1
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Margaritte-Jeannin P, Vernet R, Budu-Aggrey A, Ege M, Madore AM, Linhard C, Mohamdi H, von Mutius E, Granell R, Demenais F, Laprise C, Bouzigon E, Dizier MH. TNS1 and NRXN1 Genes Interacting With Early-Life Smoking Exposure in Asthma-Plus-Eczema Susceptibility. ALLERGY, ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH 2023; 15:779-794. [PMID: 37957795 PMCID: PMC10643854 DOI: 10.4168/aair.2023.15.6.779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Numerous genes have been associated with allergic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema), but they explain only part of their heritability. This is partly because most previous studies ignored complex mechanisms such as gene-environment (G-E) interactions and complex phenotypes such as co-morbidity. However, it was recently evidenced that the co-morbidity of asthma-plus-eczema appears as a sub-entity depending on specific genetic factors. Besides, evidence also suggest that gene-by-early life environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure interactions play a role in asthma, but were never investigated for asthma-plus-eczema. To identify genetic variants interacting with ETS exposure that influence asthma-plus-eczema susceptibility. METHODS To conduct a genome-wide interaction study (GWIS) of asthma-plus-eczema according to ETS exposure, we applied a 2-stage strategy with a first selection of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from genome-wide association meta-analysis to be tested at a second stage by interaction meta-analysis. All meta-analyses were conducted across 4 studies including a total of 5,516 European-ancestry individuals, of whom 1,164 had both asthma and eczema. RESULTS Two SNPs showed significant interactions with ETS exposure. They were located in 2 genes, NRXN1 (2p16) and TNS1 (2q35), never reported associated and/or interacting with ETS exposure for asthma, eczema or more generally for allergic diseases. TNS1 is a promising candidate gene because of its link to lung and skin diseases with possible interactive effect with tobacco smoke exposure. CONCLUSIONS This first GWIS of asthma-plus-eczema with ETS exposure underlines the importance of studying sub-phenotypes such as co-morbidities as well as G-E interactions to detect new susceptibility genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Margaritte-Jeannin
- Université Paris Cité, UMRS 1124, INSERM, Genomic Epidemiology and Multifactorial Diseases Group, Paris, France
| | - Raphaël Vernet
- Université Paris Cité, UMRS 1124, INSERM, Genomic Epidemiology and Multifactorial Diseases Group, Paris, France
| | - Ashley Budu-Aggrey
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Markus Ege
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University; Institute of Asthma and Allergy prevention, Helmholtz Centre Munich; Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Anne-Marie Madore
- Département des sciences fondamentales, Centre intersectoriel en santé durable (CISD), Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, Canada
| | - Christophe Linhard
- Université Paris Cité, UMRS 1124, INSERM, Genomic Epidemiology and Multifactorial Diseases Group, Paris, France
| | - Hamida Mohamdi
- Université Paris Cité, UMRS 1124, INSERM, Genomic Epidemiology and Multifactorial Diseases Group, Paris, France
| | - Erika von Mutius
- Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, Ludwig Maximilian University; Institute of Asthma and Allergy prevention, Helmholtz Centre Munich; Comprehensive Pneumology Center Munich (CPC-M), German Center for Lung Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Raquell Granell
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Florence Demenais
- Université Paris Cité, UMRS 1124, INSERM, Genomic Epidemiology and Multifactorial Diseases Group, Paris, France
| | - Cathrine Laprise
- Département des sciences fondamentales, Centre intersectoriel en santé durable (CISD), Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, Saguenay, QC, Canada
| | - Emmanuelle Bouzigon
- Université Paris Cité, UMRS 1124, INSERM, Genomic Epidemiology and Multifactorial Diseases Group, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Dizier
- Université Paris Cité, UMRS 1124, INSERM, Genomic Epidemiology and Multifactorial Diseases Group, Paris, France.
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2
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Joo J, Mak ACY, Xiao S, Sleiman PM, Hu D, Huntsman S, Eng C, Kan M, Diwakar AR, Lasky-Su JA, Weiss ST, Sordillo JE, Wu AC, Cloutier M, Canino G, Forno E, Celedón JC, Seibold MA, Hakonarson H, Williams LK, Burchard EG, Himes BE. Genome-wide association study in minority children with asthma implicates DNAH5 in bronchodilator responsiveness. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12514. [PMID: 35869121 PMCID: PMC9307508 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16488-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Variability in response to short-acting β2-agonists (e.g., albuterol) among patients with asthma from diverse racial/ethnic groups may contribute to asthma disparities. We sought to identify genetic variants associated with bronchodilator response (BDR) to identify potential mechanisms of drug response and risk factors for worse asthma outcomes. Genome-wide association studies of bronchodilator response (BDR) were performed using TOPMed Whole Genome Sequencing data of the Asthma Translational Genomic Collaboration (ATGC), which corresponded to 1136 Puerto Rican, 656 Mexican and 4337 African American patients with asthma. With the population-specific GWAS results, a trans-ethnic meta-analysis was performed to identify BDR-associated variants shared across the three populations. Replication analysis was carried out in three pediatric asthma cohorts, including CAMP (Childhood Asthma Management Program; n = 560), GACRS (Genetics of Asthma in Costa Rica Study; n = 967) and HPR (Hartford-Puerto Rico; n = 417). A genome-wide significant locus (rs35661809; P = 3.61 × 10-8) in LINC02220, a non-coding RNA gene, was identified in Puerto Ricans. While this region was devoid of protein-coding genes, capture Hi-C data showed a distal interaction with the promoter of the DNAH5 gene in lung tissue. In replication analysis, the GACRS cohort yielded a nominal association (1-tailed P < 0.05). No genetic variant was associated with BDR at the genome-wide significant threshold in Mexicans and African Americans. Our findings help inform genetic underpinnings of BDR for understudied minority patients with asthma, but the limited availability of genetic data for racial/ethnic minority children with asthma remains a paramount challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehyun Joo
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, 402 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Angel C Y Mak
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF, 1550 4th Street, Bldg 19B, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Shujie Xiao
- Center for Individualized and Genomic Medicine Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Patrick M Sleiman
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Donglei Hu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF, 1550 4th Street, Bldg 19B, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Scott Huntsman
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF, 1550 4th Street, Bldg 19B, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Celeste Eng
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF, 1550 4th Street, Bldg 19B, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Mengyuan Kan
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, 402 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Avantika R Diwakar
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, 402 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jessica A Lasky-Su
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott T Weiss
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joanne E Sordillo
- PRecisiOn Medicine Translational Research (PROMoTeR) Center, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann C Wu
- PRecisiOn Medicine Translational Research (PROMoTeR) Center, Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michelle Cloutier
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut, Farmington, CT, USA
| | - Glorisa Canino
- Behavioral Sciences Research Institute, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, PR, USA
| | - Erick Forno
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, UMPC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Juan C Celedón
- Division of Pediatric Pulmonary Medicine, UMPC Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Max A Seibold
- Center for Genes, Environment and Health, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - L Keoki Williams
- Center for Individualized and Genomic Medicine Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Esteban G Burchard
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, UCSF, 1550 4th Street, Bldg 19B, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of Californica, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Blanca E Himes
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, 402 Blockley Hall, 423 Guardian Drive, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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3
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Goldberg LR, Gould TJ. "Genetic influences impacting nicotine use and abuse during adolescence: insights from human and rodent studies". Brain Res Bull 2022; 187:24-38. [PMID: 35738503 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine use continues to be a major public health concern, with an alarming recent rise in electronic cigarette consumption. Heritability estimates of nicotine use and abuse range from 40-80%, providing strong evidence that genetic factors impact nicotine addiction-relevant phenotypes. Although nicotine use during adolescence is a key factor in the development of addiction, it remains unclear how genetic factors impact adolescent nicotine use and abuse. This review will discuss studies investigating genetic factors impacting nicotine use during adolescence. Evidence from both rodent and human studies will be summarized and integrated when possible. Human adolescent studies have largely included candidate gene studies for genes identified in adult populations, such as genes involved in nicotine metabolism, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor signaling, dopaminergic signaling, and other neurotransmitter signaling systems. Alternatively, rodent studies have largely taken a discovery-based approach identifying strain differences in adolescent nicotine addiction-relevant behaviors. Here, we aim to answer the following three questions by integrating human and rodent findings: 1) Are there genetic variants that uniquely impact nicotine use during adolescence? 2) Are there genetic variants that impact both adolescent and adult nicotine use? and 3) Do genetic factors in adolescence significantly impact long-term consequences of adolescent nicotine use? Determining answers for these three questions will be critical for the development of preventative measures and treatments for adolescent nicotine use and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa R Goldberg
- Department of Biobehavioral Heatlh, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Heatlh, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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4
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Yang Z, Yang J, Mao Y, Li MD. Investigation of the genetic effect of 56 tobacco-smoking susceptibility genes on DNA methylation and RNA expression in human brain. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:924062. [PMID: 36061282 PMCID: PMC9433921 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.924062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although various susceptibility genes have been revealed to influence tobacco smoking, the underlying regulatory mechanisms between genetic variants and smoking are poorly understood. In this study, we investigated cis-expression quantitative trait loci (cis-eQTLs) and methylation quantitative trait loci (mQTLs) for 56 candidate smoking-linked genes using the BrainCloud cohort samples. An eQTL was revealed to significantly affect EGLN2 expression in the European sample and two mQTLs were respectively detected in CpG sites in NRXN1 and CYP2A7. Interestingly, we found for the first time that the minor allele of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3745277 located in CYP2A7P1 (downstream of CYP2B6) significantly decreased methylation at the CpG site for CYP2A7 (cg25427638; P = 5.31 × 10-7), reduced expression of CYP2B6 (P = 0.03), and lowered the percentage of smokers (8.8% vs. 42.3%; Odds Ratio (OR) = 0.14, 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.02-0.62; P = 4.47 × 10-3) in a dominant way for the same cohort sample. Taken together, our findings resulted from analyzing genetic variation, DNA methylation, mRNA expression, and smoking status together using the same participants revealed a regulatory mechanism linking mQTLs to the smoking phenotype. Moreover, we demonstrated the presence of different regulatory effects of low-frequency and common variants on mRNA expression and DNA methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongli Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiekun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ying Mao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming D Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, National Medical Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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5
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Meyyazhagan A, Balasubramanian B, Bhotla HK, Easwaran M, Shanmugam S, Alagamuthu KK, Arumugam VA, Keshavarao S, Pappusamy M. Genetic and cytogenetic screening of autistic spectrum disorder: Genotype-phenotype profiles. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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6
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Tromp A, Mowry B, Giacomotto J. Neurexins in autism and schizophrenia-a review of patient mutations, mouse models and potential future directions. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:747-760. [PMID: 33191396 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00944-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the family of neurexins (NRXN1, NRXN2 and NRXN3) have been repeatedly identified in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SCZ). However, it remains unclear how these DNA variants affect neurexin functions and thereby predispose to these neurodevelopmental disorders. Understanding both the wild-type and pathologic roles of these genes in the brain could help unveil biological mechanisms underlying mental disorders. In this regard, numerous studies have focused on generating relevant loss-of-function (LOF) mammalian models. Although this has increased our knowledge about their normal functions, the potential pathologic role(s) of these human variants remains elusive. Indeed, after reviewing the literature, it seems apparent that a traditional LOF-genetic approach based on complete LOF might not be sufficient to unveil the role of these human mutations. First, these genes present a very complex transcriptome and total-LOF of all isoforms may not be the cause of toxicity in patients, particularly given evidence that causative variants act through haploinsufficiency. Moreover, human DNA variants may not all lead to LOF but potentially to intricate transcriptome changes that could also include the generation of aberrant isoforms acting as a gain-of-function (GOF). Furthermore, their transcriptomic complexity most likely renders them prone to genetic compensation when one tries to manipulate them using traditional site-directed mutagenesis approaches, and this could act differently from model to model leading to heterogeneous and conflicting phenotypes. This review compiles the relevant literature on variants identified in human studies and on the mouse models currently deployed, and offers suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisha Tromp
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Bryan Mowry
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - Jean Giacomotto
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia.
