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Abraham A, LaBella AL, Capra JA, Rokas A. Mosaic patterns of selection in genomic regions associated with diverse human traits. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010494. [PMID: 36342969 PMCID: PMC9671423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural selection shapes the genetic architecture of many human traits. However, the prevalence of different modes of selection on genomic regions associated with variation in traits remains poorly understood. To address this, we developed an efficient computational framework to calculate positive and negative enrichment of different evolutionary measures among regions associated with complex traits. We applied the framework to summary statistics from >900 genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and 11 evolutionary measures of sequence constraint, population differentiation, and allele age while accounting for linkage disequilibrium, allele frequency, and other potential confounders. We demonstrate that this framework yields consistent results across GWASs with variable sample sizes, numbers of trait-associated SNPs, and analytical approaches. The resulting evolutionary atlas maps diverse signatures of selection on genomic regions associated with complex human traits on an unprecedented scale. We detected positive enrichment for sequence conservation among trait-associated regions for the majority of traits (>77% of 290 high power GWASs), which included reproductive traits. Many traits also exhibited substantial positive enrichment for population differentiation, especially among hair, skin, and pigmentation traits. In contrast, we detected widespread negative enrichment for signatures of balancing selection (51% of GWASs) and absence of enrichment for evolutionary signals in regions associated with late-onset Alzheimer's disease. These results support a pervasive role for negative selection on regions of the human genome that contribute to variation in complex traits, but also demonstrate that diverse modes of evolution are likely to have shaped trait-associated loci. This atlas of evolutionary signatures across the diversity of available GWASs will enable exploration of the relationship between the genetic architecture and evolutionary processes in the human genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abin Abraham
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Abigail L. LaBella
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, North Carolina, United States of America
- North Carolina Research Center, Kannapolis, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - John A. Capra
- Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Antonis Rokas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Evolutionary Studies Initiative, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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Corey TM, Woodley VV, O'Connor M, Connolly E, Doyle S, Shrader S, Phipps C, Isaac K, Lawrence M. Evaluation of the Dose-Dependent Inflammatory Response and No-Observable Adverse Effect Level of Intravitreal Endotoxin in the African Green Monkey. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:17. [PMID: 35980670 PMCID: PMC9404367 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.8.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the inflammatory effects and no-observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of intravitreal endotoxin in an African green monkey model of uveitis. Methods Fifteen green monkeys were administered intravitreal endotoxin ranging from 0.005 to 0.08 endotoxin unit (EU)/eye. Inflammation was evaluated by slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect fundoscopy, tonometry, color fundus photography, ocular coherence tomography, laser flare photometry, and histopathology, with analysis of cytokine levels in aqueous and vitreous humor. The inter-rater reliability of a refined nonhuman primate ophthalmic scoring system was evaluated. Results A dose-dependent inflammatory response was observed beginning at 0.02 EU/eye; no inflammatory response exceeding the vehicle was observed at 0.005 EU/eye. Retinal pathology was minimal, and posterior visualization degraded with increasing inflammation. Inflammation was observed by histopathology at 0.04 EU/eye. Inter-rater reliability of the scoring system was high, with 99.2% of individual scores differing by 1 scale unit or less and 87.2% of summary scores differing by 2 scale units or less. Conclusions The NOAEL for intravitreal endotoxin in the green monkey is 0.005 EU/eye, with inflammation increasing with increasing dose beginning at 0.02 EU/eye. This updated nonhuman primate ophthalmic scoring system allows for high inter-rater reliability for the quantification of mild to severe inflammation in the green monkey eye. Translational Relevance Validation of the ophthalmic inflammation scoring system enables application of the green monkey as a valuable translational model. Candidate therapeutics should be confirmed to have endotoxin levels below this threshold before safety testing in this species to enable interpretation of inflammation and minimize impact on animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emma Connolly
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sarah Doyle
- Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.,Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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3
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Epigenetic clock and methylation studies in vervet monkeys. GeroScience 2021; 44:699-717. [PMID: 34591235 PMCID: PMC9135907 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00466-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA methylation-based biomarkers of aging have been developed for many mammals but not yet for the vervet monkey (Chlorocebus sabaeus), which is a valuable non-human primate model for biomedical studies. We generated novel DNA methylation data from vervet cerebral cortex, blood, and liver using highly conserved mammalian CpGs represented on a custom array (HorvathMammalMethylChip40). We present six DNA methylation-based estimators of age: vervet multi-tissue epigenetic clock and tissue-specific clocks for brain cortex, blood, and liver. In addition, we developed two dual species clocks (human-vervet clocks) for measuring chronological age and relative age, respectively. Relative age was defined as ratio of chronological age to maximum lifespan to address the species differences in maximum lifespan. The high accuracy of the human-vervet clocks demonstrates that epigenetic aging processes are evolutionary conserved in primates. When applying these vervet clocks to tissue samples from another primate species, rhesus macaque, we observed high age correlations but strong offsets. We characterized CpGs that correlate significantly with age in the vervet. CpG probes that gain methylation with age across tissues were located near the targets of Polycomb proteins SUZ12 and EED and genes possessing the trimethylated H3K27 mark in their promoters. The epigenetic clocks are expected to be useful for anti-aging studies in vervets.
