be transmitted by domestic birds, serving as a key link between wild aquatic birds and humans, an effective measure to control the influenza transmission would be eradication of the infection in poultry. It is known that the virus penetrates into the cell through binding with the terminal oligosaccharides - sialic acids (SA) - on the cell surfaces. Removal of SA might be a potential antiviral strategy. An approach to developing chicken lines that are resistant to influenza viruses could be the creation of genetically modified birds. Thus it is necessary to select a gene that provides defense to influenza. Here we have expressed in cells a range of exogenous sialidases and estimated their activity and specificity towards SA residues. Methods: Several bacterial, viral and human sialidases were tested. We adopted bacterial sialidases from Salmonella and Actinomyces for expression on the cell surface by fusing catalytic domains with transmembrane domains. We also selected Influenza A/PuertoRico/8/34/H1N1 neuraminidase and human membrane sialidase ( hNeu3) genes. Lectin binding assay was used for estimation of a α (2,3)-sialylation level by fluorescent microscopy and FACS. Results: We compared sialidases from bacteria, Influenza virus and human. Sialidases from Salmonella and Influenza A neuraminidase effectively cleaved α (2-3)-SA receptors. Viral neuraminidase demonstrated a higher activity. Sialidases from Actinomyces and hNeu3 did not show any activity against α (2-3) SA under physiological conditions. Conclusion: Our results demonstrated that sialidases with different specificity and activity can be selected as genes providing antiviral defence. Combining chosen sialidases with different activity together with tissue-specific promoters would provide an optimal level of desialilation to prevent infection. Tissue specific expression of the sialidases could protect domestic birds from infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Antonova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Olga Glazova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Anna Gaponova
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Aykaz Eremyan
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Natalya Grebenkina
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana Zvereva
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
| | - Natalya Volkova
- Ernst Institute of Animal Husbandry, Podolsk Municipal District, Moscow Region, 142132, Russian Federation
| | - Pavel Volchkov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
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26
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Bitzan M, Zieg J. Influenza-associated thrombotic microangiopathies. Pediatr Nephrol 2018; 33:2009-2025. [PMID: 28884355 PMCID: PMC6153504 DOI: 10.1007/s00467-017-3783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) refers to phenotypically similar disorders, including hemolytic uremic syndromes (HUS) and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). This review explores the role of the influenza virus as trigger of HUS or TTP. We conducted a literature survey in PubMed and Google Scholar using HUS, TTP, TMA, and influenza as keywords, and extracted and analyzed reported epidemiological and clinical data. We identified 25 cases of influenza-associated TMA. Five additional cases were linked to influenza vaccination and analyzed separately. Influenza A was found in 83%, 10 out of 25 during the 2009 A(H1N1) pandemic. Two patients had bona fide TTP with ADAMTS13 activity <10%. Median age was 15 years (range 0.5-68 years), two thirds were male. Oligoanuria was documented in 81% and neurological involvement in 40% of patients. Serum C3 was reduced in 5 out of 14 patients (36%); Coombs test was negative in 7 out of 7 and elevated fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products were documented in 6 out of 8 patients. Pathogenic complement gene mutations were found in 7 out of 8 patients tested (C3, MCP, or MCP combined with CFB or clusterin). Twenty out of 24 patients recovered completely, but 3 died (12%). Ten of the surviving patients underwent plasma exchange (PLEX) therapy, 5 plasma infusions. Influenza-mediated HUS or TTP is rare. A sizable proportion of tested patients demonstrated mutations associated with alternative pathway of complement dysregulation that was uncovered by this infection. Further research is warranted targeting the roles of viral neuraminidase, enhanced virus-induced complement activation and/or ADAMTS13 antibodies, and rational treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bitzan
- Division of Nephrology, The Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Centre, 1001, boul. Décarie-Room B RC.6651, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
| | - Jakub Zieg
- 0000 0004 1937 116Xgrid.4491.8Department of Pediatric Nephrology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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27