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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7
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Abstract
The function of neuronal circuits relies on the properties of individual neuronal cells and their synapses. We propose that a substantial degree of synapse formation and function is instructed by molecular codes resulting from transcriptional programmes. Recent studies on the Neurexin protein family and its ligands provide fundamental insight into how synapses are assembled and remodelled, how synaptic properties are specified and how single gene mutations associated with neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders might modify the operation of neuronal circuits and behaviour. In this Review, we first summarize insights into Neurexin function obtained from various model organisms. We then discuss the mechanisms and logic of the cell type-specific regulation of Neurexin isoforms, in particular at the level of alternative mRNA splicing. Finally, we propose a conceptual framework for how combinations of synaptic protein isoforms act as 'senders' and 'readers' to instruct synapse formation and the acquisition of cell type-specific and synapse-specific functional properties.
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8
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Dai J, He Y, Maneenil K, Liu H, Liu M, Guo Q, Bennett AC, Stoddard SM, Wampfler JA, Jiang G, Yang P. Timing of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease diagnosis in lung cancer prognosis: a clinical and genomic-based study. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2021; 10:1209-1220. [PMID: 33889503 PMCID: PMC8044468 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr-20-1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Background A two-phase study (clinical and genomic-based) was conducted to evaluate the effect of timing of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) diagnosis on lung cancer outcomes. Methods The prognostic influence of COPD was investigated in a clinical cohort of 1,986 patients who received surgery for stage I lung cancer; 823 (41.4%) of them also had COPD, including 549 (27.6%) incidental COPD (diagnosed within 6-months of lung cancer diagnosis) and 274 (13.8%) prior COPD (>6 months before lung cancer diagnosis). The genomic variations were analyzed from another cohort of 1,549 patients for association with 384 lung cancer-related single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Results Older age (≥70 years), smokers, and respiratory symptoms were independent predictors of incidental COPD in lung cancer (all P<0.05). Similar to prior COPD, incidental COPD increased postoperative complications and worsened quality-of-life related to dyspnea (both P<0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed lung cancer survival decreased significantly in incidental COPD (HR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.02–1.66), but not in prior COPD (HR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.87–1.52). Among prior COPD, median survival showed a trend for being better in those with fewer exacerbations (0–1 vs. ≥2 exacerbation/year; 6.1 vs. 4.1 years; P=0.10). The SNP-based analysis identified ADCY2:rs52827085 was significantly associated with risk of incidental COPD (OR, 1.76; 95% CI, 1.30–2.38) and NRXN1:rs1356888 associated with prior COPD complicated with lung cancer (OR, 1.73; 95% CI, 1.29–2.33). Conclusions Different long-term survival and genomic variants were observed between lung cancer patients with incidental and with prior COPD, suggesting timing of COPD diagnosis should be considered in lung cancer clinical management and mechanistic research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Dai
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanqi He
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kunlatida Maneenil
- Division of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Oncology Unit, Department of Medicine, Rajavithi Hospital, College of Medicine, Rangsit University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Han Liu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Guo
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Amy C Bennett
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Shawn M Stoddard
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jason A Wampfler
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Gening Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Yang
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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9
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Xu K, Li B, McGinnis KA, Vickers-Smith R, Dao C, Sun N, Kember RL, Zhou H, Becker WC, Gelernter J, Kranzler HR, Zhao H, Justice AC. Genome-wide association study of smoking trajectory and meta-analysis of smoking status in 842,000 individuals. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5302. [PMID: 33082346 PMCID: PMC7598939 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) for longitudinal smoking phenotypes in 286,118 individuals from the Million Veteran Program (MVP) where we identified 18 loci for smoking trajectory of current versus never in European Americans, one locus in African Americans, and one in Hispanic Americans. Functional annotations prioritized several dozen genes where significant loci co-localized with either expression quantitative trait loci or chromatin interactions. The smoking trajectories were genetically correlated with 209 complex traits, for 33 of which smoking was either a causal or a consequential factor. We also performed European-ancestry meta-analyses for smoking status in the MVP and GWAS & Sequencing Consortium of Alcohol and Nicotine use (GSCAN) (Ntotal = 842,717) and identified 99 loci for smoking initiation and 13 loci for smoking cessation. Overall, this large GWAS of longitudinal smoking phenotype in multiple populations, combined with a meta-GWAS for smoking status, adds new insights into the genetic vulnerability for smoking behavior. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for cigarette smoking have identified several hundred loci that account for a small proportion of the overall genetic risk. Here, the authors report a large GWAS for smoking trajectories and meta-analysis for smoking status, finding multiple plausible loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Boyang Li
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.,Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | | | | | - Cecilia Dao
- VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.,Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Ning Sun
- Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Rachel L Kember
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hang Zhou
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - William C Becker
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA
| | - Henry R Kranzler
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.,Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA.,Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA
| | - Amy C Justice
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA. .,VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT, 06516, USA.
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10
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Vapor Cannabis Exposure Promotes Genetic Plasticity in the Rat Hypothalamus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16866. [PMID: 31728018 PMCID: PMC6856070 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53516-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that cannabis use promotes appetite. However, how cannabis interacts with the brain’s appetite center, the hypothalamus, to stimulate feeding behavior is unknown. A growing body of evidence indicates that the hypothalamic transcriptome programs energy balance. Here, we tested the hypothesis that cannabis targets alternative polyadenylation (APA) sites within hypothalamic transcripts to regulate transcriptomic function. To do this, we used a novel cannabis vapor exposure model to characterize feeding in adult male Long Evans rats and aligned this behavioral response with APA events using a Whole Transcriptome Termini Sequencing (WTTS-Seq) approach as well as functional RNA abundance measurements with real-time quantitative polymerase chain reactions. We found that vapor cannabis exposure promoted food intake in free-feeding and behaviorally sated rats, validating the appetite stimulating properties of cannabis. Our WTTS-Seq analysis mapped 59 unique cannabis-induced hypothalamic APAs that occurred primarily within exons on transcripts that regulate synaptic function, excitatory synaptic transmission, and dopamine signaling. Importantly, APA insertions regulated RNA abundance of Slc6a3, the dopamine transporter, suggesting a novel genetic link for cannabis regulation of brain monoamine function. Collectively, these novel data indicate that a single cannabis exposure rapidly targets a key RNA processing mechanism linked to brain transcriptome function.