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4
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Cavanaugh RP, Karnik P, Corey T. Humeral fracture repair in an African green monkey (
Chlorocebus sabaeus
). VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Patrick Cavanaugh
- Clinical SciencesRoss University School of Veterinary MedicineBasseterreSaint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Priti Karnik
- Clinical SciencesRoss University School of Veterinary MedicineBasseterreSaint Kitts and Nevis
| | - Tatiana Corey
- St Kitts Biomedical Research FoundationBasseterreSaint Kitts and Nevis
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5
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Chen JA, Fears SC, Jasinska AJ, Huang A, Al‐Sharif NB, Scheibel KE, Dyer TD, Fagan AM, Blangero J, Woods R, Jorgensen MJ, Kaplan JR, Freimer NB, Coppola G. Neurodegenerative disease biomarkers Aβ 1-40, Aβ 1-42, tau, and p-tau 181 in the vervet monkey cerebrospinal fluid: Relation to normal aging, genetic influences, and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e00903. [PMID: 29484263 PMCID: PMC5822592 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Caribbean vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) is a potentially valuable animal model of neurodegenerative disease. However, the trajectory of aging in vervets and its relationship to human disease is incompletely understood. Methods To characterize biomarkers associated with neurodegeneration, we measured cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) concentrations of Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, total tau, and p-tau181 in 329 members of a multigenerational pedigree. Linkage and genome-wide association were used to elucidate a genetic contribution to these traits. Results Aβ1-40 concentrations were significantly correlated with age, brain total surface area, and gray matter thickness. Levels of p-tau181 were associated with cerebral volume and brain total surface area. Among the measured analytes, only CSF Aβ1-40 was heritable. No significant linkage (LOD > 3.3) was found, though suggestive linkage was highlighted on chromosomes 4 and 12. Genome-wide association identified a suggestive locus near the chromosome 4 linkage peak. Conclusions Overall, these results support the vervet as a non-human primate model of amyloid-related neurodegeneration, such as Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and highlight Aβ1-40 and p-tau181 as potentially valuable biomarkers of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason A. Chen
- Department of PsychiatryThe Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorDavid Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Interdepartmental Program in BioinformaticsUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Verge GenomicsSan FranciscoCAUSA
| | - Scott C. Fears
- Department of PsychiatryThe Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorDavid Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of PsychiatryGreater Los Angeles Veterans AdministrationLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Anna J. Jasinska
- Department of PsychiatryThe Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorDavid Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Institute of Bioorganic ChemistryPolish Academy of SciencesPoznanPoland
| | - Alden Huang
- Department of PsychiatryThe Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorDavid Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Interdepartmental Program in BioinformaticsUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Noor B. Al‐Sharif
- Department of PsychiatryThe Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorDavid Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Kevin E. Scheibel
- Department of PsychiatryThe Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorDavid Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Thomas D. Dyer
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity InstituteUniversity of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of MedicineBrownsvilleTXUSA
| | - Anne M. Fagan
- Department of NeurologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMOUSA
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity InstituteUniversity of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of MedicineBrownsvilleTXUSA
| | - Roger Woods
- Department of PsychiatryThe Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorDavid Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of NeurologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Matthew J. Jorgensen
- Department of PathologySection on Comparative MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNCUSA
| | - Jay R. Kaplan
- Department of PathologySection on Comparative MedicineWake Forest School of MedicineWinston‐SalemNCUSA
| | - Nelson B. Freimer
- Department of PsychiatryThe Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorDavid Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- Department of PsychiatryThe Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human BehaviorDavid Geffen School of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of NeurologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLAUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCAUSA
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6
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Rhoads MK, Goleva SB, Beierwaltes WH, Osborn JL. Renal vascular and glomerular pathologies associated with spontaneous hypertension in the nonhuman primate Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R211-R218. [PMID: 28659284 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00026.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a complex, multifactorial disease affecting an estimated 78 million adults in the United States. Despite scientific gains, the etiology of human essential hypertension is unknown and current experimental models do not recapitulate all the behavioral and physiological characteristics of the pathology. Researchers should assess the translational capacity of these models and look to other animal models for the discovery of new therapies. Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus, the African Green Monkey (AGM), is a nonhuman primate that develops spontaneous hypertension and may provide a novel translational model for the study of hypertension and associated diseases. In a randomly selected group of 424 adult AGMs, 37% (157/424) exhibited systolic blood pressures (SBP) >140 mmHg (SBP: 172.0 ± 2.2 mmHg) and were characterized as hypertensive (HT). 44% (187/424) were characterized as normotensive with SBP <120 mmHg (NT, SBP: 99.6 ± 1.0 mmHg) and the remaining 18% (80/424) as borderline hypertensive (BHT, SBP: 130.6 ± 0.6 mmHg). When compared with NT animals, HT AGMs are older (8.7 ± 0.6 vs. 12.4 ± 0.7 yr, P < 0.05) with elevated heart rates (125.7 ± 2.0 vs. 137.7 ± 2.2 beats/min, P < 0.05). BHT animals had average heart rates of 138.2 ± 3.1 beats/min (P < 0.05 compared with NT) and were 11.00 ± 0.9 yr old. NT and HT animals had similar levels of angiotensinogen gene expression, plasma renin activity, and renal cortical renin content (P > 0.05). HT monkeys exhibit renal vascular remodeling (wall-to-lumen ratio NT 0.11 ± 0.01 vs. HT 0.15 ± 0.02, P < 0.05) and altered glomerular morphology (Bowman's capsular space: NT 30.9 ± 1.9% vs. HT 44.4 ± 3.1%, P < 0.05). The hypertensive AGM provides a large animal model that is highly similar to humans and should be studied to identify novel, more effective targets for the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K Rhoads
