1
|
Chang J, Jiang T, Shan X, Zhang M, Li Y, Qi X, Bian Y, Zhao L. Pro-inflammatory cytokines in stress-induced depression: Novel insights into mechanisms and promising therapeutic strategies. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2024; 131:110931. [PMID: 38176531 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Stress-mediated depression is one of the common psychiatric disorders with a high prevalence and suicide rate, there is a lack of effective treatment. Accordingly, effective treatments with few adverse effects are urgently needed. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (PICs) may play a key role in stress-mediated depression. Thereupon, both preclinical and clinical studies have found higher levels of IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 in peripheral blood and brain tissue of patients with depression. Recent studies have found PICs cause depression by affecting neuroinflammation, monoamine neurotransmitters, hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis and neuroplasticity. Moreover, they play an important role in the symptom, development and progression of depression, maybe a potential diagnostic and therapeutic marker of depression. In addition, well-established antidepressant therapies have some relief on high levels of PICs. Importantly, anti-inflammatory drugs relieve depressive symptoms by reducing levels of PICs. Collectively, reducing PICs may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Tingcan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Component-Based Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Mingxing Zhang
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China
| | - Yujiao Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, 300121, China
| | - Yuhong Bian
- School of Integrative Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, China.
| | - Lan Zhao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300381, China; National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin 300381, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Engler-Chiurazzi E. B cells and the stressed brain: emerging evidence of neuroimmune interactions in the context of psychosocial stress and major depression. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1360242. [PMID: 38650657 PMCID: PMC11033448 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1360242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune system has emerged as a key regulator of central nervous system (CNS) function in health and in disease. Importantly, improved understanding of immune contributions to mood disorders has provided novel opportunities for the treatment of debilitating stress-related mental health conditions such as major depressive disorder (MDD). Yet, the impact to, and involvement of, B lymphocytes in the response to stress is not well-understood, leaving a fundamental gap in our knowledge underlying the immune theory of depression. Several emerging clinical and preclinical findings highlight pronounced consequences for B cells in stress and MDD and may indicate key roles for B cells in modulating mood. This review will describe the clinical and foundational observations implicating B cell-psychological stress interactions, discuss potential mechanisms by which B cells may impact brain function in the context of stress and mood disorders, describe research tools that support the investigation of their neurobiological impacts, and highlight remaining research questions. The goal here is for this discussion to illuminate both the scope and limitations of our current understanding regarding the role of B cells, stress, mood, and depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Engler-Chiurazzi
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zabielska P, Szkup M, Kotwas A, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Karakiewicz B. Association between symptoms of depression and inflammatory parameters in people aged over 90 years. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:317. [PMID: 38575920 PMCID: PMC10996151 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-04895-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Old age is a period of life that presents many health and social challenges, resulting in a greater vulnerability to the development of mental disorders, including depression. There has been a growing interest in the relationship between depression and inflammatory factors, because of its potential clinical and therapeutic implications. Inflammatory processes, which were originally understood as a response to infection and trauma, appear to play an important role in the pathogenesis of depression in the elderly. The aim of the study was to analyse the relationship between the severity of depressive disorders and inflammatory parameters in people over 90 years of age. METHODS The study was conducted in Poland in 2017. The study population consisted of long-lived individuals, both living at home and staying in residential care homes. The participants were 90 people of both sexes (69 women and 21 men), aged between 90 and 103 years (mean = 92.36; SD = 2.98). The study was conducted using the diagnostic survey method with a questionnaire technique. The Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) was used to carry out the analysis. The levels of selected inflammatory factors were determined using relevant laboratory tests. RESULTS In the study group, the highest percentage of people had symptoms of moderate depression (n = 36;40%), followed by those without depression (n = 35;38.9%). There was a weak negative correlation between GDS scores and fibrinogen levels (p ≤ 0.05). The logistic regression model showed no significant relationship between inflammatory parameters and the development of depressive disorders. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory parameters do not appear to predict the development of depressive disorders in people over 90 years of age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Zabielska
- Subdepartment of Social Medicine and Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szkup
- Department of Social Nursing, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Artur Kotwas
- Independent Research and Biostatistics Laboratory, Department of Social Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka
- Department of Biochemical Research, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Broniewskiego 24, 71-460, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Beata Karakiewicz
- Subdepartment of Social Medicine and Public Health, Department of Social Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Żołnierska 48, 71-210, Szczecin, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Farinha-Ferreira M, Magalhães DM, Neuparth-Sottomayor M, Rafael H, Miranda-Lourenço C, Sebastião AM. Unmoving and uninflamed: Characterizing neuroinflammatory dysfunction in the Wistar-Kyoto rat model of depression. J Neurochem 2024. [PMID: 38430009 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Reductionistic research on depressive disorders has been hampered by the limitations of animal models. Recently, it has been hypothesized that neuroinflammation is a key player in depressive disorders. The Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) rat is an often-used animal model of depression, but no information so far exists on its neuroinflammatory profile. As such, we compared male young adult WKY rats to Wistar (WS) controls, with regard to both behavioral performance and brain levels of key neuroinflammatory markers. We first assessed anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in a battery consisting of the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM), the Novelty Suppressed Feeding (NSFT), Open Field (OFT), Social Interaction (SIT), Forced Swim (FST), Sucrose Preference (SPT), and Splash tests (ST). We found that WKY rats displayed increased NSFT feeding latency, decreased OFT center zone permanence, decreased EPM open arm permanence, decreased SIT interaction time, and increased immobility in the FST. However, WKY rats also evidenced marked hypolocomotion, which is likely to confound performance in such tests. Interestingly, WKY rats performed similarly, or even above, to WS levels in the SPT and ST, in which altered locomotion is not a significant confound. In a separate cohort, we assessed prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus and amygdala levels of markers of astrocytic (GFAP, S100A10) and microglial (Iba1, CD86, Ym1) activation status, as well as of three key proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α). There were no significant differences between strains in any of these markers, in any of the regions assessed. Overall, results highlight that behavioral data obtained with WKY rats as a model of depression must be carefully interpreted, considering the marked locomotor activity deficits displayed. Furthermore, our data suggest that, despite WKY rats replicating many depression-associated neurobiological alterations, as shown by others, this is not the case for neuroinflammation-related alterations, thus representing a novel limitation of this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Farinha-Ferreira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniela M Magalhães
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariana Neuparth-Sottomayor
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Hugo Rafael
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Miranda-Lourenço
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bajaj S, Mahesh R. Converged avenues: depression and Alzheimer's disease- shared pathophysiology and novel therapeutics. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:225. [PMID: 38281208 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-09170-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Depression, a highly prevalent disorder affecting over 280 million people worldwide, is comorbid with many neurological disorders, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). Depression and AD share overlapping pathophysiology, and the search for accountable biological substrates made it an essential and intriguing field of research. The paper outlines the neurobiological pathways coinciding with depression and AD, including neurotrophin signalling, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA), cellular apoptosis, neuroinflammation, and other aetiological factors. Understanding overlapping pathways is crucial in identifying common pathophysiological substrates that can be targeted for effective management of disease state. Antidepressants, particularly monoaminergic drugs (first-line therapy), are shown to have modest or no clinical benefits. Regardless of the ineffectiveness of conventional antidepressants, these drugs remain the mainstay for treating depressive symptoms in AD. To overcome the ineffectiveness of traditional pharmacological agents in treating comorbid conditions, a novel therapeutic class has been discussed in the paper. This includes neurotransmitter modulators, glutamatergic system modulators, mitochondrial modulators, antioxidant agents, HPA axis targeted therapy, inflammatory system targeted therapy, neurogenesis targeted therapy, repurposed anti-diabetic agents, and others. The primary clinical challenge is the development of therapeutic agents and the effective diagnosis of the comorbid condition for which no specific diagnosable scale is present. Hence, introducing Artificial Intelligence (AI) into the healthcare system is revolutionary. AI implemented with interdisciplinary strategies (neuroimaging, EEG, molecular biomarkers) bound to have accurate clinical interpretation of symptoms. Moreover, AI has the potential to forecast neurodegenerative and psychiatric illness much in advance before visible/observable clinical symptoms get precipitated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shivanshu Bajaj
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Radhakrishnan Mahesh
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science (BITS), Pilani, 333031, Rajasthan, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mokhtari T, Uludag K. Role of NLRP3 Inflammasome in Post-Spinal-Cord-Injury Anxiety and Depression: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications. ACS Chem Neurosci 2024; 15:56-70. [PMID: 38109051 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.3c00596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of research on the long-term effects of spinal cord injury (SCI) has primarily focused on neuropathic pain (NP), psychological issues, and sensorimotor impairments. Among SCI patients, mood disorders, such as anxiety and depression, have been extensively studied. It has been found that chronic stress and NP have negative consequences and reduce the quality of life for individuals living with SCI. Our review examined both human and experimental evidence to explore the connection between mood changes following SCI and inflammatory pathways, with a specific focus on NLRP3 inflammasome signaling. We observed increased proinflammatory factors in the blood, as well as in the brain and spinal cord tissues of SCI models. The NLRP3 inflammasome plays a crucial role in various diseases by controlling the release of proinflammatory molecules like interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Dysregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in key brain regions associated with pain processing, such as the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, contributes to the development of mood disorders following SCI. In this review, we summarized recent research on the expression and regulation of components related to NLRP3 inflammasome signaling in mood disorders following SCI. Finally, we discussed potential therapeutic approaches that target the NLRP3 inflammasome and regulate proinflammatory cytokines as a way to treat mood disorders following SCI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tahmineh Mokhtari
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Kadir Uludag
- Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Boyle CC, Bower JE, Eisenberger NI, Irwin MR. Stress to inflammation and anhedonia: Mechanistic insights from preclinical and clinical models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 152:105307. [PMID: 37419230 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Anhedonia, as evidenced by impaired pleasurable response to reward, reduced reward motivation, and/or deficits in reward-related learning, is a common feature of depression. Such deficits in reward processing are also an important clinical target as a risk factor for depression onset. Unfortunately, reward-related deficits remain difficult to treat. To address this gap and inform the development of effective prevention and treatment strategies, it is critical to understand the mechanisms that drive impairments in reward function. Stress-induced inflammation is a plausible mechanism of reward deficits. The purpose of this paper is to review evidence for two components of this psychobiological pathway: 1) the effects of stress on reward function; and 2) the effects of inflammation on reward function. Within these two areas, we draw upon preclinical and clinical models, distinguish between acute and chronic effects of stress and inflammation, and address specific domains of reward dysregulation. By addressing these contextual factors, the review reveals a nuanced literature which might be targeted for additional scientific inquiry to inform the development of precise interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chloe C Boyle
- Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, USA.