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11
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Hu Z, Xiao X, Zhang Z, Li M. Genetic insights and neurobiological implications from NRXN1 in neuropsychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:1400-1414. [PMID: 31138894 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Many neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders commonly share genetic risk factors. To date, the mechanisms driving the pathogenesis of these disorders, particularly how genetic variations affect the function of risk genes and contribute to disease symptoms, remain largely unknown. Neurexins are a family of synaptic adhesion molecules, which play important roles in the formation and establishment of synaptic structure, as well as maintenance of synaptic function. Accumulating genomic findings reveal that genetic variations within genes encoding neurexins are associated with a variety of psychiatric conditions such as schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and some developmental abnormalities. In this review, we focus on NRXN1, one of the most compelling psychiatric risk genes of the neurexin family. We performed a comprehensive survey and analysis of current genetic and molecular data including both common and rare alleles within NRXN1 associated with psychiatric illnesses, thus providing insights into the genetic risk conferred by NRXN1. We also summarized the neurobiological evidences, supporting the function of NRXN1 and its protein products in synaptic formation, organization, transmission and plasticity, as well as disease-relevant behaviors, and assessed the mechanistic link between the mutations of NRXN1 and synaptic and behavioral pathology in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Hu
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine and Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,Department of Psychiatry, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China. .,National Clinical Research Center on Mental Disorders, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- Institute of Molecular Precision Medicine and Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Center for Medical Genetics and Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China. .,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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12
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Agahi M, Noormohammadi Z, Salahshourifar I, Mahdavi Hezaveh N. Genotype Variations of rs13381800 in TCF4 Gene and rs17039988 in NRXN1 Gene among a Sample of Iranian Patients with Schizophrenia. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHIATRY 2019; 14:265-273. [PMID: 32071599 PMCID: PMC7007506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Schizophrenia is a complicated mental disorder that affects about 1% of the world's population. It is a complex disease and is approximately 80% inherited. One of the candidate genes in schizophrenia is transcription factor 4 (TCF4), which is positioned on chromosome 18 and is a transcription factor that plays a role in the transcription of Neurexin 1(NRXN1) gene, which is one of the candidate genes for developing schizophrenia. This case-control study aimed to investigate the correlation of TCF4 rs13381800 and NRXN1 rs17039988 polymorphisms with the risk of schizophrenia in a sample of Iranian patients with schizophrenia. Method : A total of 200 individuals were included in this study: 100 patients with schizophrenia (65 males and 35 females), with the mean age of 40.80 ± 11.298 years, and 100 as a control group (63 males and 37 females), with the mean age 32.92 ± 7.391 years. Allele specific polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) were done, respectively, for genotyping of rs13381800 (T/C) and rs17039988 (A/C) polymorphisms. Results: The results showed that the frequency of C / C genotype in rs13381800 in patients' group was 9%, while it was 13% in the control group. Also, the frequency of C / C genotype in rs17039988 was 9% in patients and 7% in control groups. Statistical analysis of polymorphisms showed no correlation between patients and controls in rs13381800 (OR = 1.51; CI = 95%; P = 0.366) and rs17039988 (OR = 0.76; CI = 95%; P = 0.602). Conclusion: No significant difference was found between rs13381800 and rs17039988 genotypes between patients and control groups in terms of gender, age and education in the patients group. Our study suggests that there was no correlation between desired polymorphisms with schizophrenia in the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Agahi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Noormohammadi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.,Corresponding Author: Address: Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Poonak, Tehran, Iran, Postal Code: 1477893855. Tel: 98-2144865939 Fax: 98-2144865939,
| | - Iman Salahshourifar
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloufar Mahdavi Hezaveh
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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13
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Aziz HA, Abdel-Salam ASG, Al-Obaide MAI, Alobydi HW, Al-Humaish S. Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase Gene Associated With Nicotine Initiation and Addiction: Analysis of Novel Regulatory Features at 5' and 3'-Regions. Front Genet 2018; 9:198. [PMID: 29951083 PMCID: PMC6008986 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2018.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco smoking is widespread behavior in Qatar and worldwide and is considered one of the major preventable causes of ill health and death. Nicotine is part of tobacco smoke that causes numerous health risks and is incredibly addictive; it binds to the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) in the brain. Recent studies showed α7nAChR involvement in the initiation and addiction of smoking. Kynurenic acid (KA), a significant tryptophan metabolite, is an antagonist of α7nAChR. Inhibition of kynurenine 3-monooxygenase enzyme encoded by KMO enhances the KA levels. Modulating KMO gene expression could be a useful tactic for the treatment of tobacco initiation and dependence. Since KMO regulation is still poorly understood, we aimed to investigate the 5' and 3'-regulatory factors of KMO gene to advance our knowledge to modulate KMO gene expression. In this study, bioinformatics methods were used to identify the regulatory sequences associated with expression of KMO. The displayed differential expression of KMO mRNA in the same tissue and different tissues suggested the specific usage of the KMO multiple alternative promoters. Eleven KMO alternative promoters identified at 5'-regulatory region contain TATA-Box, lack CpG Island (CGI) and showed dinucleotide base-stacking energy values specific to transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs). The structural features of regulatory sequences can influence the transcription process and cell type-specific expression. The uncharacterized LOC105373233 locus coding for non-coding RNA (ncRNA) located on the reverse strand in a convergent manner at the 3'-side of KMO locus. The two genes likely expressed by a promoter that lacks TATA-Box harbor CGI and two TFBSs linked to the bidirectional transcription, the NRF1, and ZNF14 motifs. We identified two types of microRNA (miR) in the uncharacterized LOC105373233 ncRNA, which are like hsa-miR-5096 and hsa-miR-1285-3p and can target the miR recognition element (MRE) in the KMO mRNA. Pairwise sequence alignment identified 52 nucleotides sequence hosting MRE in the KMO 3' UTR untranslated region complementary to the ncRNA LOC105373233 sequence. We speculate that the identified miRs can modulate the KMO expression and together with alternative promoters at the 5'-regulatory region of KMO might contribute to the development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic algorithm for tobacco smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A Aziz
- College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Mohammed A I Al-Obaide
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX, United States
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14
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Bossé Y, Amos CI. A Decade of GWAS Results in Lung Cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 27:363-379. [PMID: 28615365 PMCID: PMC6464125 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were successful to identify genetic factors robustly associated with lung cancer. This review aims to synthesize the literature in this field and accelerate the translation of GWAS discoveries into results that are closer to clinical applications. A chronologic presentation of published GWAS on lung cancer susceptibility, survival, and response to treatment is presented. The most important results are tabulated to provide a concise overview in one read. GWAS have reported 45 lung cancer susceptibility loci with varying strength of evidence and highlighted suspected causal genes at each locus. Some genetic risk loci have been refined to more homogeneous subgroups of lung cancer patients in terms of histologic subtypes, smoking status, gender, and ethnicity. Overall, these discoveries are an important step for future development of new therapeutic targets and biomarkers to personalize and improve the quality of care for patients. GWAS results are on the edge of offering new tools for targeted screening in high-risk individuals, but more research is needed if GWAS are to pay off the investment. Complementary genomic datasets and functional studies are needed to refine the underlying molecular mechanisms of lung cancer preliminarily revealed by GWAS and reach results that are medically actionable. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(4); 363-79. ©2018 AACRSee all articles in this CEBP Focus section, "Genome-Wide Association Studies in Cancer."
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohan Bossé
- Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, Canada.
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
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15
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Hu Y, Fang Z, Yang Y, Fan T, Wang J. Analyzing the pathways enriched in genes associated with nicotine dependence in the context of human protein-protein interaction network. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2018; 37:1177-1188. [PMID: 29546796 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2018.1453377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine dependence is the primary addictive stage of cigarette smoking. Although a lot of studies have been performed to explore the molecular mechanism underlying nicotine dependence, our understanding on this disorder is still far from complete. Over the past decades, an increasing number of candidate genes involved in nicotine dependence have been identified by different technical approaches, including the genetic association analysis. In this study, we performed a comprehensive collection of candidate genes reported to be genetically associated with nicotine dependence. Then, the biochemical pathways enriched in these genes were identified by considering the gene's propensity to be related to nicotine dependence. One of the most widely used pathway enrichment analysis approach, over-representation analysis, ignores the function non-equivalence of genes in candidate gene set and may have low discriminative power in identifying some dysfunctional pathways. To overcome such drawbacks, we constructed a comprehensive human protein-protein interaction network, and then assigned a function weighting score to each candidate gene based on their network topological features. Evaluation indicated the function weighting score scheme was consistent with available evidence. Finally, the function weighting scores of the candidate genes were incorporated into pathway analysis to identify the dysfunctional pathways involved in nicotine dependence, and the interactions between pathways was detected by pathway crosstalk analysis. Compared to conventional over-representation-based pathway analysis tool, the modified method exhibited improved discriminative power and detected some novel pathways potentially underlying nicotine dependence. In summary, we conducted a comprehensive collection of genes associated with nicotine dependence and then detected the biochemical pathways enriched in these genes using a modified pathway enrichment analysis approach with function weighting score of candidate genes integrated. Our results may provide insight into the molecular mechanism underlying nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Hu
- a School of Biomedical Engineering , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , China
| | - Zhonghai Fang
- a School of Biomedical Engineering , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , China
| | - Yichen Yang
- a School of Biomedical Engineering , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , China
| | - Ting Fan
- a School of Biomedical Engineering , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , China
| | - Ju Wang
- a School of Biomedical Engineering , Tianjin Medical University , Tianjin 300070 , China
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16
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Kasem E, Kurihara T, Tabuchi K. Neurexins and neuropsychiatric disorders. Neurosci Res 2017; 127:53-60. [PMID: 29221905 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurexins are a family of presynaptic single-pass transmembrane proteins that act as synaptic organizers in mammals. The neurexins consist of three genes (NRXN1, NRXN2, and NRXN3), each of which produces a longer α- and shorter β-form. Genomic alterations in NRXN genes have been identified in a wide variety of neuropsychiatric disorders, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD), schizophrenia, intellectual disability (ID), and addiction. Remarkably, a bi-allelic deficiency of NRXN1 was recently linked to Pitt-Hopkins syndrome. The fact that some mono-allelic functional variants of NRXNs are also found in healthy controls indicates that other genetic or environmental factors affect the penetrance of NRXN deficiency. In this review, we summarize the common research methods and representative results of human genetic studies that have implicated NRXN variants in various neuropsychiatric disorders. We also summarize studies of rodent models with NRXN deficiencies that complement our knowledge of human genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enas Kasem
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621 Japan
| | - Taiga Kurihara
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621 Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Tabuchi
- Department of Molecular & Cellular Physiology, Shinshu University School of Medicine, 3-1-1 Asahi, Matsumoto, 390-8621 Japan; Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Cutting Edge Research, Shinshu University, Matsumoto 390-8621, Japan.
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17
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Roppongi RT, Karimi B, Siddiqui TJ. Role of LRRTMs in synapse development and plasticity. Neurosci Res 2016; 116:18-28. [PMID: 27810425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich-repeat transmembrane neuronal proteins (LRRTMs) are a family of four synapse organizing proteins critical for the development and function of excitatory synapses. The genes encoding LRRTMs and their binding partners, neurexins and HSPGs, are strongly associated with multiple psychiatric disorders. Here, we review the literature covering their structural features, expression patterns in the developing and adult brains, evolutionary origins, and discovery as synaptogenic proteins. We also discuss their role in the development and plasticity of excitatory synapses as well as their disease associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko T Roppongi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Neuroscience Research Program, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, 710 William Avenue, Winnipeg R3Y 0Z3, MB, Canada
| | - Benyamin Karimi
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Neuroscience Research Program, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, 710 William Avenue, Winnipeg R3Y 0Z3, MB, Canada
| | - Tabrez J Siddiqui
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Neuroscience Research Program, Kleysen Institute for Advanced Medicine, Health Sciences Centre, 710 William Avenue, Winnipeg R3Y 0Z3, MB, Canada.
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18
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Converging findings from linkage and association analyses on susceptibility genes for smoking and other addictions. Mol Psychiatry 2016; 21:992-1008. [PMID: 27166759 PMCID: PMC4956568 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Experimental approaches to genetic studies of complex traits evolve with technological advances. How do discoveries using different approaches advance our knowledge of the genetic architecture underlying complex diseases/traits? Do most of the findings of newer techniques, such as genome-wide association study (GWAS), provide more information than older ones, for example, genome-wide linkage study? In this review, we address these issues by developing a nicotine dependence (ND) genetic susceptibility map based on the results obtained by the approaches commonly used in recent years, namely, genome-wide linkage, candidate gene association, GWAS and targeted sequencing. Converging and diverging results from these empirical approaches have elucidated a preliminary genetic architecture of this intractable psychiatric disorder and yielded new hypotheses on ND etiology. The insights we obtained by putting together results from diverse approaches can be applied to other complex diseases/traits. In sum, developing a genetic susceptibility map and keeping it updated are effective ways to keep track of what we know about a disease/trait and what the next steps may be with new approaches.
