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Kwon T, Trujillo JD, Carossino M, Lyoo EL, McDowell CD, Cool K, Matias-Ferreyra FS, Jeevan T, Morozov I, Gaudreault NN, Balasuriya UB, Webby RJ, Osterrieder N, Richt JA. Pigs are highly susceptible to but do not transmit mink-derived highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2353292. [PMID: 38712345 PMCID: PMC11132737 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2024.2353292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACTRapid evolution of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) is driven by antigenic drift but also by reassortment, which might result in robust replication in and transmission to mammals. Recently, spillover of clade 2.3.4.4b HPAIV to mammals including humans, and their transmission between mammalian species has been reported. This study aimed to evaluate the pathogenicity and transmissibility of a mink-derived clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV isolate from Spain in pigs. Experimental infection caused interstitial pneumonia with necrotizing bronchiolitis with high titers of virus present in the lower respiratory tract and 100% seroconversion. Infected pigs shed limited amount of virus, and importantly, there was no transmission to contact pigs. Notably, critical mammalian-like adaptations such as PB2-E627 K and HA-Q222L emerged at low frequencies in principal-infected pigs. It is concluded that pigs are highly susceptible to infection with the mink-derived clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV and provide a favorable environment for HPAIV to acquire mammalian-like adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Jessie D. Trujillo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Mariano Carossino
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Eu Lim Lyoo
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Chester D. McDowell
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Konner Cool
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Franco S. Matias-Ferreyra
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Trushar Jeevan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Udeni B.R. Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Nikolaus Osterrieder
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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2
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Bram S, Lindsey G, Drnevich J, Xu F, Wozniak M, Medina GN, Mehta AP. Parallel single B cell transcriptomics to elucidate pig B cell repertoire. Sci Rep 2024; 14:15997. [PMID: 38987322 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65263-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Pork is the most widely consumed meat on the planet, placing swine health as a critical factor for both the world economy and the food industry. Infectious diseases in pigs not only threaten these sectors but also raise zoonotic concerns, as pigs can act as "mixing vessels" for several animals and human viruses and can lead to the emergence of new viruses that are capable of infecting humans. Several efforts are ongoing to develop pig vaccines, albeit with limited success. This has been largely attributed to the complex nature of pig infections and incomplete understanding of the pig immune responses. Additionally, pig has been suggested to be a good experimental model to study viral infections (e.g., human influenza). Despite the significant importance of studying pig immunology for developing infection models, zoonosis, and the crucial need to develop better swine vaccines, there is still very limited information on the response of the swine adaptive immune system to several emerging pathogens. Particularly, very little is known about the pig B cell repertoire upon infection. Understanding the B cell repertoire is especially crucial towards designing better vaccines, predicting zoonosis and can provide insights into developing new diagnostic agents. Here, we developed methods for performing parallel single pig B cell (up to 10,000 B cells) global and immunoglobulin transcriptome sequencing. We then adapted a computational pipeline previously built for human/mouse sequences, to now analyze pig sequences. This allowed us to comprehensively map the B cell repertoire and get paired antibody sequences from pigs in a single parallel sequencing experiment. We believe that these approaches will have significant implications for swine diseases, particularly in the context of swine mediated zoonosis and swine and human vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley Bram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Graeme Lindsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jenny Drnevich
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Fangxiu Xu
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Marcin Wozniak
- Cytometry and Microscopy to Omics Facility Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gisselle N Medina
- National Agro and Bio-Defense Facility (NBAF), USDA, Manhattan, KS, USA
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, USDA, Orient Point, NY, USA
| | - Angad P Mehta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Avenue, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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3
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Ciacci Zanella G, Snyder CA, Arruda BL, Whitworth K, Green E, Poonooru RR, Telugu BP, Baker AL. Pigs lacking TMPRSS2 displayed fewer lung lesions and reduced inflammatory response when infected with influenza A virus. Front Genome Ed 2024; 5:1320180. [PMID: 38883409 PMCID: PMC11176495 DOI: 10.3389/fgeed.2023.1320180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infection is initiated by hemagglutinin (HA), a glycoprotein exposed on the virion's lipid envelope that undergoes cleavage by host cell proteases to ensure membrane fusion, entry into the host cells, and completion of the viral cycle. Transmembrane protease serine S1 member 2 (TMPRSS2) is a host transmembrane protease expressed throughout the porcine airway epithelium and is purported to play a major role in the HA cleavage process, thereby influencing viral pathogenicity and tissue tropism. Pigs are natural hosts of IAV and IAV disease causes substantial economic impact on the pork industry worldwide. Previous studies in mice demonstrated that knocking out expression of TMPRSS2 gene was safe and inhibited the spread of IAV after experimental challenge. Therefore, we hypothesized that knockout of TMPRSS2 will prevent IAV infectivity in the swine model. We investigated this hypothesis by comparing pathogenesis of an H1N1pdm09 virus challenge in wildtype (WT) control and in TMPRSS2 knockout (TMPRSS2 -/-) pigs. We demonstrated that TMPRSS2 was expressed in the respiratory tract in WT pigs with and without IAV infection. No differences in nasal viral shedding and lung lavage viral titers were observed between WT and TMPRSS2 -/- pigs. However, the TMPRSS2 -/- pig group had significantly less lung lesions and significant reductions in antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines in the lung. The virus titer results in our direct challenge model contradict prior studies in the murine animal model, but the reduced lung lesions and cytokine profile suggest a possible role for TMPRSS2 in the proinflammatory antiviral response. Further research is warranted to investigate the role of TMPRSS2 in swine IAV infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovana Ciacci Zanella
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Celeste A Snyder
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Bailey L Arruda
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Kristin Whitworth
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Division of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Erin Green
- Division of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Ravikanth Reddy Poonooru
- Division of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Bhanu P Telugu
- National Swine Resource and Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
- Division of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Amy L Baker
- Virus and Prion Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA, United States
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4
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Kwon T, Artiaga BL, McDowell CD, Whitworth KM, Wells KD, Prather RS, Delhon G, Cigan M, White SN, Retallick J, Gaudreault NN, Morozov I, Richt JA. Gene editing of pigs to control influenza A virus infections. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.15.575771. [PMID: 38293027 PMCID: PMC10827075 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.15.575771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Proteolytic activation of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein by host cellular proteases is pivotal for influenza A virus (IAV) infectivity. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses possess the multibasic cleavage site of the HA which is cleaved by ubiquitous proteases, such as furin; in contrast, the monobasic HA motif is recognized and activated by trypsin-like proteases, such as the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2). Here, we aimed to determine the effects of TMPRSS2 on the replication of pandemic H1N1 and H3N2 subtype IAVs in the natural host, the pig. The use of the CRISPR/Cas 9 system led to the establishment of homozygous gene edited (GE) TMPRSS2 knockout (KO) pigs. Delayed IAV replication was demonstrated in primary respiratory cells of KO pigs in vitro. IAV infection in vivo resulted in significant reduction of virus shedding in the upper respiratory tract, and lower virus titers and pathological lesions in the lower respiratory tract of TMPRSS2 KO pigs as compared to WT pigs. Our findings could support the commercial use of GE pigs to minimize (i) the economic losses caused by IAV infection in pigs, and (ii) the emergence of novel IAVs with pandemic potential through genetic reassortment in the "mixing vessel", the pig.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taeyong Kwon
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Bianca L. Artiaga
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Chester D. McDowell
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Kristin M. Whitworth
- Division of Animal Science & National Swine Resource and Research Center, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Kevin D. Wells
- Division of Animal Science & National Swine Resource and Research Center, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Randall S. Prather
- Division of Animal Science & National Swine Resource and Research Center, College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Gustavo Delhon
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | | | | | - Jamie Retallick
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Natasha N. Gaudreault
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Igor Morozov
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Juergen A. Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
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5
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McNee A, Vanover D, Rijal P, Paudyal B, Lean FZX, MacLoughlin R, Núñez A, Townsend A, Santangelo PJ, Tchilian E. A direct contact pig influenza challenge model for assessing protective efficacy of monoclonal antibodies. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1229051. [PMID: 37965320 PMCID: PMC10641767 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1229051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can be used to complement immunization for the therapy of influenza virus infection. We have established the pig, a natural large animal host for influenza A, with many physiological, immunological, and anatomical similarities to humans, as an appropriate model for testing mAbs. We have evaluated the protective efficacy of the strongly neutralizing human anti-hemagglutinin mAb, 2-12C in the pig influenza model. Intravenous administration of recombinant 2-12C reduced virus load and lung pathology, however, it did not prevent virus nasal shedding and, consequently, transmission. This may be because the pigs were directly infected intranasally with a high dose of the H1N1pdm09 virus. To address this, we developed a contact challenge model in which the animals were given 2-12C and one day later co-housed with donor pigs previously infected intra-nasally with H1N1pdm09. 2-12C pre-treatment completely prevented infection. We also administered a lower dose of 2-12C by aerosol to the respiratory tract, but this did not prevent shedding in the direct challenge model, although it abolished lung infection. We propose that the direct contact challenge model of pig influenza may be useful for evaluating candidate mAbs and emerging delivery platforms prior to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam McNee
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Daryll Vanover
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Pramila Rijal
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Basudev Paudyal
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Fabian Z. X. Lean
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- Research and Development, Science and Emerging Technologies, Aerogen Ltd, Galway, Ireland
| | - Alejandro Núñez
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Townsend
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip J. Santangelo
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Elma Tchilian
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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6
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Pliasas VC, Neasham PJ, Naskou MC, Neto R, Strate PG, North JF, Pedroza S, Chastain SD, Padykula I, Tompkins SM, Kyriakis CS. Heterologous prime-boost H1N1 vaccination exacerbates disease following challenge with a mismatched H1N2 influenza virus in the swine model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1253626. [PMID: 37928521 PMCID: PMC10623127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1253626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a significant threat to both human and animal health. Developing IAV vaccine strategies able to elicit broad heterologous protection against antigenically diverse IAV strains is pivotal in effectively controlling the disease. The goal of this study was to examine the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of diverse H1N1 influenza vaccine strategies including monovalent, bivalent, and heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimens, against a mismatched H1N2 swine influenza virus. Five groups were homologous prime-boost vaccinated with either an oil-adjuvanted whole-inactivated virus (WIV) monovalent A/swine/Georgia/27480/2019 (GA19) H1N2 vaccine, a WIV monovalent A/sw/Minnesota/A02636116/2021 (MN21) H1N1 vaccine, a WIV monovalent A/California/07/2009 (CA09) H1N1, a WIV bivalent vaccine composed of CA09 and MN21, or adjuvant only (mock-vaccinated group). A sixth group was prime-vaccinated with CA09 WIV and boosted with MN21 WIV (heterologous prime-boost group). Four weeks post-boost pigs were intranasally and intratracheally challenged with A/swine/Georgia/27480/2019, an H1N2 swine IAV field isolate. Vaccine-induced protection was evaluated based on five critical parameters: (i) hemagglutination inhibiting (HAI) antibody responses, (ii) clinical scores, (iii) virus titers in nasal swabs and respiratory tissue homogenates, (iv) BALf cytology, and (v) pulmonary pathology. While all vaccination regimens induced seroprotective titers against homologous viruses, heterologous prime-boost vaccination failed to enhance HAI responses against the homologous vaccine strains compared to monovalent vaccine regimens and did not expand the scope of cross-reactive antibody responses against antigenically distinct swine and human IAVs. Mismatched vaccination regimens not only failed to confer clinical and virological protection post-challenge but also exacerbated disease and pathology. In particular, heterologous-boosted pigs showed prolonged clinical disease and increased pulmonary pathology compared to mock-vaccinated pigs. Our results demonstrated that H1-specific heterologous prime-boost vaccination, rather than enhancing cross-protection, worsened the clinical outcome and pathology after challenge with the antigenically distant A/swine/Georgia/27480/2019 strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis C. Pliasas
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Peter J. Neasham
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Maria C. Naskou
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Rachel Neto
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Philip G. Strate
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - J. Fletcher North
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stephen Pedroza
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Strickland D. Chastain
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Ian Padykula
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens GA, United States
| | - S. Mark Tompkins
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens GA, United States
| | - Constantinos S. Kyriakis
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-University of Georgia (UGA) Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens GA, United States
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7
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Olmos Liceaga D, Nunes SF, Saenz RA. Ex Vivo Experiments Shed Light on the Innate Immune Response from Influenza Virus. Bull Math Biol 2023; 85:115. [PMID: 37833614 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01217-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
The innate immune response is recognized as a key driver in controlling an influenza virus infection in a host. However, the mechanistic action of such innate response is not fully understood. Infection experiments on ex vivo explants from swine trachea represent an efficient alternative to animal experiments, as the explants conserved key characteristics of an organ from an animal. In the present work we compare three cellular automata models of influenza virus dynamics. The models are fitted to free virus and infected cells data from ex vivo swine trachea experiments. Our findings suggest that the presence of an immune response is necessary to explain the observed dynamics in ex vivo organ culture. Moreover, such immune response should include a refractory state for epithelial cells, and not just a reduced infection rate. Our results may shed light on how the immune system responds to an infection event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Olmos Liceaga
- Departamento de Matemáticas, Universidad de Sonora, Blvd. Rosales y Luis Encinas S/N, Col Centro, 83000, Hermosillo, SON, Mexico
| | - Sandro Filipe Nunes
- Cambridge Infectious Disease Consortium, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
- Animal Sciences and Technologies, Clinical Pharmacology and Safety Sciences, AstraZeneca Biopharmaceuticals R &D, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-43183, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Roberto A Saenz
- Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Colima, Bernal Díaz del Castillo 340, Col Villas de San Sebastián, 28045, Colima, COL, Mexico.