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Tyrrell BE, Sayce AC, Warfield KL, Miller JL, Zitzmann N. Iminosugars: Promising therapeutics for influenza infection. Crit Rev Microbiol 2017; 43:521-545. [PMID: 27931136 PMCID: PMC5470110 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2016.1242868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus causes three to five million severe respiratory infections per year in seasonal epidemics, and sporadic pandemics, three of which occurred in the twentieth century and are a continuing global threat. Currently licensed antivirals exclusively target the viral neuraminidase or M2 ion channel, and emerging drug resistance necessitates the development of novel therapeutics. It is believed that a host-targeted strategy may combat the development of antiviral drug resistance. To this end, a class of molecules known as iminosugars, hydroxylated carbohydrate mimics with the endocyclic oxygen atom replaced by a nitrogen atom, are being investigated for their broad-spectrum antiviral potential. The influenza virus glycoproteins, hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, are susceptible to inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum α-glucosidases by certain iminosugars, leading to reduced virion production or infectivity, demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies. In some experiments, viral strain-specific effects are observed. Iminosugars may also inhibit other host and virus targets with antiviral consequences. While investigations of anti-influenza iminosugar activities have been conducted since the 1980s, recent successes of nojirimycin derivatives have re-invigorated investigation of the therapeutic potential of iminosugars as orally available, low cytotoxicity, effective anti-influenza drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Ellen Tyrrell
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford Medical Sciences DivisionOxfordUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Andrew Cameron Sayce
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford Medical Sciences DivisionOxfordUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Kelly Lyn Warfield
- Antiviral Research and Development, Emergent BioSolutions IncGaithersburgMDUnited States
| | - Joanna Louise Miller
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford Medical Sciences DivisionOxfordUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Nicole Zitzmann
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford Medical Sciences DivisionOxfordUnited Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
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28
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Abstract
Legionella pneumophila and influenza types A and B viruses can cause either community-acquired pneumonia with respiratory failure, or Legionella infection could attribute to influenza infection with potentially fatal prognosis. Copathogenesis between pandemic influenza and bacteria is characterized by complex interactions between coinfecting pathogens and the host. Understanding the underlying reason of the emersion of the secondary bacterial infection during an influenza infection is challenging. The dual infection has an impact on viral control and may delay viral clearance. Effective vaccines and antiviral therapy are crucial to increase resistance toward influenza, decrease the prevalence of influenza, and possibly interrupt the potential secondary bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni E Magira
- 1st Department of Critical Care Medicine, Evangelismos General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 45-47 Ispilandou Street, Athens 10675, Greece.
| | - Sryros Zakynthinos
- 1st Department of Critical Care and Pulmonary Services, Center of Sleep Disorders, Evangelismos General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 45-47 Ipsilantou Street, Athens 10676, Greece
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29
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Nissimov JI, Pagarete A, Ma F, Cody S, Dunigan DD, Kimmance SA, Allen MJ. Coccolithoviruses: A Review of Cross-Kingdom Genomic Thievery and Metabolic Thuggery. Viruses 2017; 9:v9030052. [PMID: 28335474 PMCID: PMC5371807 DOI: 10.3390/v9030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccolithoviruses (Phycodnaviridae) infect and lyse the most ubiquitous and successful coccolithophorid in modern oceans, Emiliania huxleyi. So far, the genomes of 13 of these giant lytic viruses (i.e., Emiliania huxleyi viruses—EhVs) have been sequenced, assembled, and annotated. Here, we performed an in-depth comparison of their genomes to try and contextualize the ecological and evolutionary traits of these viruses. The genomes of these EhVs have from 444 to 548 coding sequences (CDSs). Presence/absence analysis of CDSs identified putative genes with particular ecological significance, namely sialidase, phosphate permease, and sphingolipid biosynthesis. The viruses clustered into distinct clades, based on their DNA polymerase gene as well as full genome comparisons. We discuss the use of such clustering and suggest that a gene-by-gene investigation approach may be more useful when the goal is to reveal differences related to functionally important genes. A multi domain “Best BLAST hit” analysis revealed that 84% of the EhV genes have closer similarities to the domain Eukarya. However, 16% of the EhV CDSs were very similar to bacterial genes, contributing to the idea that a significant portion of the gene flow in the planktonic world inter-crosses the domains of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef I Nissimov
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA.
| | - António Pagarete
- Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Bergen, 7803, Norway.
| | - Fangrui Ma
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Sean Cody
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - David D Dunigan
- Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA.
| | - Susan A Kimmance
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.
| | - Michael J Allen
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK.