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19
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Pérez-Rubio G, Pérez-Rodríguez ME, Fernández-López JC, Ramírez-Venegas A, García-Colunga J, Ávila-Moreno F, Camarena A, Sansores RH, Falfán-Valencia R. SNPs in NRXN1 and CHRNA5 are associated to smoking and regulation of GABAergic and glutamatergic pathways. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:1145-1158. [PMID: 27355804 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To identify genetic variants associated with greater tobacco consumption in a Mexican population. PATIENTS & METHODS Daily smokers were classified as light smokers (LS; n = 742), heavy smokers (HS; n = 601) and nonsmokers (NS; n = 606). In the first stage, a genotyping microarray that included 347 SNPs in CHRNA2-CHRNA7/CHRNA10, CHRNB2-CHRNB4 and NRXN1 genes and 37 ancestry-informative markers was used to analyze 707 samples (187 HS, 328 LS and 192 NS). In the second stage, 14 SNPs from stage 1 were validated in the remaining samples (HS, LS and NS; n = 414 in each group) using real-time PCR. To predict the role of the associated SNPs, an in silico analysis was performed. RESULTS Two SNPs in NRXN1 and two in CHRNA5 were associated with cigarette consumption, while rs10865246/C (NRXN1) was associated with high nicotine addiction. The in silico analysis revealed that rs1882296/T had a high level of homology with Hsa-miR-6740-5p, which encodes a putative miRNA that targets glutamate receptor subunits (GRIA2, GRID2) and GABA receptor subunits (GABRG1, GABRA4, GABRB2), while rs1882296/C had a high level of homology with Hsa-miR-6866-5p, which encodes a different miRNA that targets GRID2 and GABRB2. CONCLUSION In a Mexican Mestizo population, greater consumption of cigarettes was influenced by polymorphisms in the NRXN1 and CHRNA5 genes. We proposed new hypotheses regarding the putative roles of miRNAs that influence the GABAergic and glutamatergic pathways in smoking addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Pérez-Rubio
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Laboratorio HLA, México, DF, México.,Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social., Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, CMN S-XXI, México, DF, México.,Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, México, DF, México
| | - Martha E Pérez-Rodríguez
- Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social., Unidad de Investigación Médica en Inmunología, CMN S-XXI, México, DF, México
| | | | - Alejandra Ramírez-Venegas
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Departamento de Investigación en Tabaquismo y EPOC, México, DF, México
| | - Jesús García-Colunga
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus Juriquilla, Instituto de Neurobiología, Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Juriquilla, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Federico Ávila-Moreno
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Facultad de Estudios Superiores (FES)-Iztacala, Biomedicine Research Unit (UBIMED), Cancer Epigenomics Laboratory 12, Tlalnepantla, México, México
| | - Angel Camarena
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, México, DF, México
| | - Raúl H Sansores
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Departamento de Investigación en Tabaquismo y EPOC, México, DF, México
| | - Ramcés Falfán-Valencia
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosío Villegas, Laboratorio HLA, México, DF, México
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20
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Genetic Relationship between Schizophrenia and Nicotine Dependence. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25671. [PMID: 27164557 PMCID: PMC4862382 DOI: 10.1038/srep25671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that most schizophrenia patients smoke cigarettes. There are different hypotheses postulating the underlying mechanisms of this comorbidity. We used summary statistics from large meta-analyses of plasma cotinine concentration (COT), Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) and schizophrenia to examine the genetic relationship between these traits. We found that schizophrenia risk scores calculated at P-value thresholds of 5 × 10−3 and larger predicted FTND and cigarettes smoked per day (CPD), suggesting that genes most significantly associated with schizophrenia were not associated with FTND/CPD, consistent with the self-medication hypothesis. The COT risk scores predicted schizophrenia diagnosis at P-values of 5 × 10−3 and smaller, implying that genes most significantly associated with COT were associated with schizophrenia. These results implicated that schizophrenia and FTND/CPD/COT shared some genetic liability. Based on this shared liability, we identified multiple long non-coding RNAs and RNA binding protein genes (DA376252, BX089737, LOC101927273, LINC01029, LOC101928622, HY157071, DA902558, RBFOX1 and TINCR), protein modification genes (MANBA, UBE2D3, and RANGAP1) and energy production genes (XYLB, MTRF1 and ENOX1) that were associated with both conditions. Further analyses revealed that these shared genes were enriched in calcium signaling, long-term potentiation and neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathways that played a critical role in cognitive functions and neuronal plasticity.
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21
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Kim KC, Gonzales EL, Lázaro MT, Choi CS, Bahn GH, Yoo HJ, Shin CY. Clinical and Neurobiological Relevance of Current Animal Models of Autism Spectrum Disorders. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2016; 24:207-43. [PMID: 27133257 PMCID: PMC4859786 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2016.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social and communication impairments, as well as repetitive and restrictive behaviors. The phenotypic heterogeneity of ASD has made it overwhelmingly difficult to determine the exact etiology and pathophysiology underlying the core symptoms, which are often accompanied by comorbidities such as hyperactivity, seizures, and sensorimotor abnormalities. To our benefit, the advent of animal models has allowed us to assess and test diverse risk factors of ASD, both genetic and environmental, and measure their contribution to the manifestation of autistic symptoms. At a broader scale, rodent models have helped consolidate molecular pathways and unify the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying each one of the various etiologies. This approach will potentially enable the stratification of ASD into clinical, molecular, and neurophenotypic subgroups, further proving their translational utility. It is henceforth paramount to establish a common ground of mechanistic theories from complementing results in preclinical research. In this review, we cluster the ASD animal models into lesion and genetic models and further classify them based on the corresponding environmental, epigenetic and genetic factors. Finally, we summarize the symptoms and neuropathological highlights for each model and make critical comparisons that elucidate their clinical and neurobiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Chan Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.,Center for Neuroscience Research, SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Edson Luck Gonzales
- Center for Neuroscience Research, SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.,School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - María T Lázaro
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Chang Soon Choi
- Center for Neuroscience Research, SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.,School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Ho Bahn
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Yoo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Bungdang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- Center for Neuroscience Research, SMART Institute of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea.,School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Neurexin 1 (NRXN1), a presynaptic cell adhesion molecule, is implicated in several neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by synaptic dysfunction including autism, intellectual disability and schizophrenia. To gain insight into NRXN1's involvement in human cortical development we used quantitative real-time PCR to examine the expression trajectories of NRXN1, and its predominant isoforms, NRXN1-α and NRXN1-β, in prefrontal cortex from fetal stages to aging. In addition, we investigated whether prefrontal cortical expression levels of NRXN1 transcripts are altered in schizophrenia or bipolar disorder in comparison with non-psychiatric control subjects. We observed that all three NRXN1 transcripts were highly expressed during human fetal cortical development, markedly increasing with gestational age. In the postnatal dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, expression levels were negatively correlated with age, peaking at birth until ~3 years of age, after which levels declined markedly to be stable across the lifespan. NRXN1-β expression was modestly but significantly elevated in the brains of patients with schizophrenia compared with non-psychiatric controls, whereas NRXN1-α expression was increased in bipolar disorder. These data provide novel evidence that NRXN1 expression is highest in human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex during critical developmental windows relevant to the onset and diagnosis of a range of neurodevelopmental disorders, and that NRXN1 expression may be differentially altered in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Yang J, Wang S, Yang Z, Hodgkinson CA, Iarikova P, Ma JZ, Payne TJ, Goldman D, Li MD. The contribution of rare and common variants in 30 genes to risk nicotine dependence. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:1467-78. [PMID: 25450229 PMCID: PMC4452458 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and functional studies have revealed that both common and rare variants of several nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits are associated with nicotine dependence (ND). In this study, we identified variants in 30 candidate genes including nicotinic receptors in 200 sib pairs selected from the Mid-South Tobacco Family population with equal numbers of African Americans (AAs) and European Americans (EAs). We selected 135 of the rare and common variants and genotyped them in the Mid-South Tobacco Case-Control (MSTCC) population, which consists of 3088 AAs and 1430 EAs. None of the genotyped common variants showed significant association with smoking status (smokers vs non-smokers), Fagerström Test for ND scores or indexed cigarettes per day after Bonferroni correction. Rare variants in NRXN1, CHRNA9, CHRNA2, NTRK2, GABBR2, GRIN3A, DNM1, NRXN2, NRXN3 and ARRB2 were significantly associated with smoking status in the MSTCC AA sample, with weighted sum statistic (WSS) P-values ranging from 2.42 × 10(-3) to 1.31 × 10(-4) after 10(6) phenotype rearrangements. We also observed a significant excess of rare nonsynonymous variants exclusive to EA smokers in NRXN1, CHRNA9, TAS2R38, GRIN3A, DBH, ANKK1/DRD2, NRXN3 and CDH13 with WSS P-values between 3.5 × 10(-5) and 1 × 10(-6). Variants rs142807401 (A432T) and rs139982841 (A452V) in CHRNA9 and variants V132L, V389L, rs34755188 (R480H) and rs75981117 (N549S) in GRIN3A are of particular interest because they are found in both the AA and EA samples. A significant aggregate contribution of rare and common coding variants in CHRNA9 to the risk for ND (SKAT-C: P=0.0012) was detected by applying the combined sum test in MSTCC EAs. Together, our results indicate that rare variants alone or combined with common variants in a subset of 30 biological candidate genes contribute substantially to the risk of ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiekun Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Shaolin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | - Zhongli Yang
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
| | | | | | - Jennie Z. Ma
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville
| | - Thomas J. Payne
- ACT Center for Tobacco Treatment, Education and Research, Department of Otolaryngology and Communicative Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39213
| | - David Goldman
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, NIAAA, NIH; Bethesda, MD 20852
| | - Ming D. Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903
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24
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Levran O, Peles E, Randesi M, Correa da Rosa J, Ott J, Rotrosen J, Adelson M, Kreek MJ. Synaptic Plasticity and Signal Transduction Gene Polymorphisms and Vulnerability to Drug Addictions in Populations of European or African Ancestry. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 21:898-904. [PMID: 26384852 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Drug addiction is characterized, in part, by deregulation of synaptic plasticity in circuits involved in reward, stress, cue learning, and memory. This study was designed to assess whether 185 variants in 32 genes central to synaptic plasticity and signal transduction contribute to vulnerability to develop heroin and/or cocaine addiction. METHODS Analyses were conducted in a sample of 1860 subjects divided according to ancestry (African and European) and drug of abuse (heroin or cocaine). RESULTS Eighteen SNPs in 11 genes (CDK5R1, EPHA4, EPHA6, FOSL2, MAPK3, MBP, MPDZ, NFKB1, NTRK2, NTSR1, and PRKCE) showed significant associations (P < 0.01), but the signals did not survive correction for multiple testing. SNP rs230530 in the NFKB1 gene, encoding the transcription regulator NF-kappa-B, was the only SNP indicated in both ancestry groups and both addictions. This SNP was previously identified in association with alcohol addiction. SNP rs3915568 in NTSR1, which encodes neurotensin receptor, and SNP rs1389752 in MPDZ, which encodes the multiple PDZ domain protein, were previously associated with heroin addiction or alcohol addiction, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The study supports the involvement of genetic variation in signal transduction pathways in heroin and cocaine addiction and provides preliminary evidence suggesting several new risk or protective loci that may be relevant for diagnosis and treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orna Levran