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Meene A, Gierse L, Schwaiger T, Karte C, Schröder C, Höper D, Wang H, Groß V, Wünsche C, Mücke P, Kreikemeyer B, Beer M, Becher D, Mettenleiter TC, Riedel K, Urich T. Archaeome structure and function of the intestinal tract in healthy and H1N1 infected swine. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1250140. [PMID: 37779690 PMCID: PMC10534045 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1250140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methanogenic archaea represent a less investigated and likely underestimated part of the intestinal tract microbiome in swine. Aims/Methods This study aims to elucidate the archaeome structure and function in the porcine intestinal tract of healthy and H1N1 infected swine. We performed multi-omics analysis consisting of 16S rRNA gene profiling, metatranscriptomics and metaproteomics. Results and discussion We observed a significant increase from 0.48 to 4.50% of archaea in the intestinal tract microbiome along the ileum and colon, dominated by genera Methanobrevibacter and Methanosphaera. Furthermore, in feces of naïve and H1N1 infected swine, we observed significant but minor differences in the occurrence of archaeal phylotypes over the course of an infection experiment. Metatranscriptomic analysis of archaeal mRNAs revealed the major methanogenesis pathways of Methanobrevibacter and Methanosphaera to be hydrogenotrophic and methyl-reducing, respectively. Metaproteomics of archaeal peptides indicated some effects of the H1N1 infection on central metabolism of the gut archaea. Conclusions/Take home message Finally, this study provides the first multi-omics analysis and high-resolution insights into the structure and function of the porcine intestinal tract archaeome during a non-lethal Influenza A virus infection of the respiratory tract, demonstrating significant alterations in archaeal community composition and central metabolic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Meene
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Laurin Gierse
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Dirk Höper
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Haitao Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Verena Groß
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christine Wünsche
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pierre Mücke
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Katharina Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tim Urich
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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9
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Krifors A, Lignell A, Lipcsey M, Sjölin J, Castegren M. An experimental porcine model of invasive candidiasis. Intensive Care Med Exp 2023; 11:27. [PMID: 37183195 PMCID: PMC10183382 DOI: 10.1186/s40635-023-00514-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invasive candidiasis (IC) is a severe and often fatal fungal infection that affects critically ill patients. The development of animal models that mimic human disease is essential for advancing our understanding of IC pathophysiology and testing experimental or novel treatments. We aimed to develop a large animal model of IC that could provide a much-needed addition to the widely used murine models. RESULTS A total of 25 pigs (including one control), aged between 9 and 12 weeks, with a median weight of 25.1 kg (IQR 24.1-26.2), were used to develop the porcine IC model. We present the setup, the results of the experiments, and the justification for the changes made to the model. The experiments were conducted in an intensive care setting, using clinically relevant anaesthesia, monitoring and interventions. The final model used corticosteroids, repeated Candida inoculation, and continuous endotoxin. The model consistently demonstrated quantifiable growth of Candida in blood and organs. The registered physiological data supported the development of the sepsis-induced circulatory distress observed in IC patients in the ICU. CONCLUSIONS Our proposed porcine model of IC offers a potential new tool in the research of IC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Krifors
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Centre for Clinical Research Västmanland, Uppsala University, Hospital of Västmanland, Västerås, Sweden.
| | - Anders Lignell
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Swedish Medical Products Agency, 751 03, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Miklós Lipcsey
- Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Hedenstierna Laboratory, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jan Sjölin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Markus Castegren
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Infectious Diseases, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Centre for Clinical Research Sörmland, Uppsala University, Mälarsjukhuset, Eskilstuna, Sweden
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10
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Schmidt A, Paudyal B, Villanueva-Hernández S, Mcnee A, Vatzia E, Carr BV, Schmidt S, Mccarron A, Martini V, Schroedel S, Thirion C, Waters R, Salguero FJ, Gerner W, Tenbusch M, Tchilian E. Effect of mucosal adjuvant IL-1β on heterotypic immunity in a pig influenza model. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1181716. [PMID: 37153548 PMCID: PMC10159270 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1181716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell responses directed against highly conserved viral proteins contribute to the clearance of the influenza virus and confer broadly cross-reactive and protective immune responses against a range of influenza viruses in mice and ferrets. We examined the protective efficacy of mucosal delivery of adenoviral vectors expressing hemagglutinin (HA) and nucleoprotein (NP) from the H1N1 virus against heterologous H3N2 challenge in pigs. We also evaluated the effect of mucosal co-delivery of IL-1β, which significantly increased antibody and T cell responses in inbred Babraham pigs. Another group of outbred pigs was first exposed to pH1N1 as an alternative means of inducing heterosubtypic immunity and were subsequently challenged with H3N2. Although both prior infection and adenoviral vector immunization induced strong T-cell responses against the conserved NP protein, none of the treatment groups demonstrated increased protection against the heterologous H3N2 challenge. Ad-HA/NP+Ad-IL-1β immunization increased lung pathology, although viral load was unchanged. These data indicate that heterotypic immunity may be difficult to achieve in pigs and the immunological mechanisms may differ from those in small animal models. Caution should be applied in extrapolating from a single model to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Schmidt
- Virologisches Institut-Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Basudev Paudyal
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam Mcnee
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Vatzia
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Selma Schmidt
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Mccarron
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Ryan Waters
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Wilhelm Gerner
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Virologisches Institut-Klinische und Molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elma Tchilian
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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11
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Skin-Based Vaccination: A Systematic Mapping Review of the Types of Vaccines and Methods Used and Immunity and Protection Elicited in Pigs. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020450. [PMID: 36851328 PMCID: PMC9962282 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The advantages of skin-based vaccination include induction of strong immunity, dose-sparing, and ease of administration. Several technologies for skin-based immunisation in humans are being developed to maximise these key advantages. This route is more conventionally used in veterinary medicine. Skin-based vaccination of pigs is of high relevance due to their anatomical, physiological, and immunological similarities to humans, as well as being a source of zoonotic diseases and their livestock value. We conducted a systematic mapping review, focusing on vaccine-induced immunity and safety after the skin immunisation of pigs. Veterinary vaccines, specifically anti-viral vaccines, predominated in the literature. The safe and potent skin administration to pigs of adjuvanted vaccines, particularly emulsions, are frequently documented. Multiple methods of skin immunisation exist; however, there is a lack of consistent terminology and accurate descriptions of the route and device. Antibody responses, compared to other immune correlates, are most frequently reported. There is a lack of research on the underlying mechanisms of action and breadth of responses. Nevertheless, encouraging results, both in safety and immunogenicity, were observed after skin vaccination that were often comparable to or superior the intramuscular route. Further research in this area will underlie the development of enhanced skin vaccine strategies for pigs, other animals and humans.