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Ettensohn DB, Frampton MW, Nichols JE, Roberts NJ. Human Alveolar Macrophages May Not Be Susceptible to Direct Infection by a Human Influenza Virus. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:1658-1665. [PMID: 27601618 PMCID: PMC5144727 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current studies were undertaken to determine the susceptibility of human alveolar macrophages (AMs) to influenza A virus (IAV) infection in comparison with autologous peripheral blood-derived monocytes-macrophages (PBMs). AMs and PBMs were exposed to IAV in vitro and examined for their ability to bind and internalize IAV, and synthesize viral proteins and RNA. PBMs but not AMs demonstrated binding and internalization of the virus, synthesizing viral proteins and RNA. Exposure of AMs in the presence of a sialidase inhibitor or anti-IAV antibody resulted in viral protein synthesis by the cells. Exposure of AMs to fluorescein isothiocyanate-labeled IAV in the presence of anti-fluorescein isothiocyanate antibody also resulted in viral protein synthesis. Thus, human AMs are apparently not susceptible to direct infection by a human IAV but are likely to be infected indirectly in the setting of exposure in the presence of antibody that binds the challenging strain of IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Ettensohn
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine
| | - Mark W Frampton
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Unit, University of Rochester School of Medicine
| | - Joan E Nichols
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
| | - Norbert J Roberts
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston
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31
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Alymova IV, York IA, Air GM, Cipollo JF, Gulati S, Baranovich T, Kumar A, Zeng H, Gansebom S, McCullers JA. Glycosylation changes in the globular head of H3N2 influenza hemagglutinin modulate receptor binding without affecting virus virulence. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36216. [PMID: 27796371 PMCID: PMC5086918 DOI: 10.1038/srep36216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of human H3N2 influenza A viruses in the pandemic of 1968, these viruses have become established as strains of moderate severity. A decline in virulence has been accompanied by glycan accumulation on the hemagglutinin globular head, and hemagglutinin receptor binding has changed from recognition of a broad spectrum of glycan receptors to a narrower spectrum. The relationship between increased glycosylation, binding changes, and reduction in H3N2 virulence is not clear. We evaluated the effect of hemagglutinin glycosylation on receptor binding and virulence of engineered H3N2 viruses. We demonstrate that low-binding virus is as virulent as higher binding counterparts, suggesting that H3N2 infection does not require either recognition of a wide variety of, or high avidity binding to, receptors. Among the few glycans recognized with low-binding virus, there were two structures that were bound by the vast majority of H3N2 viruses isolated between 1968 and 2012. We suggest that these two structures support physiologically relevant binding of H3N2 hemagglutinin and that this physiologically relevant binding has not changed since the 1968 pandemic. Therefore binding changes did not contribute to reduced severity of seasonal H3N2 viruses. This work will help direct the search for factors enhancing influenza virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Alymova
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization & Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control &Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ian A York
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization & Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control &Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gillian M Air
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - John F Cipollo
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Shelly Gulati
- Department of Biochemistry &Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Tatiana Baranovich
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Amrita Kumar
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization & Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control &Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Battelle Memorial Institute, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hui Zeng
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization & Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control &Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Shane Gansebom
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization & Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control &Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jonathan A McCullers
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, TN, USA
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Xu H, Shaw DE. A Simple Model of Multivalent Adhesion and Its Application to Influenza Infection. Biophys J 2016; 110:218-33. [PMID: 26745425 PMCID: PMC4805874 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2015.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adhesion between biological surfaces, which is typically the result of molecular binding between receptors on one surface and ligands on another, plays a fundamental role in biology and is key to the infection mechanisms of certain viruses, including influenza. The physiological outcome of adhesion depends on both the number of bound cells (or viruses, or other biological particles) and the properties of the adhesion interface that is formed, including the equilibrium number of receptor-ligand connections. Here, we introduce a quantitative model for biological adhesion by adapting thermodynamic models developed for the related problem of multivalent molecular binding. In our model, adhesion affinity is approximated by a simple, analytical expression involving the numbers of ligands and receptors at the interface. Our model contains only two fitting parameters and is simple to interpret. When applied to the adhesion between the hemagglutinin ligands on influenza viruses and the sialic acid receptors on biosensors or on host cells, our model generates adhesion affinities consistent with experimental measurements performed over a range of numbers of receptors, and provides a semiquantitative estimate of the affinity range of the hemagglutinin-sialic acid interaction necessary for the influenza virus to successfully infect host cells. The model also provides a quantitative explanation for the experimental finding that a mutant avian virus gained transmissibility in mammals despite the mutations conferring only a less than twofold increase in the affinity of its hemagglutinin for mammalian receptors: the model predicts an order-of-magnitude improvement in adhesion to mammalian cells. We also extend our model to describe the competitive inhibition of adhesion: the model predicts that hemagglutinin inhibitors of relatively modest affinity can dramatically reduce influenza virus adhesion to host cells, suggesting that such inhibitors, if discovered, may be viable therapeutic agents against influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huafeng Xu
- D. E. Shaw Research, New York, New York.
