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Melton A, Rowe LA, Penney T, Krzykwa C, Goff K, Scheuermann SE, Melton HJ, Williams K, Golden N, Green KM, Smith B, Russell-Lodrigue K, Dufour JP, Doyle-Meyers LA, Schiro F, Aye PP, Lifson JD, Beddingfield BJ, Blair RV, Bohm RP, Kolls JK, Rappaport J, Hoxie JA, Maness NJ. The Impact of SIV-Induced Immunodeficiency on SARS-CoV-2 Disease, Viral Dynamics, and Antiviral Immune Response in a Nonhuman Primate Model of Coinfection. Viruses 2024; 16:1173. [PMID: 39066335 PMCID: PMC11281476 DOI: 10.3390/v16071173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of immunodeficiency associated with chronic HIV infection on COVID-19 disease and viral persistence have not been directly addressed in a controlled setting. In this pilot study, we exposed two pigtail macaques (PTMs) chronically infected with SIVmac239, exhibiting from very low to no CD4 T cells across all compartments, to SARS-CoV-2. We monitored the disease progression, viral replication, and evolution, and compared these outcomes with SIV-naïve PTMs infected with SARS-CoV-2. No overt signs of COVID-19 disease were observed in either animal, and the SARS-CoV-2 viral kinetics and evolution in the SIVmac239 PTMs were indistinguishable from those in the SIV-naïve PTMs in all sampled mucosal sites. However, the single-cell RNA sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavage cells revealed an infiltration of functionally inert monocytes after SARS-CoV-2 infection. Critically, neither of the SIV-infected PTMs mounted detectable anti-SARS-CoV-2 T-cell responses nor anti-SARS-CoV-2 binding or neutralizing antibodies. Thus, HIV-induced immunodeficiency alone may not be sufficient to drive the emergence of novel viral variants but may remove the ability of infected individuals to mount adaptive immune responses against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Melton
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (A.M.); (L.A.R.); (T.P.); (C.K.); (K.G.); (S.E.S.); (K.W.); (N.G.); (K.M.G.); (B.S.); (K.R.-L.); (J.P.D.); (L.A.D.-M.); (F.S.); (P.P.A.); (B.J.B.); (R.V.B.); (R.P.B.); (J.R.)
- Biomedical Science Training Program, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lori A. Rowe
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (A.M.); (L.A.R.); (T.P.); (C.K.); (K.G.); (S.E.S.); (K.W.); (N.G.); (K.M.G.); (B.S.); (K.R.-L.); (J.P.D.); (L.A.D.-M.); (F.S.); (P.P.A.); (B.J.B.); (R.V.B.); (R.P.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Toni Penney
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (A.M.); (L.A.R.); (T.P.); (C.K.); (K.G.); (S.E.S.); (K.W.); (N.G.); (K.M.G.); (B.S.); (K.R.-L.); (J.P.D.); (L.A.D.-M.); (F.S.); (P.P.A.); (B.J.B.); (R.V.B.); (R.P.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Clara Krzykwa
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (A.M.); (L.A.R.); (T.P.); (C.K.); (K.G.); (S.E.S.); (K.W.); (N.G.); (K.M.G.); (B.S.); (K.R.-L.); (J.P.D.); (L.A.D.-M.); (F.S.); (P.P.A.); (B.J.B.); (R.V.B.); (R.P.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Kelly Goff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (A.M.); (L.A.R.); (T.P.); (C.K.); (K.G.); (S.E.S.); (K.W.); (N.G.); (K.M.G.); (B.S.); (K.R.-L.); (J.P.D.); (L.A.D.-M.); (F.S.); (P.P.A.); (B.J.B.); (R.V.B.); (R.P.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Sarah E. Scheuermann
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (A.M.); (L.A.R.); (T.P.); (C.K.); (K.G.); (S.E.S.); (K.W.); (N.G.); (K.M.G.); (B.S.); (K.R.-L.); (J.P.D.); (L.A.D.-M.); (F.S.); (P.P.A.); (B.J.B.); (R.V.B.); (R.P.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Hunter J. Melton