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12
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Vatzia E, Feest K, McNee A, Manjegowda T, Carr BV, Paudyal B, Chrun T, Maze EA, Mccarron A, Morris S, Everett HE, MacLoughlin R, Salguero FJ, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, Tchilian E. Immunization with matrix-, nucleoprotein and neuraminidase protects against H3N2 influenza challenge in pH1N1 pre-exposed pigs. NPJ Vaccines 2023; 8:19. [PMID: 36792640 PMCID: PMC9930017 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-023-00620-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need for influenza vaccines providing broader protection that may decrease the need for annual immunization of the human population. We investigated the efficacy of heterologous prime boost immunization with chimpanzee adenovirus (ChAdOx2) and modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) vectored vaccines, expressing conserved influenza virus nucleoprotein (NP), matrix protein 1 (M1) and neuraminidase (NA) in H1N1pdm09 pre-exposed pigs. We compared the efficacy of intra-nasal, aerosol and intra-muscular vaccine delivery against H3N2 influenza challenge. Aerosol prime boost immunization induced strong local lung T cell and antibody responses and abrogated viral shedding and lung pathology following H3N2 challenge. In contrast, intramuscular immunization induced powerful systemic responses and weak local lung responses but also abolished lung pathology and reduced viral shedding. These results provide valuable insights into the development of a broadly protective influenza vaccine in a highly relevant large animal model and will inform future vaccine and clinical trial design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Vatzia
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Adam McNee
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Amy Mccarron
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Morris
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E Everett
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francisco J Salguero
- United Kingdom Health Security Agency, UKHSA-Porton Down, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, Medical Sciences Division, University of Oxford and Chinese Academy of Medical Science (CAMS) Oxford Institute (COI), University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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13
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Munday RJ, Coradin T, Nimmo R, Lad Y, Hyde SC, Mitrophanos K, Gill DR. Sendai F/HN pseudotyped lentiviral vector transduces human ciliated and non-ciliated airway cells using α 2,3 sialylated receptors. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 26:239-252. [PMID: 35892086 PMCID: PMC9304433 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A lentiviral vector (LV) pseudotype derived from the fusion (F) and hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) glycoproteins of a murine respirovirus (Sendai virus) facilitates efficient targeting of murine lung in vivo. Since targeting of the human lung will depend upon the availability and distribution of receptors used by F/HN, we investigated transduction of primary human airway cells differentiated at the air-liquid interface (ALI). We observed targeting of human basal, ciliated, goblet, and club cells, and using a combination of sialidase enzymes and lectins, we showed that transduction is dependent on the availability of sialylated glycans, including α2,3 sialylated N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc). Transduction via F/HN was 300-fold more efficient than another hemagglutinin-based LV pseudotype derived from influenza fowl plague virus (HA Rostock), despite similar efficiency reported in murine airways in vivo. Using specific glycans to inhibit hemagglutination, we showed this could be due to a greater affinity of F/HN for α2,3 sialylated LacNAc. Overall, these results highlight the importance of identifying the receptors used in animal and cell-culture models to predict performance in the human airways. Given the reported prevalence of α2,3 sialylated LacNAc on human pulmonary cells, these results support the suitability of the F/HN pseudotype for human lung gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosie J Munday
- Gene Medicine Research Group, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital (Level 4), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | | | - Yatish Lad
- Oxford Biomedica (UK) Ltd., Oxford OX4 6LT, UK
| | - Stephen C Hyde
- Gene Medicine Research Group, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital (Level 4), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | | | - Deborah R Gill
- Gene Medicine Research Group, Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital (Level 4), University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
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14
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Cai L, Xu H, Cui Z. Factors Limiting the Translatability of Rodent Model-Based Intranasal Vaccine Research to Humans. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 23:191. [PMID: 35819736 PMCID: PMC9274968 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The intranasal route of vaccination presents an attractive alternative to parenteral routes and offers numerous advantages, such as the induction of both mucosal and systemic immunity, needle-free delivery, and increased patient compliance. Despite demonstrating promising results in preclinical studies, however, few intranasal vaccine candidates progress beyond early clinical trials. This discrepancy likely stems in part from the limited predictive value of rodent models, which are used frequently in intranasal vaccine research. In this review, we explored the factors that limit the translatability of rodent-based intranasal vaccine research to humans, focusing on the differences in anatomy, immunology, and disease pathology between rodents and humans. We also discussed approaches that minimize these differences and examined alternative animal models that would produce more clinically relevant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Cai
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, Texas, 75390, USA
| | - Haiyue Xu
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, 2409 University Ave., A1900, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA
| | - Zhengrong Cui
- The University of Texas at Austin, College of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, 2409 University Ave., A1900, Austin, Texas, 78712, USA.
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15
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Pliasas VC, Menne Z, Aida V, Yin JH, Naskou MC, Neasham PJ, North JF, Wilson D, Horzmann KA, Jacob J, Skountzou I, Kyriakis CS. A Novel Neuraminidase Virus-Like Particle Vaccine Offers Protection Against Heterologous H3N2 Influenza Virus Infection in the Porcine Model. Front Immunol 2022; 13:915364. [PMID: 35874791 PMCID: PMC9300842 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.915364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAVs) pose a global health threat, contributing to hundreds of thousands of deaths and millions of hospitalizations annually. The two major surface glycoproteins of IAVs, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA), are important antigens in eliciting neutralizing antibodies and protection against disease. However, NA is generally ignored in the formulation and development of influenza vaccines. In this study, we evaluate the immunogenicity and efficacy against challenge of a novel NA virus-like particles (VLPs) vaccine in the porcine model. We developed an NA2 VLP vaccine containing the NA protein from A/Perth/16/2009 (H3N2) and the matrix 1 (M1) protein from A/MI/73/2015, formulated with a water-in-oil-in-water adjuvant. Responses to NA2 VLPs were compared to a commercial adjuvanted quadrivalent whole inactivated virus (QWIV) swine IAV vaccine. Animals were prime boost vaccinated 21 days apart and challenged four weeks later with an H3N2 swine IAV field isolate, A/swine/NC/KH1552516/2016. Pigs vaccinated with the commercial QWIV vaccine demonstrated high hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) titers but very weak anti-NA antibody titers and subsequently undetectable NA inhibition (NAI) titers. Conversely, NA2 VLP vaccinated pigs demonstrated undetectable HAI titers but high anti-NA antibody titers and NAI titers. Post-challenge, NA2 VLPs and the commercial QWIV vaccine showed similar reductions in virus replication, pulmonary neutrophilic infiltration, and lung inflammation compared to unvaccinated controls. These data suggest that anti-NA immunity following NA2 VLP vaccination offers comparable protection to QWIV swine IAV vaccines inducing primarily anti-HA responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilis C. Pliasas
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Zach Menne
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Virginia Aida
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ji-Hang Yin
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Maria C. Naskou
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Peter J. Neasham
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - J. Fletcher North
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Dylan Wilson
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Katharine A. Horzmann
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Joshy Jacob
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ioanna Skountzou
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Constantinos S. Kyriakis, ; Ioanna Skountzou,
| | - Constantinos S. Kyriakis
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
- Emory-UGA Center of Excellence for Influenza Research and Surveillance (CEIRS), Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- *Correspondence: Constantinos S. Kyriakis, ; Ioanna Skountzou,
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16
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Froggatt HM, Heaton NS. Nonrespiratory sites of influenza-associated disease: mechanisms and experimental systems for continued study. FEBS J 2022; 289:4038-4060. [PMID: 35060315 PMCID: PMC9300775 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The productive replication of human influenza viruses is almost exclusively restricted to cells in the respiratory tract. However, a key aspect of the host response to viral infection is the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are not similarly tissue restricted. As such, circulating inflammatory mediators, as well as the resulting activated immune cells, can induce damage throughout the body, particularly in individuals with underlying conditions. As a result, more holistic experimental approaches are required to fully understand the pathogenesis and scope of influenza virus-induced disease. This review summarizes what is known about some of the most well-appreciated nonrespiratory tract sites of influenza virus-induced disease, including neurological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, muscular and fetal developmental phenotypes. In the context of this discussion, we describe the in vivo experimental systems currently being used to study nonrespiratory symptoms. Finally, we highlight important future questions and potential models that can be used for a more complete understanding of influenza virus-induced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather M. Froggatt
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicholas S. Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Nicholas S. Heaton, PhD, Assistant Professor, Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (MGM),
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17
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Martini V, Edmans M, Gubbins S, Jayaraman S, Paudyal B, Morgan S, McNee A, Morin T, Rijal P, Gerner W, Sewell AK, Inoue R, Bailey M, Connelley T, Charleston B, Townsend A, Beverley P, Tchilian E. Spatial, temporal and molecular dynamics of swine influenza virus-specific CD8 tissue resident memory T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2022; 15:428-442. [PMID: 35145208 PMCID: PMC9038527 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-021-00478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For the first time we have defined naïve, central memory, effector memory and differentiated effector porcine CD8 T cells and analyzed their distribution in lymphoid and respiratory tissues after influenza infection or immunization, using peptide-MHC tetramers of three influenza nucleoprotein (NP) epitopes. The hierarchy of response to the three epitopes changes during the response in different tissues. Most NP-specific CD8 T cells in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) and lung are tissue resident memory cells (TRM) that express CD69 and downregulate CD45RA and CCR7. NP-specific cells isolated from BAL express genes characteristic of TRM, but gene expression differs at 7, 21 and 63 days post infection. In all tissues the frequency of NP-specific CD8 cells declines over 63 days almost to background levels but is best maintained in BAL. The kinetic of influenza specific memory CD8 T cell in this natural host species differs from that in small animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Martini
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK.
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Théo Morin
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Pramila Rijal
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Ryo Inoue
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Setsunan University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mick Bailey
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, UK
| | | | | | - Alain Townsend
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Peter Beverley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College, London, UK
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18
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Paudyal B, McNee A, Rijal P, Carr BV, Nunez A, McCauley J, Daniels RS, Townsend AR, Hammond JA, Tchilian E. Low Dose Pig Anti-Influenza Virus Monoclonal Antibodies Reduce Lung Pathology but Do Not Prevent Virus Shedding. Front Immunol 2022; 12:790918. [PMID: 34975888 PMCID: PMC8716435 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.790918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
We have established the pig, a large natural host animal for influenza, with many physiological similarities to humans, as a robust model for testing the therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). In this study we demonstrated that prophylactic intravenous administration of 15 mg/kg of porcine mAb pb18, against the K160-163 site of the hemagglutinin, significantly reduced lung pathology and nasal virus shedding and eliminated virus from the lung of pigs following H1N1pdm09 challenge. When given at 1 mg/kg, pb18 significantly reduced lung pathology and lung and BAL virus loads, but not nasal shedding. Similarly, when pb18 was given in combination with pb27, which recognized the K130 site, at 1 mg/kg each, lung virus load and pathology were reduced, although without an apparent additive or synergistic effect. No evidence for mAb driven virus evolution was detected. These data indicate that intravenous administration of high doses was required to reduce nasal virus shedding, although this was inconsistent and seldom complete. In contrast, the effect on lung pathology and lung virus load is consistent and is also seen at a one log lower dose, strongly indicating that a lower dose might be sufficient to reduce severity of disease, but for prevention of transmission other measures would be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basudev Paudyal
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Adam McNee
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Pramila Rijal
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Medical Research and Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - B Veronica Carr
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Nunez
- Department of Pathology and Animal Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - John McCauley
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rodney S Daniels
- Worldwide Influenza Centre, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alain R Townsend
- Centre for Translational Immunology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Oxford Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Medical Research and Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John A Hammond
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Elma Tchilian
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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19
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Starbæk SMR, Andersen MR, Brogaard L, Spinelli A, Rapson V, Glud HA, Larsen LE, Heegaard PMH, Nauwynck H, Skovgaard K. Innate antiviral responses in porcine nasal mucosal explants inoculated with influenza A virus are comparable with responses in respiratory tissues after viral infection. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152192. [PMID: 35255458 PMCID: PMC8863374 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nasal mucosal explant (NEs) cultured at an air–liquid interface mimics in vivo conditions more accurately than monolayer cultures of respiratory cell lines or primary cells cultured in flat-bottom microtiter wells. NEs might be relevant for studies of host-pathogen interactions and antiviral immune responses after infection with respiratory viruses, including influenza and corona viruses. Pigs are natural hosts for swine influenza A virus (IAV) but are also susceptible to IAV from humans, emphasizing the relevance of porcine NEs in the study of IAV infection. Therefore, we performed fundamental characterization and study of innate antiviral responses in porcine NEs using microfluidic high-throughput quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) to generate expression profiles of host genes involved in inflammation, apoptosis, and antiviral immune responses in mock inoculated and IAV infected porcine NEs. Handling and culturing of the explants ex vivo had a significant impact on gene expression compared to freshly harvested tissue. Upregulation (2–43 fold) of genes involved in inflammation, including IL1A and IL6, and apoptosis, including FAS and CASP3, and downregulation of genes involved in viral recognition (MDA5 (IFIH1)), interferon response (IFNA), and response to virus (OAS1, IFIT1, MX1) was observed. However, by comparing time-matched mock and virus infected NEs, transcription of viral pattern recognition receptors (RIG-I (DDX58), MDA5 (IFIH1), TLR3) and type I and III interferons (IFNB1, IL28B (IFNL3)) were upregulated 2–16 fold in IAV-infected NEs. Furthermore, several interferon-stimulated genes including MX1, MX2, OAS, OASL, CXCL10, and ISG15 was observed to increase 2–26 fold in response to IAV inoculation. NE expression levels of key genes involved in antiviral responses including IL28B (IFNL3), CXCL10, and OASL was highly comparable to expression levels found in respiratory tissues including nasal mucosa and lung after infection of pigs with the same influenza virus isolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie M R Starbæk
