1
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Kulkarni PG, Mohire VM, Waghmare PP, Banerjee T. Interplay of mitochondria-associated membrane proteins and autophagy: Implications in neurodegeneration. Mitochondrion 2024; 76:101874. [PMID: 38514017 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2024.101874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Since the discovery of membrane contact sites between ER and mitochondria called mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs), several pieces of evidence identified their role in the regulation of different cellular processes such as Ca2+ signalling, mitochondrial transport, and dynamics, ER stress, inflammation, glucose homeostasis, and autophagy. The integrity of these membranes was found to be essential for the maintenance of these cellular functions. Accumulating pieces of evidence suggest that MAMs serve as a platform for autophagosome formation. However, the alteration within MAMs structure is associated with the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Dysregulated autophagy is a hallmark of neurodegeneration. Here, in this review, we highlight the present knowledge on MAMs, their structural composition, and their roles in different cellular functions. We also discuss the association of MAMs proteins with impaired autophagy and their involvement in the progression of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash G Kulkarni
- Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune 411007 India
| | - Vaibhavi M Mohire
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033 India
| | - Pranjal P Waghmare
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033 India
| | - Tanushree Banerjee
- Molecular Neuroscience Research Centre, Dr. D. Y. Patil Biotechnology & Bioinformatics Institute, Dr. D. Y Patil Vidyapeeth, Survey No 87/88, Mumbai Bangalore Express Highway, Tathawade, Pune 411 033 India; Infosys Ltd., SEZ unit VI, Plot No. 1, Rajiv Gandhi Infotech Park, Hinjawadi Phase I, Pune, Maharashtra 411057, India.
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2
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Henrich MT, Oertel WH, Surmeier DJ, Geibl FF. Mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkinson's disease - a key disease hallmark with therapeutic potential. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:83. [PMID: 37951933 PMCID: PMC10640762 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00676-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is strongly implicated in the etiology of idiopathic and genetic Parkinson's disease (PD). However, strategies aimed at ameliorating mitochondrial dysfunction, including antioxidants, antidiabetic drugs, and iron chelators, have failed in disease-modification clinical trials. In this review, we summarize the cellular determinants of mitochondrial dysfunction, including impairment of electron transport chain complex 1, increased oxidative stress, disturbed mitochondrial quality control mechanisms, and cellular bioenergetic deficiency. In addition, we outline mitochondrial pathways to neurodegeneration in the current context of PD pathogenesis, and review past and current treatment strategies in an attempt to better understand why translational efforts thus far have been unsuccessful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin T Henrich
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, 35039, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Wolfgang H Oertel
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - D James Surmeier
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Fanni F Geibl
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Philipps University Marburg, 35039, Marburg, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, Philipps University Marburg, 35043, Marburg, Germany.
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA.
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3
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Zhou ZD, Yi LX, Wang DQ, Lim TM, Tan EK. Role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2023; 12:44. [PMID: 37718439 PMCID: PMC10506345 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-023-00378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A pathological feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons and decreased dopamine (DA) content in the substantia nigra pars compacta in PD brains. DA is the neurotransmitter of dopaminergic neurons. Accumulating evidence suggests that DA interacts with environmental and genetic factors to contribute to PD pathophysiology. Disturbances of DA synthesis, storage, transportation and metabolism have been shown to promote neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in various PD models. DA is unstable and can undergo oxidation and metabolism to produce multiple reactive and toxic by-products, including reactive oxygen species, DA quinones, and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. Here we summarize and highlight recent discoveries on DA-linked pathophysiologic pathways, and discuss the potential protective and therapeutic strategies to mitigate the complications associated with DA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Dong Zhou
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.
- Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
| | - Ling Xiao Yi
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore
| | - Dennis Qing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Tit Meng Lim
- Department of Biological Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119077, Singapore
| | - Eng King Tan
- National Neuroscience Institute of Singapore, 11 Jalan Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, 308433, Singapore.
- Department of Neurology, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore, 169608, Singapore.
- Signature Research Program in Neuroscience and Behavioral Disorders, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School Singapore, 8 College Road, Singapore, 169857, Singapore.
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4
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Braun MM, Puglielli L. Defective PTEN-induced kinase 1/Parkin mediated mitophagy and neurodegenerative diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1031153. [PMID: 36339819 PMCID: PMC9630469 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1031153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The selective degradation of mitochondria through mitophagy is a crucial process for maintaining mitochondrial function and cellular health. Mitophagy is a specialized form of selective autophagy that uses unique machinery to recognize and target damaged mitochondria for mitophagosome- and lysosome-dependent degradation. This process is particularly important in cells with high metabolic activity like neurons, and the accumulation of defective mitochondria is a common feature among neurodegenerative disorders. Here, we describe essential steps involved in the induction and progression of mitophagy, and then highlight the various mechanisms that specifically contribute to defective mitophagy in highly prevalent neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Braun
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Luigi Puglielli
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Geriatric Research Education Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Madison, WI, United States
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5
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Olesen MA, Villavicencio-Tejo F, Quintanilla RA. The use of fibroblasts as a valuable strategy for studying mitochondrial impairment in neurological disorders. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:36. [PMID: 35787292 PMCID: PMC9251940 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00308-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders (NDs) are characterized by progressive neuronal dysfunction leading to synaptic failure, cognitive impairment, and motor injury. Among these diseases, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) have raised a significant research interest. These disorders present common neuropathological signs, including neuronal dysfunction, protein accumulation, oxidative damage, and mitochondrial abnormalities. In this context, mitochondrial impairment is characterized by a deficiency in ATP production, excessive production of reactive oxygen species, calcium dysregulation, mitochondrial transport failure, and mitochondrial dynamics deficiencies. These defects in mitochondrial health could compromise the synaptic process, leading to early cognitive dysfunction observed in these NDs. Interestingly, skin fibroblasts from AD, PD, HD, and ALS patients have been suggested as a useful strategy to investigate and detect early mitochondrial abnormalities in these NDs. In this context, fibroblasts are considered a viable model for studying neurodegenerative changes due to their metabolic and biochemical relationships with neurons. Also, studies of our group and others have shown impairment of mitochondrial bioenergetics in fibroblasts from patients diagnosed with sporadic and genetic forms of AD, PD, HD, and ALS. Interestingly, these mitochondrial abnormalities have been observed in the brain tissues of patients suffering from the same pathologies. Therefore, fibroblasts represent a novel strategy to study the genesis and progression of mitochondrial dysfunction in AD, PD, HD, and ALS. This review discusses recent evidence that proposes fibroblasts as a potential target to study mitochondrial bioenergetics impairment in neurological disorders and consequently to search for new biomarkers of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margrethe A Olesen
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisca Villavicencio-Tejo
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Facultad de Ciencias de La Salud, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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6
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Mandik F, Vos M. Neurodegenerative Disorders: Spotlight on Sphingolipids. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111998. [PMID: 34769423 PMCID: PMC8584905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are incurable diseases of the nervous system that lead to a progressive loss of brain areas and neuronal subtypes, which is associated with an increase in symptoms that can be linked to the affected brain areas. The key findings that appear in many neurodegenerative diseases are deposits of proteins and the damage of mitochondria, which mainly affect energy production and mitophagy. Several causative gene mutations have been identified in various neurodegenerative diseases; however, a large proportion are considered sporadic. In the last decade, studies linking lipids, and in particular sphingolipids, to neurodegenerative diseases have shown the importance of these sphingolipids in the underlying pathogenesis. Sphingolipids are bioactive lipids consisting of a sphingoid base linked to a fatty acid and a hydrophilic head group. They are involved in various cellular processes, such as cell growth, apoptosis, and autophagy, and are an essential component of the brain. In this review, we will cover key findings that demonstrate the relevance of sphingolipids in neurodegenerative diseases and will focus on neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation and Parkinson’s disease.
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7
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Lechado Terradas A, Zittlau KI, Macek B, Fraiberg M, Elazar Z, Kahle PJ. Regulation of mitochondrial cargo-selective autophagy by posttranslational modifications. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101339. [PMID: 34688664 PMCID: PMC8591368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are important organelles in eukaryotes. Turnover and quality control of mitochondria are regulated at the transcriptional and posttranslational level by several cellular mechanisms. Removal of defective mitochondrial proteins is mediated by mitochondria resident proteases or by proteasomal degradation of individual proteins. Clearance of bulk mitochondria occurs via a selective form of autophagy termed mitophagy. In yeast and some developing metazoan cells (e.g., oocytes and reticulocytes), mitochondria are largely removed by ubiquitin-independent mechanisms. In such cases, the regulation of mitophagy is mediated via phosphorylation of mitochondria-anchored autophagy receptors. On the other hand, ubiquitin-dependent recruitment of cytosolic autophagy receptors occurs in situations of cellular stress or disease, where dysfunctional mitochondria would cause oxidative damage. In mammalian cells, a well-studied ubiquitin-dependent mitophagy pathway induced by mitochondrial depolarization is regulated by the mitochondrial protein kinase PINK1, which upon activation recruits the ubiquitin ligase parkin. Here, we review mechanisms of mitophagy with an emphasis on posttranslational modifications that regulate various mitophagy pathways. We describe the autophagy components involved with particular emphasis on posttranslational modifications. We detail the phosphorylations mediated by PINK1 and parkin-mediated ubiquitylations of mitochondrial proteins that can be modulated by deubiquitylating enzymes. We also discuss the role of accessory factors regulating mitochondrial fission/fusion and the interplay with pro- and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members. Comprehensive knowledge of the processes of mitophagy is essential for the understanding of vital mitochondrial turnover in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lechado Terradas
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenetics, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Boris Macek
- Proteome Center Tübingen, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Milana Fraiberg
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Zvulun Elazar
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Philipp J Kahle
- Laboratory of Functional Neurogenetics, Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Interfaculty Institute of Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, Germany.