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Einat Peles
- Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment and Research, Tel Aviv Elias Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Matthew Randesi
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joel Correa da Rosa
- Center for Clinical and Translational Science, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jurg Ott
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,The Laboratory of Statistical Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Rotrosen
- VA New York Harbor Healthcare System, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miriam Adelson
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.,Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment and Research, Tel Aviv Elias Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Dr. Miriam and Sheldon G. Adelson Clinic for Drug Abuse Treatment and Research, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Mary Jeanne Kreek
- The Laboratory of the Biology of Addictive Diseases, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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25
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Jenkins A, Apud JA, Zhang F, Decot H, Weinberger DR, Law AJ. Identification of candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms in NRXN1 related to antipsychotic treatment response in patients with schizophrenia. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2170-8. [PMID: 24633560 PMCID: PMC4104334 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurexins are presynaptic neuronal adhesion molecules that interact with postsynaptic neuroligins to form an inter-synaptic complex required for synaptic specification and efficient neurotransmission. Deletions and point mutations in the neurexin 1 (NRXN1) gene are associated with a broad spectrum of neuropsychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism, intellectual disability, epilepsy, developmental delay, and schizophrenia. Recently, small nucleotide polymorphisms in NRXN1 have been associated with antipsychotic drug response in patients with schizophrenia. Based on previous suggestive evidence of an impact on clozapine response in patients with schizophrenia, we conducted an association study of NRXN1 polymorphisms (rs12467557 and rs10490162) with antipsychotic treatment response in 54 patients with schizophrenia in a double blind, placebo-controlled NIMH inpatient crossover trial and examined for association with risk for schizophrenia in independent case-control and family-based clinical cohorts. Pharmacogenetic analysis in the placebo controlled trial revealed significant association of rs12467557and rs10490162 with drug response, whereby individuals homozygous for the A allele, at either SNP, showed significant improvement in positive symptoms, general psychopathology, thought disturbance, and negative symptoms, whereas patients carrying the G allele showed no overall response. Although we did not find evidence of the same NRXN1 SNPs being associated with results of the NIMH sponsored CATIE trial, other SNPs showed weakly positive signals. The family and case-control analyses for schizophrenia risk were negative. Our results provide confirmatory evidence of genetically determined differences in drug response in patients with schizophrenia related to NRXN1 variation. Furthermore, these findings potentially implicate NRXN1 in the therapeutic actions of antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Jenkins
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA,University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - José A Apud
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Fengyu Zhang
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Heather Decot
- Clinical Brain Disorders Branch, Genes, Cognition and Psychosis Program, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute of Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Johns Hopkins University Medical Campus, Baltimore, MD, USA,Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, Neuroscience and the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amanda J Law
- Departments of Psychiatry and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA,Departments of Psychiatry and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Mailstop 8344, RC1 North, RM. 8101, Aurora, CO 80045, USA, Tel: +1 303 724 4418, Fax: +1 303 724 4425, E-mail:
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26
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Chen H, Luo R, Gong S, Matta SG, Sharp BM. Protection genes in nucleus accumbens shell affect vulnerability to nicotine self-administration across isogenic strains of adolescent rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86214. [PMID: 24465966 PMCID: PMC3899218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical genetic studies show the heritability of cigarette smoking is 0.4–0.6, and that multiple genes confer susceptibility and resistance to smoking. Despite recent advances in identifying genes associated with smoking behaviors, the major source of this heritability and its impact on susceptibility and resistance are largely unknown. Operant self-administration (SA) of intravenous nicotine is an established model for smoking behavior. We recently confirmed that genetic factors exert strong control over nicotine intake in isogenic rat strains. Because the processing of afferent dopaminergic signals by nucleus accumbens shell (AcbS) is critical for acquisition and maintenance of motivated behaviors reinforced by nicotine, we hypothesized that differential basal gene expression in AcbS accounts for much of the strain-to-strain variation in nicotine SA. We therefore sequenced the transcriptome of AcbS samples obtained by laser capture microdissection from 10 isogenic adolescent rat strains and compared all RNA transcript levels with behavior. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis, a systems biology method, found 12 modules (i.e., unique sets of genes that covary across all samples) that correlated (p<0.05) with amount of self-administered nicotine; 9 of 12 correlated negatively, implying a protective role. PCR confirmed selected genes from these modules. Chilibot, a literature mining tool, identified 15 genes within 1 module that were nominally associated with cigarette smoking, thereby providing strong support for the analytical approach. This is the first report demonstrating that nicotine intake by adolescent rodents is associated with the expression of specific genes in AcbS of the mesolimbic system, which controls motivated behaviors. These findings provide new insights into genetic mechanisms that predispose or protect against tobacco addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HC); (BS)
| | - Rui Luo
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Suzhen Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shannon G. Matta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Burt M. Sharp
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HC); (BS)
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27
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Wolock S, Yates A, Petrill SA, Bohland JW, Blair C, Li N, Machiraju R, Huang K, Bartlett CW. Gene × smoking interactions on human brain gene expression: finding common mechanisms in adolescents and adults. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2013; 54:1109-19. [PMID: 23909413 PMCID: PMC3809890 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have examined gene × environment interactions (G × E) in cognitive and behavioral domains. However, these studies have been limited in that they have not been able to directly assess differential patterns of gene expression in the human brain. Here, we assessed G × E interactions using two publically available datasets to assess if DNA variation is associated with post-mortem brain gene expression changes based on smoking behavior, a biobehavioral construct that is part of a complex system of genetic and environmental influences. METHODS We conducted an expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) study on two independent human brain gene expression datasets assessing G × E for selected psychiatric genes and smoking status. We employed linear regression to model the significance of the Gene × Smoking interaction term, followed by meta-analysis across datasets. RESULTS Overall, we observed that the effect of DNA variation on gene expression is moderated by smoking status. Expression of 16 genes was significantly associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms that demonstrated G × E effects. The strongest finding (p = 1.9 × 10⁻¹¹) was neurexin 3-alpha (NRXN3), a synaptic cell-cell adhesion molecule involved in maintenance of neural connections (such as the maintenance of smoking behavior). Other significant G × E associations include four glutamate genes. CONCLUSIONS This is one of the first studies to demonstrate G × E effects within the human brain. In particular, this study implicated NRXN3 in the maintenance of smoking. The effect of smoking on NRXN3 expression and downstream behavior is different based upon SNP genotype, indicating that DNA profiles based on SNPs could be useful in understanding the effects of smoking behaviors. These results suggest that better measurement of psychiatric conditions, and the environment in post-mortem brain studies may yield an important avenue for understanding the biological mechanisms of G × E interactions in psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Wolock
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Andrew Yates
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Jason W. Bohland
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clancy Blair
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Raghu Machiraju
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kun Huang
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
,Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
,The CCC Biomedical Informatics Shared Resource, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Christopher W. Bartlett
- Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
,Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH, USA
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28
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Takács VT, Freund TF, Nyiri G. Neuroligin 2 is expressed in synapses established by cholinergic cells in the mouse brain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72450. [PMID: 24039767 PMCID: PMC3764118 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroligin 2 is a postsynaptic protein that plays a critical role in the maturation and proper function of GABAergic synapses. Previous studies demonstrated that deletion of neuroligin 2 impaired GABAergic synaptic transmission, whereas its overexpression caused increased inhibition, which suggest that its presence strongly influences synaptic function. Interestingly, the overexpressing transgenic mouse line showed increased anxiety-like behavior and other behavioral phenotypes, not easily explained by an otherwise strengthened GABAergic transmission. This suggested that other, non-GABAergic synapses may also express neuroligin 2. Here, we tested the presence of neuroligin 2 at synapses established by cholinergic neurons in the mouse brain using serial electron microscopic sections double labeled for neuroligin 2 and choline acetyltransferase. We found that besides GABAergic synapses, neuroligin 2 is also present in the postsynaptic membrane of cholinergic synapses in all investigated brain areas (including dorsal hippocampus, somatosensory and medial prefrontal cortices, caudate putamen, basolateral amygdala, centrolateral thalamic nucleus, medial septum, vertical- and horizontal limbs of the diagonal band of Broca, substantia innominata and ventral pallidum). In the hippocampus, the density of neuroligin 2 labeling was similar in GABAergic and cholinergic synapses. Moreover, several cholinergic contact sites that were strongly labeled with neuroligin 2 did not resemble typical synapses, suggesting that cholinergic axons form more synaptic connections than it was recognized previously. We showed that cholinergic cells themselves also express neuroligin 2 in a subset of their input synapses. These data indicate that mutations in human neuroligin 2 gene and genetic manipulations of neuroligin 2 levels in rodents will potentially cause alterations in the cholinergic system as well, which may also have a profound effect on the functional properties of brain circuits and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virág T. Takács
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás F. Freund
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Nyiri
- Laboratory of Cerebral Cortex Research, Department of Cellular and Network Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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29
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Wang S, Yang Z, Ma JZ, Payne TJ, Li MD. Introduction to deep sequencing and its application to drug addiction research with a focus on rare variants. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:601-14. [PMID: 23990377 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8541-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Through linkage analysis, candidate gene approach, and genome-wide association studies (GWAS), many genetic susceptibility factors for substance dependence have been discovered such as the alcohol dehydrogenase gene (ALDH2) for alcohol dependence (AD) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunit variants on chromosomes 8 and 15 for nicotine dependence (ND). However, these confirmed genetic factors contribute only a small portion of the heritability responsible for each addiction. Among many potential factors, rare variants in those identified and unidentified susceptibility genes are supposed to contribute greatly to the missing heritability. Several studies focusing on rare variants have been conducted by taking advantage of next-generation sequencing technologies, which revealed that some rare variants of nAChR subunits are associated with ND in both genetic and functional studies. However, these studies investigated variants for only a small number of genes and need to be expanded to broad regions/genes in a larger population. This review presents an update on recently developed methods for rare-variant identification and association analysis and on studies focused on rare-variant discovery and function related to addictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Wang