| | - David E Shaw
- D. E. Shaw Research, New York, New York; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, New York.
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33
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Endocytic function is critical for influenza A virus infection via DC-SIGN and L-SIGN. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19428. [PMID: 26763587 PMCID: PMC4725901 DOI: 10.1038/srep19428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of cell-surface sialic acid (SIA) has complicated efforts to identify specific transmembrane glycoproteins that function as bone fide entry receptors for influenza A virus (IAV) infection. The C-type lectin receptors (CLRs) DC-SIGN (CD209) and L-SIGN (CD209L) enhance IAV infection however it is not known if they act as attachment factors, passing virions to other unknown receptors for virus entry, or as authentic entry receptors for CLR-mediated virus uptake and infection. Sialic acid-deficient Lec2 Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell lines were resistant to IAV infection whereas expression of DC-SIGN/L-SIGN restored susceptibility of Lec2 cells to pH- and dynamin-dependent infection. Moreover, Lec2 cells expressing endocytosis-defective DC-SIGN/L-SIGN retained capacity to bind IAV but showed reduced susceptibility to infection. These studies confirm that DC-SIGN and L-SIGN are authentic endocytic receptors for IAV entry and infection.
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Zhang Z, Huang T, Yu F, Liu X, Zhao C, Chen X, Kelvin DJ, Gu J. Infectious Progeny of 2009 A (H1N1) Influenza Virus Replicated in and Released from Human Neutrophils. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17809. [PMID: 26639836 PMCID: PMC4671072 DOI: 10.1038/srep17809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Various reports have indicated that a number of viruses could infect neutrophils, but the multiplication of viruses in neutrophils was abortive. Based on our previous finding that avian influenza viral RNA and proteins were present in the nucleus of infected human neutrophils in vivo, we investigated the possibility of 2009 A (H1N1) influenza viral synthesis in infected neutrophils and possible release of infectious progeny from host cells. In this study we found that human neutrophils in vitro without detectable level of sialic acid expression could be infected by this virus strain. We also show that the infected neutrophils can not only synthesize 2009 A (H1N1) viral mRNA and proteins, but also produce infectious progeny. These findings suggest that infectious progeny of 2009 A (H1N1) influenza virus could be replicated in and released from human neutrophils with possible clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Tao Huang
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Feiyuan Yu
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Xingmu Liu
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - Conghui Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Beijing University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xueling Chen
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
| | - David J. Kelvin
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Universita’ degli Studi di Sassari, Sezione di Microbiologia Sperimentale e Clinica, Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Viale San Pietro 43/b, 07100 Sassari, Italia
- International Institute of Infection and Immunity, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jiang Gu
- Department of Pathology and Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Collaborative and Creative Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, 515041, China
- Department of Pathology, Beijing University Health Science Center, Beijing, 100083, China
- Translational Medicine Center, Second Affiliated Hospital, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
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Yoon A, Yi KS, Chang SY, Kim SH, Song M, Choi JA, Bourgeois M, Hossain MJ, Chen LM, Donis RO, Kim H, Lee Y, Hwang DB, Min JY, Chang SJ, Chung J. An Anti-Influenza Virus Antibody Inhibits Viral Infection by Reducing Nucleus Entry of Influenza Nucleoprotein. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141312. [PMID: 26512723 PMCID: PMC4626144 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, four main mechanisms mediating inhibition of influenza infection by anti-hemagglutinin antibodies have been reported. Anti-globular-head-domain antibodies block either influenza virus receptor binding to the host cell or progeny virion release from the host cell. Anti-stem region antibodies hinder the membrane fusion process or induce antibody-dependent cytotoxicity to infected cells. In this study we identified a human monoclonal IgG1 antibody (CT302), which does not inhibit both the receptor binding and the membrane fusion process but efficiently reduced the nucleus entry of viral nucleoprotein suggesting a novel inhibition mechanism of viral infection by antibody. This antibody binds to the subtype-H3 hemagglutinin globular head domain of group-2 influenza viruses circulating throughout the population between 1997 and 2007.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Affinity/immunology
- Cell Line
- Disease Models, Animal
- Epitope Mapping/methods
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Ferrets
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Male
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neutralization Tests
- Nucleoproteins/metabolism
- Orthomyxoviridae/physiology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/immunology
- Orthomyxoviridae Infections/virology
- Protein Binding
- Protein Conformation
- Sequence Alignment
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Aerin Yoon
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kye Sook Yi