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | | | - William H Beierwaltes
- Hypertension and Vascular Research Division, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan; and
| | - Jeffrey L Osborn
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky; .,Biomedical Science Research Group, Lexington, Kentucky
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7
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Jorgensen MJ, Lambert KR, Breaux SD, Baker KC, Snively BM, Weed JL. Pair housing of Vervets/African Green Monkeys for biomedical research. Am J Primatol 2017; 79:1-10. [PMID: 26539878 PMCID: PMC4860176 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vervets, also known as African green monkeys, are a nonhuman primate species widely used in biomedical research. However, there are currently few references available describing techniques and rates of success for pair-housing this species. We present data from four cohorts of vervets from three different facilities: (i) the Wake Forest Vervet Research Colony (VRC; n = 72 female pairs, n= 52 male pairs), (ii) the University of Louisiana at Lafayette-New Iberia Research Center (UL-NIRC; n = 57 female pairs, n = 54 male pairs), (iii) the Tulane National Primate Research Center (TNRPC; n = 18 male pairs), and (iv) a cohort of imported males (n = 18 pairs) at Wake Forest. Compatibility was measured at 14, 30, and 60 days following introduction. Success rates for pair-housing at 14 days ranged from 96% to 98% for females and 96% to 100% for males at the VRC and UL-NIRC but were lower in the smaller imported male cohorts (TNPRC: 50%; WF: 28%). Among the UL-NIRC cohort and VRC male cohort, most of the pair separations after 14 days were due to reasons unrelated to social incompatibility. In contrast, a large proportion of TNPRC and imported male pairs successful at 14 days required separation within 60 days due to incompatibility. Multiple logistic regressions were performed using cohort, mean age of pair and weight difference between pair-mates as potential predictors of compatibility at 14 days. All three predicted the 14-day outcome in males but not females. A separate analysis in the VRC cohort found no evidence that prior familiarity in a group setting influenced outcomes. Variations in success rates across cohorts may have been influenced by introduction methodology. Behavioral differences between vervets and macaques, coupled with our findings, lead us to theorize that the gradual introduction techniques commonly implemented to pair house macaques may not be beneficial or suitable for this species. Am. J. Primatol. 79:e22501, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Kelsey R. Lambert
- Animal Resources Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Sarah D. Breaux
- Department of Veterinary Resources, University of Louisiana at Lafayette – New Iberia Research Center, Lafayette, Louisiana
| | - Kate C. Baker
- Division of Veterinary Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Beverly M. Snively
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - James L. Weed
- Animal Resources Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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8
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Chittoor G, Pajewski NM, Voruganti VS, Comuzzie AG, Clarkson TB, Nudy M, Schnatz PF, Kaplan JR, Jorgensen MJ. Vitamin D heritability and effect of pregnancy status in Vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) under conditions of modest and high dietary supplementation. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2015; 159:639-45. [PMID: 26708407 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The two objectives of the current study were to: 1) investigate the genetic contributions to variations in serum vitamin D concentrations under two dietary conditions (a standard monkey biscuit diet vs. a diet designed to model typical American consumption); and 2) explore the interaction of vitamin D with pregnancy status using a cohort of pedigreed female vervet/African green monkeys. METHODS This study includes 185 female (≥3.5 years) vervet/African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) from a multi-generational, pedigreed breeding colony. The 25(OH)D3 concentrations were first measured seven to eight weeks after consuming a "typical American" diet (TAD), deriving 37, 18, and 45% of calories from fat, protein sources, and carbohydrates, and supplemented with vitamin D to a human equivalent of 1,000 IU/day. Vitamin D concentrations were assessed again when animals were switched to a low-fat, standard biscuit diet (LabDiet 5038) for 8 months, which provided a human equivalent of approximately 4,000 IU/day of vitamin D. All statistical analyses were implemented in SOLAR. RESULTS Pregnancy was associated with reduced 25(OH)D3 concentrations. Heritability analyses indicated a significant genetic contribution to 25(OH)D3 concentrations in the same monkeys consuming the biscuit diet (h(2) =0.66, P=0.0004) and TAD (h(2) =0.67, P=0.0078) diets, with higher 25(OH)D3 concentrations in animals consuming the biscuit diet. Additionally, there was a significant genotype-by-pregnancy status interaction on 25(OH)D3 concentrations (P<0.05) only among animals consuming the TAD diet. DISCUSSION These results support the existence of a genetic contribution to differences in serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations by pregnancy status and emphasize the role of diet (including vitamin D supplementation) in modifying genetic signals as well as vitamin D concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Chittoor
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC.,UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC
| | - Nicholas M Pajewski
- Department of Biostatistical Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - V Saroja Voruganti
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC.,UNC Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC
| | - Anthony G Comuzzie
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX.,Southwest National Primate Research Center, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX
| | - Thomas B Clarkson