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Malene Rask Andersen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Louise Brogaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anna Spinelli
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Victoria Rapson
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Helena Aagaard Glud
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lars E Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter M H Heegaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Kerstin Skovgaard
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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20
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Paudyal B, Mwangi W, Rijal P, Schwartz JC, Noble A, Shaw A, Sealy JE, Bonnet-Di Placido M, Graham SP, Townsend A, Hammond JA, Tchilian E. Fc-Mediated Functions of Porcine IgG Subclasses. Front Immunol 2022; 13:903755. [PMID: 35757698 PMCID: PMC9218351 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.903755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pig is an important agricultural species and powerful biomedical model. We have established the pig, a large natural host animal for influenza with many physiological similarities to humans, as a robust model for testing the therapeutic potential of monoclonal antibodies. Antibodies provide protection through neutralization and recruitment of innate effector functions through the Fc domain. However very little is known about the Fc-mediated functions of porcine IgG subclasses. We have generated 8 subclasses of two porcine monoclonal anti influenza hemagglutinin antibodies. We characterized their ability to activate complement, trigger cytotoxicity and phagocytosis by immune cells and assayed their binding to monocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells. We show that IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, IgG2c and IgG4 bind well to targeted cell types and mediate complement mediated cellular cytotoxicity (CDCC), antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and antibody mediated cell phagocytosis (ADCP). IgG5b and IgG5c exhibited weak binding and variable and poor functional activity. Immune complexes of porcine IgG3 did not show any Fc-mediated functions except for binding to monocytes and macrophages and weak binding to NK cells. Interestingly, functionally similar porcine IgG subclasses clustered together in the genome. These novel findings will enhance the utility of the pig model for investigation of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basudev Paudyal
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - William Mwangi
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Pramila Rijal
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John C Schwartz
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair Noble
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Shaw
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua E Sealy
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | | | - Simon P Graham
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Townsend
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - John A Hammond
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Elma Tchilian
- Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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21
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Keep S, Carr BV, Lean FZX, Fones A, Newman J, Dowgier G, Freimanis G, Vatzia E, Polo N, Everest H, Webb I, Mcnee A, Paudyal B, Thakur N, Nunez A, MacLoughlin R, Maier H, Hammond J, Bailey D, Waters R, Charleston B, Tuthill T, Britton P, Bickerton E, Tchilian E. Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus as a Model for Acute Respiratory Coronavirus Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:867707. [PMID: 35418984 PMCID: PMC8995773 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.867707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the light of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic, we have developed a porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) model for in depth mechanistic evaluation of the pathogenesis, virology and immune responses of this important family of viruses. Pigs are a large animal with similar physiology and immunology to humans and are a natural host for PRCV. Four PRCV strains were investigated and shown to induce different degrees of lung pathology. Importantly, although all four strains replicated equally well in porcine cell lines in vitro and in the upper respiratory tract in vivo, PRCV strains causing more severe lung pathology were also able to replicate in ex vivo tracheal organ cultures as well as in vivo in the trachea and lung. The time course of infection of PRCV 135, which caused the most severe pulmonary pathology, was investigated. Virus was shed from the upper respiratory tract until day 10 post infection, with infection of the respiratory mucosa, as well as olfactory and sustentacular cells, providing an excellent model to study upper respiratory tract disease in addition to the commonly known lower respiratory tract disease from PRCV. Infected animals made antibody and T cell responses that cross reacted with the four PRCV strains and Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus. The antibody response was reproduced in vitro in organ cultures. Comparison of mechanisms of infection and immune control in pigs infected with PRCVs of differing pathogenicity with human data from SARS-CoV-2 infection and from our in vitro organ cultures, will enable key events in coronavirus infection and disease pathogenesis to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Fabian Z X Lean
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Albert Fones
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Eleni Vatzia
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Noemi Polo
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Isobel Webb
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Mcnee
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Basu Paudyal
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Nazia Thakur
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Nunez
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Ronan MacLoughlin
- Research and Development, Science and Emerging Technologies, Aerogen, Galway, Ireland
| | - Helena Maier
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - John Hammond
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Dalan Bailey
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Ryan Waters
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | - Toby Tuthill
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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22
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Vatzia E, Allen ER, Manjegowda T, Morris S, McNee A, Martini V, Kaliath R, Ulaszewska M, Boyd A, Paudyal B, Carr VB, Chrun T, Maze E, MacLoughlin R, van Diemen PM, Everett HE, Lambe T, Gilbert SC, Tchilian E. Respiratory and Intramuscular Immunization With ChAdOx2-NPM1-NA Induces Distinct Immune Responses in H1N1pdm09 Pre-Exposed Pigs. Front Immunol 2021; 12:763912. [PMID: 34804053 PMCID: PMC8595216 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.763912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a critical need to develop superior influenza vaccines that provide broader protection. Influenza vaccines are traditionally tested in naive animals, although humans are exposed to influenza in the first years of their lives, but the impact of prior influenza exposure on vaccine immune responses has not been well studied. Pigs are an important natural host for influenza, are a source of pandemic viruses, and are an excellent model for human influenza. Here, we investigated the immunogenicity of the ChAdOx2 viral vectored vaccine, expressing influenza nucleoprotein, matrix protein 1, and neuraminidase in H1N1pdm09 pre-exposed pigs. We evaluated the importance of the route of administration by comparing intranasal, aerosol, and intramuscular immunizations. Aerosol delivery boosted the local lung T-cell and antibody responses, while intramuscular immunization boosted peripheral blood immunity. These results will inform how best to deliver vaccines in order to harness optimal protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Vatzia
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth R Allen
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tanuja Manjegowda
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Morris
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Adam McNee
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Martini
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Reshma Kaliath
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Ulaszewska
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Boyd
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Basudev Paudyal
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica B Carr
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Tiphany Chrun
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Emmanuel Maze
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Helen E Everett
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA)-Weybridge, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Lambe
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Elma Tchilian
- Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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23
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Gierse LC, Meene A, Schultz D, Schwaiger T, Schröder C, Mücke P, Zühlke D, Hinzke T, Wang H, Methling K, Kreikemeyer B, Bernhardt J, Becher D, Mettenleiter TC, Lalk M, Urich T, Riedel K. Influenza A H1N1 Induced Disturbance of the Respiratory and Fecal Microbiome of German Landrace Pigs - a Multi-Omics Characterization. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0018221. [PMID: 34612695 PMCID: PMC8510242 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00182-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza outbreaks represent a large burden for the health care system as well as the economy. While the role of the microbiome has been elucidated in the context of various diseases, the impact of respiratory viral infections on the human microbiome is largely unknown. In this study, swine was used as an animal model to characterize the temporal dynamics of the respiratory and gastrointestinal microbiome in response to an influenza A virus (IAV) infection. A multi-omics approach was applied on fecal samples to identify alterations in microbiome composition and function during IAV infection. We observed significantly altered microbial richness and diversity in the gastrointestinal microbiome after IAV infection. In particular, increased abundances of Prevotellaceae were detected, while Clostridiaceae and Lachnospiraceae decreased. Moreover, our metaproteomics data indicated that the functional composition of the microbiome was heavily affected by the influenza infection. For instance, we identified decreased amounts of flagellin, correlating with reduced abundances of Lachnospiraceae and Clostridiaceae, possibly indicating involvement of a direct immune response toward flagellated Clostridia during IAV infection. Furthermore, enzymes involved in short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) synthesis were identified in higher abundances, while metabolome analyses revealed rather stable concentrations of SCFAs. In addition, 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to characterize effects on the composition and natural development of the upper respiratory tract microbiome. Our results showed that IAV infection resulted in significant changes in the abundance of Moraxellaceae and Pasteurellaceae in the upper respiratory tract. Surprisingly, temporal development of the respiratory microbiome structure was not affected. IMPORTANCE Here, we used swine as a biomedical model to elucidate the impact of influenza A H1N1 infection on structure and function of the respiratory and gastrointestinal tract microbiome by employing a multi-omics analytical approach. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the temporal development of the porcine microbiome and to provide insights into the functional capacity of the gastrointestinal microbiome during influenza A virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Meene
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniel Schultz
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Theresa Schwaiger
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Charlotte Schröder
- Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pierre Mücke
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Daniela Zühlke
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tjorven Hinzke
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Marine Biotechnology e.V., Greifswald, Germany
| | - Haitao Wang
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Karen Methling
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Bernd Kreikemeyer
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Centre, Rostock, Germany
| | - Jörg Bernhardt
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Dörte Becher
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Michael Lalk
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tim Urich
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Katharina Riedel
- Institute of Microbiology, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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24
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Machuka EM, Muigai AWT, Amimo JO, Domelevo Entfellner JB, Lekolool I, Abworo EO, Pelle R. Comparative Analysis of SLA-1, SLA-2, and DQB1 Genetic Diversity in Locally-Adapted Kenyan Pigs and Their Wild Relatives, Warthogs. Vet Sci 2021; 8:180. [PMID: 34564574 PMCID: PMC8473215 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8090180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine leukocyte antigen (SLA) plays a central role in controlling the immune response by discriminating self and foreign antigens and initiating an immune response. Studies on SLA polymorphism have demonstrated associations between SLA allelic variants, immune response, and disease resistance. The SLA polymorphism is due to host-pathogen co-evolution resulting in improved adaptation to diverse environments making SLA a crucial genomic region for comparative diversity studies. Although locally-adapted African pigs have small body sizes, they possess increased resilience under harsh environmental conditions and robust immune systems with reported tolerance to some diseases, including African swine fever. However, data on the SLA diversity in these pigs are not available. We characterized the SLA of unrelated locally-adapted domestic pigs from Homa Bay, Kenya, alongside exotic pigs and warthogs. We undertook SLA comparative diversity of the functionally expressed SLA class I (SLA-1, SLA-2) and II (DQB1) repertoires in these three suids using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) sequence-based typing (SBT) method. Our data revealed higher genetic diversity in the locally-adapted pigs and warthogs compared to the exotic pigs. The nucleotide substitution rates were higher in the peptide-binding regions of the SLA-1, SLA-2, and DQB1 loci, indicative of adaptive evolution. We obtained high allele frequencies in the three SLA loci, including some breed-specific private alleles, which could guide breeders to increase their frequency through selection if confirmed to be associated with enhanced resilience. Our study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on genetic diversity in free-ranging animal populations in their natural environment, availing the first DQB1 gene data from locally-adapted Kenyan pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice Magoma Machuka
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi P.O. Box 30709-00100, Kenya;
- Institute for Basic Sciences Technology and Innovation (PAUSTI), Pan African University, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya
| | - Anne W. Thairu Muigai
- Botany Department, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi P.O. Box 62000-00200, Kenya;
| | - Joshua Oluoch Amimo
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, 1680 Madison Avenue, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA;
| | - Jean-Baka Domelevo Entfellner
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi P.O. Box 30709-00100, Kenya;
| | - Isaac Lekolool
- Kenya Wildlife Services, Nairobi P.O. Box 40241-00100, Kenya;
| | - Edward Okoth Abworo
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Nairobi P.O. Box 30709-00100, Kenya;
| | - Roger Pelle
- Biosciences Eastern and Central Africa, International Livestock Research Institute (BecA-ILRI) Hub, Nairobi P.O. Box 30709-00100, Kenya;
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25
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Animal Models Utilized for the Development of Influenza Virus Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070787. [PMID: 34358203 PMCID: PMC8310120 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have been an important tool for the development of influenza virus vaccines since the 1940s. Over the past 80 years, influenza virus vaccines have evolved into more complex formulations, including trivalent and quadrivalent inactivated vaccines, live-attenuated vaccines, and subunit vaccines. However, annual effectiveness data shows that current vaccines have varying levels of protection that range between 40–60% and must be reformulated every few years to combat antigenic drift. To address these issues, novel influenza virus vaccines are currently in development. These vaccines rely heavily on animal models to determine efficacy and immunogenicity. In this review, we describe seasonal and novel influenza virus vaccines and highlight important animal models used to develop them.