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8
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Vos M, Dulovic-Mahlow M, Mandik F, Frese L, Kanana Y, Haissatou Diaw S, Depperschmidt J, Böhm C, Rohr J, Lohnau T, König IR, Klein C. Ceramide accumulation induces mitophagy and impairs β-oxidation in PINK1 deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2025347118. [PMID: 34686591 PMCID: PMC8639384 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2025347118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Energy production via the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) and mitophagy are two important processes affected in Parkinson's disease (PD). Interestingly, PINK1, mutations of which cause early-onset PD, plays a key role in both processes, suggesting that these two mechanisms are connected. However, the converging link of both pathways currently remains enigmatic. Recent findings demonstrated that lipid aggregation, along with defective mitochondria, is present in postmortem brains of PD patients. In addition, an increasing body of evidence shows that sphingolipids, including ceramide, are altered in PD, supporting the importance of lipids in the pathophysiology of PD. Here, we identified ceramide to play a crucial role in PINK1-related PD that was previously linked almost exclusively to mitochondrial dysfunction. We found ceramide to accumulate in mitochondria and to negatively affect mitochondrial function, most notably the ETC. Lowering ceramide levels improved mitochondrial phenotypes in pink1-mutant flies and PINK1-deficient patient-derived fibroblasts, showing that the effects of ceramide are evolutionarily conserved. In addition, ceramide accumulation provoked ceramide-induced mitophagy upon PINK1 deficiency. As a result of the ceramide accumulation, β-oxidation in PINK1 mutants was decreased, which was rescued by lowering ceramide levels. Furthermore, stimulation of β-oxidation was sufficient to rescue PINK1-deficient phenotypes. In conclusion, we discovered a cellular mechanism resulting from PD-causing loss of PINK1 and found a protective role of β-oxidation in ETC dysfunction, thus linking lipids and mitochondria in the pathophysiology of PINK1-related PD. Furthermore, our data nominate β-oxidation and ceramide as therapeutic targets for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Vos
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany;
| | | | - Frida Mandik
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Lisa Frese
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Yuliia Kanana
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | | | | | - Claudia Böhm
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Jonas Rohr
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Thora Lohnau
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Inke R König
- Institut für Medizinische Biometrie und Statistik, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Luebeck, 23562 Luebeck, Germany;
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9
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Maity S, Saha A. Therapeutic Potential of Exploiting Autophagy Cascade Against Coronavirus Infection. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:675419. [PMID: 34054782 PMCID: PMC8160449 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.675419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its emergence in December 2019 in Wuhan, China, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) created a worldwide pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) with nearly 136 million cases and approximately 3 million deaths. Recent studies indicate that like other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 also hijacks or usurps various host cell machineries including autophagy for its replication and disease pathogenesis. Double membrane vesicles generated during initiation of autophagy cascade act as a scaffold for the assembly of viral replication complexes and facilitate RNA synthesis. The use of autophagy inhibitors - chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine initially appeared to be as a potential treatment strategy of COVID-19 patients but later remained at the center of debate due to high cytotoxic effects. In the absence of a specific drug or vaccine, there is an urgent need for a safe, potent as well as affordable drug to control the disease spread. Given the intricate connection between autophagy machinery and viral pathogenesis, the question arises whether targeting autophagy pathway might show a path to fight against SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review we will discuss about our current knowledge linking autophagy to coronaviruses and how that is being utilized to repurpose autophagy modulators as potential COVID-19 treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhik Saha
- School of Biotechnology, Presidency University, Kolkata, India
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10
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Gonçalves FB, Morais VA. PINK1: A Bridge between Mitochondria and Parkinson's Disease. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11050371. [PMID: 33919398 PMCID: PMC8143285 DOI: 10.3390/life11050371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are known as highly dynamic organelles essential for energy production. Intriguingly, in the recent years, mitochondria have revealed the ability to maintain cell homeostasis and ultimately regulate cell fate. This regulation is achieved by evoking mitochondrial quality control pathways that are capable of sensing the overall status of the cellular environment. In a first instance, actions to maintain a robust pool of mitochondria take place; however, if unsuccessful, measures that lead to overall cell death occur. One of the central key players of these mitochondrial quality control pathways is PINK1 (PTEN-induce putative kinase), a mitochondrial targeted kinase. PINK1 is known to interact with several substrates to regulate mitochondrial functions, and not only is responsible for triggering mitochondrial clearance via mitophagy, but also participates in maintenance of mitochondrial functions and homeostasis, under healthy conditions. Moreover, PINK1 has been associated with the familial form of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Growing evidence has strongly linked mitochondrial homeostasis to the central nervous system (CNS), a system that is replenished with high energy demanding long-lasting neuronal cells. Moreover, sporadic cases of PD have also revealed mitochondrial impairments. Thus, one could speculate that mitochondrial homeostasis is the common denominator in these two forms of the disease, and PINK1 may play a central role in maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. In this review, we will discuss the role of PINK1 in the mitochondrial physiology and scrutinize its role in the cascade of PD pathology.
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11
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Nicoletti V, Palermo G, Del Prete E, Mancuso M, Ceravolo R. Understanding the Multiple Role of Mitochondria in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders: Lesson From Genetics and Protein-Interaction Network. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:636506. [PMID: 33869180 PMCID: PMC8047151 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.636506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As neurons are highly energy-demanding cell, increasing evidence suggests that mitochondria play a large role in several age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Synaptic damage and mitochondrial dysfunction have been associated with early events in the pathogenesis of major neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson’s disease, atypical parkinsonisms, and Huntington disease. Disruption of mitochondrial structure and dynamic is linked to increased levels of reactive oxygen species production, abnormal intracellular calcium levels, and reduced mitochondrial ATP production. However, recent research has uncovered a much more complex involvement of mitochondria in such disorders than has previously been appreciated, and a remarkable number of genes and proteins that contribute to the neurodegeneration cascade interact with mitochondria or affect mitochondrial function. In this review, we aim to summarize and discuss the deep interconnections between mitochondrial dysfunction and basal ganglia disorders, with an emphasis into the molecular triggers to the disease process. Understanding the regulation of mitochondrial pathways may be beneficial in finding pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions to delay the onset of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Nicoletti
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palermo
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Eleonora Del Prete
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Michelangelo Mancuso
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberto Ceravolo
- Unit of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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12
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Pons-Espinal M, Blasco-Agell L, Consiglio A. Dissecting the non-neuronal cell contribution to Parkinson's disease pathogenesis using induced pluripotent stem cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:2081-2094. [PMID: 33210214 PMCID: PMC7966189 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is an incurable age-linked neurodegenerative disease with characteristic movement impairments that are caused by the progressive loss of dopamine-containing neurons (DAn) within the substantia nigra pars compacta. It has been suggested that misfolded protein aggregates together with neuroinflammation and glial reactivity, may impact nerve cell function, leading to neurodegeneration and diseases, such as PD. However, not many studies have been able to examine the role of human glial cells in the pathogenesis of PD. With the advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology, it is now possible to reprogram human somatic cells to pluripotency and to generate viable human patient-specific DA neurons and glial cells, providing a tremendous opportunity for dissecting cellular and molecular pathological mechanisms occurring at early stages of PD. This reviews will report on recent work using human iPSC and 3D brain organoid models showing that iPSC technology can be used to recapitulate PD-relevant disease-associated phenotypes, including protein aggregation, cell death or loss of neurite complexity and deficient autophagic vacuoles clearance and focus on the recent co-culture systems that are revealing new insights into the complex interactions that occur between different brain cell types during neurodegeneration. Consequently, such advances are the key to improve our understanding of PD pathology and generate potential targets for new therapies aimed at curing PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Pons-Espinal
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, 08908, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) of the University of Barcelona (UB), 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lucas Blasco-Agell
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, 08908, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) of the University of Barcelona (UB), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonella Consiglio
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, 08908, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine (IBUB) of the University of Barcelona (UB), 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, Piazza del Mercato, 15, 25121, Brescia, BS, Italy.