- Department of Pathology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Matthew Nudy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Peter F Schnatz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Reading Hospital, Reading, PA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Reading Hospital, Reading, PA
| | - Jay R Kaplan
- Department of Pathology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section of Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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9
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Warren WC, Jasinska AJ, García-Pérez R, Svardal H, Tomlinson C, Rocchi M, Archidiacono N, Capozzi O, Minx P, Montague MJ, Kyung K, Hillier LW, Kremitzki M, Graves T, Chiang C, Hughes J, Tran N, Huang Y, Ramensky V, Choi OW, Jung YJ, Schmitt CA, Juretic N, Wasserscheid J, Turner TR, Wiseman RW, Tuscher JJ, Karl JA, Schmitz JE, Zahn R, O'Connor DH, Redmond E, Nisbett A, Jacquelin B, Müller-Trutwin MC, Brenchley JM, Dione M, Antonio M, Schroth GP, Kaplan JR, Jorgensen MJ, Thomas GWC, Hahn MW, Raney BJ, Aken B, Nag R, Schmitz J, Churakov G, Noll A, Stanyon R, Webb D, Thibaud-Nissen F, Nordborg M, Marques-Bonet T, Dewar K, Weinstock GM, Wilson RK, Freimer NB. The genome of the vervet (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). Genome Res 2015; 25:1921-33. [PMID: 26377836 PMCID: PMC4665013 DOI: 10.1101/gr.192922.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We describe a genome reference of the African green monkey or vervet (Chlorocebus aethiops). This member of the Old World monkey (OWM) superfamily is uniquely valuable for genetic investigations of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), for which it is the most abundant natural host species, and of a wide range of health-related phenotypes assessed in Caribbean vervets (C. a. sabaeus), whose numbers have expanded dramatically since Europeans introduced small numbers of their ancestors from West Africa during the colonial era. We use the reference to characterize the genomic relationship between vervets and other primates, the intra-generic phylogeny of vervet subspecies, and genome-wide structural variations of a pedigreed C. a. sabaeus population. Through comparative analyses with human and rhesus macaque, we characterize at high resolution the unique chromosomal fission events that differentiate the vervets and their close relatives from most other catarrhine primates, in whom karyotype is highly conserved. We also provide a summary of transposable elements and contrast these with the rhesus macaque and human. Analysis of sequenced genomes representing each of the main vervet subspecies supports previously hypothesized relationships between these populations, which range across most of sub-Saharan Africa, while uncovering high levels of genetic diversity within each. Sequence-based analyses of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) polymorphisms reveal extremely low diversity in Caribbean C. a. sabaeus vervets, compared to vervets from putatively ancestral West African regions. In the C. a. sabaeus research population, we discover the first structural variations that are, in some cases, predicted to have a deleterious effect; future studies will determine the phenotypic impact of these variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley C Warren
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Anna J Jasinska
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA; Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, 61-704 Poznan, Poland
| | - Raquel García-Pérez
- ICREA at Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, (UPF-CSIC) and Centro Nacional de Analisis Genomico (CNAG), PRBB/PCB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hannes Svardal
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chad Tomlinson
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Mariano Rocchi
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Bari 70126, Italy
| | | | - Oronzo Capozzi
- Department of Biology, University of Bari, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Patrick Minx
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Michael J Montague
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Kim Kyung
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - LaDeana W Hillier
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Milinn Kremitzki
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Tina Graves
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Colby Chiang
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | | | - Nam Tran
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Yu Huang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Vasily Ramensky
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Oi-Wa Choi
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Yoon J Jung
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Christopher A Schmitt
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Nikoleta Juretic
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | | | - Trudy R Turner
- Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53705, USA; Department of Genetics Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9300 South Africa
| | - Roger W Wiseman
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Jennifer J Tuscher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Julie A Karl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Jörn E Schmitz
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Roland Zahn
- Crucell Holland B.V., 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - David H O'Connor
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
| | - Eugene Redmond
- St. Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Alex Nisbett
- St. Kitts Biomedical Research Foundation, St. Kitts, West Indies
| | - Béatrice Jacquelin
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Régulation des Infections Rétrovirales, 75015 Paris, France
| | | | - Jason M Brenchley
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-9821, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jay R Kaplan
- Center for Comparative Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem 27157-1040, USA
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Center for Comparative Medicine Research, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem 27157-1040, USA
| | - Gregg W C Thomas
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Matthew W Hahn
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Brian J Raney
- University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California 95060, USA
| | - Bronwen Aken
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Rishi Nag
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, United Kingdom
| | - Juergen Schmitz
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ZMBE), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gennady Churakov