- Department of Statistics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
| | - Kelsey Williams
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (A.M.); (L.A.R.); (T.P.); (C.K.); (K.G.); (S.E.S.); (K.W.); (N.G.); (K.M.G.); (B.S.); (K.R.-L.); (J.P.D.); (L.A.D.-M.); (F.S.); (P.P.A.); (B.J.B.); (R.V.B.); (R.P.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Nadia Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (A.M.); (L.A.R.); (T.P.); (C.K.); (K.G.); (S.E.S.); (K.W.); (N.G.); (K.M.G.); (B.S.); (K.R.-L.); (J.P.D.); (L.A.D.-M.); (F.S.); (P.P.A.); (B.J.B.); (R.V.B.); (R.P.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Kristyn Moore Green
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (A.M.); (L.A.R.); (T.P.); (C.K.); (K.G.); (S.E.S.); (K.W.); (N.G.); (K.M.G.); (B.S.); (K.R.-L.); (J.P.D.); (L.A.D.-M.); (F.S.); (P.P.A.); (B.J.B.); (R.V.B.); (R.P.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Brandon Smith
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (A.M.); (L.A.R.); (T.P.); (C.K.); (K.G.); (S.E.S.); (K.W.); (N.G.); (K.M.G.); (B.S.); (K.R.-L.); (J.P.D.); (L.A.D.-M.); (F.S.); (P.P.A.); (B.J.B.); (R.V.B.); (R.P.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Kasi Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (A.M.); (L.A.R.); (T.P.); (C.K.); (K.G.); (S.E.S.); (K.W.); (N.G.); (K.M.G.); (B.S.); (K.R.-L.); (J.P.D.); (L.A.D.-M.); (F.S.); (P.P.A.); (B.J.B.); (R.V.B.); (R.P.B.); (J.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jason P. Dufour
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (A.M.); (L.A.R.); (T.P.); (C.K.); (K.G.); (S.E.S.); (K.W.); (N.G.); (K.M.G.); (B.S.); (K.R.-L.); (J.P.D.); (L.A.D.-M.); (F.S.); (P.P.A.); (B.J.B.); (R.V.B.); (R.P.B.); (J.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Lara A. Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (A.M.); (L.A.R.); (T.P.); (C.K.); (K.G.); (S.E.S.); (K.W.); (N.G.); (K.M.G.); (B.S.); (K.R.-L.); (J.P.D.); (L.A.D.-M.); (F.S.); (P.P.A.); (B.J.B.); (R.V.B.); (R.P.B.); (J.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Faith Schiro
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (A.M.); (L.A.R.); (T.P.); (C.K.); (K.G.); (S.E.S.); (K.W.); (N.G.); (K.M.G.); (B.S.); (K.R.-L.); (J.P.D.); (L.A.D.-M.); (F.S.); (P.P.A.); (B.J.B.); (R.V.B.); (R.P.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Pyone P. Aye
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (A.M.); (L.A.R.); (T.P.); (C.K.); (K.G.); (S.E.S.); (K.W.); (N.G.); (K.M.G.); (B.S.); (K.R.-L.); (J.P.D.); (L.A.D.-M.); (F.S.); (P.P.A.); (B.J.B.); (R.V.B.); (R.P.B.); (J.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jeffery D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Viruses Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21701, USA;
| | - Brandon J. Beddingfield
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (A.M.); (L.A.R.); (T.P.); (C.K.); (K.G.); (S.E.S.); (K.W.); (N.G.); (K.M.G.); (B.S.); (K.R.-L.); (J.P.D.); (L.A.D.-M.); (F.S.); (P.P.A.); (B.J.B.); (R.V.B.); (R.P.B.); (J.R.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Robert V. Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (A.M.); (L.A.R.); (T.P.); (C.K.); (K.G.); (S.E.S.); (K.W.); (N.G.); (K.M.G.); (B.S.); (K.R.-L.); (J.P.D.); (L.A.D.-M.); (F.S.); (P.P.A.); (B.J.B.); (R.V.B.); (R.P.B.); (J.R.)
| | - Rudolf P. Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (A.M.); (L.A.R.); (T.P.); (C.K.); (K.G.); (S.E.S.); (K.W.); (N.G.); (K.M.G.); (B.S.); (K.R.-L.); (J.P.D.); (L.A.D.-M.); (F.S.); (P.P.A.); (B.J.B.); (R.V.B.); (R.P.B.); (J.R.)