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Celltrion Inc., Incheon, South Korea
| | | | - Sung Hwan Kim
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Celltrion Inc., Incheon, South Korea
| | - Manki Song
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jung Ah Choi
- International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Melissa Bourgeois
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - M. Jaber Hossain
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Li-Mei Chen
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Ruben O. Donis
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Hyori Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yujean Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Do Been Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Min
- Institut Pasteur Korea, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
- * E-mail: (JC); (SJC); (JYM)
| | - Shin Jae Chang
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Celltrion Inc., Incheon, South Korea
- * E-mail: (JC); (SJC); (JYM)
| | - Junho Chung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- * E-mail: (JC); (SJC); (JYM)
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36
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Gong T, Cui Y, Goh D, Voon KK, Shum PP, Humbert G, Auguste JL, Dinh XQ, Yong KT, Olivo M. Highly sensitive SERS detection and quantification of sialic acid on single cell using photonic-crystal fiber with gold nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 64:227-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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37
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Dash P, Thomas PG. Host detection and the stealthy phenotype in influenza virus infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 386:121-47. [PMID: 25038940 DOI: 10.1007/82_2014_412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The innate host response to influenza virus infection plays a critical role in determining the subsequent course of infection and the clinical outcome of disease. The host has a diverse array of detection and effector mechanisms that are able to recognize and initiate effective antiviral responses. In opposition, the virus utilizes a number of distinct mechanisms to evade host detection and effector activity in order to remain "stealthy" throughout its replication cycle. In this review, we describe these host and viral mechanisms, including the major pattern recognition receptor families (the TLRs, NLRs, and RLRs) in the host and the specific viral proteins such as NS1 that are key players in this interaction. Additionally, we explore nonreductive mechanisms of viral immune evasion and propose areas important for future inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradyot Dash
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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38
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Rouhanifard SH, López-Aguilar A, Wu P. CHoMP: a chemoenzymatic histology method using clickable probes. Chembiochem 2014; 15:2667-73. [PMID: 25403986 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201402433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The characterization of aberrant glycosylation patterns in biopsied patient samples represents a remarkable challenge for scientists and medical doctors due to the lack of specific methods for detection. Here, we report the development of a histological method, dubbed CHoMP-chemoenzymatic histology of membrane polysaccharides-for analyzing glycosylation patterns in mammalian tissues. This method exploits a recombinant glycosyltransferase to transfer a monosaccharide analogue equipped with a chemical handle to a specific cell-surface glycan target, which can then be derivatized with imaging probes by using bioorthogonal click chemistry for visualization. We applied CHoMP to survey changes in expression of N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc) in human samples from patients afflicted with lung adenocarcinoma and observed a sharp decrease in expression levels between normal and early grade tumors, thus suggesting a potential application of this technique in early cancer diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara H Rouhanifard
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Price Center for Genetics and Translational Medicine, 1301 Morris Park Avenue, Room 513, Bronx, NY 10461 (USA)
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39
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Smith DF, Cummings RD. Investigating virus-glycan interactions using glycan microarrays. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 7:79-87. [PMID: 24995558 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
While all viruses must transit the plasma membrane of mammalian cells to initiate infection, we know little about the complex processes involved in viral attachment, which commonly involve recognition of glycans by viral proteins. Glycan microarrays derived from both synthetic glycans and natural glycans isolated through shotgun glycomics approaches provide novel platforms for interrogating diverse glycans as potential viral receptors. Recent studies with influenza and rotaviruses using such glycan microarrays provide examples of their utility in exploring the challenging questions raised in efforts to define the complex mechanistic protein-glycan interactions that regulate virus attachment to host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F Smith
- The National Center for Functional Glycomics, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Richard D Cummings
- The National Center for Functional Glycomics, Department of Biochemistry, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
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40