| | - Julienne E Bower
- Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, USA; Department of Psychology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael R Irwin
- Norman Cousins Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang S, Cai Q, Xu L, Sun Y, Wang M, Wang Y, Zhang L, Li K, Ni Z. Isoalantolactone relieves depression-like behaviors in mice after chronic social defeat stress via the gut-brain axis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1775-1787. [PMID: 37400661 PMCID: PMC10349788 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06413-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The management of depression continues to be challenging despite the variety of available antidepressants. Herbal medicines are used in many cultures but lack stringent testing to understand their efficacy and mechanism of action. Isoalantolactone (LAT) from Elecampane (Inula helenium) improved the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS)-induced anhedonia-like phenotype in mice comparable to fluoxetine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI). OBJECTIVES Compare the effects of LAT and fluoxetine on depression-like behaviors in mice exposed to CSDS. RESULT The CSDS-induced decrease in protein expression of postsynaptic density (PSD95), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glutamate receptor subunit-1 (GluA1) in the prefrontal cortex was restored by LAT. LAT showed robust anti-inflammatory activity and can lessen the increase in IL-6 and TNF-α caused by CSDS. CSDS altered the gut microbiota at the taxonomic level, resulting in significant changes in α- and β-diversity. LAT treatment reestablished the bacterial abundance and diversity and increased the production of butyric acid in the gut that was inhibited by CSDS. The levels of butyric acid were negatively correlated with the abundance of Bacteroidetes, and positively correlated with those of Proteobacteria and Firmicutes across all treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS The current data suggest that, similar to fluoxetine, LAT show antidepressant-like effects in mice exposed to CSDS through the modulation of the gut-brain axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siming Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Qihan Cai
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Xu
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanan Sun
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Wang
- School of Basic Medical Science, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, 071000, Hebei Province, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioral Disorders, Baoding, 071000, China
| | - Keqing Li
- Hebei Provincial Mental Health Center, Baoding, 071000, Hebei Province, China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Major Mental and Behavioral Disorders, Baoding, 071000, China.
- , Baoding, China.
| | - Zhiyu Ni
- Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, China.
- Clinical Medical College, Hebei University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei Province, People's Republic of China.
- Hebei Collaborative Innovation Center of Tumor Microecological Metabolism Regulation, Baoding, 071000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Turkheimer FE, Veronese M, Mondelli V, Cash D, Pariante CM. Sickness behaviour and depression: An updated model of peripheral-central immunity interactions. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 111:202-210. [PMID: 37076054 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Current research into mood disorders indicates that circulating immune mediators participating in the pathophysiology of chronic somatic disorders have potent influences on brain function. This paradigm has brought to the fore the use of anti-inflammatory therapies as adjunctive to standard antidepressant therapy to improve treatment efficacy, particularly in subjects that do not respond to standard medication. Such new practice requires biomarkers to tailor these new therapies to those most likely to benefit but also validated mechanisms of action describing the interaction between peripheral immunity and brain function to optimize target intervention. These mechanisms are generally studied in preclinical models that try to recapitulate the human disease, MDD, through peripherally induced sickness behaviour. In this proposal paper, after an appraisal of the data in rodent models and their adherence to the data in clinical cohorts, we put forward a modified model of periphery-brain interactions that goes beyond the currently established view of microglia cells as the drivers of depression. Instead, we suggest that, for most patients with mild levels of peripheral inflammation, brain barriers are the primary actors in the pathophysiology of the disease and in treatment resistance. We then highlight data gaps in this proposal and suggest novel lines of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico E Turkheimer
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Mattia Veronese
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Information Engineering, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Valeria Mondelli
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Diana Cash
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kositsyn YM, de Abreu MS, Kolesnikova TO, Lagunin AA, Poroikov VV, Harutyunyan HS, Yenkoyan KB, Kalueff AV. Towards Novel Potential Molecular Targets for Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Pharmacotherapies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119482. [PMID: 37298431 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression and schizophrenia are two highly prevalent and severely debilitating neuropsychiatric disorders. Both conventional antidepressant and antipsychotic pharmacotherapies are often inefficient clinically, causing multiple side effects and serious patient compliance problems. Collectively, this calls for the development of novel drug targets for treating depressed and schizophrenic patients. Here, we discuss recent translational advances, research tools and approaches, aiming to facilitate innovative drug discovery in this field. Providing a comprehensive overview of current antidepressants and antipsychotic drugs, we also outline potential novel molecular targets for treating depression and schizophrenia. We also critically evaluate multiple translational challenges and summarize various open questions, in order to foster further integrative cross-discipline research into antidepressant and antipsychotic drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuriy M Kositsyn
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia
- Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory 354340, Russia
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Laboratory of Preclinical Bioscreening, Granov Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Pesochny 197758, Russia
| | - Murilo S de Abreu
- Neuroscience Group, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow 115184, Russia
| | - Tatiana O Kolesnikova
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia
- Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory 354340, Russia
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Vivarium, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620049, Russia
| | - Alexey A Lagunin
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia
- Department of Bioinformatics, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Vladimir V Poroikov
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia
| | - Hasmik S Harutyunyan
- Neuroscience Laboratory, COBRAIN Center, Yerevan State Medical University Named after M. Heratsi, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
- Department of Biochemistry, Yerevan State Medical University Named after M. Heratsi, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Konstantin B Yenkoyan
- Neuroscience Laboratory, COBRAIN Center, Yerevan State Medical University Named after M. Heratsi, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
- Department of Biochemistry, Yerevan State Medical University Named after M. Heratsi, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| | - Allan V Kalueff
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, St. Petersburg 197341, Russia
- Neurobiology Program, Sirius University of Science and Technology, Sirius Federal Territory 354340, Russia
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg 199034, Russia
- Laboratory of Preclinical Bioscreening, Granov Russian Research Center of Radiology and Surgical Technologies, Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Pesochny 197758, Russia
- Neuroscience Group, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Moscow 115184, Russia
- Vivarium, Ural Federal University, Yekaterinburg 620049, Russia
- Neuroscience Laboratory, COBRAIN Center, Yerevan State Medical University Named after M. Heratsi, Yerevan 0025, Armenia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Weapons of stress reduction: (R,S)-ketamine and its metabolites as prophylactics for the prevention of stress-induced psychiatric disorders. Neuropharmacology 2023; 224:109345. [PMID: 36427554 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2022.109345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to stress is one of the greatest contributing factors to developing a psychiatric disorder, particularly in susceptible populations. Enhancing resilience to stress could be a powerful intervention to reduce the incidence of psychiatric disease and reveal insight into the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders. (R,S)-ketamine and its metabolites have recently been shown to exert protective effects when administered before or after a variety of stressors and may be effective, tractable prophylactic compounds against psychiatric disease. Drug dosing, sex, age, and strain in preclinical rodent studies, significantly influence the prophylactic effects of (R,S)-ketamine and related compounds. Due to the broad neurobiological actions of (R,S)-ketamine, a variety of mechanisms have been proposed to contribute to the resilience-enhancing effects of this drug, including altering various transcription factors across the genome, enhancing inhibitory connections from the prefrontal cortex, and increasing synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Promisingly, select data have shown that (R,S)-ketamine may be an effective prophylactic against psychiatric disorders, such as postpartum depression (PPD). Overall, this review will highlight a brief history of the prophylactic effects of (R,S)-ketamine, the potential mechanisms underlying its protective actions, and possible future directions for translating prophylactic compounds to the clinic. This article is part of the Special Issue on 'Ketamine and its Metabolites'.
Collapse
|
12
|
Microbiota-immune-brain interactions: A lifespan perspective. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 78:102652. [PMID: 36463579 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
There is growing appreciation of key roles of the gut microbiota in maintaining homeostasis and influencing brain and behaviour at critical windows across the lifespan. Mounting evidence suggests that communication between the gut and the brain could be the key to understanding multiple neuropsychiatric disorders, with the immune system coming to the forefront as an important mechanistic mediator. Throughout the lifespan, the immune system exchanges continuous reciprocal signals with the central nervous system. Intestinal microbial cues alter immune mediators with consequences for host neurophysiology and behaviour. Several factors challenge the gut microbiota composition, which in response release molecules with neuro- and immuno-active potential that are crucial for adequate neuro-immune interactions. In this review, multiple factors contributing to the upkeep of the fine balance between health and disease of these systems are discussed, and we elucidate the potential mechanistic implications for the gut microbiota inputs on host brain and behaviour across the lifespan.