- Department of Psychiatry & Neurobiology Science, University of Virginia, 1670 Discovery Drive, Suite 110, Charlottesville, VA, 22911, USA
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30
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Hu X, Zhang J, Jin C, Mi W, Wang F, Ma W, Ma C, Yang Y, Li W, Zhang H, Du B, Li K, Liu C, Wang L, Lu T, Zhang H, Lv L, Zhang D, Yue W. Association study of NRXN3 polymorphisms with schizophrenia and risperidone-induced bodyweight gain in Chinese Han population. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2013; 43:197-202. [PMID: 23306218 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Recent researches have implicated that mutations in the neurexin-3 (NRXN3) gene on chromosome 14q24.3-q31.1 might play a role in addiction, autism, and obesity. In order to explore the association of NRXN3 polymorphisms with schizophrenia, we examined seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in NRXN3 spanning 1.33 Mb of this gene, in a Chinese Han sample of 1214 schizophrenic patients and 1517 healthy control subjects. Our results showed that three SNPs were associated with schizophrenia (rs7157669: A>C, p=0.006; rs724373: C>T, p=0.014; rs7154021: C>T, p=0.018). After being corrected for multiple tests, the association of rs7157669 remained significant but those for two others were modest. According to the linkage disequilibrium pattern, the 7 SNPs may construct 3 haplotype blocks. Several haplotypes were significantly associated with schizophrenia, constructed by rs11624704-rs7157669-rs724373 (AAC, p=0.003; ACT, p=0.007, both remained significant after permutation tests), rs7154021-rs7142344 (TT, p=0.024; CT, p=0.012), respectively. Among the patients, 326 ones at first onset have received 6-week monotherapy of risperidone. Further analyses showed that two SNPs were associated with percentage of bodyweight gain following a 6-week therapy of risperidone (rs11624704: p=0.03; rs7154021: p=0.008) and rs7154021 remained significant after permutation test. Our findings suggested that NRXN3 might represent a major susceptibility gene for schizophrenia and have a role in bodyweight gain related to therapy of risperidone in Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Hu
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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31
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Kim JH, Park K, Yim SH, Choi JE, Sung JS, Park JY, Choi YY, Jeon HS, Park JY, Yoon HK, Kim YH, Yoo BS, Kim YT, Hu HJ, Chung YJ, Kim H, Sung SW, Hong YC. Genome-wide association study of lung cancer in Korean non-smoking women. J Korean Med Sci 2013; 28:840-7. [PMID: 23772147 PMCID: PMC3677999 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2013.28.6.840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer in never-smokers ranks as the seventh most common cause of cancer death worldwide, and the incidence of lung cancer in non-smoking Korean women appears to be steadily increasing. To identify the effect of genetic polymorphisms on lung cancer risk in non-smoking Korean women, we conducted a genome-wide association study of Korean female non-smokers with lung cancer. We analyzed 440,794 genotype data of 285 cases and 1,455 controls, and nineteen SNPs were associated with lung cancer development (P < 0.001). For external validation, nineteen SNPs were replicated in another sample set composed of 293 cases and 495 controls, and only rs10187911 on 2p16.3 was significantly associated with lung cancer development (dominant model, OR of TG or GG, 1.58, P = 0.025). We confirmed this SNP again in another replication set composed of 546 cases and 744 controls (recessive model, OR of GG, 1.32, P = 0.027). OR and P value in combined set were 1.37 and < 0.001 in additive model, 1.51 and < 0.001 in dominant model, and 1.54 and < 0.001 in recessive model. The effect of this SNP was found to be consistent only in adenocarcinoma patients (1.36 and < 0.001 in additive model, 1.49 and < 0.001 in dominant model, and 1.54 and < 0.001 in recessive model). Furthermore, after imputation with HapMap data, we found regional significance near rs10187911, and five SNPs showed P value less than that of rs10187911 (rs12478012, rs4377361, rs13005521, rs12475464, and rs7564130). Therefore, we concluded that a region on chromosome 2 is significantly associated with lung cancer risk in Korean non-smoking women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyunghee Park
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Seoul National University School of Public Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seon-Hee Yim
- Department of Medical Humanities and Social Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Eun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Sook Sung
- Genomic Research Center for Lung and Breast/Ovarian Cancers, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ju-Yeon Park
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yi Young Choi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyo-Sung Jeon
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae Yong Park
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyoung Kyu Yoon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeul Hong Kim
- Genomic Research Center for Lung and Breast/Ovarian Cancers, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Division of Oncology/Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Su Yoo
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Tae Kim
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hae-Jin Hu
- Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Microbiology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeun-Jun Chung
- Integrated Research Center for Genome Polymorphism, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Microbiology, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ho Kim
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Seoul National University School of Public Health, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sook Whan Sung
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
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32
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Ng E, McGirr A, Wong AHC, Roder JC. Using rodents to model schizophrenia and substance use comorbidity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:896-910. [PMID: 23567519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia and substance use disorders (SUD) often occur together, yet it is unclear why this is the case or how best to manage dual diagnosis. Rodent models are well suited to study how genes and environment interact to impact neurodevelopment, brain function and behaviors relevant to dual diagnosis. Indeed a variety of rodent models for schizophrenia display behavioral and physiological features relevant to SUD including: neurodevelopmental models, models of a rare variant (Disc1), to models of common variants (neurexin, dysbindin and neuregulin), and models of various gene-drug interactions. Thus it may be worthwhile to probe models of schizophrenia for insights relevant to SUD and dual diagnosis. However, future studies on dual diagnosis should involve characterization beyond measuring locomotor responses to self-administration tasks, include drug classes other than psychostimulants, and dissect the neuroadaptations that underlie risk for dual diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enoch Ng
- Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Avenue, Room 860, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X5, Canada.
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Harmey D, Griffin PR, Kenny PJ. Development of novel pharmacotherapeutics for tobacco dependence: progress and future directions. Nicotine Tob Res 2012; 14:1300-18. [PMID: 23024249 PMCID: PMC3611986 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nts201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The vast majority of tobacco smokers seeking to quit will relapse within the first month of abstinence. Currently available smoking cessation agents have limited utility in increasing rates of smoking cessation and in some cases there are notable safety concerns related to their use. Hence, there is a pressing need to develop safer and more efficacious smoking cessation medications. METHODS Here, we provide an overview of current efforts to develop new pharmacotherapeutic agents to facilitate smoking cessation, identified from ongoing clinical trials and published reports. RESULTS Nicotine is considered the major addictive agent in tobacco smoke, and the vast majority of currently available smoking cessation agents act by modulating nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) signaling. Accordingly, there is much effort directed toward developing novel small molecule therapeutics and biological agents such as nicotine vaccines for smoking cessation that act by modulating nAChR activity. Our increasing knowledge of the neurobiology of nicotine addiction has revealed new targets for novel smoking cessation therapeutics. Indeed, we highlight many examples of novel small molecule drug development around non-nAChR targets. Finally, there is a growing appreciation that medications already approved for other disease indications could show promise as smoking cessation agents, and we consider examples of such repurposing efforts. CONCLUSION Ongoing clinical assessment of potential smoking cessation agents offers the promise of new effective medications. Nevertheless, much of our current knowledge of molecular mechanisms of nicotine addiction derived from preclinical studies has not yet been leveraged for medications development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dympna Harmey
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute—Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL
| | - Patrick R. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute—Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL
| | - Paul J. Kenny
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute—Scripps Florida, Jupiter, FL
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Docampo E, Ribasés M, Gratacòs M, Bruguera E, Cabezas C, Sánchez-Mora C, Nieva G, Puente D, Argimon-Pallàs JM, Casas M, Rabionet R, Estivill X. Association of neurexin 3 polymorphisms with smoking behavior. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2012; 11:704-11. [PMID: 22716474 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2012.00815.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Neurexin 3 gene (NRXN3) has been associated with dependence on various addictive substances, as well as with the degree of smoking in schizophrenic patients and impulsivity among tobacco abusers. To further evaluate the role of NRXN3 in nicotine addiction, we analyzed single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and a copy number variant (CNV) within the NRXN3 genomic region. An initial study was carried out on 157 smokers and 595 controls, all of Spanish Caucasian origin. Nicotine dependence was assessed using the Fagerström index and the number of cigarettes smoked per day. The 45 NRXN3 SNPs genotyped included all the SNPs previously associated with disease, and a previously described deletion within NRXN3. This analysis was replicated in 276 additional independent smokers and 568 controls. Case-control association analyses were performed at the allele, genotype and haplotype levels. Allelic and genotypic association tests showed that three NRXN3 SNPs were associated with a lower risk of being a smoker. The haplotype analysis showed that one block of 16 Kb, consisting of two of the significant SNPs (rs221473 and rs221497), was also associated with lower risk of being a smoker in both the discovery and the replication cohorts, reaching a higher level of significance when the whole sample was considered [odds ratio = 0.57 (0.42-0.77), permuted P = 0.0075]. By contrast, the NRXN3 CNV was not associated with smoking behavior. Taken together, our results confirm a role for NRXN3 in susceptibility to smoking behavior, and strongly implicate this gene in genetic vulnerability to addictive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Docampo
- Genes and Disease Program, Centre for Genomic Regulation and UPF and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Catalonia, Spain
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Phenotypic spectrum and genotype-phenotype correlations of NRXN1 exon deletions. Eur J Hum Genet 2012; 20:1240-7. [PMID: 22617343 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2012.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Copy number variants (CNVs) and intragenic rearrangements of the NRXN1 (neurexin 1) gene are associated with a wide spectrum of developmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, including intellectual disability, speech delay, autism spectrum disorders (ASDs), hypotonia and schizophrenia. We performed a detailed clinical and molecular characterization of 24 patients who underwent clinical microarray analysis and had intragenic deletions of NRXN1. Seventeen of these deletions involved exons of NRXN1, whereas seven deleted intronic sequences only. The patients with exonic deletions manifested developmental delay/intellectual disability (93%), infantile hypotonia (59%) and ASDs (56%). Congenital malformations and dysmorphic features appeared infrequently and inconsistently among this population of patients with NRXN1 deletions. The more C-terminal deletions, including those affecting the β isoform of neurexin 1, manifested increased head size and a high frequency of seizure disorder (88%) when compared with N-terminal deletions of NRXN1.