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26
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Bakre AA, Jones LP, Murray J, Reneer ZB, Meliopoulos VA, Cherry S, Schultz-Cherry S, Tripp RA. Innate Antiviral Cytokine Response to Swine Influenza Virus by Swine Respiratory Epithelial Cells. J Virol 2021; 95:e0069221. [PMID: 33980596 PMCID: PMC8274599 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00692-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine influenza virus (SIV) can cause respiratory illness in swine. Swine contribute to influenza virus reassortment, as avian, human, and/or swine influenza viruses can infect swine and reassort, and new viruses can emerge. Thus, it is important to determine the host antiviral responses that affect SIV replication. In this study, we examined the innate antiviral cytokine response to SIV by swine respiratory epithelial cells, focusing on the expression of interferon (IFN) and interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Both primary and transformed swine nasal and tracheal respiratory epithelial cells were examined following infection with field isolates. The results show that IFN and ISG expression is maximal at 12 h postinfection (hpi) and is dependent on cell type and virus genotype. IMPORTANCE Swine are considered intermediate hosts that have facilitated influenza virus reassortment events that have given rise pandemics or genetically related viruses have become established in swine. In this study, we examine the innate antiviral response to swine influenza virus in primary and immortalized swine nasal and tracheal epithelial cells, and show virus strain- and host cell type-dependent differential expression of key interferons and interferon-stimulated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijeet A. Bakre
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Les P. Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Z. Beau Reneer
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Sean Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis Tennessee
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis Tennessee
| | - Ralph A. Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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27
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Immune Responses to Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Infection in Pigs Vaccinated with a Conserved Hemagglutinin HA1 Peptide Adjuvanted with CAF ®01 or CDA/αGalCerMPEG. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9070751. [PMID: 34358167 PMCID: PMC8310093 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9070751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the immune response and protection correlates against influenza virus (IV) infection in pigs vaccinated with the novel NG34 HA1 vaccine candidate adjuvanted with either CAF®01 or CDA/αGalCerMPEG (αGCM). Two groups of six pigs each were vaccinated intramuscularly twice with either NG34 + CAF®01 or NG34 + CDA/αGCM. As controls, groups of animals (n = 6 or 4) either non-vaccinated or vaccinated with human seasonal trivalent influenza vaccine or NG34 + Freund’s adjuvant were included in the study. All animal groups were challenged with the 2009 pandemic (pdm09) strain of H1N1 (total amount of 7 × 106 TCID50/mL) via intranasal and endotracheal routes 21 days after second vaccination. Reduced consolidated lung lesions were observed both on days three and seven post-challenge in the animals vaccinated with NG34 + CAF®01, whereas higher variability with relatively more severe lesions in pigs of the NG34 + CDA/αGCM group on day three post-infection. Among groups, animals vaccinated with NG34 + CDA/αGCM showed higher viral loads in the lung at seven days post infection whereas animals from NG34 + CAF®01 completely abolished virus from the lower respiratory tract. Similarly, higher IFNγ secretion and stronger IgG responses against the NG34 peptide in sera was observed in animals from the NG34 + CAF®01 group as compared to the NG34 + CDA/αGCM. NG34-vaccinated pigs with adjuvanted CAF®01 or CDA/αGCM combinations resulted in different immune responses as well as outcomes in pathology and viral shedding.
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28
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Peng JY, Shin DL, Li G, Wu NH, Herrler G. Time-dependent viral interference between influenza virus and coronavirus in the infection of differentiated porcine airway epithelial cells. Virulence 2021; 12:1111-1121. [PMID: 34034617 PMCID: PMC8162253 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1911148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronaviruses and influenza viruses are circulating in humans and animals all over the world. Co-infection with these two viruses may aggravate clinical signs. However, the molecular mechanisms of co-infections by these two viruses are incompletely understood. In this study, we applied air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of well-differentiated porcine tracheal epithelial cells (PTECs) to analyze the co-infection by a swine influenza virus (SIV, H3N2 subtype) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV) at different time intervals. Our results revealed that in short-term intervals, prior infection by influenza virus caused complete inhibition of coronavirus infection, while in long-term intervals, some coronavirus replication was detectable. The influenza virus infection resulted in (i) an upregulation of porcine aminopeptidase N, the cellular receptor for PRCoV and (ii) in the induction of an innate immune response which was responsible for the inhibition of PRCoV replication. By contrast, prior infection by coronavirus only caused a slight inhibition of influenza virus replication. Taken together, the timing and the order of virus infection are important determinants in co-infections. This study is the first to show the impact of SIV and PRCoV co- and super-infection on the cellular level. Our results have implications also for human viruses, including potential co-infections by SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Yi Peng
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dai-Lun Shin
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Guangxing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, China
| | - Nai-Huei Wu
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Georg Herrler
- Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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29
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Nguyen TQ, Rollon R, Choi YK. Animal Models for Influenza Research: Strengths and Weaknesses. Viruses 2021; 13:1011. [PMID: 34071367 PMCID: PMC8228315 DOI: 10.3390/v13061011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza remains one of the most significant public health threats due to its ability to cause high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although understanding of influenza viruses has greatly increased in recent years, shortcomings remain. Additionally, the continuous mutation of influenza viruses through genetic reassortment and selection of variants that escape host immune responses can render current influenza vaccines ineffective at controlling seasonal epidemics and potential pandemics. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in the understanding of influenza viruses and a corresponding need to develop novel universal vaccines and therapeutic treatments. Investigation of viral pathogenesis, transmission mechanisms, and efficacy of influenza vaccine candidates requires animal models that can recapitulate the disease. Furthermore, the choice of animal model for each research question is crucial in order for researchers to acquire a better knowledge of influenza viruses. Herein, we reviewed the advantages and limitations of each animal model-including mice, ferrets, guinea pigs, swine, felines, canines, and non-human primates-for elucidating influenza viral pathogenesis and transmission and for evaluating therapeutic agents and vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi-Quyen Nguyen
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (T.-Q.N.); (R.R.)
| | - Rare Rollon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (T.-Q.N.); (R.R.)
| | - Young-Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea; (T.-Q.N.); (R.R.)
- Zoonotic Infectious Diseases Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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30
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Spruit CM, Nemanichvili N, Okamatsu M, Takematsu H, Boons GJ, de Vries RP. N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid in Animal Models for Human Influenza A Virus. Viruses 2021; 13:815. [PMID: 34062844 PMCID: PMC8147317 DOI: 10.3390/v13050815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The first step in influenza virus infection is the binding of hemagglutinin to sialic acid-containing glycans present on the cell surface. Over 50 different sialic acid modifications are known, of which N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) and N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) are the two main species. Animal models with α2,6 linked Neu5Ac in the upper respiratory tract, similar to humans, are preferred to enable and mimic infection with unadapted human influenza A viruses. Animal models that are currently most often used to study human influenza are mice and ferrets. Additionally, guinea pigs, cotton rats, Syrian hamsters, tree shrews, domestic swine, and non-human primates (macaques and marmosets) are discussed. The presence of NeuGc and the distribution of sialic acid linkages in the most commonly used models is summarized and experimentally determined. We also evaluated the role of Neu5Gc in infection using Neu5Gc binding viruses and cytidine monophosphate-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH)-/- knockout mice, which lack Neu5Gc and concluded that Neu5Gc is unlikely to be a decoy receptor. This article provides a base for choosing an appropriate animal model. Although mice are one of the most favored models, they are hardly naturally susceptible to infection with human influenza viruses, possibly because they express mainly α2,3 linked sialic acids with both Neu5Ac and Neu5Gc modifications. We suggest using ferrets, which resemble humans closely in the sialic acid content, both in the linkages and the lack of Neu5Gc, lung organization, susceptibility, and disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy M. Spruit
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
| | - Nikoloz Nemanichvili
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0818, Hokkaido, Japan;
| | - Hiromu Takematsu
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Faculty of Medical Technology, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Fujita Health University, 1-98 Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake 470-1192, Aichi, Japan;
| | - Geert-Jan Boons
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Robert P. de Vries
- Department of Chemical Biology & Drug Discovery, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; (C.M.S.); (G.-J.B.)