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13
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Vezzani B, Carinci M, Patergnani S, Pasquin MP, Guarino A, Aziz N, Pinton P, Simonato M, Giorgi C. The Dichotomous Role of Inflammation in the CNS: A Mitochondrial Point of View. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1437. [PMID: 33066071 PMCID: PMC7600410 DOI: 10.3390/biom10101437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune response is one of our primary defenses against pathogens infection, although, if dysregulated, it represents the leading cause of chronic tissue inflammation. This dualism is even more present in the central nervous system, where neuroinflammation is both important for the activation of reparatory mechanisms and, at the same time, leads to the release of detrimental factors that induce neurons loss. Key players in modulating the neuroinflammatory response are mitochondria. Indeed, they are responsible for a variety of cell mechanisms that control tissue homeostasis, such as autophagy, apoptosis, energy production, and also inflammation. Accordingly, it is widely recognized that mitochondria exert a pivotal role in the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, as well as in acute brain damage, such in ischemic stroke and epileptic seizures. In this review, we will describe the role of mitochondria molecular signaling in regulating neuroinflammation in central nervous system (CNS) diseases, by focusing on pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) signaling, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitophagy, giving a hint on the possible therapeutic approaches targeting mitochondrial pathways involved in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Vezzani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.V.); (M.C.); (S.P.); (M.P.P.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Marianna Carinci
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.V.); (M.C.); (S.P.); (M.P.P.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Simone Patergnani
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.V.); (M.C.); (S.P.); (M.P.P.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Matteo P. Pasquin
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.V.); (M.C.); (S.P.); (M.P.P.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
| | - Annunziata Guarino
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
- Department of BioMedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Nimra Aziz
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
- Department of BioMedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.V.); (M.C.); (S.P.); (M.P.P.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
- Maria Cecilia Hospital, GVM Care & Research, 48033 Cotignola (RA), Italy
| | - Michele Simonato
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
- Department of BioMedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- School of Medicine, University Vita-Salute San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Carlotta Giorgi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (B.V.); (M.C.); (S.P.); (M.P.P.); (P.P.)
- Laboratory of Technologies for Advanced Therapy (LTTA), Technopole of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (A.G.); (N.A.); (M.S.)
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14
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Thomas R, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Experimental studies of mitochondrial and lysosomal function in in vitro and in vivo models relevant to Parkinson's disease genetic risk. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2020; 154:279-302. [PMID: 32739007 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2020.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have identified the involvement of mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction in Parkinson's disease (PD) pathology. In this review we discuss recent work that has identified deficits in mitophagy, mitochondrial network formation, increased sensitivity to mitochondrial stressors and alterations in proteins regulating mitochondrial fission and fusion associated with patient-derived fibroblasts harboring mutations in LRRK2 gene and from sporadic PD patient cells. We further focus on alterations of lysosomal enzymes, in particular glucocerebrosidase activity, and resultant lipid dyshomeostasis in PD and aging, in human tissue and in vivo rodent models. Future studies aimed at understanding the convergence of mitochondrial and lysosomal pathways will be of essence for the identification of unique cellular defects in PD and for the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ria Thomas
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.
| | - Penelope J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.
| | - Ole Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, Harvard Medical School/McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States.
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15
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Stamatakou E, Wróbel L, Hill SM, Puri C, Son SM, Fujimaki M, Zhu Y, Siddiqi F, Fernandez-Estevez M, Manni MM, Park SJ, Villeneuve J, Rubinsztein DC. Mendelian neurodegenerative disease genes involved in autophagy. Cell Discov 2020; 6:24. [PMID: 32377374 PMCID: PMC7198619 DOI: 10.1038/s41421-020-0158-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal degradation pathway of macroautophagy (herein referred to as autophagy) plays a crucial role in cellular physiology by regulating the removal of unwanted cargoes such as protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Over the last five decades, significant progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate autophagy and its roles in human physiology and diseases. These advances, together with discoveries in human genetics linking autophagy-related gene mutations to specific diseases, provide a better understanding of the mechanisms by which autophagy-dependent pathways can be potentially targeted for treating human diseases. Here, we review mutations that have been identified in genes involved in autophagy and their associations with neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanna Stamatakou
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Lidia Wróbel
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Sandra Malmgren Hill
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Claudia Puri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Sung Min Son
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Motoki Fujimaki
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Ye Zhu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Farah Siddiqi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Marian Fernandez-Estevez
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Marco M. Manni
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - So Jung Park
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - Julien Villeneuve
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
| | - David Chaim Rubinsztein
- Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
- UK Dementia Research Institute, The Keith Peters Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0XY UK
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16
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Pandey M, Saleem S, Nautiyal H, Pottoo FH, Javed MN. PINK1/Parkin in Neurodegenerative Disorders. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS, TREATMENT, AND CARE 2020:282-301. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-1317-0.ch011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), a mitochondrial serine/threonine-protein kinase encoded by the PINK1 gene, is thought to protect cells from stress-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. The activity of PINK1 facilitates the binding of Parkin protein with depolarized mitochondria to induce autophagy. Mutations of PINK1causes a type of autosomal recessive early-onset Parkinson's disease. Cell depends on the surveillance systems or mechanisms like protein quality control to handle the alterations in the proteins that are induced because of these mutations. These mutant proteins are found to be pathogenic and are reported to be related to various neurodegenerative disorders. This chapter focuses on the role of PINK1/Parkin in mitochondria quality control and its subsequent effect in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Pandey
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Delhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, India
| | - Shakir Saleem
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Saudi Electronic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Himani Nautiyal
- Department of Pharmacology, Siddhartha Institute of Pharmacy, India
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Saudi Arabia
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17
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Kovalchuke L, Mosharov EV, Levy OA, Greene LA. Stress-induced phospho-ubiquitin formation causes parkin degradation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11682. [PMID: 31406131 PMCID: PMC6690910 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47952-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the E3 ubiquitin ligase parkin are the most common known cause of autosomal recessive Parkinson’s disease (PD), and parkin depletion may play a role in sporadic PD. Here, we sought to elucidate the mechanisms by which stress decreases parkin protein levels using cultured neuronal cells and the PD-relevant stressor, L-DOPA. We find that L-DOPA causes parkin loss through both oxidative stress-independent and oxidative stress-dependent pathways. Characterization of the latter reveals that it requires both the kinase PINK1 and parkin’s interaction with phosphorylated ubiquitin (phospho-Ub) and is mediated by proteasomal degradation. Surprisingly, autoubiquitination and mitophagy do not appear to be required for such loss. In response to stress induced by hydrogen peroxide or CCCP, parkin degradation also requires its association with phospho-Ub, indicating that this mechanism is broadly generalizable. As oxidative stress, metabolic dysfunction and phospho-Ub levels are all elevated in PD, we suggest that these changes may contribute to a loss of parkin expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eugene V Mosharov
- Departments of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Pharmacology, Columbia University: Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oren A Levy
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lloyd A Greene
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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18
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Miyai T, Vasanth S, Melangath G, Deshpande N, Kumar V, Benischke AS, Chen Y, Price MO, Price FW, Jurkunas UV. Activation of PINK1-Parkin-Mediated Mitophagy Degrades Mitochondrial Quality Control Proteins in Fuchs Endothelial Corneal Dystrophy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2019; 189:2061-2076. [PMID: 31361992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Corneal endothelium (CE) is a monolayer of mitochondria-rich cells, critical for maintaining corneal transparency compatible with clear vision. Fuchs endothelial corneal dystrophy (FECD) is a heterogeneous, genetically complex disorder, where oxidative stress plays a key role in the rosette formation during the degenerative loss of CE. Increased mitochondrial fragmentation along with excessive mitophagy activation has been detected in FECD; however, the mechanism of aberrant mitochondrial dynamics in CE cell loss is poorly understood. Here, the role of oxidative stress in mitophagy activation in FECD is investigated. Immunoblotting of FECD ex vivo specimens revealed an accumulation of PINK1 and phospho-Parkin (Ser65) along with loss of total Parkin and total Drp1. Similarly, modeling of rosette formation with menadione (MN), led to phospho-Parkin accumulation in fragmented mitochondria resulting in mitophagy-induced mitochondrial clearance, albeit possibly in a PINK1-independent manner. Loss of PINK1, phospho-Drp1, and total Drp1 was prominent after MN-induced oxidative stress, but not after mitochondrial depolarization by carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone. Moreover, MN-induced mitophagy led to degradation of Parkin along with sequestration of Drp1 and PINK1 that was rescued by mitophagy inhibition. This study shows that in FECD, intracellular oxidative stress induces Parkin-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation where endogenous Drp1 and PINK1 are sequestered and degraded by mitophagy during degenerative loss of post-mitotic cells of ocular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Miyai
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Opthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Shivakumar Vasanth
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Opthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Geetha Melangath
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Opthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Neha Deshpande
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Opthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Varun Kumar
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Opthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Anne-Sophie Benischke
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Opthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Yuming Chen
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Opthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Ula V Jurkunas
- Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Opthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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19
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Grünewald A, Kumar KR, Sue CM. New insights into the complex role of mitochondria in Parkinson’s disease. Prog Neurobiol 2019; 177:73-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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20
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Rakovic A, Ziegler J, Mårtensson CU, Prasuhn J, Shurkewitsch K, König P, Paulson HL, Klein C. PINK1-dependent mitophagy is driven by the UPS and can occur independently of LC3 conversion. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:1428-1441. [PMID: 30375512 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0219-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Parkinson's disease (PD)-related ubiquitin ligase Parkin and mitochondrial kinase PINK1 function together in the clearance of damaged mitochondria. Upon mitochondrial depolarization, Parkin translocates to mitochondria in a PINK1-dependent manner to ubiquitinate outer mitochondrial membrane proteins. According to the current model, the ubiquitin- and LC3-binding adaptor protein SQSTM1 is recruited to mitochondria, followed by their selective degradation through autophagy (mitophagy). However, the role of the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), although essential for this process, still remains largely elusive. Here, we investigated the role of the UPS and autophagy by applying the potassium ionophore Valinomycin in PINK1-deficient human fibroblasts and isogenic neuroblastoma cell lines generated by CRISPR/Cas9. Although identical to the commonly used CCCP/FCCP in terms of dissipating the mitochondrial membrane potential and triggering complete removal of mitochondria, Valinomycin did not induce conversion of LC3 to its autophagy-related form. Moreover, FCCP-induced conversion of LC3 occurred even in mitophagy-incompetent, PINK1-deficient cell lines. While both stressors required a functional UPS, the removal of depolarized mitochondria persisted in cells depleted of LC3A and LC3B. Our study highlights the importance of the UPS in PINK1-/Parkin-mediated mitochondrial quality control. In contrast, activation of autophagy, monitored through conversion of LC3, is likely induced by depolarizing-agent-induced toxicity in a PINK1-/Parkin-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandar Rakovic
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Jonathan Ziegler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christoph U Mårtensson
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.,Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jannik Prasuhn
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Peter König
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henry L Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-2200, USA
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562, Lübeck, Germany.