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A Ca(2+)-dependent signalling circuit regulates influenza A virus internalization and infection. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2763. [PMID: 24434940 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Various viruses enter host cells via endocytosis, but the molecular mechanisms underlying the specific internalization pathways remain unclear. Here we show that influenza A viruses (IAVs) enter cells via redundant pathways of clathrin-mediated and clathrin-independent endocytosis, with intracellular Ca(2+) having a central role in regulation of both pathways by activating a signalling axis comprising RhoA, Rho-kinase, phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase (PIP5K) and phospholipase C (PLC). IAV infection induces oscillations in the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration of host cells, the prevention of which markedly attenuates virus internalization and infection. The small GTPase RhoA is found both to function downstream of the virus-induced Ca(2+) response and itself to induce Ca(2+) oscillations in a manner dependent on Rho-kinase and subsequent PIP5K-PLC signalling. This signalling circuit regulates both clathrin-mediated and clathrin-independent endocytosis during virus infection and seems to constitute a key mechanism for regulation of IAV internalization and infection.
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41
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42
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Aamelfot M, Dale OB, Falk K. Infectious salmon anaemia - pathogenesis and tropism. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2014; 37:291-307. [PMID: 24475971 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) is a serious disease of farmed Atlantic salmon caused by the aquatic orthomyxovirus infectious salmon anaemia virus (ISAV). ISA was first detected in Norway in 1984 and was characterized by severe anaemia and circulatory disturbances. This review elucidates factors related to the pathogenesis of ISA in Atlantic salmon, the dissemination of the virus in the host and the general distribution of the 4-O-acetylated sialic acids ISAV receptor. The knowledge contributes to the understanding of this disease, and why, almost 30 years after the first detection, it is still causing problems for the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Aamelfot
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
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43
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Abstract
Influenza A and B viruses are highly contagious respiratory pathogens with a considerable medical and socioeconomical burden and known pandemic potential. Current influenza vaccines require annual updating and provide only partial protection in some risk groups. Due to the global spread of viruses with resistance to the M2 proton channel inhibitor amantadine or the neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir, novel antiviral agents with an original mode of action are urgently needed. We here focus on emerging options to interfere with the influenza virus entry process, which consists of the following steps: attachment of the viral hemagglutinin to the sialylated host cell receptors, endocytosis, M2-mediated uncoating, low pH-induced membrane fusion, and, finally, import of the viral ribonucleoprotein into the nucleus. We review the current functional and structural insights in the viral and cellular components of this entry process, and the diverse antiviral strategies that are being explored. This encompasses small molecule inhibitors as well as macromolecules such as therapeutic antibodies. There is optimism that at least some of these innovative concepts to block influenza virus entry will proceed from the proof of concept to a more advanced stage. Special attention is therefore given to the challenging issues of influenza virus (sub)type-dependent activity or potential drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lieve Naesens
- Rega Institute for Medical ResearchKU LeuvenLeuvenBelgium
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44
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Fulton JM, Fredricks HF, Bidle KD, Vardi A, Kendrick BJ, DiTullio GR, Van Mooy BAS. Novel molecular determinants of viral susceptibility and resistance in the lipidome ofEmiliania huxleyi. Environ Microbiol 2014; 16:1137-49. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James M. Fulton
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole MA USA
| | - Helen F. Fredricks
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole MA USA
| | - Kay D. Bidle
- Environmental Biophysics and Molecular Ecology Laboratory; Institute of Marine and Coastal Sciences; Rutgers University; New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Assaf Vardi
- Department of Plant Sciences; Weizmann Institute of Science; Rehovot Israel
| | | | | | - Benjamin A. S. Van Mooy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry; Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution; Woods Hole MA USA
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45