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31
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Bertho N, Meurens F. The pig as a medical model for acquired respiratory diseases and dysfunctions: An immunological perspective. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:254-267. [PMID: 33933817 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
By definition no model is perfect, and this also holds for biology and health sciences. In medicine, murine models are, and will be indispensable for long, thanks to their reasonable cost and huge choice of transgenic strains and molecular tools. On the other side, non-human primates remain the best animal models although their use is limited because of financial and obvious ethical reasons. In the field of respiratory diseases, specific clinical models such as sheep and cotton rat for bronchiolitis, or ferret and Syrian hamster for influenza and Covid-19, have been successfully developed, however, in these species, the toolbox for biological analysis remains scarce. In this view the porcine medical model is appearing as the third, intermediate, choice, between murine and primate. Herein we would like to present the pros and cons of pig as a model for acquired respiratory conditions, through an immunological point of view. Indeed, important progresses have been made in pig immunology during the last decade that allowed the precise description of immune molecules and cell phenotypes and functions. These progresses might allow the use of pig as clinical model of human respiratory diseases but also as a species of interest to perform basic research explorations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - François Meurens
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon S7N5E3, Canada
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32
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Russell CJ. Hemagglutinin Stability and Its Impact on Influenza A Virus Infectivity, Pathogenicity, and Transmissibility in Avians, Mice, Swine, Seals, Ferrets, and Humans. Viruses 2021; 13:746. [PMID: 33923198 PMCID: PMC8145662 DOI: 10.3390/v13050746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetically diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) circulate in wild aquatic birds. From this reservoir, IAVs sporadically cause outbreaks, epidemics, and pandemics in wild and domestic avians, wild land and sea mammals, horses, canines, felines, swine, humans, and other species. One molecular trait shown to modulate IAV host range is the stability of the hemagglutinin (HA) surface glycoprotein. The HA protein is the major antigen and during virus entry, this trimeric envelope glycoprotein binds sialic acid-containing receptors before being triggered by endosomal low pH to undergo irreversible structural changes that cause membrane fusion. The HA proteins from different IAV isolates can vary in the pH at which HA protein structural changes are triggered, the protein causes membrane fusion, or outside the cell the virion becomes inactivated. HA activation pH values generally range from pH 4.8 to 6.2. Human-adapted HA proteins tend to have relatively stable HA proteins activated at pH 5.5 or below. Here, studies are reviewed that report HA stability values and investigate the biological impact of variations in HA stability on replication, pathogenicity, and transmissibility in experimental animal models. Overall, a stabilized HA protein appears to be necessary for human pandemic potential and should be considered when assessing human pandemic risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Russell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 262 Danny Thomas Place, Memphis, TN 38105-3678, USA
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33
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Käser T. Swine as biomedical animal model for T-cell research-Success and potential for transmittable and non-transmittable human diseases. Mol Immunol 2021; 135:95-115. [PMID: 33873098 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Swine is biologically one of the most relevant large animal models for biomedical research. With its use as food animal that can be exploited as a free cell and tissue source for research and its high susceptibility to human diseases, swine additionally represent an excellent option for both the 3R principle and One Health research. One of the previously most limiting factors of the pig model was its arguably limited immunological toolbox. Yet, in the last decade, this toolbox has vastly improved including the ability to study porcine T-cells. This review summarizes the swine model for biomedical research with focus on T cells. It first contrasts the swine model to the more commonly used mouse and non-human primate model before describing the current capabilities to characterize and extend our knowledge on porcine T cells. Thereafter, it not only reflects on previous biomedical T-cell research but also extends into areas in which more in-depth T-cell analyses could strongly benefit biomedical research. While the former should inform on the successes of biomedical T-cell research in swine, the latter shall inspire swine T-cell researchers to find collaborations with researchers working in other areas - such as nutrition, allergy, cancer, transplantation, infectious diseases, or vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Käser
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, 27607 Raleigh, NC, USA.
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34
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Ashar HK, Pulavendran S, Rudd JM, Maram P, Achanta M, Chow VTK, Malayer JR, Snider TA, Teluguakula N. Administration of a CXC Chemokine Receptor 2 (CXCR2) Antagonist, SCH527123, Together with Oseltamivir Suppresses NETosis and Protects Mice from Lethal Influenza and Piglets from Swine-Influenza Infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:669-685. [PMID: 33453177 PMCID: PMC8027923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Excessive neutrophil influx, their released neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), and extracellular histones are associated with disease severity in influenza-infected patients. Neutrophil chemokine receptor CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) is a critical target for suppressing neutrophilic inflammation. Herein, temporal dynamics of neutrophil activity and NETosis were investigated to determine the optimal timing of treatment with the CXCR2 antagonist, SCH527123 (2-hydroxy-N,N-dimethyl-3-[2-([(R)-1-(5-methyl-furan-2-yl)-propyl]amino)-3,4-dioxo-cyclobut-1-enylamino]-benzamide), and its efficacy together with antiviral agent, oseltamivir, was tested in murine and piglet influenza-pneumonia models. SCH527123 plus oseltamivir markedly improved survival of mice infected with lethal influenza, and diminished lung pathology in swine-influenza-infected piglets. Mechanistically, addition of SCH527123 in the combination treatment attenuated neutrophil influx, NETosis, in both mice and piglets. Furthermore, neutrophils isolated from influenza-infected mice showed greater susceptibility to NETotic death when stimulated with a CXCR2 ligand, IL-8. In addition, CXCR2 stimulation induced nuclear translocation of neutrophil elastase, and enhanced citrullination of histones that triggers chromatin decondensation during NET formation. Studies on temporal dynamics of neutrophils and NETs during influenza thus provide important insights into the optimal timing of CXCR2 antagonist treatment for attenuating neutrophil-mediated lung pathology. These findings reveal that pharmacologic treatment with CXCR2 antagonist together with an antiviral agent could significantly ameliorate morbidity and mortality in virulent and sublethal influenza infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshini K Ashar
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Sivasami Pulavendran
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Jennifer M Rudd
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Prasanthi Maram
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Mallika Achanta
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Vincent T K Chow
- National University Health System Infectious Diseases Translational Research Program, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerry R Malayer
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
| | - Timothy A Snider
- Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, Oklahoma
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35
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Santana CM, Gauger P, Vetger A, Magstadt D, Kim DS, Shrestha D, Charavaryamath C, Rumbeiha WK. Ambient hydrogen sulfide exposure increases the severity of influenza A virus infection in swine. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL & OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH 2021; 76:526-538. [PMID: 33750267 DOI: 10.1080/19338244.2021.1896986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is common in concentrated pig feed operations from the decomposition of manure. Ambient H2S is a respiratory tract irritant and an environmental stressor for caretakers and pigs. Influenza A virus (IAV), a zoonotic pathogen, has caused prior pandemics. The effects of H2S or IAV alone on the respiratory system have been investigated, but their interaction has not. We hypothesized that exposure to environmentally-relevant H2S concentrations increases the pathogenicity of IAV infection in swine. Thirty-five, three-week old pigs of mixed sex were exposed to breathing air or H2S via inhalation 6 hours daily for 12 days. After 7 days, pigs were inoculated with H3N2 IAV (or a placebo). Results showed that ambient H2S increased the severity of respiratory distress and lung pathology. H2S also suppressed IL-IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 cytokine response in BALF and increased viral loads and nasal shedding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M Santana
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Phillip Gauger
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Amber Vetger
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Drew Magstadt
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Dong-Suk Kim
- Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Denusha Shrestha
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Wilson K Rumbeiha
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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36
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Harman RM, Marx C, Van de Walle GR. Translational Animal Models Provide Insight Into Mesenchymal Stromal Cell (MSC) Secretome Therapy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654885. [PMID: 33869217 PMCID: PMC8044970 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The therapeutic potential of the mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) secretome, consisting of all molecules secreted by MSCs, is intensively studied. MSCs can be readily isolated, expanded, and manipulated in culture, and few people argue with the ethics of their collection. Despite promising pre-clinical studies, most MSC secretome-based therapies have not been implemented in human medicine, in part because the complexity of bioactive factors secreted by MSCs is not completely understood. In addition, the MSC secretome is variable, influenced by individual donor, tissue source of origin, culture conditions, and passage. An increased understanding of the factors that make up the secretome and the ability to manipulate MSCs to consistently secrete factors of biologic importance will improve MSC therapy. To aid in this goal, we can draw from the wealth of information available on secreted factors from MSC isolated from veterinary species. These translational animal models will inspire efforts to move human MSC secretome therapy from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gerlinde R. Van de Walle
- Baker Institute for Animal Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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37
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Protective porcine influenza virus-specific monoclonal antibodies recognize similar haemagglutinin epitopes as humans. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009330. [PMID: 33662023 PMCID: PMC7932163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pigs are natural hosts for the same subtypes of influenza A viruses as humans and integrally involved in virus evolution with frequent interspecies transmissions in both directions. The emergence of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus illustrates the importance of pigs in evolution of zoonotic strains. Here we generated pig influenza-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) from H1N1pdm09 infected pigs. The mAbs recognized the same two major immunodominant haemagglutinin (HA) epitopes targeted by humans, one of which is not recognized by post-infection ferret antisera that are commonly used to monitor virus evolution. Neutralizing activity of the pig mAbs was comparable to that of potent human anti-HA mAbs. Further, prophylactic administration of a selected porcine mAb to pigs abolished lung viral load and greatly reduced lung pathology but did not eliminate nasal shedding of virus after H1N1pdm09 challenge. Hence mAbs from pigs, which target HA can significantly reduce disease severity. These results, together with the comparable sizes of pigs and humans, indicate that the pig is a valuable model for understanding how best to apply mAbs as therapy in humans and for monitoring antigenic drift of influenza viruses in humans, thereby providing information highly relevant to making influenza vaccine recommendations. Antibodies (Ab) are increasingly used to treat human infectious diseases. Pigs are large animals, natural hosts for influenza viruses and very similar to humans. We generated monoclonal Abs from influenza infected pigs and show that they recognize the same sites of the virus as humans. One of these sites was not recognized by ferret anti-sera, which are commonly used to predict the evolution of the virus and inform vaccine design. We also show that prophylactic administration of one of these mAb to pigs abolished lung viral load and prevented lung damage following infection with influenza. We conclude that the pig is a useful model to test how best to use Abs for therapy and to inform vaccine recommendations for humans.
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38
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Bullard BL, Corder BN, DeBeauchamp J, Rubrum A, Korber B, Webby RJ, Weaver EA. Epigraph hemagglutinin vaccine induces broad cross-reactive immunity against swine H3 influenza virus. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1203. [PMID: 33619277 PMCID: PMC7900167 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21508-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus infection in swine impacts the agricultural industry in addition to its zoonotic potential. Here, we utilize epigraph, a computational algorithm, to design a universal swine H3 influenza vaccine. The epigraph hemagglutinin proteins are delivered using an Adenovirus type 5 vector and are compared to a wild type hemagglutinin and the commercial inactivated vaccine, FluSure. In mice, epigraph vaccination leads to significant cross-reactive antibody and T-cell responses against a diverse panel of swH3 isolates. Epigraph vaccination also reduces weight loss and lung viral titers in mice after challenge with three divergent swH3 viruses. Vaccination studies in swine, the target species for this vaccine, show stronger levels of cross-reactive antibodies and T-cell responses after immunization with the epigraph vaccine compared to the wild type and FluSure vaccines. In both murine and swine models, epigraph vaccination shows superior cross-reactive immunity that should be further investigated as a universal swH3 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna L Bullard
- School of Biological Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Brigette N Corder
- School of Biological Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Adam Rubrum
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Bette Korber
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | | | - Eric A Weaver
- School of Biological Sciences, Nebraska Center for Virology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, USA.