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21
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Kishinevsky S, Wang T, Rodina A, Chung SY, Xu C, Philip J, Taldone T, Joshi S, Alpaugh ML, Bolaender A, Gutbier S, Sandhu D, Fattahi F, Zimmer B, Shah SK, Chang E, Inda C, Koren J, Saurat NG, Leist M, Gross SS, Seshan VE, Klein C, Tomishima MJ, Erdjument-Bromage H, Neubert TA, Henrickson RC, Chiosis G, Studer L. HSP90-incorporating chaperome networks as biosensor for disease-related pathways in patient-specific midbrain dopamine neurons. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4345. [PMID: 30341316 PMCID: PMC6195591 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06486-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental and genetic risk factors contribute to Parkinson’s Disease (PD) pathogenesis and the associated midbrain dopamine (mDA) neuron loss. Here, we identify early PD pathogenic events by developing methodology that utilizes recent innovations in human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) and chemical sensors of HSP90-incorporating chaperome networks. We show that events triggered by PD-related genetic or toxic stimuli alter the neuronal proteome, thereby altering the stress-specific chaperome networks, which produce changes detected by chemical sensors. Through this method we identify STAT3 and NF-κB signaling activation as examples of genetic stress, and phospho-tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activation as an example of toxic stress-induced pathways in PD neurons. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of the stress chaperome network reversed abnormal phospho-STAT3 signaling and phospho-TH-related dopamine levels and rescued PD neuron viability. The use of chemical sensors of chaperome networks on hPSC-derived lineages may present a general strategy to identify molecular events associated with neurodegenerative diseases. The early molecular events that ultimately lead to neuronal cell death in pathologies such as Parkinson’s disease are poorly understood. Here the authors use pluripotent stem-cell-derived human midbrain neurons and chemical biology tools to gain molecular level insight into the events induced by toxic and genetic stresses that mimic those occurring during neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kishinevsky
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 256, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 256, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program of Weill Cornell Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, Box 65, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Tai Wang
- Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Anna Rodina
- Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Sun Young Chung
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 256, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 256, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Chao Xu
- Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - John Philip
- Proteomics Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Tony Taldone
- Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Suhasini Joshi
- Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Mary L Alpaugh
- Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, Rowan University, 1275 York Avenue, Glassboro, NJ, 08028, USA
| | - Alexander Bolaender
- Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Simon Gutbier
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78464, Germany
| | - Davinder Sandhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Faranak Fattahi
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 256, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 256, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Bastian Zimmer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 256, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 256, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Smit K Shah
- Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Elizabeth Chang
- Proteomics Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Carmen Inda
- Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Hostos Community College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, 10453, USA
| | - John Koren
- Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, USA
| | - Nathalie G Saurat
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 256, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 256, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Marcel Leist
- Doerenkamp-Zbinden Chair for In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, 78464, Germany
| | - Steven S Gross
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell College of Medicine, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Venkatraman E Seshan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10017, USA
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, 23538, Germany
| | - Mark J Tomishima
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 256, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 256, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,SKI Stem Cell Research Facility, 1275 York Avenue, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Hediye Erdjument-Bromage
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Thomas A Neubert
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.,Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Ronald C Henrickson
- Proteomics Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Gabriela Chiosis
- Program in Chemical Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Memorial Hospital, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Lorenz Studer
- The Center for Stem Cell Biology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 256, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Developmental Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 256, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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22
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Cobb MM, Ravisankar A, Skibinski G, Finkbeiner S. iPS cells in the study of PD molecular pathogenesis. Cell Tissue Res 2018; 373:61-77. [PMID: 29234887 PMCID: PMC5997490 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-017-2749-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease and its pathogenic mechanisms are poorly understood. The majority of PD cases are sporadic but a number of genes are associated with familial PD. Sporadic and familial PD have many molecular and cellular features in common, suggesting some shared pathogenic mechanisms. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been derived from patients harboring a range of different mutations of PD-associated genes. PD patient-derived iPSCs have been differentiated into relevant cell types, in particular dopaminergic neurons and used as a model to study PD. In this review, we describe how iPSCs have been used to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of PD. We describe what cellular and molecular phenotypes have been observed in neurons derived from iPSCs harboring known PD-associated mutations and what common pathways may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie M Cobb
- Gladstone Institutes, the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Abinaya Ravisankar
- Gladstone Institutes, the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Gaia Skibinski
- Gladstone Institutes, the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Gladstone Institutes, the Taube/Koret Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, San Francisco, CA, 94158, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Department Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- Graduate Programs in Neuroscience and Biomedical Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
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23
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Pei S, Minhajuddin M, Adane B, Khan N, Stevens BM, Mack SC, Lai S, Rich JN, Inguva A, Shannon KM, Kim H, Tan AC, Myers JR, Ashton JM, Neff T, Pollyea DA, Smith CA, Jordan CT. AMPK/FIS1-Mediated Mitophagy Is Required for Self-Renewal of Human AML Stem Cells. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:86-100.e6. [PMID: 29910151 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Leukemia stem cells (LSCs) are thought to drive the genesis of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) as well as relapse following chemotherapy. Because of their unique biology, developing effective methods to eradicate LSCs has been a significant challenge. In the present study, we demonstrate that intrinsic overexpression of the mitochondrial dynamics regulator FIS1 mediates mitophagy activity that is essential for primitive AML cells. Depletion of FIS1 attenuates mitophagy and leads to inactivation of GSK3, myeloid differentiation, cell cycle arrest, and a profound loss of LSC self-renewal potential. Further, we report that the central metabolic stress regulator AMPK is also intrinsically activated in LSC populations and is upstream of FIS1. Inhibition of AMPK signaling recapitulates the biological effect of FIS1 loss. These data suggest a model in which LSCs co-opt AMPK/FIS1-mediated mitophagy as a means to maintain stem cell properties that may be otherwise compromised by the stresses induced by oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Pei
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Biniam Adane
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Nabilah Khan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Brett M Stevens
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Stephen C Mack
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Sisi Lai
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Anagha Inguva
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kevin M Shannon
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hyunmin Kim
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Aik-Choon Tan
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jason R Myers
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - John M Ashton
- Genomics Research Center, University of Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Tobias Neff
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Daniel A Pollyea
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Clayton A Smith
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Craig T Jordan
- Division of Hematology, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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24
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Abstract
PINK1/Parkin mitophagy is a key mechanism to contribute mitochondrial quality control, and the defects are thought to be a cause of those Parkinson's disease onsets. Upon loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, PINK1 and Parkin are activated to promote the proteasomal degradation of mitochondrial outer membrane proteins and selective elimination of damaged mitochondria by autophagy. In this chapter, we describe the methods for induction of PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy in tissue culture cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeto Sato
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan
| | - Norihiko Furuya
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan.