Collapse
|
13
|
Ruffieux H, Hanson AL, Lodge S, Lawler NG, Whiley L, Gray N, Nolan TH, Bergamaschi L, Mescia F, Turner L, de Sa A, Pelly VS, Kotagiri P, Kingston N, Bradley JR, Holmes E, Wist J, Nicholson JK, Lyons PA, Smith KGC, Richardson S, Bantug GR, Hess C. A patient-centric modeling framework captures recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:349-358. [PMID: 36717723 PMCID: PMC9892000 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-022-01380-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The biology driving individual patient responses to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection remains ill understood. Here, we developed a patient-centric framework leveraging detailed longitudinal phenotyping data and covering a year after disease onset, from 215 infected individuals with differing disease severities. Our analyses revealed distinct 'systemic recovery' profiles, with specific progression and resolution of the inflammatory, immune cell, metabolic and clinical responses. In particular, we found a strong inter-patient and intra-patient temporal covariation of innate immune cell numbers, kynurenine metabolites and lipid metabolites, which highlighted candidate immunologic and metabolic pathways influencing the restoration of homeostasis, the risk of death and that of long COVID. Based on these data, we identified a composite signature predictive of systemic recovery, using a joint model on cellular and molecular parameters measured soon after disease onset. New predictions can be generated using the online tool http://shiny.mrc-bsu.cam.ac.uk/apps/covid-19-systemic-recovery-prediction-app , designed to test our findings prospectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Ruffieux
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Aimee L Hanson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Samantha Lodge
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Center for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nathan G Lawler
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Center for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Luke Whiley
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Center for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nicola Gray
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Center for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Tui H Nolan
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Bergamaschi
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Federica Mescia
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lorinda Turner
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Aloka de Sa
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Victoria S Pelly
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Prasanti Kotagiri
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nathalie Kingston
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - John R Bradley
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elaine Holmes
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Center for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Julien Wist
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Center for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Chemistry Department, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Jeremy K Nicholson
- Australian National Phenome Centre, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Center for Computational and Systems Medicine, Health Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- Institute of Global Health Innovation, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul A Lyons
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sylvia Richardson
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Glenn R Bantug
- Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Botnar Research Centre for Child Health (BRCCH) University Basel & ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Hess
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology and Infectious Disease, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Biomedicine, University and University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
- Botnar Research Centre for Child Health (BRCCH) University Basel & ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Sun J, Qiu L, Zhang H, Zhou Z, Ju L, Yang J. CRHR1 antagonist alleviates LPS-induced depression-like behaviour in mice. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:17. [PMID: 36624454 PMCID: PMC9830857 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maladaptation of the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis plays an important role in depression-like behaviour, but the specific molecular mechanisms are unknown. Here, we determined the roles of CRHR1 (corticotrophin releasing hormone receptor 1) and nectin3 in LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-induced depression-like behaviour in mice. METHODS C57BL/6 male mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (0.83 g/kg), and the open field, novelty-suppressed feeding, forced swimming, and tail suspension tests were performed after intraperitoneal injections of saline or antalarmin (20 mg/kg). The hippocampal mRNA levels of CRHR1 and nectin3 were determined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. The hippocampal protein levels of CRHR1, nectin3, and calbindin were measured by western blotting. The CORT (corticosterone) levels in the blood were measured by ELISA kits. RESULTS Antalarmin alleviated LPS-induced depression-like behaviour in male mice. Furthermore, antalarmin significantly inhibited changes in CRHR1, nectin3 and calbindin levels in the hippocampus and reduced the increase in CORT levels in LPS-treated mice. CONCLUSION CRHR1antagonist showed antidepressant effects in LPS-induced depressive mice, and CRHR1/nectin3 signalling may play a crucial role in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Sun
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Lili Qiu
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Hui Zhang
- grid.263826.b0000 0004 1761 0489Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- grid.440259.e0000 0001 0115 7868Department of Anesthesiology, Jinling Hospital, Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingsha Ju
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Jiaojiao Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Suhee FI, Shahriar M, Islam SMA, Bhuiyan MA, Islam MR. Elevated Serum IL-2 Levels are Associated With Major Depressive Disorder: A Case-Control Study. CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (THOUSAND OAKS, VENTURA COUNTY, CALIF.) 2023; 16:2632010X231180797. [PMID: 37360518 PMCID: PMC10285590 DOI: 10.1177/2632010x231180797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Objectives Numerous earlier studies have stated an association between major depressive disorder (MDD) and altered expression of inflammatory process. However, it still needs to determine whether the alteration of cytokines is the causative factor or a consequence of this disorder. Therefore, we attempted to evaluate the role of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-2 in the pathophysiology of depression. Methods We collected blood samples from 111 MDD patients and 112 healthy controls (HCs) matched by age and sex. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) score was used to assess study participants. We determined the severity of depression using the Hamilton Depression (Ham-D) rating scale. We assayed serum levels of IL-2 using the Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kit. Results Elevated levels of IL-2 were detected in MDD patients than HCs (29.79 ± 6.18 and 12.77 ± 4.84 pg/ml, P < 0.05). We observed a higher level of IL-2 in female MDD patients compared to female HCs (31.98 ± 8.34 and 7.76 ± 0.36 pg/ml, P < 0.05). We witnessed a sex-specific correlation between the serum IL-2 levels and the Ham-D score and found that the females with higher Ham-D scores had higher serum IL-2 levels. Moreover, the ROC curve represented the good diagnostic performance of serum IL-2 levels as a biomarker with sensitivity and specificity values of 83.7% and 80.4%, respectively. Conclusions The current study findings indicate that elevated serum IL-2 levels are associated with MDD. This alteration may be the cause of triggering depression or a result of the activated inflammatory process during the depression. Therefore, we recommend further interventional research to clarify the actual reasons for these altered IL-2 levels in MDD patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Md. Rabiul Islam
- Md. Rabiul Islam, Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, 74/A Green Road, Farmgate, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Abstract
Depression and anxiety disorders carry a tremendous worldwide burden and emerge as a significant cause of disability among western societies. Both disorders are known to disproportionally affect women, as they are twice more likely to be diagnosed and moreover, they are also prone to suffer from female-specific mood disorders. Importantly, the prevalence of these affective disorders has notably risen after the COVID pandemic, especially in women. In this chapter, we describe factors that are possibly contributing to the expression of such sex differences in depression and anxiety. For this, we overview the effect of transcriptomic and genetic factors, the immune system, neuroendocrine aspects, and cognition. Furthermore, we also provide evidence of sex differences in antidepressant response and their causes. Finally, we emphasize the importance to consider sex as a biological variable in preclinical and clinical research, which may facilitate the discovery and development of new and more efficacious antidepressant and anxiolytic pharmacotherapies for both women and men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Pavlidi
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kokras
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Dalla
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Moreira LKDS, Turones LC, Campos HM, Nazareth AM, Thomaz DV, Gil EDS, Ghedini PC, Rocha FFD, Menegatti R, Fajemiroye JO, Costa EA. LQFM212, a piperazine derivative, exhibits potential antioxidant effect as well as ameliorates LPS-induced behavioral, inflammatory and oxidative changes. Life Sci 2022; 312:121199. [PMID: 36402170 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Oxidative stress, impaired antioxidant defense and neuroinflammation are often associated with the onset and progression of neuropsychiatric diseases. Conversely, several piperazine compounds presents beneficial neuropharmacological effects as well as antioxidant activity, and some derivatives combine both activities. LQFM212 (2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-((4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazin-1-yl)methyl)phenol) was synthesized to produce effects on CNS and to have an additional antioxidant effect. Previous preclinical tests have been shown anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of LQFM212 in mice. Herein, the main objective was to verify the possible antioxidant potential and the effects of LQFM212 against behavioral changes, inflammatory and oxidative markers induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). MAIN METHODS Initially, antioxidant potential of LQFM212 was evaluated by electrochemical assays. Afterwards, the effects of oral treatment with LQFM212 were evaluated in mice using LPS-induced models of systemic or local inflammation. KEY FINDINGS In LPS-induced neuroinflammation, LQFM212 treatment reverted changes caused by LPS, demonstrated by attenuated anxiogenic- and depressive-like behaviors, reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) and increased anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) on serum, and also improved oxidative stress-related changes (levels of nitrite, malondialdehyde, glutathione and carbonylated protein, and superoxide dismutase, catalase, myeloperoxidase and cholinesterase activities) on brain cortex and hippocampus. However, LQFM212 treatment did not attenuate the inflammatory changes in LPS-induced pleurisy model. SIGNIFICANCE LQFM212 presents antioxidant activity and ameliorates behavioral, inflammatory and oxidative changes after LPS-induced neuroinflammation model. These effects do not seem to be secondary to a peripheral anti-inflammatory action of LQFM212, since this compound failed to attenuate the inflammatory changes in LPS-induced pleurisy model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorrane Kelle da Silva Moreira
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural and Synthetic Products, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Larissa Córdova Turones
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural and Synthetic Products, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Hericles Mesquita Campos
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Aline Martins Nazareth
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural and Synthetic Products, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Douglas Vieira Thomaz
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Eric de Souza Gil
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Paulo César Ghedini
- Laboratory of Biochemical and Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Fábio Fagundes da Rocha
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biology, Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Menegatti
- Laboratory of Medicinal Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - James Oluwagbamigbe Fajemiroye
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural and Synthetic Products, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Elson Alves Costa
- Laboratory of Pharmacology of Natural and Synthetic Products, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Campus Samambaia, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Canonica T, Zalachoras I. Motivational disturbances in rodent models of neuropsychiatric disorders. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:940672. [PMID: 36051635 PMCID: PMC9426724 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.940672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivated behavior is integral to the survival of individuals, continuously directing actions toward rewards or away from punishments. The orchestration of motivated behavior depends on interactions among different brain circuits, primarily within the dopaminergic system, that subserve the analysis of factors such as the effort necessary for obtaining the reward and the desirability of the reward. Impairments in motivated behavior accompany a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders, decreasing the patients’ quality of life. Despite its importance, motivation is often overlooked as a parameter in neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we review motivational impairments in rodent models of schizophrenia, depression, and Parkinson’s disease, focusing on studies investigating effort-related behavior in operant conditioning tasks and on pharmacological interventions targeting the dopaminergic system. Similar motivational disturbances accompany these conditions, suggesting that treatments aimed at ameliorating motivation levels may be beneficial for various neuropsychiatric disorders.
Collapse
|
19
|
Liu Y, Hu P, Zheng Z, Zhong D, Xie W, Tang Z, Pan B, Luo J, Zhang W, Wang X. Photoresponsive Vaccine-Like CAR-M System with High-Efficiency Central Immune Regulation for Inflammation-Related Depression. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108525. [PMID: 34897839 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that activation of microglia-induced neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of depression. Consequently, targeting the central nervous system to reduce neuroinflammation holds great promise for the treatment of depression. However, few drugs can enter the brain via a circulatory route through the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to reach the central nervous system efficiently, which limits the pharmacological treatment for neuropsychiatric diseases. Herein, a light-responsive system named UZPM, consisting of blue-emitting NaYF4 :Yb, Tm@zeolitic-imidazolate framework (UCNP@ZIF-8), photoacid (PA), and melatonin (MT) is developed to address the above issues. Meanwhile, UZPM is introduced into macrophages by functional liposomes fusion and modified with hydroxylamine groups on the cell surface. Aldehyde-modified cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) is used as a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) targeting group to modify the surface of macrophages by aldehyde/hydroxylamine condensation to precisely target central M1-type microglia (CAR-M-UZPM). Both in vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that the CAR-M-UZPM drug delivery system can efficiently penetrate the BBB, targeting centrally activated microglia, and thus, inhibiting the M1-type polarization of microglia, producing continuous vaccine-like anti-inflammatory effects that prevent the occurrence and development of inflammation-related depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330088, P. R. China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China
| | - Ping Hu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330088, P. R. China
| | - Zhiheng Zheng
- Institute of Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330088, P. R. China
| | - Da Zhong
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330088, P. R. China
| | - Weichang Xie
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330088, P. R. China
| | - Zhibo Tang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330088, P. R. China
| | - Bingxing Pan
- Institute of Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330088, P. R. China
| | - Jun Luo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, P. R. China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Institute of Life Science, School of Life Sciences, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Science, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330088, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and the Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330088, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lipoic acid prevents mirtazapine-induced weight gain in mice without impairs its antidepressant-like action in a neuroendocrine model of depression. Behav Brain Res 2022; 419:113667. [PMID: 34798169 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Mirtazapine (MIRT) is a multi-target antidepressant used in treatment of severe depression with promising efficacy, but also with important side effects, mainly sedation and weight gain. Thus, the present study aimed to test the effects of the neuroprotective antioxidant lipoic acid (ALA) in the reversal of weight and metabolic changes induced by MIRT in corticosterone-induced depression model in mice, as well as proposed mechanisms for their association antidepressant and pro-cognitive effects. To do these male Swiss mice received Tween 80 (control), corticosterone (CORT 20 mg / kg), MIRT (3 mg / kg) and ALA (100 or 200 mg / kg), alone or associated for 21 days. After this, the animals were subjected to behavioral tests for affective and cognitive domains. Daily weight changes, blood cholesterol fractions and corticosterone were measured. Also, hippocampus (HC) protein expression of the serotonin transporter (SERT), synaptophysin, protein kinase B-Akt (total and phosphorylated) and the cytokines IL-4 and IL-6 were investigated. CORT induced a marked depression-like behavior, memory deficits, metabolic changes (total cholesterol and LDL) and increased serum corticosterone. Also, CORT increased SERT expression in the HC. MIRT alone or combined with ALA sustained its antidepressant-like effect, as well as reversed CORT-induced impairment in spatial recognition memory. Additionally, the association MIRT+ALA200 reversed the weight gain induced by the former antidepressant, as well as reduced serum corticosterone levels and SERT expression in the HC. ALA alone induced significant weight loss and reduced total cholesterol and HDL fraction. Our findings provide promising evidence about the ALA potential to prevent metabolic and weight changes associated to MIRT, without impair its antidepressant and pro-cognition actions. Therefore, ALA+MIRT combination could represent a new therapeutic strategy for treating depression with less side effects.