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39
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Edmans M, McNee A, Porter E, Vatzia E, Paudyal B, Martini V, Gubbins S, Francis O, Harley R, Thomas A, Burt R, Morgan S, Fuller A, Sewell A, Charleston B, Bailey M, Tchilian E. Magnitude and Kinetics of T Cell and Antibody Responses During H1N1pdm09 Infection in Inbred Babraham Pigs and Outbred Pigs. Front Immunol 2021; 11:604913. [PMID: 33603740 PMCID: PMC7884753 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.604913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used the pig, a large natural host animal for influenza with many physiological similarities to humans, to characterize αβ, γδ T cell and antibody (Ab) immune responses to the 2009 pandemic H1N1 virus infection. We evaluated the kinetic of virus infection and associated response in inbred Babraham pigs with identical MHC (Swine Leucocyte Antigen) and compared them to commercial outbred animals. High level of nasal virus shedding continued up to days 4 to 5 post infection followed by a steep decline and clearance of virus by day 9. Adaptive T cell and Ab responses were detectable from days 5 to 6 post infection reaching a peak at 9 to 14 days. γδ T cells produced cytokines ex vivo at day 2 post infection, while virus reactive IFNγ producing γδ T cells were detected from day 7 post infection. Analysis of NP tetramer specific and virus specific CD8 and CD4 T cells in blood, lung, lung draining lymph nodes, and broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) showed clear differences in cytokine production between these tissues. BAL contained the most highly activated CD8, CD4, and γδ T cells producing large amounts of cytokines, which likely contribute to elimination of virus. The weak response in blood did not reflect the powerful local lung immune responses. The immune response in the Babraham pig following H1N1pdm09 influenza infection was comparable to that of outbred animals. The ability to utilize these two swine models together will provide unparalleled power to analyze immune responses to influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Edmans
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Adam McNee
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Porter
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Vatzia
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Basu Paudyal
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Veronica Martini
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Gubbins
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Ore Francis
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Ross Harley
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Thomas
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Burt
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Morgan
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Fuller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Bryan Charleston
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
| | - Mick Bailey
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Langford, United Kingdom
| | - Elma Tchilian
- The Pirbright Institute, Enhanced Host Responses, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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40
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Martini V, Paudyal B, Chrun T, McNee A, Edmans M, Atangana Maze E, Clark B, Nunez A, Dolton G, Sewell A, Beverley P, MacLoughlin R, Townsend A, Tchilian E. Simultaneous Aerosol and Intramuscular Immunization with Influenza Vaccine Induces Powerful Protective Local T Cell and Systemic Antibody Immune Responses in Pigs. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2021; 206:652-663. [PMID: 33328212 PMCID: PMC7812058 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A vaccine providing both powerful Ab and cross-reactive T cell immune responses against influenza viruses would be beneficial for both humans and pigs. In this study, we evaluated i.m., aerosol (Aer), and simultaneous systemic and respiratory immunization (SIM) by both routes in Babraham pigs, using the single cycle candidate influenza vaccine S-FLU. After prime and boost immunization, pigs were challenged with H1N1pdm09 virus. i.m.-immunized pigs generated a high titer of neutralizing Abs but poor T cell responses, whereas Aer induced powerful respiratory tract T cell responses but a low titer of Abs. SIM pigs combined high Ab titers and strong local T cell responses. SIM showed the most complete suppression of virus shedding and the greatest improvement in pathology. We conclude that SIM regimes for immunization against respiratory pathogens warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Martini
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom; .,Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Basu Paudyal
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Tiphany Chrun
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Adam McNee
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Edmans
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Beckie Clark
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Alejandro Nunez
- UK Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Beverley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; and
| | | | - Alain Townsend
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Elma Tchilian
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom;
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41
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Gu W, Madrid DMD, Yang G, Artiaga BL, Loeb JC, Castleman WL, Richt JA, Lednicky JA, Driver JP. Unaltered influenza disease outcomes in swine prophylactically treated with α-galactosylceramide. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103843. [PMID: 32871161 PMCID: PMC8119227 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Influenza A viruses (IAV) are a major cause of respiratory diseases in pigs. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are an innate-like T cell subset that contribute significantly to IAV resistance in mice. In the current work, we explored whether expanding and activating iNKT cells with the iNKT cell superagonist α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) would change the course of an IAV infection in pigs. In one study, α-GalCer was administered to pigs intramuscularly (i.m.) 9 days before infection, which systemically expanded iNKT cells. In another study, α-GalCer was administered intranasally (i.n.) 2 days before virus infection to activate mucosal iNKT cells. Despite a synergistic increase in iNKT cells when α-GalCer i.m. treated pigs were infected with IAV, neither approach reduced disease signs, lung pathology, or virus replication. Our results indicate that prophylactic use of iNKT cell agonists to prevent IAV infection is ineffective in pigs. This is significant because this type of approach has been considered for humans whose iNKT cell levels and IAV infections are more similar to those of pigs than mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihong Gu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Guan Yang
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Bianca L Artiaga
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Julia C Loeb
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | - Jürgen A Richt
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology and Center of Excellence for Emerging and Zoonotic Animal Diseases (CEEZAD), College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - John A Lednicky
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Department of Environmental and Global Health, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John P Driver
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Ayuso M, Buyssens L, Stroe M, Valenzuela A, Allegaert K, Smits A, Annaert P, Mulder A, Carpentier S, Van Ginneken C, Van Cruchten S. The Neonatal and Juvenile Pig in Pediatric Drug Discovery and Development. Pharmaceutics 2020; 13:44. [PMID: 33396805 PMCID: PMC7823749 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmacotherapy in pediatric patients is challenging in view of the maturation of organ systems and processes that affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Especially for the youngest age groups and for pediatric-only indications, neonatal and juvenile animal models can be useful to assess drug safety and to better understand the mechanisms of diseases or conditions. In this respect, the use of neonatal and juvenile pigs in the field of pediatric drug discovery and development is promising, although still limited at this point. This review summarizes the comparative postnatal development of pigs and humans and discusses the advantages of the juvenile pig in view of developmental pharmacology, pediatric diseases, drug discovery and drug safety testing. Furthermore, limitations and unexplored aspects of this large animal model are covered. At this point in time, the potential of the neonatal and juvenile pig as nonclinical safety models for pediatric drug development is underexplored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ayuso
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Laura Buyssens
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Marina Stroe
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Allan Valenzuela
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Karel Allegaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.A.); (P.A.)
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Smits
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University Hospitals UZ Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; (K.A.); (P.A.)
| | - Antonius Mulder
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium;
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | | | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (L.B.); (M.S.); (A.V.); (C.V.G.)
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43
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Rymut HE, Bolt CR, Caputo MP, Houser AK, Antonson AM, Zimmerman JD, Villamil MB, Southey BR, Rund LA, Johnson RW, Rodriguez-Zas SL. Long-Lasting Impact of Maternal Immune Activation and Interaction With a Second Immune Challenge on Pig Behavior. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:561151. [PMID: 33330688 PMCID: PMC7732429 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.561151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The combined effects on pig behavior of maternal immune challenge during gestation followed by a second immune challenge later in life have not been studied. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection during gestation can elicit maternal immune activation (MIA) yet the interactions with the offspring response to a second immune challenge after birth remains unexplored. Knowledge on the response to viral challenges in rodents has been gained through the use of the viral mimetic polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (Poly(I:C)), yet the effects of this immune stimulant on pig behavior have not been assessed. This study advances the understanding of the combined effect of MIA and a second immune challenge later in life on female and male pig behavior. Three complementary experiments enabled the development of an effective Poly(I:C) challenge in pigs, and testing the interaction between PRRSV-elicited MIA, Poly(I:C) challenge at 60 days of age, and sex on behaviors. Individual-level observations on sickness, locomotor, and social behaviors were measured 1-3 h after Poly(I:C) challenge. Vomiting, panting, lethargy, walking, laying, playing, and touching behaviors were analyzed using generalized linear mixed effect models. Results indicated that a Poly(I:C) dose of 1 mg/kg within 1 h after injection increased the incidence of laying and sickness behavior. The Poly(I:C) challenge decreased the incidence of locomotor behaviors and activity levels. Pigs exposed to MIA had lower rates of social behaviors such as playing. The combined effect of PRRSV-elicited MIA and Poly(I:C) immune challenge further sensitized the pigs to behavior disruption across sexes including changes in sternal and lateral laying, walking, lethargy, and touching incidence. Notably, the effects of Poly(I:C) immune challenge alone on behaviors tended to be more extreme in males, whereas the effects of Poly(I:C) following MIA tended to be more extreme in females. Our findings demonstrate that MIA and Poly(I:C) affected behaviors, and the viral mimetic effects shortly after injection can offer insights into the prolonged effect of postnatal viral infections on feeding, social interactions and health status. Management practices that reduce the likelihood of gestational diseases and accommodate for behavioral disruptions in the offspring can minimize the impact of MIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley E Rymut
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Courtni R Bolt
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Megan P Caputo
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Alexandra K Houser
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Adrienne M Antonson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Jalisa D Zimmerman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Maria B Villamil
- Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Bruce R Southey
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Laurie A Rund
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Rodney W Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Sandra L Rodriguez-Zas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Crop Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,C. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Statistics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
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44
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Swine MicroRNAs ssc-miR-221-3p and ssc-miR-222 Restrict the Cross-Species Infection of Avian Influenza Virus. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01700-20. [PMID: 32907982 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01700-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian influenza virus (AIV) can cross species barriers to infect humans and other mammals. However, these species-cross transmissions are most often dead-end infections due to host restriction. Current research about host restriction focuses mainly on the barriers of cell membrane, nuclear envelope, and host proteins; whether microRNAs (miRNAs) play a role in host restriction is largely unknown. In this study, we used porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) cells as a model to elucidate the role of miRNAs in host range restriction. During AIV infection, 40 dysregulation expressed miRNAs were selected in PAM cells. Among them, two Sus scrofa (ssc; swine) miRNAs, ssc-miR-221-3p and ssc-miR-222, could inhibit the infection and replication of AIV in PAM cells by directly targeting viral genome and inducing cell apoptosis via inhibiting the expression of anti-apoptotic protein HMBOX1. Avian but not swine influenza virus caused upregulated expressions of ssc-miR-221-3p and ssc-miR-222 in PAM cells. We further found that NF-κB P65 was more effectively phosphorylated upon AIV infection and that P65 functioned as a transcription activator to regulate the AIV-induced expression of miR-221-3p/222 Importantly, we found that ssc-miR-221-3p and ssc-miR-222 could also be specifically upregulated upon AIV infection in newborn pig tracheal epithelial (NPTr) cells and also exerted anti-AIV function. In summary, our study indicated that miRNAs act as a host barrier during cross-species infection of influenza A virus.IMPORTANCE The host range of an influenza A virus is determined by species-specific interactions between virus and host cell factors. Host miRNAs can regulate influenza A virus replication; however, the role of miRNAs in host species specificity is unclear. Here, we show that the induced expression of ssc-miR-221-3p and ssc-miR-222 in swine cells is modulated by NF-κB P65 phosphorylation in response to AIV infection but not swine influenza virus infection. ssc-miR-221-3p and ssc-miR-222 exerted antiviral function via targeting viral RNAs and causing apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of HMBOX1 in host cells. These findings uncover miRNAs as a host range restriction factor that limits cross-species infection of influenza A virus.
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45
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Bakre AA, Jones LP, Kyriakis CS, Hanson JM, Bobbitt DE, Bennett HK, Todd KV, Orr-Burks N, Murray J, Zhang M, Steinhauer DA, Byrd-Leotis L, Cummings RD, Fent J, Coffey T, Tripp RA. Molecular epidemiology and glycomics of swine influenza viruses circulating in commercial swine farms in the southeastern and midwest United States. Vet Microbiol 2020; 251:108914. [PMID: 33181438 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tracking the genetic diversity and spread of swine influenza viruses (SIVs) in commercial swine farms is central for control and to reduce the potential emergence of SIV reassortants. We analyzed the diversity of SIVs in nasal washes or oral fluids from commercial swine farms in North Carolina using influenza M qRT-PCR and hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) subtyping. We found a predominance of H1 HAs and N2 NAs in the samples examined. The majority of the H1 HAs could be further classified into gamma and delta subclusters. We also identified HAs of the H1 alpha cluster, and those of human novel pandemic origin. Glycan binding profiles from a representative subset of these viruses revealed broad α2,6 sialylated glycan recognition, though some strains exhibited the ability to bind to α2,3 sialic acid. These data show that SIV surveillance can aid our understanding of viral transmission dynamics and help uncover the diversity at the human-swine interface.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Les P Jones
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Jarod M Hanson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Davis E Bobbitt
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Kyle V Todd
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | - Jackelyn Murray
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | | | | | - Richard D Cummings
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Surgery and Harvard Medical School Center for Glycoscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joseph Fent
- Smithfield Foods, Rose Hill, NC, United States
| | | | - Ralph A Tripp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Athens, GA, United States.