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ZMBE), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Angela Noll
- Institute of Experimental Pathology (ZMBE), University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Roscoe Stanyon
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, 50122 Florence, Italy
| | - David Webb
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, Bethesda, Maryland 20894, USA
| | | | - Magnus Nordborg
- Gregor Mendel Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- ICREA at Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, (UPF-CSIC) and Centro Nacional de Analisis Genomico (CNAG), PRBB/PCB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ken Dewar
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal QC H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - George M Weinstock
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut 06001, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108, USA
| | - Nelson B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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Bradford AP, Jones K, Kechris K, Chosich J, Montague M, Warren WC, May MC, Al-Safi Z, Kuokkanen S, Appt SE, Polotsky AJ. Joint MiRNA/mRNA expression profiling reveals changes consistent with development of dysfunctional corpus luteum after weight gain. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135163. [PMID: 26258540 PMCID: PMC4530955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Obese women exhibit decreased fertility, high miscarriage rates and dysfunctional corpus luteum (CL), but molecular mechanisms are poorly defined. We hypothesized that weight gain induces alterations in CL gene expression. RNA sequencing was used to identify changes in the CL transcriptome in the vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) during weight gain. 10 months of high-fat, high-fructose diet (HFHF) resulted in a 20% weight gain for HFHF animals vs. 2% for controls (p = 0.03) and a 66% increase in percent fat mass for HFHF group. Ovulation was confirmed at baseline and after intervention in all animals. CL were collected on luteal day 7-9 based on follicular phase estradiol peak. 432 mRNAs and 9 miRNAs were differentially expressed in response to HFHF diet. Specifically, miR-28, miR-26, and let-7b previously shown to inhibit sex steroid production in human granulosa cells, were up-regulated. Using integrated miRNA and gene expression analysis, we demonstrated changes in 52 coordinately regulated mRNA targets corresponding to opposite changes in miRNA. Specifically, 2 targets of miR-28 and 10 targets of miR-26 were down-regulated, including genes linked to follicular development, steroidogenesis, granulosa cell proliferation and survival. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of dietary-induced responses of the ovulating ovary to developing adiposity. The observed HFHF diet-induced changes were consistent with development of a dysfunctional CL and provide new mechanistic insights for decreased sex steroid production characteristic of obese women. MiRNAs may represent novel biomarkers of obesity-related subfertility and potential new avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Bradford
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Kenneth Jones
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Katerina Kechris
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Justin Chosich
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Michael Montague
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, United States of America
| | - Wesley C. Warren
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO 63108, United States of America
| | - Margaret C. May
- Department of Pathology (Comparative Medicine), Wake Forest University Primate Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States of America
| | - Zain Al-Safi
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Satu Kuokkanen
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10461, United States of America
| | - Susan E. Appt
- Department of Pathology (Comparative Medicine), Wake Forest University Primate Center, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, United States of America
| | - Alex J. Polotsky
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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11
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Policicchio BB, Pandrea I, Apetrei C. Population Bottlenecks and Pathogen Extinction: "Make This Everyone's Mission to Mars, Including Yours". J Virol 2015; 89:8104-6. [PMID: 26018162 PMCID: PMC4524259 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00920-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Kapusinszky et al. (J Virol 89:8152-8161, 2015, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00671-15) report that host population bottlenecks may result in pathogen extinction, which provides a compelling argument for an alternative approach to vaccination for the control of virus spread. By comparing the prevalence levels of three viral pathogens in two populations of African green monkeys (AGMs) (Chlorocebus sabaeus) from Africa and two Caribbean Islands, they convincingly show that a major host bottleneck resulted in the eradication of select pathogens from a given host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin B Policicchio
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ivona Pandrea
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Cristian Apetrei
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Graduate School of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Kapusinszky B, Mulvaney U, Jasinska AJ, Deng X, Freimer N, Delwart E. Local Virus Extinctions following a Host Population Bottleneck. J Virol 2015; 89:8152-61. [PMID: 26018153 PMCID: PMC4524239 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00671-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A small number of African green monkeys (AGMs) were introduced into the Caribbean from West Africa in the 1600s. To determine the impact of this population bottleneck on the AGM virome, we used metagenomics to compare the viral nucleic acids in the plasma of 43 wild AGMs from West Africa (Gambia) to those in 44 AGMs from the Caribbean (St. Kitts and Nevis). Three viruses were detected in the blood of Gambian primates: simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVagm; in 42% of animals), a novel simian pegivirus (SPgVagm; in 7% of animals), and numerous novel simian anelloviruses (in 100% of animals). Only anelloviruses were detected in the Caribbean AGMs with a prevalence and levels of viral genetic diversity similar to those in the Gambian animals. A host population bottleneck therefore resulted in the exclusion of adult-acquired SIV and pegivirus from the Caribbean AGMs. The successful importation of AGM anelloviruses into the Caribbean may be the result of their early transmission to infants, very high prevalence