Collapse
|
21
|
Boyle LA, Edwards SA, Bolhuis JE, Pol F, Šemrov MZ, Schütze S, Nordgreen J, Bozakova N, Sossidou EN, Valros A. The Evidence for a Causal Link Between Disease and Damaging Behavior in Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 8:771682. [PMID: 35155642 PMCID: PMC8828939 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.771682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Damaging behaviors (DB) such as tail and ear biting are prevalent in pig production and reduce welfare and performance. Anecdotal reports suggest that health challenges increase the risk of tail-biting. The prevalence of tail damage and health problems show high correlations across batches within and between farms. There are many common risk factors for tail-biting and health problems, notably respiratory, enteric and locomotory diseases. These include suboptimal thermal climate, hygiene, stocking density and feed quality. The prevalence of tail damage and health problems also show high correlations across batches within and between farms. However, limited evidence supports two likely causal mechanisms for a direct link between DB and health problems. The first is that generalized poor health (e.g., enzootic pneumonia) on farm poses an increased risk of pigs performing DB. Recent studies indicate a possible causal link between an experimental inflammation and an increase in DB, and suggest a link between cytokines and tail-biting. The negative effects of poor health on the ingestion and processing of nutrients means that immune-stimulated pigs may develop specific nutrient deficiencies, increasing DB. The second causal mechanism involves tail-biting causing poor health. Indirectly, pathogens enter the body via the tail lesion and once infected, systemic spread of infection may occur. This occurs mainly via the venous route targeting the lungs, and to a lesser extent via cerebrospinal fluid and the lymphatic system. In carcasses with tail lesions, there is an increase in lung lesions, abscessation, arthritis and osteomyelitis. There is also evidence for the direct spread of pathogens between biters and victims. In summary, the literature supports the association between poor health and DB, particularly tail-biting. However, there is insufficient evidence to confirm causality in either direction. Nevertheless, the limited evidence is compelling enough to suggest that improvements to management and housing to enhance pig health will reduce DB. In the same way, improvements to housing and management designed to address DB, are likely to result in benefits to pig health. While most of the available literature relates to tail-biting, we suggest that similar mechanisms are responsible for links between health and other DB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Boyle
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Cork, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Laura A. Boyle
| | - Sandra A. Edwards
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - J. Elizabeth Bolhuis
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Manja Zupan Šemrov
- Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sabine Schütze
- Chamber of Agriculture of North Rhine-Westphalia, Animal Health Services, Bad Sassendorf, Germany
| | - Janicke Nordgreen
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nadya Bozakova
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Evangelia N. Sossidou
- Ellinikos Georgikos Organismos-DIMITRA (ELGO-DIMITRA), Veterinary Research Institute, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anna Valros
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Research Centre for Animal Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sha Q, Madaj Z, Keaton S, Escobar Galvis ML, Smart L, Krzyzanowski S, Fazleabas AT, Leach R, Postolache TT, Achtyes ED, Brundin L. Cytokines and tryptophan metabolites can predict depressive symptoms in pregnancy. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:35. [PMID: 35078975 PMCID: PMC8789799 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01801-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression during and after pregnancy affects up to 20% of pregnant women, but the biological underpinnings remain incompletely understood. As pregnancy progresses, the immune system changes to facilitate fetal development, leading to distinct fluctuations in the production of pro-inflammatory factors and neuroactive tryptophan metabolites throughout the peripartum period. Therefore, it is possible that depression in pregnancy could constitute a specific type of inflammation-induced depression. Both inflammatory factors and kynurenine metabolites impact neuroinflammation and glutamatergic neurotransmission and can therefore affect mood and behavior. To determine whether cytokines and kynurenine metabolites can predict the development of depression in pregnancy, we analyzed blood samples and clinical symptoms in 114 women during each trimester and the postpartum. We analyzed plasma IL-1β, IL-2, -6, -8, -10, TNF, kynurenine, tryptophan, serotonin, kynurenic- quinolinic- and picolinic acids and used mixed-effects models to assess the association between biomarkers and depression severity. IL-1β and IL-6 levels associated positively with severity of depressive symptoms across pregnancy and the postpartum, and that the odds of experiencing significant depressive symptoms increased by >30% per median absolute deviation for both IL-1β and IL-6 (both P = 0.01). A combination of cytokines and kynurenine metabolites in the 2nd trimester had a >99% probability of accurately predicting 3rd trimester depression, with an ROC AUC > 0.8. Altogether, our work shows that cytokines and tryptophan metabolites can predict depression during pregnancy and could be useful as clinical markers of risk. Moreover, inflammation and kynurenine pathway enzymes should be considered possible therapeutic targets in peripartum depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Sha
- grid.251017.00000 0004 0406 2057Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI USA
| | - Zach Madaj
- grid.251017.00000 0004 0406 2057Bioinformatics & Biostatistics Core, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI USA
| | - Sarah Keaton
- grid.251017.00000 0004 0406 2057Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI USA ,grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Division of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI USA
| | - Martha L Escobar Galvis
- grid.251017.00000 0004 0406 2057Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI USA
| | - LeAnn Smart
- grid.415008.80000 0004 0429 718XPine Rest Christian Mental Health Services, Grand Rapids, MI USA
| | - Stanislaw Krzyzanowski
- grid.251017.00000 0004 0406 2057Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI USA
| | - Asgerally T. Fazleabas
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, MI USA
| | - Richard Leach
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, MI USA
| | - Teodor T. Postolache
- grid.411024.20000 0001 2175 4264Mood and Anxiety Program, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ,Rocky Mountain MIRECC for Suicide Prevention, Aurora, CO USA ,Military and Veteran Microbiome Consortium for Research and Education, Aurora, CO USA ,grid.484336.e0000 0004 0420 8773Capital MIRECC, VISN 5, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Eric D. Achtyes
- grid.17088.360000 0001 2150 1785Division of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI USA ,grid.415008.80000 0004 0429 718XPine Rest Christian Mental Health Services, Grand Rapids, MI USA
| | - Lena Brundin
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, USA. .,Division of Psychiatry & Behavioral Medicine, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Porter GA, O’Connor JC. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and inflammation in depression: Pathogenic partners in crime? World J Psychiatry 2022; 12:77-97. [PMID: 35111580 PMCID: PMC8783167 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v12.i1.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is a debilitating disorder affecting millions of people each year. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and inflammation are two prominent biologic risk factors in the pathogenesis of depression that have received considerable attention. Many clinical and animal studies have highlighted associations between low levels of BDNF or high levels of inflammatory markers and the development of behavioral symptoms of depression. However, less is known about potential interaction between BDNF and inflammation, particularly within the central nervous system. Emerging evidence suggests that there is bidirectional regulation between these factors with important implications for the development of depressive symptoms and anti-depressant response. Elevated levels of inflammatory mediators have been shown to reduce expression of BDNF, and BDNF may play an important negative regulatory role on inflammation within the brain. Understanding this interaction more fully within the context of neuropsychiatric disease is important for both developing a fuller understanding of biological pathogenesis of depression and for identifying novel therapeutic opportunities. Here we review these two prominent risk factors for depression with a particular focus on pathogenic implications of their interaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace A Porter
- Department of Pharmacology, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| | - Jason C O’Connor
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
- Audie L. Murphy VA Hospital, South Texas Veterans Health System, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Brás JP, Guillot de Suduiraut I, Zanoletti O, Monari S, Meijer M, Grosse J, Barbosa MA, Santos SG, Sandi C, Almeida MI. Stress-induced depressive-like behavior in male rats is associated with microglial activation and inflammation dysregulation in the hippocampus in adulthood. Brain Behav Immun 2022; 99:397-408. [PMID: 34793941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is increasingly recognized as playing a critical role in depression. Early-life stress exposure and constitutive differences in glucocorticoid responsiveness to stressors are two key risk factors for depression, but their impacts on the inflammatory status of the brain is still uncertain. Moreover, there is a need to identify specific molecules involved in these processes with the potential to be used as alternative therapeutic targets in inflammation-related depression. Here, we studied how peripubertal stress (PPS) combined with differential corticosterone (CORT)-stress responsiveness (CSR) influences depressive-like behaviors and brain inflammatory markers in male rats in adulthood, and how these alterations relate to microglia activation and miR-342 expression. We found that high-CORT stress-responsive (H-CSR) male rats that underwent PPS exhibited increased anhedonia and passive coping responses in adulthood. Also, animals exposed to PPS showed increased hippocampal TNF-α expression, which positively correlated with passive coping responses. In addition, PPS caused long-term effects on hippocampal microglia, particularly in H-CSR rats, with increased hippocampal IBA-1 expression and morphological alterations compatible with a higher degree of activation. H-CSR animals also showed upregulation of hippocampal miR-342, a mediator of TNF-α-driven microglial activation, and its expression was positively correlated with TNF-α expression, microglial activation and passive coping responses. Our findings indicate that individuals with constitutive H-CSR are particularly sensitive to developing protracted depression-like behaviors following PPS exposure. In addition, they show neuro-immunological alterations in adulthood, such as increased hippocampal TNF-α expression, microglial activation and miR-342 expression. Our work highlights miR-342 as a potential therapeutic target in inflammation-related depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Brás
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (i3S/INEB), University of Porto (UP), Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Olivia Zanoletti
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Monari
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mandy Meijer
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Jocelyn Grosse
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mário Adolfo Barbosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (i3S/INEB), University of Porto (UP), Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Gomes Santos
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (i3S/INEB), University of Porto (UP), Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Sandi
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 19, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Inês Almeida
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde/Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (i3S/INEB), University of Porto (UP), Rua Alfredo Allen 208, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Morcuende A, García-Gutiérrez MS, Tambaro S, Nieto E, Manzanares J, Femenia T. Immunomodulatory Role of CB2 Receptors in Emotional and Cognitive Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:866052. [PMID: 35492718 PMCID: PMC9051035 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.866052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotional behavior, memory, and learning have been associated with alterations in the immune system in neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. In recent years, several studies pointed out the involvement of the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2r) in the immune system and the regulation of inflammation. This receptor is widely distributed in different tissues and organs with higher expression in spleen and immune system cells. However, CB2r has also been detected in several brain areas and different brain cell types, such as neurons and glia. These findings suggest that CB2r may closely relate the immune system and the brain circuits regulating inflammation, mood, and cognitive functions. Therefore, we review the studies that may help elucidate the molecular bases of CB2r in regulating inflammation in different brain cells and its role in the pathophysiology of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Morcuende
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Alicante, Spain
| | - María Salud García-Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Alicante, Spain.,Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud, Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Simone Tambaro
- Division of Neurogeriatrics, Center for Alzheimer Research, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Nieto
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Alicante, Spain
| | - Jorge Manzanares
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Alicante, Spain.,Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud, Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Madrid, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria y Biomédica de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Teresa Femenia
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Alicante, Spain.,Redes de Investigación Cooperativa Orientada a Resultados en Salud, Red de Investigación en Atención Primaria de Adicciones, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN) and Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional (FEDER), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Shared metabolic and neuroimmune mechanisms underlying Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Major Depressive Disorder. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 111:110351. [PMID: 34000290 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2021.110351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease with symptoms that go beyond the domain of glucose metabolism. In fact, research has shown that T2DM is accompanied by neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Interestingly, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), a mood disorder characterized mainly by depressed mood and anhedonia is a key feature of T2DM. A body of evidence demonstrates that there are many shared neuroimmune mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of T2DM and MDD. Therefore, here we review the state-of-art regarding the underlying factors common to both T2DM and MDD. Furthermore, we briefly discuss how depressive symptoms in diabetic patients could be tackled by using novel therapeutic approaches uncovered by these shared mechanisms. Understanding the comorbidity of depression in diabetic patients is essential to fully address T2DM pathophysiology and treatment.