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (A.M.); (L.A.R.); (T.P.); (C.K.); (K.G.); (S.E.S.); (K.W.); (N.G.); (K.M.G.); (B.S.); (K.R.-L.); (J.P.D.); (L.A.D.-M.); (F.S.); (P.P.A.); (B.J.B.); (R.V.B.); (R.P.B.); (J.R.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - James A. Hoxie
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Nicholas J. Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA; (A.M.); (L.A.R.); (T.P.); (C.K.); (K.G.); (S.E.S.); (K.W.); (N.G.); (K.M.G.); (B.S.); (K.R.-L.); (J.P.D.); (L.A.D.-M.); (F.S.); (P.P.A.); (B.J.B.); (R.V.B.); (R.P.B.); (J.R.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
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Melton A, Rowe LA, Penney T, Krzykwa C, Goff K, Scheuermann S, Melton HJ, Williams K, Golden N, Green KM, Smith B, Russell-Lodrigue K, Dufour JP, Doyle-Meyers LA, Schiro F, Aye PP, Lifson JD, Beddingfield BJ, Blair RV, Bohm RP, Kolls JK, Rappaport J, Hoxie JA, Maness NJ. The Impact of SIV-Induced Immunodeficiency on Clinical Manifestation, Immune Response, and Viral Dynamics in SARS-CoV-2 Coinfection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.15.567132. [PMID: 38014096 PMCID: PMC10680717 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.15.567132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Persistent and uncontrolled SARS-CoV-2 replication in immunocompromised individuals has been observed and may be a contributing source of novel viral variants that continue to drive the pandemic. Importantly, the effects of immunodeficiency associated with chronic HIV infection on COVID-19 disease and viral persistence have not been directly addressed in a controlled setting. Here we conducted a pilot study wherein two pigtail macaques (PTM) chronically infected with SIVmac239 were exposed to SARS-CoV-2 and monitored for six weeks for clinical disease, viral replication, and viral evolution, and compared to our previously published cohort of SIV-naïve PTM infected with SARS-CoV-2. At the time of SARS-CoV-2 infection, one PTM had minimal to no detectable CD4+ T cells in gut, blood, or bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), while the other PTM harbored a small population of CD4+ T cells in all compartments. Clinical signs were not observed in either PTM; however, the more immunocompromised PTM exhibited a progressive increase in pulmonary infiltrating monocytes throughout SARS-CoV-2 infection. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) of the infiltrating monocytes revealed a less activated/inert phenotype. Neither SIV-infected PTM mounted detectable anti-SARS-CoV-2 T cell responses in blood or BAL, nor anti-SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. Interestingly, despite the diminished cellular and humoral immune responses, SARS-CoV-2 viral kinetics and evolution were indistinguishable from SIV-naïve PTM in all sampled mucosal sites (nasal, oral, and rectal), with clearance of virus by 3-4 weeks post infection. SIV-induced immunodeficiency significantly impacted immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 but did not alter disease progression, viral kinetics or evolution in the PTM model. SIV-induced immunodeficiency alone may not be sufficient to drive the emergence of novel viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Melton
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Biomedical Science Training Program, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Lori A Rowe
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Toni Penney
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Clara Krzykwa
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Kelly Goff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | | | - Hunter J Melton
- Florida State University, Department of Statistics, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Kelsey Williams
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Nadia Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | | | - Brandon Smith
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Kasi Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jason P Dufour
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Lara A Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Faith Schiro
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Pyone P Aye
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Jeffery D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Viruses Program, Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brandon J Beddingfield
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Robert V Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Rudolf P Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
- Present address: Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Jay K Kolls
- Departments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Center for Translational Research in Infection and Inflammation, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Department of Pulmonary Critical Care and Environmental Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - James A Hoxie
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas J Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana