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Pedrosa E, Sandler V, Shah A, Carroll R, Chang C, Rockowitz S, Guo X, Zheng D, Lachman HM. Development of patient-specific neurons in schizophrenia using induced pluripotent stem cells. J Neurogenet 2011; 25:88-103. [PMID: 21797804 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2011.597908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has the potential to transform regenerative medicine. It also offers a powerful tool for establishing in vitro models of disease, in particular, for neuropsychiatric disorders where live human neurons are essentially impossible to procure. Using iPSCs derived from three schizophrenia (SZ) patients, one of whom has 22q11.2del (velocardiofacial syndrome; VCFS), the authors developed a culture system to study SZ on a molecular and cellular level. SZ iPSCs were differentiated into functional, primarily glutamatergic neurons that were able to fire action potentials after ∼8 weeks in culture. Early differentiating neurons expressed a number of transcription factors/chromatin remodeling proteins and synaptic proteins relevant to SZ pathogenesis, including ZNF804A, RELN, CNTNAP2, CTNNA2, SMARCA2, and NRXN1. Although a small number of lines were developed in this preliminary study, the SZ line containing 22q11.2del showed a significant delay in the reduction of endogenous OCT4 and NANOG expression that normally occurs during differentiation. Constitutive expression of OCT4 has been observed in Dgcr8-deficient mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs); DGCR8 maps to the 22q11.2-deleted region. These findings demonstrate that the method of inducing neural differentiation employed is useful for disease modeling in SZ and that the transition of iPSCs with 22q11.2 deletions towards a differentiated state may be marked by subtle changes in expression of pluripotency-associated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Pedrosa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10416, USA
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Genetic regulation of Nrxn1 [corrected] expression: an integrative cross-species analysis of schizophrenia candidate genes. Transl Psychiatry 2011; 1:e25. [PMID: 22832527 PMCID: PMC3309521 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2011.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurexin 1 (NRXN1) is a large presynaptic transmembrane protein that has complex and variable patterns of expression in the brain. Sequence variants in NRXN1 are associated with differences in cognition, and with schizophrenia and autism. The murine Nrxn1 gene is also highly polymorphic and is associated with significant variation in expression that is under strong genetic control. Here, we use co-expression analysis, high coverage genomic sequence, and expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) mapping to study the regulation of this gene in the brain. We profiled a family of 72 isogenic progeny strains of a cross between C57BL/6J and DBA/2J (the BXD family) using exon arrays and massively parallel RNA sequencing. Expression of most Nrxn1 exons have high genetic correlation (r>0.6) because of the segregation of a common trans eQTL on chromosome (Chr) 8 and a common cis eQTL on Chr 17. These two loci are also linked to murine phenotypes relevant to schizophrenia and to a novel human schizophrenia candidate gene with high neuronal expression (Pleckstrin and Sec7 domain containing 3). In both human and mice, NRXN1 is co-expressed with numerous synaptic and cell signaling genes, and known schizophrenia candidates. Cross-species co-expression and protein interaction network analyses identified glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3B) as one of the most consistent and conserved covariates of NRXN1. By using the Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia data set, we were able to test and confirm that markers in NRXN1 and GSK3B have epistatic interactions in human populations that can jointly modulate risk of schizophrenia.
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Voineskos AN, Lett TAP, Lerch JP, Tiwari AK, Ameis SH, Rajji TK, Müller DJ, Mulsant BH, Kennedy JL. Neurexin-1 and frontal lobe white matter: an overlapping intermediate phenotype for schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20982. [PMID: 21687627 PMCID: PMC3110800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Structural variation in the neurexin-1 (NRXN1) gene increases risk for both autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and schizophrenia. However, the manner in which NRXN1 gene variation may be related to brain morphology to confer risk for ASD or schizophrenia is unknown. Method/Principal Findings 53 healthy individuals between 18–59 years of age were genotyped at 11 single nucleotide polymorphisms of the NRXN1 gene. All subjects received structural MRI scans, which were processed to determine cortical gray and white matter lobar volumes, and volumes of striatal and thalamic structures. Each subject's sensorimotor function was also assessed. The general linear model was used to calculate the influence of genetic variation on neural and cognitive phenotypes. Finally, in silico analysis was conducted to assess potential functional relevance of any polymorphisms associated with brain measures. A polymorphism located in the 3′ untranslated region of NRXN1 significantly influenced white matter volumes in whole brain and frontal lobes after correcting for total brain volume, age and multiple comparisons. Follow-up in silico analysis revealed that this SNP is a putative microRNA binding site that may be of functional significance in regulating NRXN1 expression. This variant also influenced sensorimotor performance, a neurocognitive function impaired in both ASD and schizophrenia. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that the NRXN1 gene, a vulnerability gene for SCZ and ASD, influences brain structure and cognitive function susceptible in both disorders. In conjunction with our in silico results, our findings provide evidence for a neural and cognitive susceptibility mechanism by which the NRXN1 gene confers risk for both schizophrenia and ASD.
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The galanin receptor 1 gene associates with tobacco craving in smokers seeking cessation treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology 2011; 36:1412-20. [PMID: 21430647 PMCID: PMC3096810 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2011.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Craving for tobacco is a major challenge for people with nicotine dependence (ND) who try to quit smoking. Galanin (GAL) and its receptors (GALRs) can alter addiction-related behaviors and are therefore good candidates for modulators of behavioral parameters associated with smoking. We performed a genetic association study in 486 subjects (432 European American, EA) recruited for smoking cessation trials. Twenty-six candidate genes for ND-related phenotypes were selected based on the literature. Subjects were assessed using the Minnesota Withdrawal Scale (MWS), which included a specific item for craving, the Fagerström Scale of Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and other ND-related instruments. One single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in GALR1, rs2717162, significantly associated with severity of craving in EA samples (p=6.48 × 10(-6)) and in the combined sample (p=9.23 × 10(-6)). Individuals with TT and TC genotypes had significantly higher craving scores than CC subjects. We also observed that SNPs in the CHRNA5 locus, rs16969968 and rs684513, which have been associated with ND-related phenotypes in previous studies, were nominally associated with FTND scores, although these results did not meet Bonferroni-adjusted criteria for experiment-wide significance. Our findings suggest that variation at GALR1 associates with differences in the severity of past craving for tobacco among smokers motivated to quit. Taken together with preclinical evidence, these results, if replicated, suggest that GAL and GALRs may be useful therapeutic targets for the pharmacological treatment of ND. Our results also confirm previously reported associations between variation at CHRNA5 and ND.
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Soysal Y, Vermeesch J, Davani NA, Hekimler K, Imirzalioğlu N. A 10.46 Mb 12p11.1-12.1 interstitial deletion coincident with a 0.19 Mb NRXN1 deletion detected by array CGH in a girl with scoliosis and autism. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:1745-52. [PMID: 21626680 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We present a 12-year-old girl with de novo karyotype 46,XX,del(12)(p11.1p12.1). Array CGH revealed in addition to a 10.466 Mb interstitial deletion on 12p11.1→12p12.1 a 0.191 Mb deletion on 2p16.3. The girl presented with mild facial dysmorphism consisting of microcephaly, hypertelorism, downslanting palpebral fissures, strabismus, broad nasal base, bulbous nose, short philtrum, micro/retrognathia, irregular tooth arrangement, phalangeal deformity in distal phalanges of hands, 5th finger camptodactyly, brachydactyly in feet, history of joint hypermobility, and scoliosis. She was considered to have mild to moderate mental retardation and ascertained for an autism spectrum disorder(ASD). Short arm of chromosome 12 interstitial deletions are rarely reported whereas point mutations and deletions of NRXN1, which is located on chromosome 2p16.3, are associated with ASDs. In this article we present and discuss the phenotypic consequences of a patient who was affected by deletions of two different chromosomal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemin Soysal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Afyon Kocatepe University, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
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Cingöz S, Bache I, Bjerglund L, Ropers HH, Tommerup N, Jensen H, Brøndum-Nielsen K, Tümer Z. Interstitial deletion of 14q24.3-q32.2 in a male patient with plagiocephaly, BPES features, developmental delay, and congenital heart defects. Am J Med Genet A 2011; 155A:203-6. [PMID: 21204233 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.33766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Distal interstitial deletions of chromosome 14 involving the 14q24-q23.2 region are rare, and only been reported so far in 20 patients. Ten of these patients were analyzed both clinically and genetically. Here we present a de novo interstitial deletion of chromosome 14q24.3-q32.2 in a male patient with developmental delay, language impairment, plagiocephaly, BPES features (blepharophimosis, ptosis, epicanthus), and congenital heart defect. The deletion breakpoints were fine mapped using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and the size of the deletion is estimated to be approximately 23 Mb. Based on genotype-phenotype comparisons of the 10 previously published patients and the present case, we suggest that the shortest regions for deletion overlap may include candidate genes for speech impairment, mental retardation, and hypotonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultan Cingöz
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Turkey
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Lopez-Quintero C, de los Cobos JP, Hasin DS, Okuda M, Wang S, Grant BF, Blanco C. Probability and predictors of transition from first use to dependence on nicotine, alcohol, cannabis, and cocaine: results of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Drug Alcohol Depend 2011; 115:120-30. [PMID: 21145178 PMCID: PMC3069146 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2010] [Revised: 08/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to estimate general and racial-ethnic specific cumulative probability of developing dependence among nicotine, alcohol, cannabis or cocaine users, and to identify predictors of transition to substance dependence. METHODS Analyses were done for the subsample of lifetime nicotine (n=15,918), alcohol (n=28,907), cannabis (n=7389) or cocaine (n=2259) users who participated in the first and second wave of the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Discrete-time survival analyses were implemented to estimate the cumulative probability of transitioning from use to dependence and to identify predictors of transition to dependence. RESULTS The cumulative probability estimate of transition to dependence was 67.5% for nicotine users, 22.7% for alcohol users, 20.9% for cocaine users, and 8.9% for cannabis users. Half of the cases of dependence on nicotine, alcohol, cannabis and cocaine were observed approximately 27, 13, 5 and 4 years after use onset, respectively. Significant racial-ethnic differences were observed in the probability of transition to dependence across the four substances. Several predictors of dependence were common across the four substances assessed. CONCLUSIONS Transition from use to dependence was highest for nicotine users, followed by cocaine, alcohol and cannabis users. Transition to cannabis or cocaine dependence occurred faster than transition to nicotine or alcohol dependence. The existence of common predictors of transition dependence across substances suggests that shared mechanisms are involved. The increased risk of transition to dependence among individuals from minorities or those with psychiatric or dependence comorbidity highlights the importance of promoting outreach and treatment of these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Lopez-Quintero