Collapse
|
27
|
Lataliza AAB, de Assis PM, da Rocha Laurindo L, Gonçalves ECD, Raposo NRB, Dutra RC. Antidepressant-like effect of rosmarinic acid during LPS-induced neuroinflammatory model: The potential role of cannabinoid receptors/PPAR-γ signaling pathway. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6974-6989. [PMID: 34709695 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RA), an ester of caffeic acid and 3, 4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid, has anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. Herein, this study investigated in silico the drug-likeness and the potential molecular targets to RA. Moreover, it tested the antidepressant-like potential of RA in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depression model. RA (MW = 360.31 g/mol) meets the criteria of both Lipinski's rule of five and the Ghose filter. It also attends to relevant pharmacokinetic parameters. Target prediction analysis identified RA's potential targets and biological activities, including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) and the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2 . In vivo, RA's acute, repetitive, and therapeutic administration showed antidepressant-like effect since it significantly reduced the immobility time in the tail suspension test and increased grooming time in the splash test. Further, the pretreatment with antagonists of CB1 , CB2 , and PPAR-γ receptors significantly blocked the antidepressant-like effect of RA. Altogether, our findings suggest that cannabinoid receptors/PPAR-γ signaling pathways are involved with the antidepressant-like effect of RA. Moreover, this molecule meets important physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters that favor its bioavailability. RA constitutes a promising, innovative, and safe molecule for the pharmacotherapy of major depressive disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Augusto Barros Lataliza
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Pollyana Mendonça de Assis
- Center for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (NUPICS), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Larissa da Rocha Laurindo
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil
| | - Elaine Cristina Dalazen Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Nádia Rezende Barbosa Raposo
- Center for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences (NUPICS), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Rafael Cypriano Dutra
- Laboratory of Autoimmunity and Immunopharmacology, Department of Health Sciences, Campus Araranguá, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Araranguá, Brazil
- Post-Graduate Program of Neuroscience, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Physiological Sciences, Center of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Role of neuroglia in neuropathic pain and depression. Pharmacol Res 2021; 174:105957. [PMID: 34688904 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Patients with neuropathic pain induced by nerve injury usually present with co-morbid affective changes, such as depression. Neuroglia was reported to play an important role in the development and maintenance of neuropathic pain both centrally and peripherally. Meanwhile, there have been studies showing that neuroglia participated in the development of depression. However, the specific role of neuroglia in neuropathic pain and depression has not been reviewed comprehensively. Therefore, we summarized the recent findings on the role of neuroglia in neuropathic pain and depression. Based on this review, we found a bridge-like role of neuroglia in neuropathic pain co-morbid with depression. This review may provide therapeutic implications in the treatment of neuropathic pain and offer potential help in the studies of mechanisms in the future.
Collapse
|
29
|
Dąbrowska E, Galińska-Skok B, Waszkiewicz N. Depressive and Neurocognitive Disorders in the Context of the Inflammatory Background of COVID-19. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:1056. [PMID: 34685427 PMCID: PMC8541562 DOI: 10.3390/life11101056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The dysfunctional effects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection on the nervous system are established. The manifestation of neuropsychiatric symptoms during and after infection is influenced by the neuroinvasive and neurotrophic properties of SARS-CoV-2 as well as strong inflammation characterised by a specific "cytokine storm". Research suggests that a strong immune response to a SARS-CoV-2 infection and psychological stressors related to the pandemic may cause chronic inflammatory processes in the body with elevated levels of inflammatory markers contributing to the intensification of neurodegenerative processes. It is suggested that neuroinflammation and associated central nervous system changes may significantly contribute to the etiopathogenesis of depressive disorders. In addition, symptoms after a COVID-19 infection may persist for up to several weeks after an acute infection as a post-COVID-19 syndrome. Moreover, previous knowledge indicates that among SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) group antidepressants, fluoxetine is a promising drug against COVID-19. In conclusion, further research, observation and broadening of the knowledge of the pathomechanism of a SARS-CoV-2 infection and the impact on potential complications are necessary. It is essential to continue research in order to assess the long-term neuropsychiatric effects in COVID-19 patients and to find new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Dąbrowska
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Bialystok, pl. Brodowicza 1, 16-070 Choroszcz, Poland; (B.G.-S.); (N.W.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chi CH, Huang YY, Ye SZ, Shao MM, Jiang MX, Yang MY, Wu Q, Shao B, Li XM. Interleukin-10 level is associated with post-stroke depression in acute ischaemic stroke patients. J Affect Disord 2021; 293:254-260. [PMID: 34217963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a pathophysiological factor in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) and is relevant to mood disorders after stroke. We evaluated the predictive value of IL-10 in patients with post-stroke depression (PSD). METHODS A total of 350 stroke patients were recruited at baseline, and 151 AIS patients were screened and completed a 1-month follow-up. Serum IL-10 levels were measured within 24 h of admission. We used the 17-item Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-17) to evaluate depression symptoms; PSD was defined as an HAMD score ≥ 7. RESULTS Fifty-one (33.8%) patients showed a more serious stroke degree, larger infarction volume, and poorer daily life activities and prognosis (P < 0.05) and were diagnosed with PSD at the 1-month follow-up. Their IL-10 level decreased significantly compared to the non-PSD group (P < 0.001). After adjusting for confounders, IL-10 could be used as an independent predictor for PSD with an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 0.615 (95% CI 0.410-0.923, P = 0.019). In addition, the optimal cut-off value of IL-10 was 0.615 pg/mL based on an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.692 (95% CI 0.604-0.781, P < 0.001), demonstrating that IL-10 could predict the occurrence of PSD. Moreover, IL-10 was an indicator of stroke severity, living ability, and functional outcomes (P < 0.05). LIMITATIONS IL-10 was only measured upon admission; dynamic changes need to be further monitored. This was also a single-centre study with a relatively small sample. CONCLUSIONS Lower IL-10 levels may be used to predict PSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chu-Huai Chi
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Su-Zhen Ye
- Department of Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Meng-Meng Shao
- Department of Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Ming-Xia Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Meng-Yao Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Department of Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Bei Shao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China
| | - Xian-Mei Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yu Z, Lin YT, Chen JC. Knockout of NPFFR2 Prevents LPS-Induced Depressive-Like Responses in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22147611. [PMID: 34299230 PMCID: PMC8306864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise neural mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of depression are largely unknown, though stress-induced brain inflammation and serotonergic plasticity are thought to be centrally involved. Moreover, we previously demonstrated that neuropeptide FF receptor 2 (NPFFR2) overexpression provokes depressive-like behaviors in mice. Here, we assess whether NPFFR2 is involved in priming of depressive-like behaviors and downregulation of serotonergic 1A receptor (5HT1AR) after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment. The forced swimming test (FST) and sucrose preference test (SPT) were used to quantify depressive-like phenotypes in wild-type (WT) and NPFFR2-knockout (KO) mice. A single dose of LPS (i.p. 1 mg/kg) readily caused increases in toll-like receptor 4 and tumor necrosis factor-α along with decreases in 5-HT1AR mRNA in the ventral hippocampus of WT mice. Furthermore, LPS treatment of WT mice increased immobility time in FST and decreased sucrose preference in SPT. In contrast, none of these effects were observed in NPFFR2-KO mice. While WT mice injected with lentiviral 5-HT1AR shRNA in the ventral hippocampus displayed an unaltered response after LPS challenge, LPS-challenged NPFFR2-KO mice displayed a profound decrease in sucrose preference when pretreated with 5-HT1AR shRNA. Taken together, these results suggest that NPFFR2 modulates LPS-induced depressive-like behavioral phenotypes by downregulating 5HT1AR in the ventral hippocampus.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Depression/genetics
- Depression/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Hippocampus/metabolism
- Lipopolysaccharides/adverse effects
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/metabolism
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/genetics
- Receptors, Neuropeptide/metabolism
- Toll-Like Receptor 4/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Yu
- Department of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
| | - Ya-Tin Lin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Chung Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan;
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-3-2118800; Fax: +886-3-2118700
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Snijders GJLJ, Sneeboer MAM, Fernández-Andreu A, Udine E, Boks MP, Ormel PR, van Berlekom AB, van Mierlo HC, Bӧttcher C, Priller J, Raj T, Hol EM, Kahn RS, de Witte LD. Distinct non-inflammatory signature of microglia in post-mortem brain tissue of patients with major depressive disorder. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:3336-3349. [PMID: 33028963 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-020-00896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Findings from epidemiological studies, biomarker measurements and animal experiments suggest a role for aberrant immune processes in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, are likely to play a key role in these processes. Previous post-mortem studies reported conflicting findings regarding microglial activation and an in-depth profiling of those cells in MDD is lacking. The aim of this study was therefore to characterize the phenotype and function of microglia in MDD. We isolated microglia from post-mortem brain tissue of patients with MDD (n = 13-19) and control donors (n = 12-25). Using flow cytometry and quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), we measured protein and mRNA levels of a panel of microglial markers across four different brain regions (medial frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, thalamus, and subventricular zone). In MDD cases, we found a significant upregulation of CX3CR1 and TMEM119 mRNA expression and a downregulation of CD163 mRNA expression and CD14 protein expression across the four brain regions. Expression levels of microglial activation markers, such as HLA-DRA, IL6, and IL1β, as well as the inflammatory responses to lipopolysaccharide and dexamethasone were unchanged. Our findings suggest that microglia enhance homeostatic functions in MDD but are not immune activated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gijsje J L J Snijders
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Marjolein A M Sneeboer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Alba Fernández-Andreu
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Evan Udine
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Marco P Boks
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul R Ormel
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Amber Berdenis van Berlekom
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Hans C van Mierlo
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Koekoekslaan 1, 3430, EM, Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Chotima Bӧttcher
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,DZNE and BIH, 10117, Berlin, Germany.,University of Edinburgh and UK DRI, Edinburgh, EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Towfique Raj
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elly M Hol
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Neuroimmunology, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an institute of the royal academy of arts and sciences, 1105, BA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Mental Illness Research Education Clinical, Centers of Excellence, VA, Mental Health, Veterans, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Lot D de Witte