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25
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Zanon A, Kalvakuri S, Rakovic A, Foco L, Guida M, Schwienbacher C, Serafin A, Rudolph F, Trilck M, Grünewald A, Stanslowsky N, Wegner F, Giorgio V, Lavdas AA, Bodmer R, Pramstaller PP, Klein C, Hicks AA, Pichler I, Seibler P. SLP-2 interacts with Parkin in mitochondria and prevents mitochondrial dysfunction in Parkin-deficient human iPSC-derived neurons and Drosophila. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:2412-2425. [PMID: 28379402 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the Parkin gene (PARK2) have been linked to a recessive form of Parkinson's disease (PD) characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Deficiencies of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I activity have been observed in the substantia nigra of PD patients, and loss of Parkin results in the reduction of complex I activity shown in various cell and animal models. Using co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays on endogenous proteins, we demonstrate that Parkin interacts with mitochondrial Stomatin-like protein 2 (SLP-2), which also binds the mitochondrial lipid cardiolipin and functions in the assembly of respiratory chain proteins. SH-SY5Y cells with a stable knockdown of Parkin or SLP-2, as well as induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons from Parkin mutation carriers, showed decreased complex I activity and altered mitochondrial network morphology. Importantly, induced expression of SLP-2 corrected for these mitochondrial alterations caused by reduced Parkin function in these cells. In-vivo Drosophila studies showed a genetic interaction of Parkin and SLP-2, and further, tissue-specific or global overexpression of SLP-2 transgenes rescued parkin mutant phenotypes, in particular loss of dopaminergic neurons, mitochondrial network structure, reduced ATP production, and flight and motor dysfunction. The physical and genetic interaction between Parkin and SLP-2 and the compensatory potential of SLP-2 suggest a functional epistatic relationship to Parkin and a protective role of SLP-2 in neurons. This finding places further emphasis on the significance of Parkin for the maintenance of mitochondrial function in neurons and provides a novel target for therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zanon
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Sreehari Kalvakuri
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | - Luisa Foco
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Marianna Guida
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Christine Schwienbacher
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Alice Serafin
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Franziska Rudolph
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Michaela Trilck
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Anne Grünewald
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany.,Molecular and Functional Neurobiology Group, Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, L-4367 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Nancy Stanslowsky
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Wegner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Alexandros A Lavdas
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Rolf Bodmer
- Development, Aging and Regeneration Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter P Pramstaller
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Neurology, General Central Hospital, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Andrew A Hicks
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Irene Pichler
- Institute for Biomedicine, Eurac Research, Affiliated Institute of the University of Lübeck, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
| | - Philip Seibler
- Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany
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26
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Pérez MJ, Ponce DP, Osorio-Fuentealba C, Behrens MI, Quintanilla RA. Mitochondrial Bioenergetics Is Altered in Fibroblasts from Patients with Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:553. [PMID: 29056898 PMCID: PMC5635042 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of an early biomarker to diagnose Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains a challenge. Neuropathological studies in animal and AD patients have shown that mitochondrial dysfunction is a hallmark of the development of the disease. Current studies suggest the use of peripheral tissues, like skin fibroblasts as a possibility to detect the early pathological alterations present in the AD brain. In this context, we studied mitochondrial function properties (bioenergetics and morphology) in cultured fibroblasts obtained from AD, aged-match and young healthy patients. We observed that AD fibroblasts presented a significant reduction in mitochondrial length with important changes in the expression of proteins that control mitochondrial fusion. Moreover, AD fibroblasts showed a distinct alteration in proteolytic processing of OPA1, a master regulator of mitochondrial fusion, compared to control fibroblasts. Complementary to these changes AD fibroblasts showed a dysfunctional mitochondrial bioenergetics profile that differentiates these cells from aged-matched and young patient fibroblasts. Our findings suggest that the human skin fibroblasts obtained from AD patients could replicate mitochondrial impairment observed in the AD brain. These promising observations suggest that the analysis of mitochondrial bioenergetics could represent a promising strategy to develop new diagnostic methods in peripheral tissues of AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Pérez
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes, Santiago, Chile
| | - Daniela P Ponce
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cesar Osorio-Fuentealba
- Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento Kinesiología, Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación, Ñuñoa, Chile
| | - Maria I Behrens
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A Quintanilla
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Centro de Investigación y Estudio del Consumo de Alcohol en Adolescentes, Santiago, Chile
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27
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Brockmann K, Lohmann K. [Genetic risk variants in Parkinson's disease and other movement disorders]. DER NERVENARZT 2017; 88:713-719. [PMID: 28536875 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-017-0348-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Movement disorders are often genetically complex with genetic risk factors playing a major role. For example, monogenic causes of Parkinson's disease (PD) can be found in only 2-5% of patients who often have an early onset (<40 years). In the majority of patients, common genetic variants seem to contribute to the disease risk. To date, 24 genetic risk factors have been identified. For restless legs syndrome (RLS), six different risk variants have been reported but no monogenic cause is known yet. For the genetic risk factors of essential tremor and dystonia, which are less well studied, only five and two candidate variants, respectively, have been described but their roles still require independent confirmation. In this review, we provide an overview on the involved genes, their function, and discuss possible, disease mechanism-driven therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brockmann
- Zentrum für Neurologie, Abteilung Neurodegeneration, Hertie-Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Universität Tübingen, Hoppe Seyler Straße 3, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland.
| | - K Lohmann
- Institut für Neurogenetik, Universität zu Lübeck, Lübeck, Deutschland
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28
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Brockmann K, Berg D. [New therapy approaches for Parkinson's disease]. DER NERVENARZT 2017; 88:391-396. [PMID: 28289790 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-017-0299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Over the last years major advances have been made in the identification of specific pathways underlying the pathophysiology of subgroups of patients with Parkinson' disease. These pathways include mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction as well as inflammatory patterns and represent the basis for new causative and disease-modifying treatment strategies, possibly not only for the respective subgroups of patients but hopefully also for the majority of patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease. This article highlights the main treatment strategies focusing on causative and disease course-modifying strategies as well as quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brockmann
- Zentrum für Neurologie, Abteilung Neurodegeneration, Hertie-Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland.
| | - D Berg
- Zentrum für Neurologie, Abteilung Neurodegeneration, Hertie-Institut für klinische Hirnforschung, Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen, Universität Tübingen, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 3, 72076, Tübingen, Deutschland
- Klinik für Neurologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, Kiel, Deutschland
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29
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Requejo-Aguilar R, Bolaños JP. Mitochondrial control of cell bioenergetics in Parkinson's disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 100:123-137. [PMID: 27091692 PMCID: PMC5065935 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The earliest biochemical signs of the disease involve failure in mitochondrial-endoplasmic reticulum cross talk and lysosomal function, mitochondrial electron chain impairment, mitochondrial dynamics alterations, and calcium and iron homeostasis abnormalities. These changes are associated with increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) and energy deficiency. Recently, it has been reported that, as an attempt to compensate for the mitochondrial dysfunction, neurons invoke glycolysis as a low-efficient mode of energy production in models of PD. Here, we review how mitochondria orchestrate the maintenance of cellular energetic status in PD, with special focus on the switch from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis, as well as the implication of endoplasmic reticulum and lysosomes in the control of bioenergetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Requejo-Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Cordoba, Institute Maimonides of Biomedical Investigation of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Cordoba, Spain
| | - Juan P Bolaños
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), University of Salamanca-CSIC, Zacarias Gonzalez, 2, 37007 Salamanca, Spain.
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30
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Curcumin Rescues a PINK1 Knock Down SH-SY5Y Cellular Model of Parkinson's Disease from Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cell Death. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:2752-2762. [PMID: 27003823 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-9843-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterised by the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Mutations in the PINK1 gene result in an autosomal recessive form of early-onset PD. PINK1 plays a vital role in mitochondrial quality control via the removal of dysfunctional mitochondria. The aim of the present study was to create a cellular model of PD using siRNA-mediated knock down of PINK1 in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells The possible protective effects of curcumin, known for its many beneficial properties including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, was tested on this model in the presence and absence of paraquat, an additional stressor. PINK1 siRNA and control cells were separated into four treatment groups: (i) untreated, (ii) treated with paraquat, (iii) pre-treated with curcumin then treated with paraquat, or (iv) treated with curcumin. Various parameters of cellular and mitochondrial function were then measured. The PINK1 siRNA cells exhibited significantly decreased cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), mitochondrial respiration and ATP production, and increased apoptosis. Paraquat-treated cells exhibited decreased cell viability, increased apoptosis, a more fragmented mitochondrial network and decreased MMP. Curcumin pre-treatment followed by paraquat exposure rescued cell viability and increased MMP and mitochondrial respiration in control cells, and significantly decreased apoptosis and increased MMP and maximal respiration in PINK1 siRNA cells. These results highlight a protective effect of curcumin against mitochondrial dysfunction and apoptosis in PINK1-deficient and paraquat-exposed cells. More studies are warranted to further elucidate the potential neuroprotective properties of curcumin.