in African AGMs, and frequent coinfections with as many as 11 distinct variants. IMPORTANCE The extent to which viruses can persist in small isolated populations depends on multiple host, viral, and environmental factors. The absence of prior infections may put an immunologically naive population at risk for disease outbreaks. Isolated populations originating from a small number of founder individuals are therefore considered at increased risk following contact with populations with a greater variety of viruses. Here, we compared the plasma virome of West African green monkeys to that in their descendants after importation of a small number of animals to the Caribbean. A lentivirus and a pegivirus were found in the West African population but not in the Caribbean population. Highly diverse anelloviruses were found in both populations. A small founder population, limited to infants and young juvenile monkeys, may have eliminated the sexually transmitted viruses from the Caribbean AGMs, while anelloviruses, acquired at an earlier age, persisted through the host population bottleneck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrix Kapusinszky
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Usha Mulvaney
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA University of San Francisco, Department of Biology, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Anna J Jasinska
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xutao Deng
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nelson Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Eric Delwart
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California, USA Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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13
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Huang YS, Ramensky V, Service SK, Jasinska AJ, Jung Y, Choi OW, Cantor RM, Juretic N, Wasserscheid J, Kaplan JR, Jorgensen MJ, Dyer TD, Dewar K, Blangero J, Wilson RK, Warren W, Weinstock GM, Freimer NB. Sequencing strategies and characterization of 721 vervet monkey genomes for future genetic analyses of medically relevant traits. BMC Biol 2015; 13:41. [PMID: 26092298 PMCID: PMC4494155 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-015-0152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We report here the first genome-wide high-resolution polymorphism resource for non-human primate (NHP) association and linkage studies, constructed for the Caribbean-origin vervet monkey, or African green monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus), one of the most widely used NHPs in biomedical research. We generated this resource by whole genome sequencing (WGS) of monkeys from the Vervet Research Colony (VRC), an NIH-supported research resource for which extensive phenotypic data are available. Results We identified genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) by WGS of 721 members of an extended pedigree from the VRC. From high-depth WGS data we identified more than 4 million polymorphic unequivocal segregating sites; by pruning these SNPs based on heterozygosity, quality control filters, and the degree of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between SNPs, we constructed genome-wide panels suitable for genetic association (about 500,000 SNPs) and linkage analysis (about 150,000 SNPs). To further enhance the utility of these resources for linkage analysis, we used a further pruned subset of the linkage panel to generate multipoint identity by descent matrices. Conclusions The genetic and phenotypic resources now available for the VRC and other Caribbean-origin vervets enable their use for genetic investigation of traits relevant to human diseases. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-015-0152-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu S Huang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Present address: 5200 Illumina Way, San Diego, CA, 92122, USA
| | - Vasily Ramensky
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Susan K Service
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Anna J Jasinska
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Yoon Jung
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Oi-Wa Choi
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Rita M Cantor
- Department of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Nikoleta Juretic
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Jay R Kaplan
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1040, USA
| | - Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC, 27157-1040, USA
| | - Thomas D Dyer
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, UTHSCSA/UTRGV, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Ken Dewar
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - John Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, UTHSCSA/UTRGV, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Genome Sequencing Center, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | - Wesley Warren
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, Genome Sequencing Center, St. Louis, MO, 63108, USA
| | | | - Nelson B Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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14
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Abstract
Because of their strong similarities to humans across physiologic, developmental, behavioral, immunologic, and genetic levels, nonhuman primates are essential models for a wide spectrum of biomedical research. But unlike other animal models, nonhuman primates possess substantial outbred genetic variation, reducing statistical power and potentially confounding interpretation of results in research studies. Although unknown genetic variation is a hindrance in studies that allocate animals randomly, taking genetic variation into account in study design affords an opportunity to transform the way that nonhuman primates are used in biomedical research. New understandings of how the function of individual genes in rhesus macaques mimics that seen in humans are greatly advancing the rhesus macaques utility as research models, but epistatic interaction, epigenetic regulatory mechanisms, and the intricacies of gene networks limit model development. We are now entering a new era of nonhuman primate research, brought on by the proliferation and rapid expansion of genomic data. Already the cost of a rhesus macaque genome is dwarfed by its purchase and husbandry costs, and complete genomic datasets will inevitably encompass each rhesus macaque used in biomedical research. Advancing this outcome is paramount. It represents an opportunity to transform the way animals are assigned and used in biomedical research and to develop new models of human disease. The genetic and genomic revolution brings with it a paradigm shift for nonhuman primates and new mandates on how nonhuman primates are used in biomedical research.