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht University, 3584, CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Mental Illness Research Education Clinical, Centers of Excellence, VA, Mental Health, Veterans, Bronx, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kolar D, Kleteckova L, Brozka H, Vales K. Mini-review: Brain energy metabolism and its role in animal models of depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and autism. Neurosci Lett 2021; 760:136003. [PMID: 34098028 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles essential for energy metabolism and antioxidant defense. Mitochondrial impairment is implicated in many psychiatric disorders, including depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism. To characterize and eventually find effective treatments of bioenergetic impairment in psychiatric disease, researchers find animal models indispensable. The present review focuses on brain energetics in several environmental, genetic, drug-induced, and surgery-induced animal models of depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism. Most reported deficits included decreased activity in the electron transport chain, increased oxidative damage, decreased antioxidant defense, decreased ATP levels, and decreased mitochondrial potential. Models of depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism shared many bioenergetic deficits. This is in concordance with the absence of a disease-specific brain energy phenotype in human patients. Unfortunately, due to the absence of null results in examined literature, indicative of reporting bias, we refrain from making generalized conclusions. Present review can be a valuable tool for comparing current findings, generating more targeted hypotheses, and selecting fitting models for further preclinical research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Kolar
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Hana Brozka
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Karel Vales
- National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Effects of Original Compounds GSB-106, GML-3, and GZK-111 in an Experimental Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Anhedonia Model. Pharm Chem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-021-02397-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
35
|
Efficacy and safety of pentoxifylline combination therapy in major depressive disorder: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 36:140-146. [PMID: 33724254 DOI: 10.1097/yic.0000000000000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial, we assessed the efficacy and safety of pentoxifylline combination therapy with sertraline in treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD). A total of 56 patients with MDD were assigned into two parallel groups to receive sertraline (100 mg/day) plus placebo or sertraline (100 mg/day) plus pentoxifylline (400 mg three times daily) for six weeks. Patients were evaluated with the Hamilton rating scale for depression (HAM-D) at baseline and weeks 2, 4 and 6. The sertraline plus pentoxifylline group demonstrated greater improvement in HAM-D scores from baseline to all three study time points (P = 0.013, 0.007 and 0.016 for week 2, 4 and 6, respectively). Response to treatment rate was also significantly higher in the sertraline plus pentoxifylline group compared to the sertraline plus placebo group at week 4 [57.1 vs. 21.4%, P = 0.013] and the study endpoint [96.4 vs. 57.1%, P = 0.001]. However, the remission rate, time to remission and time to treatment response did not show any significant difference between trial groups. Our findings support the efficacy and safety of pentoxifylline combination therapy in patients with MDD.
Collapse
|
36
|
Infectious mononucleosis as a risk factor for depression: A nationwide cohort study. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:259-265. [PMID: 33571632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious mononucleosis is a clinical diagnosis characterized by fever, sore throat, lymph node enlargement and often prolonged fatigue, most commonly caused by Epstein-Barr virus infection. Previous studies have indicated that infectious mononucleosis can be followed by depression; however, large-scale studies are lacking. We used nationwide registry data to investigate the association between infectious mononucleosis and subsequent depression in this first large-scale study. METHODS Prospective cohort study using nationwide Danish registers covering all 1,440,590 singletons born (1977-2005) in Denmark by Danish born parents (21,830,542 person-years' follow-up until 2016); where 12,510 individuals had a hospital contact with infectious mononucleosis. The main outcome measures were a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (ICD-8: 296.09, 298.09, 300.4; ICD-10: F32) requiring hospital contact. RESULTS Infectious mononucleosis was associated with a 40% increased hazard ratio (HR) for a subsequent depression diagnosis in the fully adjusted model (HR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.26-1.56;n = 358), when compared to unexposed individuals. The increased risk of being diagnosed with depression was significant to the periods one to four years after the infectious mononucleosis diagnosis (HR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.17-1.67;n = 121) and ≥ five years (HR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.22-1.61;n = 207). We did not find any differences according to age (p = 0.61) nor sex (p = 0.30). CONCLUSION In this largest study to date, infectious mononucleosis in childhood or adolescence was associated with an increased risk of a subsequent depression. Our findings have important clinical implications and identifies youth with infectious mononucleosis as a group at high risk of later depression in young adulthood.
Collapse
|
37
|
Xu X, Xiao X, Yan Y, Zhang T. Activation of liver X receptors prevents emotional and cognitive dysfunction by suppressing microglial M1-polarization and restoring synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus of mice. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:111-124. [PMID: 33662504 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a long-lasting and persistent mood disorder in which the regulatory mechanisms of neuroinflammation are thought to play a contributing role to the physiopathology of the condition. Previous studies have shown that liver X receptors (LXRs) can regulate the activation of microglia and neuroinflammation. However, the role of LXRs in depression remains to be fully understood. In this study, we hypothesized that stress impairs the function of LXRs and that the LXRs agonist GW3965 plays a potential anti-depressive role by inhibiting neuroinflammation. The anti-depressive effects of GW3965 were evaluated in both chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) models. The LXRs antagonist GSK2033 was also employed to block LXRs. Behavioural tests were performed to measure depression-like phenotypes and learning abilities. Electrophysiological recordings and Golgi staining were used to measure the plasticity of the dentate gyrus synapse. The expression of synapse and neuroinflammation related proteins were evaluated by Western blotting and immunofluorescence. The activation of LXRs by GW3965 prevented emotional and cognitive deficits induced by either CUMS or LPS. GW3965 prevented the decreased level of LXR-β induced by CUMS. The activation of LXRs significantly improved the impairment of synaptic plasticity, prevented the up-regulation of inflammatory factors and inhibited NF-κB phosphorylation and microglial M1-polarization in both models. The antidepressive-like effects of GW3965 were blocked by GSK2033 in the CUMS and LPS models. Our data suggest that inhibition of the LXRs signalling pathway may be a key driver in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation during depression and that LXRs agonists have a high potential in the treatment of depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Xu
- College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Xi Xiao
- College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Yuxing Yan
- College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, PR China
| | - Tao Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials Ministry of Education, Nankai University, 300071 Tianjin, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Doney E, Cadoret A, Dion-Albert L, Lebel M, Menard C. Inflammation-driven brain and gut barrier dysfunction in stress and mood disorders. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:2851-2894. [PMID: 33876886 PMCID: PMC9290537 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of emotions is generally associated exclusively with the brain. However, there is evidence that peripheral systems are also involved in mood, stress vulnerability vs. resilience, and emotion‐related memory encoding. Prevalence of stress and mood disorders such as major depression, bipolar disorder, and post‐traumatic stress disorder is increasing in our modern societies. Unfortunately, 30%–50% of individuals respond poorly to currently available treatments highlighting the need to further investigate emotion‐related biology to gain mechanistic insights that could lead to innovative therapies. Here, we provide an overview of inflammation‐related mechanisms involved in mood regulation and stress responses discovered using animal models. If clinical studies are available, we discuss translational value of these findings including limitations. Neuroimmune mechanisms of depression and maladaptive stress responses have been receiving increasing attention, and thus, the first part is centered on inflammation and dysregulation of brain and circulating cytokines in stress and mood disorders. Next, recent studies supporting a role for inflammation‐driven leakiness of the blood–brain and gut barriers in emotion regulation and mood are highlighted. Stress‐induced exacerbated inflammation fragilizes these barriers which become hyperpermeable through loss of integrity and altered biology. At the gut level, this could be associated with dysbiosis, an imbalance in microbial communities, and alteration of the gut–brain axis which is central to production of mood‐related neurotransmitter serotonin. Novel therapeutic approaches such as anti‐inflammatory drugs, the fast‐acting antidepressant ketamine, and probiotics could directly act on the mechanisms described here improving mood disorder‐associated symptomatology. Discovery of biomarkers has been a challenging quest in psychiatry, and we end by listing promising targets worth further investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Doney
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Alice Cadoret
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Laurence Dion-Albert
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Manon Lebel
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Caroline Menard
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and CERVO Brain Research Center, Université Laval, QC, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Leite Dantas R, Freff J, Ambrée O, Beins EC, Forstner AJ, Dannlowski U, Baune BT, Scheu S, Alferink J. Dendritic Cells: Neglected Modulators of Peripheral Immune Responses and Neuroinflammation in Mood Disorders? Cells 2021; 10:941. [PMID: 33921690 PMCID: PMC8072712 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Affective disorders (AD) including major depressive disorder (MDD) and bipolar disorder (BD) are common mood disorders associated with increased disability and poor health outcomes. Altered immune responses characterized by increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and neuroinflammation are common findings in patients with AD and in corresponding animal models. Dendritic cells (DCs) represent a heterogeneous population of myeloid cells that orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses and self-tolerance. Upon sensing exogenous and endogenous danger signals, mature DCs secrete proinflammatory factors, acquire migratory and antigen presenting capacities and thus contribute to neuroinflammation in trauma, autoimmunity, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, little is known about the involvement of DCs in the pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on DCs in peripheral immune responses and neuroinflammation in MDD and BD. In addition, we consider the impact of DCs on neuroinflammation and behavior in animal models of AD. Finally, we will discuss therapeutic perspectives targeting DCs and their effector molecules in mood disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Leite Dantas
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (J.F.); (U.D.); (B.T.B.)
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jana Freff
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (J.F.); (U.D.); (B.T.B.)
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Ambrée
- Department of Behavioural Biology, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany;
- Center of Cellular Nanoanalytics, University of Osnabrück, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Eva C. Beins
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (E.C.B.); (A.J.F.)
| | - Andreas J. Forstner
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany; (E.C.B.); (A.J.F.)
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (J.F.); (U.D.); (B.T.B.)
| | - Bernhard T. Baune
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (J.F.); (U.D.); (B.T.B.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Melbourne Medical School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Stefanie Scheu
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany;
| | - Judith Alferink
- Department of Mental Health, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany; (R.L.D.); (J.F.); (U.D.); (B.T.B.)
- Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Beyer DKE, Mattukat A, Freund N. Prefrontal dopamine D1 receptor manipulation influences anxiety behavior and induces neuroinflammation within the hippocampus. Int J Bipolar Disord 2021; 9:9. [PMID: 33683478 PMCID: PMC7940461 DOI: 10.1186/s40345-020-00212-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Prefrontal dopamine D1 receptor (D1R) mediates behavior related to anxiety, reward and memory, and is involved in inflammatory processes, all of which are affected in bipolar disorder. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a pro-inflammatory cytokine, is increased in patients with bipolar disorder in plasma samples, imaging studies and postmortem tissue and is an indicator for an inflammatory state. We could previously show that lentiviral overexpression of D1R in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of male adult rats and its termination induces bipolar disorder-like behavior. The purpose of this study was to investigate anxiety and the role of the immune system, specifically IL-6 positive neurons in this animal model. Due to its high density of inflammatory mediator receptors and therewith sensibility to immune activation, the hippocampus was investigated. Methods Expression of the gene for D1R in glutamatergic neurons within the mPFC of male, adult rats was manipulated through an inducible lentiviral vector. Animals over-expressing the gene (mania-like state), after termination of the expression (depressive-like) and their respective control groups were investigated. Anxiety behavior was studied in the elevated plus maze and marble burying test. Furthermore, IL-6-positive cells were counted within several subregions of the hippocampus. Results D1R manipulation in the mPFC had only mild effects on anxiety behavior in the elevated plus maze. However, subjects after termination buried more marbles compared to D1R over-expressing animals and their respective control animals indicating elevated anxiety behavior. In addition, animals in the depressive-like state showed higher numbers of IL-6 positive cells reflecting an elevated pro-inflammatory state in the hippocampus, in the CA3 and dentate gyrus. Consistently, inflammatory state in the whole hippocampus and anxiety behavior correlated positively, indicating a connection between anxiety and inflammatory state of the hippocampus. Conclusions Behavioral and neurobiological findings support the association of manipulation of the D1R in the mPFC on anxiety and inflammation in the hippocampus. In addition, by confirming changes in the inflammatory state, the proposed animal model for bipolar disorder has been further validated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik K E Beyer
- Division of Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University, Alexandrinenstr.1, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Annika Mattukat
- Division of Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University, Alexandrinenstr.1, 44791, Bochum, Germany
| | - Nadja Freund
- Division of Experimental and Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Preventive Medicine, LWL University Hospital, Ruhr-University, Alexandrinenstr.1, 44791, Bochum, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Fujita S, Yoshida S, Matsuki T, Jaiswal MK, Seki K. The α1-adrenergic receptors in the amygdala regulate the induction of learned despair through protein kinase C-beta signaling. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:73-85. [PMID: 33164996 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hyperactivity of amygdala is observed in patients with major depressive disorder. Although the role of α1-adrenoceptor in amygdala on fear memory has been well studied, the role of α1-adrenoceptor in amygdala on depression-like behaviors remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the effect of α1A-adrenoreceptor in amygdala on despair behavior, evaluated by the immobility time during tail suspension test (TST), pharmacological intervention, and immunohistological methods. C57BL6/J mice given a bilateral intra-amygdala injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid exhibited an increased duration of immobility in the latter half of both trials of TST with a 24-h interval, a phenomenon known as learned despair. Intra-amygdala injection of WB4101 (1.7 nmol/0.1 µl), an α1 adrenoreceptor antagonist, but not propranolol (250 pmol/0.1 µl), a β-adrenoreceptor antagonist, blocked the induction of learned despair during TST. Immunostaining experiments revealed that ~61-75% of α1A-adrenoreceptor-positive neurons were colocalized with GAD65/67 in amygdala, implying that the α1-adrenoceptors in amygdala may enormously regulate the GABA release. Protein kinase C-beta (PKCβ) was predominantly expressed in the α1A-adrenoreceptor-positive neurons in the BLA, whereas protein kinase C-epsilon (PKCε) was highly expressed with the α1A-adrenoreceptor in the Central nucleus of amygdala. Intra-amygdala injection of ruboxistaurin (10 pmol/0.1 µl), a PKCβ inhibitor, blocked the induction of learned despair during TST, whereas neither TAT-εV1-2 (500 ng/0.1 μl), a cell-permeant PKCε inhibitory peptide, nor HBDDE (50 pmol/0.1 µl), an inhibitor of PKCα and -γ, affected the duration of immobility during TST. These data suggest that the α1-adrenoreceptor in amygdala regulates the induction of learned despair via PKCβ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shisui Fujita
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Ohu University, Koriyama, Fukushima
| | - Satomi Yoshida
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Ohu University, Koriyama, Fukushima
| | - Tohru Matsuki
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Institute for Developmental Research, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Aichi, Japan
| | - Manoj Kumar Jaiswal
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kenjiro Seki
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Ohu University, Koriyama, Fukushima
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Manouchehrian O, Ramos M, Bachiller S, Lundgaard I, Deierborg T. Acute systemic LPS-exposure impairs perivascular CSF distribution in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:34. [PMID: 33514389 PMCID: PMC7844902 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02082-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The exchange of cerebrospinal (CSF) and interstitial fluid is believed to be vital for waste clearance in the brain. The sleep-dependent glymphatic system, which is comprised of perivascular flow of CSF and is largely dependent on arterial pulsatility and astrocytic aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expression, facilitates much of this brain clearance. During the last decade, several observations have indicated that impaired glymphatic function goes hand in hand with neurodegenerative diseases. Since pathologies of the brain carry inflammatory components, we wanted to know how acute inflammation, e.g., with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injections, would affect the glymphatic system. In this study, we aim to measure the effect of LPS on perivascular CSF distribution as a measure of glymphatic function. Methods Three hours after injection of LPS (1 mg/kg i.p.), C57bl/6 mice were (1) imaged for two CSF tracers, injected into cisterna magna, (2) transcardially perfused with buffer, or (3) used for physiological readouts. Tracer flow was imaged using a low magnification microscope on fixed brains, as well as using vibratome-cut slices for measuring tracer penetration in the brain. Cytokines, glial, and BBB-permeability markers were measured with ELISAs, Western blots, and immunohistochemistry. Cerebral blood flow was approximated using laser Doppler flowmetry, respiration and heart rate with a surgical monitor, and AQP4-polarization was quantified using confocal microscopy of immunolabeled brain sections. Results LPS-injections significantly lowered perivascular CSF tracer flow and penetration into the parenchyma. No differences in AQP4 polarization, cytokines, astroglial and BBB markers, cerebral blood flow, or respiration were detected in LPS-injected mice, although LPS did elevate cortical Iba1+ area and heart rate. Conclusions This study reports another physiological response after acute exposure to the bacterial endotoxin LPS, namely the statistically significant decrease in perivascular distribution of CSF. These observations may benefit our understanding of the role of systemic inflammation in brain clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Manouchehrian
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Marta Ramos
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sara Bachiller
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| | - Iben Lundgaard
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, SE-223 62, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tomas Deierborg
- Experimental Neuroinflammation Laboratory, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, SE-221 84, Lund, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hales CA, Bartlett JM, Arban R, Hengerer B, Robinson ES. Effects of pro-depressant and immunomodulatory drugs on biases in decision-making in the rat judgement bias task. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 55:2955-2970. [PMID: 33502040 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Studies in human and non-human species suggest that decision-making behaviour can be biased by an affective state, also termed an affective bias. To study these behaviours in non-human species, judgement bias tasks (JBT) have been developed. Animals are trained to associate specific cues (tones) with a positive or negative/less positive outcome. Animals are then presented with intermediate ambiguous cues and affective biases quantified by observing whether animals make more optimistic or more pessimistic choices. Here we use a high versus low reward JBT and test whether pharmacologically distinct compounds, which induce negative biases in learning and memory, have similar effects on decision-making: tetrabenazine (0.0-1.0 mg/kg), retinoic acid (0.0-10.0 mg/kg), and rimonabant (0.0-10.0 mg/kg). We also tested immunomodulatory compounds: interferon-α (0-100 units/kg), lipopolysaccharide (0.0-10.0 μg/kg), and corticosterone (0.0-10.0 mg/kg). We observed no specific effects in the JBT with any acute treatment except corticosterone which induced a negative bias. We have previously observed a similar lack of effect with acute but not chronic psychosocial stress and so next tested decision-making behaviour following chronic interferon-alpha. Animals developed a negative bias which was sustained even after treatment was ended. These data suggest that decision-making behaviour in the task is sensitive to chronic but not acute effects of most pro-depressant drugs or immunomodulators, but the exogenous administration of acute corticosterone induces pessimistic behaviour. This work supports our hypothesis that biases in decision-making develop over a different temporal scale to those seen with learning and memory which may be relevant in the development and perpetuation of mood disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claire A Hales
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Julia M Bartlett
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Roberto Arban
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Bastian Hengerer
- CNS Diseases Research, Boehringer Ingelheim GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Emma S Robinson
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Current and Future Challenges in Modern Drug Discovery. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2021; 2114:1-17. [PMID: 32016883 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0282-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug discovery is an expensive, time-consuming, and risky business. To avoid late-stage failure, learnings from past projects and the development of new approaches are crucial. New modalities and emerging new target spaces allow the exploration of unprecedented indications or to address so far undrugable targets. Late-stage attrition is usually attributed to the lack of efficacy or to compound-related safety issues. Efficacy has been shown to be related to a strong genetic link to human disease, a better understanding of the target biology, and the availability of biomarkers to bridge from animals to humans. Compound safety can be improved by ligand optimization, which is becoming increasingly demanding for difficult targets. Therefore, new strategies include the design of allosteric ligands, covalent binders, and other modalities. Design methods currently heavily rely on artificial intelligence and advanced computational methods such as free energy calculations and quantum chemistry. Especially for quantum chemical methods, a more detailed overview is given in this chapter.
Collapse
|
45
|
Drug repositioning for treatment-resistant depression: Hypotheses from a pharmacogenomic study. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2021; 104:110050. [PMID: 32738352 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
About 20-30% of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) develop treatment-resistant depression (TRD) and finding new effective treatments for TRD has been a challenge. This study aimed to identify new possible pharmacological options for TRD. Genes in pathways included in predictive models of TRD in a previous whole exome sequence study were compared with those coding for targets of drugs in any phase of development, nutraceuticals, proteins and peptides from Drug repurposing Hub, Drug-Gene Interaction database and DrugBank database. We tested if known gene targets were enriched in TRD-associated genes by a hypergeometric test. Compounds enriched in TRD-associated genes after false-discovery rate (FDR) correction were annotated and compared with those showing enrichment in genes associated with MDD in the last Psychiatric Genomics Consortium genome-wide association study. Among a total of 15,475 compounds, 542 were enriched in TRD-associated genes (FDR p < .05). Significant results included drugs which are currently used in TRD (e.g. lithium and ketamine), confirming the rationale of this approach. Interesting molecules included modulators of inflammation, renin-angiotensin system, proliferator-activated receptor agonists, glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta inhibitors and the rho associated kinase inhibitor fasudil. Nutraceuticals, mostly antioxidant polyphenols, were also identified. Drugs showing enrichment for TRD-associated genes had a higher probability of enrichment for MDD-associated genes compared to those having no TRD-genes enrichment (p = 6.21e-55). This study suggested new potential treatments for TRD using a in silico approach. These analyses are exploratory only but can contribute to the identification of drugs to study in future clinical trials.