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - José Pérez de los Cobos
- Addictive Behaviors Unit of Psychiatry Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08025 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Deborah S. Hasin
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Mayumi Okuda
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Bridget F. Grant
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biometry, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892 USA
| | - Carlos Blanco
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA
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Yue W, Yang Y, Zhang Y, Lu T, Hu X, Wang L, Ruan Y, Lv L, Zhang D. A case-control association study of NRXN1 polymorphisms with schizophrenia in Chinese Han population. Behav Brain Funct 2011; 7:7. [PMID: 21477380 PMCID: PMC3080281 DOI: 10.1186/1744-9081-7-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recent research has implicated that mutations in the neurexin-1 (NRXN1) gene on chromosome 2p16.3 might play a role in schizophrenia, autism, and nicotine dependence. In order to explore the association of NRXN1 polymorphisms with schizophrenia, we made a case-control association study in Chinese Han population. Methods We examined six tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) spanning 116.7 kb of NRXN1 in 768 schizophrenic patients and 738 healthy control subjects. The association of NRXN1 polymorphisms with schizophrenia and the age-at-onset of this disease were explored. Results Our results showed that four SNPs of NRXN1 gene were significantly associated with schizophrenia (rs10490168: G > A, p = 0.017; rs2024513: A > G, p = 0.006; rs13382584: T > C, p = 0.009; and rs1558852: G > A, p = 0.031). Furthermore, the association of SNP rs2024513 with schizophrenia remained significance after the Bonferroni correction. Haplotypes consisting of above six SNPs also showed significantly associated with schizophrenia (global chi-square = 14.725, p = 0.022). A protective haplotype AGTGCA remained associated with schizophrenia, even after 10,000 permutation tests (empirical p-value = 0.043). However, we did not find any association with age-at-onset of schizophrenia with NRXN1 polymorphisms. Conclusions Our findings suggest that NRXN1 might represent a major susceptibility gene for schizophrenia in Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Yue
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University; Beijing, 100191, PR China
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Gizer IR, Ehlers CL, Vieten C, Seaton-Smith KL, Feiler HS, Lee JV, Segall SK, Gilder DA, Wilhelmsen KC. Linkage scan of nicotine dependence in the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Family Alcoholism Study. Psychol Med 2011; 41:799-808. [PMID: 20594377 PMCID: PMC3045476 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291710001273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicotine dependence has been shown to represent a heritable condition, and several research groups have performed linkage analysis to identify genomic regions influencing this disorder though only a limited number of the findings have been replicated. METHOD In the present study, a genome-wide linkage scan for nicotine dependence was conducted in a community sample of 950 probands and 1204 relatives recruited through the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) Family Alcoholism Study. A modified version of the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) with additional questions that probe nicotine use was used to derive DSM-IV nicotine dependence diagnoses. RESULTS A locus on chromosome 2q31.1 at 184 centiMorgans nearest to marker D2S2188 yielded a logarithm (base 10) of odds (LOD) score of 3.54 (point-wise empirical p=0.000012). Additional peaks of interest were identified on chromosomes 2q13, 4p15.33-31, 11q25 and 12p11.23-21. Follow-up analyses were conducted examining the contributions of individual nicotine dependence symptoms to the chromosome 2q31.1 linkage peak as well as examining the relationship of this chromosomal region to alcohol dependence. CONCLUSIONS The present report suggests that chromosome 2q31.1 confers risk to the development of nicotine dependence and that this region influences a broad range of nicotine dependence symptoms rather than a specific facet of the disorder. Further, the results show that this region is not linked to alcohol dependence in this population, and thus may influence nicotine dependence specifically.
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Affiliation(s)
- I R Gizer
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7264, USA.
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Reichelt AC, Rodgers RJ, Clapcote SJ. The role of neurexins in schizophrenia and autistic spectrum disorder. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:1519-26. [PMID: 21262241 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2010] [Revised: 01/13/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia and autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) are common, chronic mental conditions with both genetic and environmental components to their aetiology. The identification of genes influencing susceptibility to these disorders offers a rational route towards a clearer understanding of the neurobiology, and with this the prospect of treatment and prevention strategies tailored towards the remediation of the altered pathways. Copy number variants (CNVs) underlie many serious illnesses, including neurological and neurodevelopmental syndromes. Recent studies assessing copy number variation in ASD and schizophrenia have repeatedly observed heterozygous deletions eliminating exons of the neurexin-1α gene (but not the neurexin-1β gene) in patients with ASD and schizophrenia. The neurexins are synaptic adhesion proteins that are known to play a key role in synaptic formation and maintenance. The functional significance of the recurrent deletion is poorly understood, but the availability of mice with deletion of the promoter and first exon of neurexin-1α provides direct access to the biological effects of neurexin-1α disruption on phenotypes relevant to ASD and schizophrenia. We review the evidence for the role of neurexin-1α in schizophrenia and ASD, and consider how genetic disruption of neurexin-1α may underpin the neuropathology contributing to these distinct neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Reichelt
- Institute of Membrane & Systems Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, West Yorkshire LS2 9JT, UK.
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Wang J, Cui W, Wei J, Sun D, Gutala R, Gu J, Li MD. Genome-wide expression analysis reveals diverse effects of acute nicotine exposure on neuronal function-related genes and pathways. Front Psychiatry 2011; 2:5. [PMID: 21556275 PMCID: PMC3089989 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2011.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous human and animal studies demonstrate that acute nicotine exposure has complicated influences on the function of the nervous system, which may lead to long-lasting effects on the behavior and physiology of the subject. To determine the genes and pathways that might account for long-term changes after acute nicotine exposure, a pathway-focused oligoarray specifically designed for drug addiction research was used to assess acute nicotine effect on gene expression in the neuron-like SH-SY5Y cells. Our results showed that 295 genes involved in various biological functions were differentially regulated by 1 h of nicotine treatment. Among these genes, the expression changes of 221 were blocked by mecamylamine, indicating that the majority of nicotine-modulated genes were altered through the nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs)-mediated signaling process. We further identified 14 biochemical pathways enriched among the nicotine-modulated genes, among which were those involved in neural development/synaptic plasticity, neuronal survival/death, immune response, or cellular metabolism. In the genes significantly regulated by nicotine but blocked by mecamylamine, 13 enriched pathways were detected. Nine of these pathways were shared with those enriched in the genes regulated by nicotine, including neuronal function-related pathways such as glucocorticoid receptor signaling, p38 MAPK signaling, PI3K/AKT signaling, and PTEN signaling, implying that nAChRs play important roles in the regulation of these biological processes. Together, our results not only provide insights into the mechanism underlying the acute response of neuronal cells to nicotine but also provide clues to how acute nicotine exposure exerts long-term effects on the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Wang
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences, University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA, USA
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Comoletti D, Miller MT, Jeffries CM, Wilson J, Demeler B, Taylor P, Trewhella J, Nakagawa T. The macromolecular architecture of extracellular domain of alphaNRXN1: domain organization, flexibility, and insights into trans-synaptic disposition. Structure 2010; 18:1044-53. [PMID: 20696403 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neurexins are multidomain synaptic cell-adhesion proteins that associate with multiple partnering proteins. Genetic evidence indicates that neurexins may contribute to autism, schizophrenia, and nicotine dependence. Using analytical ultracentrifugation, single-particle electron microscopy, and solution X-ray scattering, we obtained a three-dimensional structural model of the entire extracellular domain of neurexin-1alpha. This protein adopts a dimensionally asymmetric conformation that is monomeric in solution, with a maximum dimension of approximately 170 A. The extracellular domain of alpha-neurexin maintains a characteristic "Y" shape, whereby LNS domains 1-4 form an extended base of the "Y" and LNS5-6 the shorter arms. Moreover, two major regions of flexibility are present: one between EGF1 and LNS2, corresponding to splice site 1, another between LNS5 and 6. We thus provide the first structural insights into the architecture of the extracellular region of neurexin-1alpha, show how the protein may fit in the synaptic cleft, and how partnering proteins could bind simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Comoletti
- Department of Pharmacology, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Souza RP, Meltzer HY, Lieberman JA, Le Foll B, Kennedy JL. Influence of neurexin 1 (NRXN1) polymorphisms in clozapine response. Hum Psychopharmacol 2010; 25:582-5. [PMID: 20860064 DOI: 10.1002/hup.1146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients show alterations in the synaptic connectivity. However, it remains unknown whether antipsychotic response may be altered depending on the synaptic connectivity. We tested this association using polymorphisms in the neurexin 1 gene (NRXN1). Large NRXN1 deletions have also been associated with schizophrenia. We genotyped four variants in 140 schizophrenia patients assessed prospectively for clozapine response after 6 months. We observed a trend toward association of clozapine response with the rs12467557 (permuted p = 0.051). These results should be read with caution before independent replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan P Souza
- Neurogenetics Section, Neuroscience Department, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Kapusta ND, Pietschnig J, Plener PL, Blüml V, Lesch OM, Walter H. Does Breath Carbon Monoxide Measure Nicotine Dependence? J Addict Dis 2010; 29:493-9. [DOI: 10.1080/10550887.2010.509280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Verweij KJH, Zietsch BP, Medland SE, Gordon SD, Benyamin B, Nyholt DR, McEvoy BP, Sullivan PF, Heath AC, Madden PAF, Henders AK, Montgomery GW, Martin NG, Wray NR. A genome-wide association study of Cloninger's temperament scales: implications for the evolutionary genetics of personality. Biol Psychol 2010; 85:306-17. [PMID: 20691247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Variation in personality traits is 30-60% attributed to genetic influences. Attempts to unravel these genetic influences at the molecular level have, so far, been inconclusive. We performed the first genome-wide association study of Cloninger's temperament scales in a sample of 5117 individuals, in order to identify common genetic variants underlying variation in personality. Participants' scores on Harm Avoidance, Novelty Seeking, Reward Dependence, and Persistence were tested for association with 1,252,387 genetic markers. We also performed gene-based association tests and biological pathway analyses. No genetic variants that significantly contribute to personality variation were identified, while our sample provides over 90% power to detect variants that explain only 1% of the trait variance. This indicates that individual common genetic variants of this size or greater do not contribute to personality trait variation, which has important implications regarding the genetic architecture of personality and the evolutionary mechanisms by which heritable variation is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin J H Verweij
- Genetic Epidemiology, Molecular Epidemiology, and Queensland Statistical Genetics Laboratories, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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