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15
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Jasinska AJ, Schmitt CA, Service SK, Cantor RM, Dewar K, Jentsch JD, Kaplan JR, Turner TR, Warren WC, Weinstock GM, Woods RP, Freimer NB. Systems biology of the vervet monkey. ILAR J 2014; 54:122-43. [PMID: 24174437 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilt049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHP) provide crucial biomedical model systems intermediate between rodents and humans. The vervet monkey (also called the African green monkey) is a widely used NHP model that has unique value for genetic and genomic investigations of traits relevant to human diseases. This article describes the phylogeny and population history of the vervet monkey and summarizes the use of both captive and wild vervet monkeys in biomedical research. It also discusses the effort of an international collaboration to develop the vervet monkey as the most comprehensively phenotypically and genomically characterized NHP, a process that will enable the scientific community to employ this model for systems biology investigations.
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16
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Mayer AE, Johnson JB, Parks GD. The neutralizing capacity of antibodies elicited by parainfluenza virus infection of African Green Monkeys is dependent on complement. Virology 2014; 460-461:23-33. [PMID: 25010267 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The African Green Monkey (AGM) model was used to analyze the role of complement in neutralization of parainfluenza virus. Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) and human parainfluenza virus type 2 were effectively neutralized in vitro by naïve AGM sera, but neutralizing capacity was lost by heat-inactivation. The mechanism of neutralization involved formation of massive aggregates, with no evidence of virion lysis. Following inoculation of the respiratory tract with a PIV5 vector expressing HIV gp160, AGM produced high levels of serum and tracheal antibodies against gp120 and the viral F and HN proteins. However, in the absence of complement these anti-PIV5 antibodies had very poor neutralizing capacity. Virions showed extensive deposition of IgG and C1q with post- but not pre-immune sera. These results highlight the importance of complement in the initial antibody response to parainfluenza viruses, with implications for understanding infant immune responses and design of vaccine strategies for these pediatric pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Mayer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - John B Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA
| | - Griffith D Parks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27101, USA.
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17
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Comparative primate genomics: emerging patterns of genome content and dynamics. Nat Rev Genet 2014; 15:347-59. [PMID: 24709753 DOI: 10.1038/nrg3707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Advances in genome sequencing technologies have created new opportunities for comparative primate genomics. Genome assemblies have been published for various primate species, and analyses of several others are underway. Whole-genome assemblies for the great apes provide remarkable new information about the evolutionary origins of the human genome and the processes involved. Genomic data for macaques and other non-human primates offer valuable insights into genetic similarities and differences among species that are used as models for disease-related research. This Review summarizes current knowledge regarding primate genome content and dynamics, and proposes a series of goals for the near future.