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31
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Grünewald A, Rygiel KA, Hepplewhite PD, Morris CM, Picard M, Turnbull DM. Mitochondrial DNA Depletion in Respiratory Chain-Deficient Parkinson Disease Neurons. Ann Neurol 2016; 79:366-78. [PMID: 26605748 PMCID: PMC4819690 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective To determine the extent of respiratory chain abnormalities and investigate the contribution of mtDNA to the loss of respiratory chain complexes (CI–IV) in the substantia nigra (SN) of idiopathic Parkinson disease (IPD) patients at the single‐neuron level. Methods Multiple‐label immunofluorescence was applied to postmortem sections of 10 IPD patients and 10 controls to quantify the abundance of CI–IV subunits (NDUFB8 or NDUFA13, SDHA, UQCRC2, and COXI) and mitochondrial transcription factors (TFAM and TFB2M) relative to mitochondrial mass (porin and GRP75) in dopaminergic neurons. To assess the involvement of mtDNA in respiratory chain deficiency in IPD, SN neurons, isolated with laser‐capture microdissection, were assayed for mtDNA deletions, copy number, and presence of transcription/replication‐associated 7S DNA employing a triplex real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. Results Whereas mitochondrial mass was unchanged in single SN neurons from IPD patients, we observed a significant reduction in the abundances of CI and II subunits. At the single‐cell level, CI and II deficiencies were correlated in patients. The CI deficiency concomitantly occurred with low abundances of the mtDNA transcription factors TFAM and TFB2M, which also initiate transcription‐primed mtDNA replication. Consistent with this, real‐time PCR analysis revealed fewer transcription/replication‐associated mtDNA molecules and an overall reduction in mtDNA copy number in patients. This effect was more pronounced in single IPD neurons with severe CI deficiency. Interpretation Respiratory chain dysfunction in IPD neurons not only involves CI, but also extends to CII. These deficiencies are possibly a consequence of the interplay between nDNA and mtDNA‐encoded factors mechanistically connected via TFAM. ANN NEUROL 2016;79:366–378
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Grünewald
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research and Medical Research Council/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Centre for Ageing and Vitality, Institute of Neurosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Institute of Neurogenetics, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany.,Molecular and Functional Neurobiology Group, Luxembourg Center for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Campus Belval, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Karolina A Rygiel
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research and Medical Research Council/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Centre for Ageing and Vitality, Institute of Neurosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Philippa D Hepplewhite
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research and Medical Research Council/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Centre for Ageing and Vitality, Institute of Neurosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher M Morris
- Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Picard
- Division of Behavioral Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Doug M Turnbull
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research and Medical Research Council/Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council Centre for Ageing and Vitality, Institute of Neurosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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32
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Smith GA, Jansson J, Rocha EM, Osborn T, Hallett PJ, Isacson O. Fibroblast Biomarkers of Sporadic Parkinson's Disease and LRRK2 Kinase Inhibition. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5161-77. [PMID: 26399642 PMCID: PMC5012155 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
It has been uncertain whether specific disease-relevant biomarker phenotypes can be found using sporadic Parkinson’s disease (PD) patient-derived samples, as it has been proposed that there may be a plethora of underlying causes and pathological mechanisms. Fibroblasts derived from familial PD patients harboring leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), and Parkin mutations show clear disease-relevant mitochondrial phenotypes, which are exacerbated under conditions of pharmacological stress. We utilized fibroblasts derived from non-familial sporadic PD patients (without LRRK2 mutations) or LRRK2 mutation carriers to directly compare the cellular phenotypes during and after mitochondrial stress. We then determined the effects of pharmacological LRRK2 kinase inhibition using LRRK2-in-1. We found that there were two distinct populations of sporadic PD patient-derived fibroblast lines. One group of sporadic PD lines was highly susceptible to valinomycin-induced mitochondrial depolarization, emulating the mutant LRRK2 phenotype. These lines showed elevated mitochondrial superoxide/ nitric oxide levels, displayed increased mitochondrial and lysosome co-localization, and an increased rate of mitochondrial collapse, which corresponded with changes in mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins. The application of LRRK2-in-1 reversed decreased levels of mitochondrial and lysosome co-localization and partially restored mitochondrial network associated proteins and the mitochondrial membrane potential in the fibroblasts. This study identifies novel mitochondrial biomarkers in sporadic PD patient-derived fibroblast lines, which could be used as preclinical tools in which to test novel and known neuroprotective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Smith
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, 02478, USA
| | - J Jansson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, 02478, USA
| | - E M Rocha
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, 02478, USA
| | - T Osborn
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, 02478, USA
| | - P J Hallett
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, 02478, USA
| | - O Isacson
- Neuroregeneration Research Institute, McLean Hospital/ Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, 02478, USA.
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33
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Mitochondria: A Therapeutic Target for Parkinson's Disease? Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:20704-30. [PMID: 26340618 PMCID: PMC4613227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160920704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative disorders. The exact causes of neuronal damage are unknown, but mounting evidence indicates that mitochondrial-mediated pathways contribute to the underlying mechanisms of dopaminergic neuronal cell death both in PD patients and in PD animal models. Mitochondria are organized in a highly dynamic tubular network that is continuously reshaped by opposing processes of fusion and fission. Defects in either fusion or fission, leading to mitochondrial fragmentation, limit mitochondrial motility, decrease energy production and increase oxidative stress, thereby promoting cell dysfunction and death. Thus, the regulation of mitochondrial dynamics processes, such as fusion, fission and mitophagy, represents important mechanisms controlling neuronal cell fate. In this review, we summarize some of the recent evidence supporting that impairment of mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy and mitochondrial import occurs in cellular and animal PD models and disruption of these processes is a contributing mechanism to cell death in dopaminergic neurons. We also summarize mitochondria-targeting therapeutics in models of PD, proposing that modulation of mitochondrial impairment might be beneficial for drug development toward treatment of PD.
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34
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Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system resulting from depletion of dopaminergic neurons and currently remains incurable despite enormous international research efforts. The development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology opened up the unique possibility of studying disease mechanisms in human tissue that was otherwise not accessible, such as the brain. Of particular interest are the monogenetic forms of PD as they closely resemble the more common ‘idiopathic’ PD and, through the mutated protein, provide a clear research target in iPSC-derived neurons. Recessively inherited Parkin and PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) mutations have been investigated in this context and the present review describes the first insights gained from studies in iPSC-derived dopaminergic neurons, which comprise abnormalities in mitochondrial and dopamine homoeostasis, microtubular stability and axonal outgrowth. These new models of PD have a high translational potential that includes the identification of druggable targets, testing of known and novel therapeutic agents in the disease-relevant tissue using well-defined read-outs and potential regenerative approaches.
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35
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A yeast model of the Parkinson's disease-associated protein Parkin. Exp Cell Res 2015; 333:73-9. [PMID: 25728007 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in Parkin, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, are associated to autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin has been mainly implicated, along with Pink1, in mitochondrial autophagy in response to stress. In this study, a yeast model was developed to analyse the biological function of human Parkin. We observed that Parkin increases yeast chronological lifespan and oxidative stress resistance, through a mitochondrial-dependent pathway. Moreover, in response to H2O2, Parkin translocate to mitochondria, leading to a higher mitochondrial degradation. Parkin-induced H2O2 resistance is dependent on the autophagic pathway and on the mitochondrial protein Por1p. Although expression of Pink1 induces an H2O2 resistance phenotype similar to Parkin, co-expression of both proteins does not result in a synergistic effect. Concerning H2O2 resistance, this may indicate that these two proteins independently affect the same pathway. Altogether, this work establishes a yeast model for Parkin, which may provide new insights on Parkin function and potential mechanisms of pathogenicity.
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36
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Han JY, Kang MJ, Kim KH, Han PL, Kim HS, Ha JY, Son JH. Nitric oxide induction of Parkin translocation in PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) deficiency: functional role of neuronal nitric oxide synthase during mitophagy. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:10325-35. [PMID: 25716315 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.624767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The failure to trigger mitophagy is implicated in the pathogenesis of familial Parkinson disease that is caused by PINK1 or Parkin mutations. According to the prevailing PINK1-Parkin signaling model, mitophagy is promoted by the mitochondrial translocation of Parkin, an essential PINK1-dependent step that occurs via a previously unknown mechanism. Here we determined that critical concentrations of NO was sufficient to induce the mitochondrial translocation of Parkin even in PINK1 deficiency, with apparent increased interaction of full-length PINK1 accumulated during mitophagy, with neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). Specifically, optimum levels of NO enabled PINK1-null dopaminergic neuronal cells to regain the mitochondrial translocation of Parkin, which appeared to be significantly suppressed by nNOS-null mutation. Moreover, nNOS-null mutation resulted in the same mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) enzyme deficits as PINK1-null mutation. The involvement of mitochondrial nNOS activation in mitophagy was further confirmed by the greatly increased interactions of full-length PINK1 with nNOS, accompanied by mitochondrial accumulation of phospho-nNOS (Ser(1412)) during mitophagy. Of great interest is that the L347P PINK1 mutant failed to bind to nNOS. The loss of nNOS phosphorylation and Parkin accumulation on PINK1-deficient mitochondria could be reversed in a PINK1-dependent manner. Finally, non-toxic levels of NO treatment aided in the recovery of PINK1-null dopaminergic neuronal cells from mitochondrial ETC enzyme deficits. In summary, we demonstrated the full-length PINK1-dependent recruitment of nNOS, its activation in the induction of Parkin translocation, and the feasibility of NO-based pharmacotherapy for defective mitophagy and ETC enzyme deficits in Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Young Han
- From the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Brain Disease Research Institute
| | - Min-Ji Kang
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- From the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Brain Disease Research Institute
| | - Pyung-Lim Han
- From the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Brain Disease Research Institute
| | - Hyun-Seok Kim
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | - Ji-Young Ha
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and
| | - Jin H Son
- From the Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Brain Disease Research Institute, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, and
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Okatsu K, Kimura M, Oka T, Tanaka K, Matsuda N. Unconventional PINK1 localization to the outer membrane of depolarized mitochondria drives Parkin recruitment. J Cell Sci 2015; 128:964-78. [PMID: 25609704 PMCID: PMC4342580 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.161000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), a Ser/Thr kinase with an N-terminal mitochondrial-targeting sequence (MTS), causes familial recessive parkinsonism. Reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential limits MTS-mediated matrix import and promotes PINK1 accumulation on the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) of depolarized mitochondria. PINK1 then undergoes autophosphorylation and phosphorylates ubiquitin and Parkin, a cytosolic ubiquitin ligase, for clearance of damaged mitochondria. The molecular basis for PINK1 localization on the OMM of depolarized mitochondria rather than release to the cytosol is poorly understood. Here, we disentangle the PINK1 localization mechanism using deletion mutants and a newly established constitutively active PINK1 mutant. Disruption of the MTS through N-terminal insertion of aspartic acid residues results in OMM localization of PINK1 in energized mitochondria. Unexpectedly, the MTS and putative transmembrane domain (TMD) are dispensable for OMM localization, whereas mitochondrial translocase Tom40 (also known as TOMM40) and an alternative mitochondrial localization signal that resides between the MTS and TMD are required. PINK1 utilizes a mitochondrial localization mechanism that is distinct from that of conventional MTS proteins and that presumably functions in conjunction with the Tom complex in OMM localization when the conventional N-terminal MTS is inhibited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Okatsu
- Protein Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Mayumi Kimura
- Protein Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Oka
- Department of Life Science, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Nishi-Ikebukuro, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Keiji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Protein Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Matsuda
- Protein Metabolism Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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Bueno M, Lai YC, Romero Y, Brands J, St Croix CM, Kamga C, Corey C, Herazo-Maya JD, Sembrat J, Lee JS, Duncan SR, Rojas M, Shiva S, Chu CT, Mora AL. PINK1 deficiency impairs mitochondrial homeostasis and promotes lung fibrosis. J Clin Invest 2014; 125:521-38. [PMID: 25562319 DOI: 10.1172/jci74942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although aging is a known risk factor for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the pathogenic mechanisms that underlie the effects of advancing age remain largely unexplained. Some age-related neurodegenerative diseases have an etiology that is related to mitochondrial dysfunction. Here, we found that alveolar type II cells (AECIIs) in the lungs of IPF patients exhibit marked accumulation of dysmorphic and dysfunctional mitochondria. These mitochondrial abnormalities in AECIIs of IPF lungs were associated with upregulation of ER stress markers and were recapitulated in normal mice with advancing age in response to stimulation of ER stress. We found that impaired mitochondria in IPF and aging lungs were associated with low expression of PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1). Knockdown of PINK1 expression in lung epithelial cells resulted in mitochondria depolarization and expression of profibrotic factors. Moreover, young PINK1-deficient mice developed similarly dysmorphic, dysfunctional mitochondria in the AECIIs and were vulnerable to apoptosis and development of lung fibrosis. Our data indicate that PINK1 deficiency results in swollen, dysfunctional mitochondria and defective mitophagy, and promotes fibrosis in the aging lung.