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Edinger TO, Pohl MO, Stertz S. Entry of influenza A virus: host factors and antiviral targets. J Gen Virol 2013; 95:263-277. [PMID: 24225499 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.059477-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus is a major human pathogen that causes annual epidemics and occasional pandemics. Moreover, the virus causes outbreaks in poultry and other animals, such as pigs, requiring costly and laborious countermeasures. Therefore, influenza virus has a substantial impact on health and the global economy. Here, we review entry of this important pathogen into target cells, an essential process by which viral genomes are delivered from extracellular virions to sites of transcription/replication in the cell nucleus. We summarize current knowledge on the interaction of influenza viruses with their receptor, sialic acid, and highlight the ongoing search for additional receptors. We describe receptor-mediated endocytosis and the recently discovered macropinocytosis as alternative virus uptake pathways, and illustrate the subsequent endosomal trafficking of the virus with advanced live microscopy techniques. Release of virus from the endosome and import of the viral ribonucleoproteins into the host cell nucleus are also outlined. Although a focus has been on viral protein function during entry, recent studies have revealed exciting information on cellular factors required for influenza virus entry. We highlight these, and discuss established entry inhibitors targeting viral and host factors, as well as the latest prospects for designing novel 'anti-entry' compounds. New entry inhibitors are of particular importance for current efforts to develop the next generation of anti-influenza drugs - entry is the first essential step of virus replication and is an ideal target to block infection efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas O Edinger
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marie O Pohl
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silke Stertz
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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46
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Mair CM, Ludwig K, Herrmann A, Sieben C. Receptor binding and pH stability - how influenza A virus hemagglutinin affects host-specific virus infection. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2013; 1838:1153-68. [PMID: 24161712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus strains adopt different host specificities mainly depending on their hemagglutinin (HA) protein. Via HA, the virus binds sialic acid receptors of the host cell and, upon endocytic uptake, HA triggers fusion between the viral envelope bilayer and the endosomal membrane by a low pH-induced conformational change leading to the release of the viral genome into the host cell cytoplasm. Both functions are crucial for viral infection enabling the genesis of new progeny virus. Adaptation to different hosts in vitro was shown to require mutations within HA altering the receptor binding and/or fusion behavior of the respective virus strain. Human adapted influenza virus strains (H1N1, H3N2, H2N2) as well as recent avian influenza virus strains (H5, H7 and H9 subtypes) which gained the ability to infect humans mostly contained mutations in the receptor binding site (RBS) of HA enabling increased binding affinity of these viruses to human type (α-2,6 linked sialic acid) receptors. Thus, the receptor binding specificity seems to be the major requirement for successful adaptation to the human host; however, the RBS is not the only determinant of host specificity. Increased binding to a certain cell type does not always correlate with infection efficiency. Furthermore, viruses carrying mutations in the RBS often resulted in reduced viral fitness and were still unable to transmit between mammals. Recently, the pH stability of HA was reported to affect the transmissibility of influenza viruses. This review summarizes recent findings on the adaptation of influenza A viruses to the human host and related amino acid substitutions resulting in altered receptor binding specificity and/or modulated fusion pH of HA. Furthermore, the role of these properties (receptor specificity and pH stability of HA) for adaptation to and transmissibility in the human host is discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Viral Membrane Proteins -- Channels for Cellular Networking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Mair
- Group of Molecular Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kai Ludwig
- Research center of Electron Microscopy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Fabeckstraße 36a, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Group of Molecular Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Christian Sieben
- Group of Molecular Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University Berlin, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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47
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Antigen-specific B-cell receptor sensitizes B cells to infection by influenza virus. Nature 2013; 503:406-9. [PMID: 24141948 PMCID: PMC3863936 DOI: 10.1038/nature12637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A virus-specific B lymphocytes and the antibodies they produce protect against infection. However, the outcome of interactions between an influenza haemagglutinin-specific B cell via its receptor (BCR) and virus is unclear. Through somatic cell nuclear transfer we generated mice that harbour B cells with a BCR specific for the haemagglutinin of influenza A/WSN/33 virus (FluBI mice). Their B cells secrete an immunoglobulin gamma 2b that neutralizes infectious virus. Whereas B cells from FluBI and control mice bind equivalent amounts of virus through interaction of haemagglutinin with surface-disposed sialic acids, the A/WSN/33 virus infects only the haemagglutinin-specific B cells. Mere binding of virus is not sufficient for infection of B cells: this requires interactions of the BCR with haemagglutinin, causing both disruption of antibody secretion and FluBI B-cell death within 18 h. In mice infected with A/WSN/33, lung-resident FluBI B cells are infected by the virus, thus delaying the onset of protective antibody release into the lungs, whereas FluBI cells in the draining lymph node are not infected and proliferate. We propose that influenza targets and kills influenza-specific B cells in the lung, thus allowing the virus to gain purchase before the initiation of an effective adaptive response.