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18
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Jentsch JD, Ashenhurst JR, Cervantes MC, Groman SM, James AS, Pennington ZT. Dissecting impulsivity and its relationships to drug addictions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2014; 1327:1-26. [PMID: 24654857 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Addictions are often characterized as forms of impulsive behavior. That said, it is often noted that impulsivity is a multidimensional construct, spanning several psychological domains. This review describes the relationship between varieties of impulsivity and addiction-related behaviors, the nature of the causal relationship between the two, and the underlying neurobiological mechanisms that promote impulsive behaviors. We conclude that the available data strongly support the notion that impulsivity is both a risk factor for, and a consequence of, drug and alcohol consumption. While the evidence indicating that subtypes of impulsive behavior are uniquely informative--either biologically or with respect to their relationships to addictions--is convincing, multiple lines of study link distinct subtypes of impulsivity to low dopamine D2 receptor function and perturbed serotonergic transmission, revealing shared mechanisms between the subtypes. Therefore, a common biological framework involving monoaminergic transmitters in key frontostriatal circuits may link multiple forms of impulsivity to drug self-administration and addiction-related behaviors. Further dissection of these relationships is needed before the next phase of genetic and genomic discovery will be able to reveal the biological sources of the vulnerability for addiction indexed by impulsivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J David Jentsch
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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19
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Slatkin M. A method for estimating the effective number of loci affecting a quantitative character. Theor Popul Biol 2013; 89:44-54. [PMID: 23973416 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A likelihood method is introduced that jointly estimates the number of loci and the additive effect of alleles that account for the genetic variance of a normally distributed quantitative character in a randomly mating population. The method assumes that measurements of the character are available from one or both parents and an arbitrary number of full siblings. The method uses the fact, first recognized by Karl Pearson in 1904, that the variance of a character among offspring depends on both the parental phenotypes and on the number of loci. Simulations show that the method performs well provided that data from a sufficient number of families (on the order of thousands) are available. This method assumes that the loci are in Hardy-Weinberg and linkage equilibrium but does not assume anything about the linkage relationships. It performs equally well if all loci are on the same non-recombining chromosome provided they are in linkage equilibrium. The method can be adapted to take account of loci already identified as being associated with the character of interest. In that case, the method estimates the number of loci not already known to affect the character. The method applied to measurements of crown-rump length in 281 family trios in a captive colony of African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiopus sabaeus) estimates the number of loci to be 112 and the additive effect to be 0.26 cm. A parametric bootstrap analysis shows that a rough confidence interval has a lower bound of 14 loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montgomery Slatkin
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3140, USA.
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20
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Jorgensen MJ, Aycock ST, Clarkson TB, Kaplan JR. Effects of a Western-type diet on plasma lipids and other cardiometabolic risk factors in African green monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2013; 52:448-453. [PMID: 23849442 PMCID: PMC3725929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Our goal was to assess a nonhuman primate diet that mimicked the Western-type diet of humans with regard to palatability and the diet's effects on plasma lipid concentrations and other cardiometabolic risk factors. We evaluated male (n = 8) and female (n = 11) African green monkeys (vervets; Chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) that initially were fed a standard diet. Each cohort then was divided into 2 groups, which received either standard chow or the Western diet. Food consumption and fecal quality were measured weekly. Body weight, waist circumference, and body-mass index were measured every 2 wk. CBC and clinical chemistry analyses were performed at baseline and 4 wk after the diet change. Plasma lipid concentrations, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, insulin, and fructosamine were measured at baseline and at 4, 8, and 12 wk after the diet change. Isoflavones were measured in the male monkeys at 6 wk after diet change, and lipid particle size was measured in the female monkeys at the 12-wk point. Green monkeys readily ate the Western diet and maintained baseline body weight and morphometric measures, with no adverse effects on fecal quality or clinical measures. Total plasma cholesterol was higher in monkeys fed the Western diet compared with standard chow. Isoflavones were higher in male monkeys fed standard chow compared with the Western diet, but lipid particle size did not differ by diet in female monkeys. Our data indicate that the Western diet led to changes in various biomedical risk factors of green monkeys to become similar to those of humans in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Jorgensen
- Department of Pathology, Section on Comparative Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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21
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Kalinin S, Willard SL, Shively CA, Kaplan JR, Register TC, Jorgensen MJ, Polak PE, Rubinstein I, Feinstein DL. Development of amyloid burden in African Green monkeys. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2361-9. [PMID: 23601810 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The vervet is an old world monkey increasingly being used as a model for human diseases. In addition to plaques and tangles, an additional hallmark of Alzheimer's disease is damage to neurons that synthesize noradrenaline (NA). We characterized amyloid burden in the posterior temporal lobe of young and aged vervets, and compared that with changes in NA levels and astrocyte activation. Total amyloid beta (Aβ)40 and Aβ42 levels were increased in the aged group, as were numbers of amyloid plaques detected using antibody 6E10. Low levels of Aβ42 were detected in 1 of 5 younger animals, although diffusely stained plaques were observed in 4 of these. Increased glial fibrillary acidic protein staining and messenger RNA levels were significantly correlated with increased age, as were cortical NA levels. Levels of Aβ42 and Aβ40, and the number of 6E10-positive plaques, were correlated with NA levels. Interestingly messenger RNA levels of glial derived neurotrophic factor, important for noradrenergic neuronal survival, were reduced with age. These findings suggest that amyloid pathology in aged vervets is associated with astrocyte activation and higher NA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Kalinin
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA
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