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Lyons CE, Feng AJ, Metcalf Pate KA. Validation of PAMFix, A Novel Platelet Stabilization Product, for Use on Flow Cytometric Analysis of Pigtailed Macaque ( Macaca nemestrina) Blood. Comp Med 2023; 73:378-382. [PMID: 38087408 PMCID: PMC10702162 DOI: 10.30802/aalas-cm-23-000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of platelet activation can be important for patients suffering from prothrombotic states, bleeding diatheses, cardiovascular disease, and other diseases in which platelets play a role. The analysis of platelet activation ex vivo typically requires blood processing immediately after venipuncture; this requirement can create problematic situations for both medical and research personnel. Flow cytometry is one method used to quantify platelet activation by measuring the expression of platelet surface markers with fluorescent antibodies. PAMFix is a fixative that stabilizes platelet activation markers, including P-selectin (CD62P), in whole blood. PAMFix has already been validated for use in humans and canines for stabilization of whole blood, thus allowing flow cytometry to be performed up to 28 and 22 d, respectively, after venipuncture and reducing the need for expensive equipment and highly trained personnel at the location of venipuncture. Pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) are frequently used in infectious disease research that may require containment conditions that preclude immediate processing of samples. In this study, we tested the efficacy of PAMFix on whole blood from pigtailed macaques to determine the short- and long-term effects of PAMFix on platelet P-selectin expression as analyzed by flow cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E Lyons
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland and
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Aileen J Feng
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland and
| | - Kelly A Metcalf Pate
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland and
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Singh MV, Uddin MN, Vidalle MC, Sutton KR, Boodoo ZD, Peterson AN, Tyrell A, Brenner R, Tivarus ME, Wang HZ, Sahin B, Zhong J, Weber M, Wang L, Qiu X, Maggiwar SB, Schifitto G. Role of non-classical monocytes in HIV-associated vascular cognitive impairment. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2023:2023.03.24.23287660. [PMID: 37034744 PMCID: PMC10081378 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.24.23287660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Despite antiretroviral treatment (cART), people living with HIV (PLWH) are more susceptible to neurocognitive impairment (NCI), probably due to synergistic/additive contribution of traditional cerebrovascular risk factors. Specifically, altered blood brain barrier (BBB) and transmigration of inflammatory monocytes are risk factors for developing cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). In order to investigate if inflammatory monocytes exacerbate CSVD and cognitive impairment, 110 PLWH on cART and 110 age-, sex- and Reynold’s cardiovascular risk score-matched uninfected individuals were enrolled. Neuropsychological testing, brain magnetic resonance imaging and whole blood analyses to measure platelet-monocyte interaction and monocyte, endothelial activation were performed. Results demonstrated that PLWH exhibited increased levels of platelet-monocyte complexes (PMCs) and higher expression of activation molecules on PMCs. PLWH with CSVD had the poorest cognitive performance and the highest circulating levels of non-classical monocytes which exhibited significant inverse correlation with each other. Furthermore, markers of monocyte and endothelium activation were significantly positively correlated indicating BBB impairment. Our results confirm that interaction with platelets activates and drives monocytes towards an inflammatory phenotype in PLWH. In particular, elevated levels of non-classical monocytes may represent a common pathway to neuroinflammation, CSVD and subsequent cognitive impairment, warranting further longitudinal studies to evaluate responsiveness of this potential biomarker.
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Kataria R, Kaur S, Kaundal R. Deciphering the complete human-monkeypox virus interactome: Identifying immune responses and potential drug targets. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1116988. [PMID: 37051239 PMCID: PMC10083500 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1116988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a dsDNA virus, belonging to Poxviridae family. The outbreak of monkeypox disease in humans is critical in European and Western countries, owing to its origin in African regions. The highest number of cases of the disease were found in the United States, followed by Spain and Brazil. Understanding the complete infection mechanism of diverse MPXV strains and their interaction with humans is important for therapeutic drug development, and to avoid any future epidemics. Using computational systems biology, we deciphered the genome-wide protein-protein interactions (PPIs) between 22 MPXV strains and human proteome. Based on phylogenomics and disease severity, 3 different strains of MPXV: Zaire-96-I-16, MPXV-UK_P2, and MPXV_USA_2022_MA001 were selected for comparative functional analysis of the proteins involved in the interactions. On an average, we predicted around 92,880 non-redundant PPIs between human and MPXV proteomes, involving 8014 host and 116 pathogen proteins from the 3 strains. The gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed 10,624 common GO terms in which the host proteins of 3 strains were highly enriched. These include significant GO terms such as platelet activation (GO:0030168), GABA-A receptor complex (GO:1902711), and metalloendopeptidase activity (GO:0004222). The host proteins were also significantly enriched in calcium signaling pathway (hsa04020), MAPK signaling pathway (hsa04010), and inflammatory mediator regulation of TRP channels (hsa04750). These significantly enriched GO terms and KEGG pathways are known to be implicated in immunomodulatory and therapeutic role in humans during viral infection. The protein hubs analysis revealed that most of the MPXV proteins form hubs with the protein kinases and AGC kinase C-terminal domains. Furthermore, subcellular localization revealed that most of the human proteins were localized in cytoplasm (29.22%) and nucleus (26.79%). A few drugs including Fostamatinib, Tamoxifen and others were identified as potential drug candidates against the monkeypox virus disease. This study reports the genome-scale PPIs elucidation in human-monkeypox virus pathosystem, thus facilitating the research community with functional insights into the monkeypox disease infection mechanism and augment the drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghav Kataria