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Celardo I, Martins LM, Gandhi S. Unravelling mitochondrial pathways to Parkinson's disease. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1943-57. [PMID: 24117181 PMCID: PMC3976614 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential for cellular function due to their role in ATP production, calcium homeostasis and apoptotic signalling. Neurons are heavily reliant on mitochondrial integrity for their complex signalling, plasticity and excitability properties, and to ensure cell survival over decades. The maintenance of a pool of healthy mitochondria that can meet the bioenergetic demands of a neuron, is therefore of critical importance; this is achieved by maintaining a careful balance between mitochondrial biogenesis, mitochondrial trafficking, mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. The molecular mechanisms that underlie these processes are gradually being elucidated. It is widely recognized that mitochondrial dysfunction occurs in many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction in the form of reduced bioenergetic capacity, increased oxidative stress and reduced resistance to stress, is observed in several Parkinson's disease models. However, identification of the recessive genes implicated in Parkinson's disease has revealed a common pathway involving mitochondrial dynamics, transport, turnover and mitophagy. This body of work has led to the hypothesis that the homeostatic mechanisms that ensure a healthy mitochondrial pool are key to neuronal function and integrity. In this paradigm, impaired mitochondrial dynamics and clearance result in the accumulation of damaged and dysfunctional mitochondria, which may directly induce neuronal dysfunction and death. In this review, we consider the mechanisms by which mitochondrial dysfunction may lead to neurodegeneration. In particular, we focus on the mechanisms that underlie mitochondrial homeostasis, and discuss their importance in neuronal integrity and neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease.
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Koentjoro B, Park JS, Sue CM. Parkin western blotting is useful for identification of patients with Parkin-related Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2014; 85:1436-7. [PMID: 24816420 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2014-308142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brianada Koentjoro
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and the University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jin-Sung Park
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and the University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carolyn M Sue
- Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute of Medical Research, Royal North Shore Hospital and the University of Sydney, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia Department of Neurology, Royal North Shore Hospital, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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41
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Okamoto K. Organellophagy: eliminating cellular building blocks via selective autophagy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 205:435-45. [PMID: 24862571 PMCID: PMC4033777 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201402054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of organellar quality and quantity is critical for cellular homeostasis and adaptation to variable environments. Emerging evidence demonstrates that this kind of control is achieved by selective elimination of organelles via autophagy, termed organellophagy. Organellophagy consists of three key steps: induction, cargo tagging, and sequestration, which involve signaling pathways, organellar landmark molecules, and core autophagy-related proteins, respectively. In addition, posttranslational modifications such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination play important roles in recruiting and tailoring the autophagy machinery to each organelle. The basic principles underlying organellophagy are conserved from yeast to mammals, highlighting its biological relevance in eukaryotic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Okamoto
- Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Abstract
Beyond their contribution to basic metabolism, the major cellular organelles, in particular mitochondria, can determine whether cells respond to stress in an adaptive or suicidal manner. Thus, mitochondria can continuously adapt their shape to changing bioenergetic demands as they are subjected to quality control by autophagy, or they can undergo a lethal permeabilization process that initiates apoptosis. Along similar lines, multiple proteins involved in metabolic circuitries, including oxidative phosphorylation and transport of metabolites across membranes, may participate in the regulated or catastrophic dismantling of organelles. Many factors that were initially characterized as cell death regulators are now known to physically or functionally interact with metabolic enzymes. Thus, several metabolic cues regulate the propensity of cells to activate self-destructive programs, in part by acting on nutrient sensors. This suggests the existence of "metabolic checkpoints" that dictate cell fate in response to metabolic fluctuations. Here, we discuss recent insights into the intersection between metabolism and cell death regulation that have major implications for the comprehension and manipulation of unwarranted cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; F-75005 Paris, France. INSERM, U1138, F-94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France. Université Paris Descartes/Paris V; Sorbonne Paris Cité; F-75005 Paris, France. INSERM, U1138, F-94805 Villejuif, France. Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy, F-94805 Villejuif, France. Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75015 Paris, France.
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Redmann M, Dodson M, Boyer-Guittaut M, Darley-Usmar V, Zhang J. Mitophagy mechanisms and role in human diseases. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2014; 53:127-33. [PMID: 24842106 PMCID: PMC4111979 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitophagy is a process of mitochondrial turnover through lysosomal mediated autophagy activities. This review will highlight recent studies that have identified mediators of mitophagy in response to starvation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential or perturbation of mitochondrial integrity. Furthermore, we will review evidence of mitophagy dysfunction in various human diseases and discuss the potential for therapeutic interventions that target mitophagy processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Redmann
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Matthew Dodson
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Michaël Boyer-Guittaut
- Université de Franche-Comté, Laboratoire de Biochimie, EA3922, SFR IBCT FED4234, Sciences et Techniques, 16 route de Gray, 25030 Besançon Cedex, France
| | - Victor Darley-Usmar
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA; Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham VA Medical Center, AL 35294, USA.
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G2019S LRRK2 mutant fibroblasts from Parkinson's disease patients show increased sensitivity to neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium dependent of autophagy. Toxicology 2014; 324:1-9. [PMID: 25017139 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder of unknown etiology. It is considered as a multifactorial disease dependent on environmental and genetic factors. Deregulation in cell degradation has been related with a significant increase in cell damage, becoming a target for studies on the PD etiology. In the present study, we have characterized the parkinsonian toxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+))-induced damage in fibroblasts from Parkinson's patients with the mutation G2019S in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 protein (LRRK2) and control individuals without this mutation. The results reveal that MPP(+) induces mTOR-dependent autophagy in fibroblasts. Moreover, the effects of caspase-dependent cell death to MPP(+) were higher in cells with the G2019S LRRK2 mutation, which showed basal levels of autophagy due to the G2019S LRRK2 mutation (mTOR-independent). The inhibition of autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) treatment reduces these sensitivity differences between both cell types, however, the inhibition of autophagosome-lysosome fusion by bafilomycin A1 (Baf A1) increases these differences. This data confirm the importance of the combination of genetic and environmental factors in the PD etiology. Thereby, the sensitivity to the same damage may be different in function of a genetic predisposition, reason why individuals with certain mutations can develop some early-onset diseases, such as individuals with G2019S LRRK2 mutation and PD.