Collapse
|
46
|
Na S, Duan X, Wang R, Fan Y, Xue K, Tian S, Yang Z, Li K, Yue J. Chronic Neuroinflammation Induced by Lipopolysaccharide Injection into the Third Ventricle Induces Behavioral Changes. J Mol Neurosci 2021; 71:1306-1319. [PMID: 33405196 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-020-01758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The existence of Gram-negative bacteria in the brain, regardless of underlying immune status has been demonstrated by recent studies. The colocalization of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with Aβ1-40/42 in amyloid plaques supports the hypothesis that brain microbes may be the cause, triggering chronic neuroinflammation, leading to Alzheimer's disease (AD). To investigate the behavioral changes induced by infectious neuroinflammation, we chose the third ventricle as the site of a single LPS injection (20 μg or 80 μg) in male Wistar rats to avoid mechanical injury to forebrain structures while inducing widespread inflammation throughout the brain. Chronic neuroinflammation induced by LPS resulted in depressive-like behaviors and the impairment of spatial learning; however, there was no evidence of the development of pathological hallmarks (e.g., the phosphorylation of tau) for 10 months following LPS injection. The acceleration of cholesterol metabolism via CYP46A1 and the retardation of cholesterol synthesis via HMGCR were observed in the hippocampus of rats treated with either low-dose or high-dose LPS. The rate-limiting enzymes of cholesterol metabolism (CYP46A1) in SH-SY5Y cells and synthesis (HMGCR) in U251 cells were altered by inflammation stimulators, including LPS, IL-1β, and TNF-α, through the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. The data suggest that chronic neuroinflammation provoked by the administration of LPS into the third ventricle may induce depressive-like symptoms and that the loss of cholesterol might be a biomarker of chronic neuroinflammation. The lack of pathological hallmarks of AD in our model indicates that Gram-negative bacteria infection might not be a single cause of AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Na
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xuejiao Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Jingmen, Jingmen, 448000, Hubei, China
| | - Rongyan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yanjie Fan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ke Xue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shuwei Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zheqiong Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Ke Li
- Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medicine Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jiang Yue
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China. .,Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immunology, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Zhang K, Lei N, Li M, Li J, Li C, Shen Y, Guo P, Xiong L, Xie Y. Cang-Ai Volatile Oil Ameliorates Depressive Behavior Induced by Chronic Stress Through IDO-Mediated Tryptophan Degradation Pathway. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:791991. [PMID: 34975590 PMCID: PMC8714649 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.791991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cang-ai volatile oil (CAVO) is a Chinese herbal volatile oil. Previous studies report that CAVO exhibits of anti-depressant and anti-inflammatory effects, and modulates activity of monoamine neurotransmitter. The current study sought to explore whether CAVO exhibits anti-depressant effects of CAVO through inhibition of inflammatory response and regulation of indoleamine 2 and 3-dioxygenase (IDO) mediated tryptophan degradation pathway. Methods: The study established chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) depression-like model using rats. Body weight and food intake of animals were determined, and open field test (OFT), forced swim test (FST), and sucrose preference test (SPT) were performed to explored the behavioral changes of animals. Expression levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), interleukin-10 (IL-10), kynurenine (KYN), quinolinic acid (QUIN), tryptophan (Trp), kynurenic acid (KYNA), serotonin (5-HT), and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) in the prefrontal cortex of CUMS rats were determined by ELISA. Co-localization of the microglia markers, Iba1 and IL-6 was determined by immunofluorescence. Western blotting was performed to determine the protein expression level of IDO1. Results: The findings of the current study showed that CAVO increased the body weight and food intake of rats and alleviated depression-like behaviors as shown in OFT, FST, and SPT analysis. ELISA assay showed that CAVO decreased IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IFN-γ levels and increased levels of IL-4 and IL-10 in the prefrontal cortex of CUMS rats. Analysis showed that CAVO significantly reduced KYN and QUIN levels and the ratio of KYN/Trp, whereas it increased the levels of Trp, KYNA, 5-HT, and 5-HIAA. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that CAVO reduced the number of positive cells with co-localization of microglia markers, Iba1 and IL-6. Western blot analysis showed that CAVO decreased the protein expression level of IDO1 in rats. Conclusion: The findings show that the anti-depressant effects of CAVO are mainly attributed to inhibition of the activation of microglia and downregulation of IDO expression, thus inhibiting the kynurenine pathway and reversing the effects exerted on the 5-HT system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kailing Zhang
- Basic Medical School, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Na Lei
- Basic Medical School, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Jijun Li
- Department of Integrative Medicine on Pediatrics, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caijun Li
- School of Clinical Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Yue Shen
- School of International Education, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Peixin Guo
- Ethnic Medical School, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Lei Xiong
- Yunnan Provincial University Key Laboratory of Aromatic Chinese Herb Research, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Innovation Team of Application Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory of Disease Prevention at Yunnan University of TCM, Kunming, China
| | - Yuhuan Xie
- Basic Medical School, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Provincial University Key Laboratory of Aromatic Chinese Herb Research, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Innovation Team of Application Research on Traditional Chinese Medicine Theory of Disease Prevention at Yunnan University of TCM, Kunming, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Fukuwada N, Kanno M, Yoshida S, Seki K. Gαq protein signaling in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis regulate the lipopolysaccharide-induced despair-like behavior in mice. AIMS Neurosci 2020; 7:438-458. [PMID: 33263080 PMCID: PMC7701371 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is highly comorbid with anxiety disorders. It has been reported that the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is important for the induction of anxiety and MDD. Recently, the Gαq protein signaling within the BNST is involved in the induction of anxiety through Gαq protein signaling-mediated RNA-editing of GluR2 subunit, which produces the calcium (Ca2+)-impermeable α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor. On the other hand, the role of Gαq protein signaling within the BNST on the induction of MDD has never been reported yet. Therefore, we investigated whether Gαq protein signaling-producing the Ca2+-impermeable AMPA receptors in the BNST is involved in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced depressive-like behavior, particularly, despair-like behavior. When mice were systemically challenged with a single dose of LPS (1.2 mg/kg, i.p.), the immobility time during tail suspension test (TST) was increased 24 h after LPS injection. However, pretreatment with bilateral intra-BNST injection of neomycin (6.5 mM, 0.125 µL/side), an inhibitor of phospholipase C that is activated by Gαq protein-coupled receptor stimulation, extended the LPS-induced increase in the immobility time of TST. Furthermore, the co-pretreatment with bilateral intra-BNST injection of neomycin with 1-naphthylacetyl spermine (3 mM, 0.125 µL/side), an antagonist of Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptor, to mimic one of the final forms of Gαq protein activation, abolished the aggravated effect of neomycin and significantly shortened the immobility time compared with the control mice with an intra-BNST injection of artificial cerebrospinal fluid before LPS injection. However, pretreatment with bilateral intra-BNST injection of MDL-12,330A (10 µM, 0.125 µL/side), an inhibitor of adenylyl cyclase that is activated by Gαs protein-coupled receptor stimulation, did not affect the LPS-induced increase in the immobility time of TST. These results indicate that the Gαq protein signaling-mediated RNA-editing of GluR2, which produces the Ca2+-impermeable AMPA receptors within the BNST, regulates the LPS-induced despair-like behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nao Fukuwada
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Ohu University, 31-1 Misumido, Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan
| | - Miki Kanno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Ohu University, 31-1 Misumido, Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan
| | - Satomi Yoshida
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Ohu University, 31-1 Misumido, Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Seki
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Ohu University, 31-1 Misumido, Tomitamachi, Koriyama, Fukushima 963-8611, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
The anti-inflammatory role of SSRI and SNRI in the treatment of depression: a review of human and rodent research studies. Inflammopharmacology 2020; 29:75-90. [PMID: 33164143 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-020-00777-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Depression has the topmost prevalence of all psychiatric diseases. It is characterized by a high recurrence rate, disability, and numerous and mostly unclear pathogenic mechanisms. Besides the monoamine or the neurotrophic hypothesis of depression, the inflammatory mechanism has begun to be supported by more and more evidence. At the same time, the current knowledge about the standard treatment of choice, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), is expanding rapidly, adding more features to the initial ones. OBJECTIVES This review summarizes the in vivo anti-inflammatory effects of SSRIs and SNRIs in the treatment of depression and outlines the particular mechanisms of these effects for each drug separately. In addition, we provide an overview of the inflammation-related theory of depression and the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS SSRIs and SNRIs decrease the neuroinflammation through multiple mechanisms including the reduction of blood or tissue cytokines or regulating complex inflammatory pathways: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), inflammasomes, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Also, SSRIs and SNRIs show these effects in association with an antidepressant action. CONCLUSIONS SSRIs and SNRIs have an anti-neuroinflammatory role which might contribute the antidepressant effect.
Collapse
|
50
|
Nordgreen J, Edwards SA, Boyle LA, Bolhuis JE, Veit C, Sayyari A, Marin DE, Dimitrov I, Janczak AM, Valros A. A Proposed Role for Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines in Damaging Behavior in Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:646. [PMID: 33134341 PMCID: PMC7562715 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickness can change our mood for the worse, leaving us sad, lethargic, grumpy and less socially inclined. This mood change is part of a set of behavioral symptoms called sickness behavior and has features in common with core symptoms of depression. Therefore, the physiological changes induced by immune activation, for example following infection, are in the spotlight for explaining mechanisms behind mental health challenges such as depression. While humans may take a day off and isolate themselves until they feel better, farm animals housed in groups have only limited possibilities for social withdrawal. We suggest that immune activation could be a major factor influencing social interactions in pigs, with outbreaks of damaging behavior such as tail biting as a possible result. The hypothesis presented here is that the effects of several known risk factors for tail biting are mediated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, proteins produced by the immune system, and their effect on neurotransmitter systems. We describe the background for and implications of this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janicke Nordgreen
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sandra A. Edwards
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Ann Boyle
- Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Fermoy, Ireland
| | - J. Elizabeth Bolhuis
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Christina Veit
- Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Amin Sayyari
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniela E. Marin
- National Institute for Research and Development for Biology and Animal Nutrition, Balotesti, Romania
| | | | - Andrew M. Janczak
- Department of Production Animal Clinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Valros
- Department of Production Animal Medicine, Research Centre for Animal Welfare, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| |
Collapse
|