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46
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Martini V, Hinchcliffe M, Blackshaw E, Joyce M, McNee A, Beverley P, Townsend A, MacLoughlin R, Tchilian E. Distribution of Droplets and Immune Responses After Aerosol and Intra-Nasal Delivery of Influenza Virus to the Respiratory Tract of Pigs. Front Immunol 2020; 11:594470. [PMID: 33193445 PMCID: PMC7653178 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.594470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that local immune responses and tissue resident memory T cells (TRM) are critical for protection against respiratory infections but there is little information on the contributions of upper and lower respiratory tract (URT and LRT) immunity. To provide a rational basis for designing methods for optimal delivery of vaccines to the respiratory tract in a large animal model, we investigated the distribution of droplets generated by a mucosal atomization device (MAD) and two vibrating mesh nebulizers (VMNs) and the immune responses induced by delivery of influenza virus by MAD in pigs. We showed that droplets containing the drug albuterol, a radiolabel (99mTc-DTPA), or a model influenza virus vaccine (S-FLU) have similar aerosol characteristics. 99mTc-DTPA scintigraphy showed that VMNs deliver droplets with uniform distribution throughout the lungs as well as the URT. Surprisingly MAD administration (1ml/nostril) also delivered a high proportion of the dose to the lungs, albeit concentrated in a small area. After MAD administration of influenza virus, antigen specific T cells were found at high frequency in nasal turbinates, trachea, broncho-alveolar lavage, lungs, tracheobronchial nodes, and blood. Anti-influenza antibodies were detected in serum, BAL and nasal swabs. We conclude that the pig is useful for investigating optimal targeting of vaccines to the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Martini
- Department of Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom.,Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elaine Blackshaw
- Radiological Sciences, School of Medicine, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adam McNee
- Department of Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Daphne Jackson Road, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Beverley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Townsend
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elma Tchilian
- Department of Enhanced Host Responses, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, United Kingdom
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47
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Mancera Gracia JC, Pearce DS, Masic A, Balasch M. Influenza A Virus in Swine: Epidemiology, Challenges and Vaccination Strategies. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:647. [PMID: 33195504 PMCID: PMC7536279 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Influenza A viruses cause acute respiratory infections in swine that result in significant economic losses for global pig production. Currently, three different subtypes of influenza A viruses of swine (IAV-S) co-circulate worldwide: H1N1, H3N2, and H1N2. However, the origin, genetic background and antigenic properties of those IAV-S vary considerably from region to region. Pigs could also have a role in the adaptation of avian influenza A viruses to humans and other mammalian hosts, either as intermediate hosts in which avian influenza viruses may adapt to humans, or as a “mixing vessel” in which influenza viruses from various origins may reassort, generating novel progeny viruses capable of replicating and spreading among humans. These potential roles highlight the importance of controlling influenza A viruses in pigs. Vaccination is currently the main tool to control IAV-S. Vaccines containing whole inactivated virus (WIV) with adjuvant have been traditionally used to generate highly specific antibodies against hemagglutinin (HA), the main antigenic protein. WIV vaccines are safe and protect against antigenically identical or very similar strains in the absence of maternally derived antibodies (MDAs). Yet, their efficacy is reduced against heterologous strains, or in presence of MDAs. Moreover, vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD) has been described in pigs vaccinated with WIV vaccines and challenged with heterologous strains in the US. This, together with the increasingly complex epidemiology of SIVs, illustrates the need to explore new vaccination technologies and strategies. Currently, there are two different non-inactivated vaccines commercialized for swine in the US: an RNA vector vaccine expressing the HA of a H3N2 cluster IV, and a bivalent modified live vaccine (MLV) containing H1N2 γ-clade and H3N2 cluster IV. In addition, recombinant-protein vaccines, DNA vector vaccines and alternative attenuation technologies are being explored, but none of these new technologies has yet reached the market. The aim of this article is to provide a thorough review of the current epidemiological scenario of IAV-S, the challenges faced in the control of IAV-S infection and the tools being explored to overcome those challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas S Pearce
- Zoetis Inc., Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Aleksandar Masic
- Zoetis Inc., Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| | - Monica Balasch
- Zoetis Manufacturing & Research Spain S.L. Ctra., Girona, Spain
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48
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Chepkwony S, Parys A, Vandoorn E, Chiers K, Van Reeth K. Efficacy of Heterologous Prime-Boost Vaccination with H3N2 Influenza Viruses in Pre-Immune Individuals: Studies in the Pig Model. Viruses 2020; 12:v12090968. [PMID: 32882956 PMCID: PMC7552030 DOI: 10.3390/v12090968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study in influenza-naïve pigs, heterologous prime-boost vaccination with monovalent, adjuvanted whole inactivated vaccines (WIV) based on the European swine influenza A virus (SwIAV) strain, A/swine/Gent/172/2008 (G08), followed by the US SwIAV strain, A/swine/Pennsylvania/A01076777/2010 (PA10), was shown to induce broadly cross-reactive hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibodies against 12 out of 15 antigenically distinct H3N2 influenza strains. Here, we used the pig model to examine the efficacy of that particular heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimen, in individuals with pre-existing infection-immunity. Pigs were first inoculated intranasally with the human H3N2 strain, A/Nanchang/933/1995. Seven weeks later, they were vaccinated intramuscularly with G08 followed by PA10 or vice versa. We examined serum antibody responses against the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, and antibody-secreting cell (ASC) responses in peripheral blood, draining lymph nodes, and nasal mucosa (NMC), in ELISPOT assays. Vaccination induced up to 10-fold higher HI antibody titers than in naïve pigs, with broader cross-reactivity, and protection against challenge with an antigenically distant H3N2 strain. It also boosted ASC responses in lymph nodes and NMC. Our results show that intramuscular administration of WIV can lead to enhanced antibody responses and cross-reactivity in pre-immune subjects, and recall of ASC responses in lymph nodes and NMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Chepkwony
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (S.C.); (A.P.); (E.V.)
| | - Anna Parys
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (S.C.); (A.P.); (E.V.)
| | - Elien Vandoorn
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (S.C.); (A.P.); (E.V.)
| | - Koen Chiers
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium;
| | - Kristien Van Reeth
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (S.C.); (A.P.); (E.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-92647369
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49
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McNee A, Smith TRF, Holzer B, Clark B, Bessell E, Guibinga G, Brown H, Schultheis K, Fisher P, Ramos S, Nunez A, Bernard M, Graham S, Martini V, Chrun T, Xiao Y, Kash JC, Taubenberger JK, Elliott S, Patel A, Beverley P, Rijal P, Weiner DB, Townsend A, Broderick KE, Tchilian E. Establishment of a Pig Influenza Challenge Model for Evaluation of Monoclonal Antibody Delivery Platforms. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2020; 205:648-660. [PMID: 32591390 PMCID: PMC7372317 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
mAbs are a possible adjunct to vaccination and drugs in treatment of influenza virus infection. However, questions remain whether small animal models accurately predict efficacy in humans. We have established the pig, a large natural host animal for influenza, with many physiological similarities to humans, as a robust model for testing mAbs. We show that a strongly neutralizing mAb (2-12C) against the hemagglutinin head administered prophylactically at 15 mg/kg reduced viral load and lung pathology after pandemic H1N1 influenza challenge. A lower dose of 1 mg/kg of 2-12C or a DNA plasmid-encoded version of 2-12C reduced pathology and viral load in the lungs but not viral shedding in nasal swabs. We propose that the pig influenza model will be useful for testing candidate mAbs and emerging delivery platforms prior to human trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam McNee
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Barbara Holzer
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Becky Clark
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Bessell
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alejandro Nunez
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Matthieu Bernard
- Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, New Haw, Addlestone KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Graham
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tiphany Chrun
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom
| | - Yongli Xiao
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3203
| | - John C Kash
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3203
| | - Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3203
| | - Sarah Elliott
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19103
| | - Ami Patel
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19103
| | - Peter Beverley
- National Heart and Lung Institute, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom; and
| | - Pramila Rijal
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - David B Weiner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19103
| | - Alain Townsend
- Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elma Tchilian
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, United Kingdom;
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50
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Canini L, Holzer B, Morgan S, Dinie Hemmink J, Clark B, Woolhouse MEJ, Tchilian E, Charleston B. Timelines of infection and transmission dynamics of H1N1pdm09 in swine. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008628. [PMID: 32706830 PMCID: PMC7446876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Despite numerous studies of the pathogenesis of influenza in humans and animal models the dynamics of infection and transmission in individual hosts remain poorly characterized. In this study, we experimentally modelled transmission using the H1N1pdm09 influenza A virus in pigs, which are considered a good model for influenza infection in humans. Using an experimental design that allowed us to observe individual transmission events occurring within an 18-hr period, we quantified the relationships between infectiousness, shed virus titre and antibody titre. Transmission event was observed on 60% of occasions when virus was detected in donor pig nasal swabs and transmission was more likely when donor pigs shed more virus. This led to the true infectious period (mean 3.9 days) being slightly shorter than that predicted by detection of virus (mean 4.5 days). The generation time of infection (which determines the rate of epidemic spread) was estimated for the first time in pigs at a mean of 4.6 days. We also found that the latent period of the contact pig was longer when they had been exposed to smaller amount of shed virus. Our study provides quantitative information on the time lines of infection and the dynamics of transmission that are key parts of the evidence base needed to understand the spread of influenza viruses though animal populations and, potentially, in humans. Influenza is a major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. The relationship between the time course of influenza infection and virus shedding and onward transmission of the virus remains poorly characterized. Pigs are a natural host for influenza infection with shedding patterns similar to humans. Therefore we experimentally infected pigs with the H1N1pdm09 influenza A virus using direct contact challenge and then mixed the infected pigs with a different naïve pig each day to understand when transmission occurred. Using mathematical modeling, we found that transmission events occurred on 60% of occasions when the infected pigs were shedding virus and that the risk of transmission increased with the quantity of virus shed. Also it was clear the incontact pigs started to shed virus later after exposure when the infected pigs were shedding low quantities of virus. Our study therefore provides quantitative information on the time lines of influenza virus infection and the dynamics of transmission. This is important to understand the spread of influenza viruses through animal populations and, potentially, in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Canini
- Usher Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Barbara Holzer
- Mucosal immunology, Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie Morgan
- Mucosal immunology, Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | | | - Becky Clark
- Mucosal immunology, Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Elma Tchilian
- Mucosal immunology, Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
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