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Morán M, Delmiro A, Blázquez A, Ugalde C, Arenas J, Martín MA. Bulk autophagy, but not mitophagy, is increased in cellular model of mitochondrial disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1842:1059-70. [PMID: 24704045 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative phosphorylation system (OXPHOS) deficiencies are rare diseases but constitute the most frequent inborn errors of metabolism. We analyzed the autophagy route in 11 skin fibroblast cultures derived from patients with well characterized and distinct OXPHOS defects. Mitochondrial membrane potential determination revealed a tendency to decrease in 5 patients' cells but reached statistical significance only in 2 of them. The remaining cells showed either no change or a slight increase in this parameter. Colocalization analysis of mitochondria and autophagosomes failed to show evidence of increased selective elimination of mitochondria but revealed more intense autophagosome staining in patients' fibroblasts compared with controls. Despite the absence of increased mitophagy, Parkin recruitment to mitochondria was detected in both controls' and patients' cells and was slightly higher in cells harboring complex I defects. Western blot analysis of the autophagosome marker LC3B, confirmed significantly higher levels of the protein bound to autophagosomes, LC3B-II, in patients' cells, suggesting an increased bulk autophagy in OXPHOS defective fibroblasts. Inhibition of lysosomal proteases caused significant accumulation of LC3B-II in control cells, whereas in patients' cells this phenomenon was less pronounced. Electron microscopy studies showed higher content of late autophagic vacuoles and lysosomes in OXPHOS defective cells, accompanied by higher levels of the lysosomal marker LAMP-1. Our findings suggest that in OXPHOS deficient fibroblasts autophagic flux could be partially hampered leading to an accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Morán
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (i+12), Madrid, Spain; Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U723, Spain.
| | - Aitor Delmiro
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (i+12), Madrid, Spain; Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U723, Spain
| | - Alberto Blázquez
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (i+12), Madrid, Spain; Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U723, Spain
| | - Cristina Ugalde
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (i+12), Madrid, Spain; Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U723, Spain
| | - Joaquín Arenas
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (i+12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Martín
- Mitochondrial and Neuromuscular Diseases Laboratory, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre Research Institute (i+12), Madrid, Spain; Spanish Network for Biomedical Research in Rare Diseases (CIBERER), U723, Spain
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Zhao P, Luo Z, Tian W, Yang J, Ibáñez DP, Huang Z, Tortorella MD, Esteban MA, Fan W. Solving the puzzle of Parkinson's disease using induced pluripotent stem cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1421-32. [PMID: 24939824 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214538588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and incidence of Parkinson's disease (PD) is increasing due to a prolonged life expectancy. This highlights the need for a better mechanistic understanding and new therapeutic approaches. However, traditional in vitro and in vivo experimental models to study PD are suboptimal, thus hampering the progress in the field. The epigenetic reprogramming of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offers a unique way to overcome this problem, as these cells share many properties of embryonic stem cells (ESCs) including the potential to be transformed into different lineages. PD modeling with iPSCs is nowadays facilitated by the growing availability of high-efficiency neural-specific differentiation protocols and the possibility to correct or induce mutations as well as creating marker cell lines using designer nucleases. These technologies, together with steady advances in human genetics, will likely introduce profound changes in the way we interpret PD and develop new treatments. Here, we summarize the different PD iPSCs reported so far and discuss the challenges for disease modeling using these cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhao
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Weihua Tian
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Jiayin Yang
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - David P Ibáñez
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhijian Huang
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Micky D Tortorella
- Drug Discovery Pipeline Group, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Miguel A Esteban
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China Guangdong Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, and Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Wenxia Fan
- Laboratory of Chromatin and Human Disease, Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
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Ambrosi G, Ghezzi C, Sepe S, Milanese C, Payan-Gomez C, Bombardieri CR, Armentero MT, Zangaglia R, Pacchetti C, Mastroberardino PG, Blandini F. Bioenergetic and proteolytic defects in fibroblasts from patients with sporadic Parkinson's disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2014; 1842:1385-94. [PMID: 24854107 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex disease and the current interest and focus of scientific research is both investigating the variety of causes that underlie PD pathogenesis, and identifying reliable biomarkers to diagnose and monitor the progression of pathology. Investigation on pathogenic mechanisms in peripheral cells, such as fibroblasts derived from patients with sporadic PD and age/gender matched controls, might generate deeper understanding of the deficits affecting dopaminergic neurons and, possibly, new tools applicable to clinical practice. METHODS Primary fibroblast cultures were established from skin biopsies. Increased susceptibility to the PD-related toxin rotenone was determined with apoptosis- and necrosis-specific cell death assays. Protein quality control was evaluated assessing the efficiency of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System (UPS) and protein levels of autophagic markers. Changes in cellular bioenergetics were monitored by measuring oxygen consumption and glycolysis-dependent medium acidification. The oxido-reductive status was determined by detecting mitochondrial superoxide production and oxidation levels in proteins and lipids. RESULTS PD fibroblasts showed higher vulnerability to necrotic cell death induced by complex I inhibitor rotenone, reduced UPS function and decreased maximal and rotenone-sensitive mitochondrial respiration. No changes in autophagy and redox markers were detected. CONCLUSIONS Our study shows that increased susceptibility to rotenone and the presence of proteolytic and bioenergetic deficits that typically sustain the neurodegenerative process of PD can be detected in fibroblasts from idiopathic PD patients. Fibroblasts might therefore represent a powerful and minimally invasive tool to investigate PD pathogenic mechanisms, which might translate into considerable advances in clinical management of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ambrosi
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy; Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Ghezzi
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Sara Sepe
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; RiMED Foundation, Palermo, Italy
| | - Cesar Payan-Gomez
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Cintia R Bombardieri
- Department of Genetics, Erasmus Medical Centre, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3015GE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie-Therese Armentero
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberta Zangaglia
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudio Pacchetti
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Fabio Blandini
- Laboratory of Functional Neurochemistry, Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, National Neurological Institute C. Mondino, Via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
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Wang X, Guo J, Fei E, Mu Y, He S, Che X, Tan J, Xia K, Zhang Z, Wang G, Tang B. BAG5 protects against mitochondrial oxidative damage through regulating PINK1 degradation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86276. [PMID: 24475098 PMCID: PMC3901670 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) gene cause PARK6 familial Parkinsonism, and loss of the stability of PINK1 may also contribute to sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). Degradation of PINK1 occurs predominantly through the ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS), however, to date, few of the proteins have been found to regulate the degradation of PINK1. Using the yeast two-hybrid system and pull-down methods, we identified bcl-2-associated athanogene 5 (BAG5), a BAG family member, directly interacted with PINK1. We showed that BAG5 stabilized PINK1 by decreasing the ubiquitination of PINK1. Interestingly, BAG5 rescued MPP(+)- and rotenone-induced mitochondria dysfunction by up-regulating PINK1 in vitro. In PINK1-null mice and MPTP-treated mice, BAG5 significantly increased in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) although PINK1 was decreased. Our findings indicated that BAG5, as a key protein to stabilize PINK1, is a promising therapeutic tool for preventing mitochondrial dysfunction following oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Wang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Human Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Erkang Fei
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingfeng Mu
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuang He
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangqian Che
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jieqiong Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guanghui Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropathology, National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (BT); (GW)
| | - Beisha Tang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Human Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- Neurodegenerative Disorders Research Center, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (BT); (GW)
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Auburger G, Gispert S, Jendrach M. Mitochondrial acetylation and genetic models of Parkinson's disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 127:155-82. [PMID: 25149217 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394625-6.00006-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is frequent at old age, leading to atrophy of specific neurons and to early death. Lifespan and healthy aging of organisms depend on growth factor/nutrient signaling and on bioenergetics via mitochondria, all of which regulate downstream nuclear functions through FOXO and SIR proteins. Mammalian SIRtuins include the mitochondrial deacetylase SIRT3, and recently mitochondrial lysine acetylation (AcLys) was found to initiate mitochondrial degradation by autophagy. This mitophagy process is closely regulated by PINK1 and Parkin, two interacting proteins which relocalize to mitochondria with deficient proton gradients, and whose mutations cause autosomal recessive variants of PD. Strong generalized deacetylation of mitochondrial proteins and altered SIRT3 levels occur in rodent models of PD before the onset of toxic aggregate formation. We propose that the development of site-specific AcLys-antibodies and their characterization in patients will have medical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Auburger
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Suzana Gispert
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marina Jendrach
- Experimental Neurology, Goethe University Medical School, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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50
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Fedorowicz MA, de Vries-Schneider RLA, Rüb C, Becker D, Huang Y, Zhou C, Alessi Wolken DM, Voos W, Liu Y, Przedborski S. Cytosolic cleaved PINK1 represses Parkin translocation to mitochondria and mitophagy. EMBO Rep 2013; 15:86-93. [PMID: 24357652 DOI: 10.1002/embr.201337294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
PINK1 is a mitochondrial kinase proposed to have a role in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease through the regulation of mitophagy. Here, we show that the PINK1 main cleavage product, PINK152, after being generated inside mitochondria, can exit these organelles and localize to the cytosol, where it is not only destined for degradation by the proteasome but binds to Parkin. The interaction of cytosolic PINK1 with Parkin represses Parkin translocation to the mitochondria and subsequent mitophagy. Our work therefore highlights the existence of two cellular pools of PINK1 that have different effects on Parkin translocation and mitophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja A Fedorowicz
- Center for Motor Neuron Biology and Disease and the Columbia Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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