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48
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Identification of trans-sialidases as a common mediator of endothelial cell activation by African trypanosomes. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003710. [PMID: 24130501 PMCID: PMC3795030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding African Trypanosomiasis (AT) host-pathogen interaction is the key to an "anti-disease vaccine", a novel strategy to control AT. Here we provide a better insight into this poorly described interaction by characterizing the activation of a panel of endothelial cells by bloodstream forms of four African trypanosome species, known to interact with host endothelium. T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. b. gambiense activated the endothelial NF-κB pathway, but interestingly, not T. b. brucei. The parasitic TS (trans-sialidases) mediated this NF-κB activation, remarkably via their lectin-like domain and induced production of pro-inflammatory molecules not only in vitro but also in vivo, suggesting a considerable impact on pathogenesis. For the first time, TS activity was identified in T. b. gambiense BSF which distinguishes it from the subspecies T. b. brucei. The corresponding TS were characterized and shown to activate endothelial cells, suggesting that TS represent a common mediator of endothelium activation among trypanosome species with divergent physiopathologies.
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49
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Kim M, Yu JE, Lee JH, Chang BJ, Song CS, Lee B, Paik DJ, Nahm SS. Comparative analyses of influenza virus receptor distribution in the human and mouse brains. J Chem Neuroanat 2013; 52:49-57. [PMID: 23726946 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests a potential link between influenza A virus infection and the occurrence of influenza-associated neurological disorders. As influenza infection is mediated by specific receptors on the host cell surface, it is important to understand the distribution patterns of influenza receptors in target organs. We carried out comprehensive experiments to localize influenza receptors in the brains of two different mouse strains and the human brain for comparison using lectin histochemistry. We further compared the brain regions in which influenza receptors were expressed and the regions in which experimental influenza infection was observed. Our results show that the expression patterns for influenza receptors in mouse and human brains are different. In the mouse brain, human influenza virus receptors (HuIV-R) were expressed in part of brainstem and cerebellar white matter while avian influenza virus receptors (AIV-R) were expressed in the cerebellar Purkinje neurons. In contrast, in the human brain, many neurons and glia in widespread regions, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, brainstem, and cerebellum, express both AIV-R and HuIV-R. Importantly, vascular endothelial cells, choroid plexus epithelial cells and ependymal cells in both mouse and human brains express high levels of HuIV-R and AIV-R. The regional reciprocity was not observed when comparing regions with influenza receptor expression and the regions of influenza infection within the mouse brain. Our results demonstrate a differential influenza receptor expression pattern in mouse and human brains, and a disparity between influenza receptor distribution and regions with actual influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsoo Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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50
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Binding of DC-SIGN to the hemagglutinin of influenza A viruses supports virus replication in DC-SIGN expressing cells. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56164. [PMID: 23424649 PMCID: PMC3570528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells express lectins receptors, like DC-SIGN, which allow these cells to sense glycans that are present on various bacterial and viral pathogens. Interaction of DC-SIGN with carbohydrate moieties induces maturation of dendritic cells and promotes endocytosis of pathogens which is an important property of these professional antigen presenting cells. Uptake of pathogens by dendritic cells may lead to cross-presentation of antigens or infection of these cells, which ultimately results in activation of virus-specific T cells in draining lymph nodes. Little is known about the interaction of DC-SIGN with influenza A viruses. Here we show that a virus with a non-functional receptor binding site in its hemagglutinin, can replicate in cells expressing DC-SIGN. Also in the absence of sialic acids, which is the receptor for influenza A viruses, these viruses replicate in DC-SIGN expressing cells including human dendritic cells. Furthermore, the efficiency of DC-SIGN mediated infection is dependent on the extent of glycosylation of the viral hemagglutinin.
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