- Department of Plants, Soils, and Climate, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Logan, United States
| | - Simardeep Kaur
- Department of Plants, Soils, and Climate, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Logan, United States
- Bioinformatics Facility, Center for Integrated BioSystems, Logan, United States
- Division of Biochemistry, Indian Agricultural Research Institute (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kaundal
- Department of Plants, Soils, and Climate, College of Agriculture and Applied Sciences, Logan, United States
- Bioinformatics Facility, Center for Integrated BioSystems, Logan, United States
- Department of Computer Science, College of Science, Utah State University, Logan, UT, United States
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Fang L, Yu S, Tian X, Fu W, Su L, Chen Z, Yan C, He J, Hong J, Lian W, Liu G, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Hu L. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus replicates in platelets and enhances platelet activation. J Thromb Haemost 2023; 21:1336-1351. [PMID: 36792011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtha.2023.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) virus (SFTSV) infection causes an emerging hemorrhagic fever in East Asia with a high mortality rate. Thrombocytopenia is a consistent feature of SFTS illness, but the mechanism remains elusive. OBJECTIVES We aimed to better understand the role of platelets in the pathophysiology of SFTSV infection, including the development of thrombocytopenia. METHODS Using platelets from healthy volunteers and patients with SFTS, we evaluated the functional changes in platelets against SFTSV infection. We investigated the direct effect of glycoprotein VI on platelet-SFTSV interaction by quantitative real-time PCR, molecular docking, surface plasmon resonance spectrometry, flow cytometry, western blot, and platelet functional studies in vitro. Interactions of SFTSV and platelet-SFTSV complexes with macrophages were also determined by scanning electron microscope, quantitative real-time PCR, and flow cytometry. RESULTS This study is the first to demonstrate that platelets are capable of harboring and producing SFTSV particles. Structural and functional studies found that SFTSVs bind platelet glycoprotein VI to potentiate platelet activation, including platelet aggregation, adenosine triphosphate release, spreading, clot retraction, coagulation, phosphatidylserine exposure, thrombus formation, and adherence. In vitro mechanistic studies highlighted that the interaction of platelets with human THP-1 cells promoted SFTSV clearance and suppressed cytokine production in macrophages. However, unwanted SFTSV replication in macrophages reciprocally aggravated SFTSV persistence in the circulation, which may contribute to thrombocytopenia and other complications during SFTSV infection. CONCLUSION These findings together highlighted the pathophysiological role of platelets in initial intrinsic defense against SFTSV infections, as well as intertwined processes with host immunity, which can also lead to thrombocytopenia and poor prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Zhejiang Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sicong Yu
- School of Medical Technology and Information Engineering, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxu Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary, Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wanrong Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary, Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lingxuan Su
- Zhejiang Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chunlan Yan
- Department of Biophysics, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ji He
- Blood Center of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jin Hong
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary, Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenwen Lian
- National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Gangqiong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary, Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jiancang Zhou
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology and Bioinformatics of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Liang Hu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China; Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Center, Henan Key Laboratory of Hereditary, Cardiovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China; Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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7
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Castell N, Guerrero-Martin SM, Rubin LH, Shirk EN, Brockhurst JK, Lyons CE, Najarro KM, Queen SE, Carlson BW, Adams RJ, Morrell CN, Gama L, Graham DR, Zink C, Mankowski JL, Clements JE, Metcalf Pate KA. Effect of Single Housing on Innate Immune Activation in Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Pigtail Macaques ( Macaca nemestrina ) as a Model of Psychosocial Stress in Acute HIV Infection. Psychosom Med 2022; 84:966-975. [PMID: 36162063 PMCID: PMC9553260 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000001132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of macaques recapitulates many aspects of HIV pathogenesis and is similarly affected by both genetic and environmental factors. Psychosocial stress is associated with immune system dysregulation and worse clinical outcomes in people with HIV. This study assessed the impact of single housing, as a model of psychosocial stress, on innate immune responses of pigtailed macaques ( Macaca nemestrina ) during acute SIV infection. METHODS A retrospective analysis of acute SIV infection of 2- to si6-year-old male pigtailed macaques was performed to compare the innate immune responses of socially ( n = 41) and singly ( n = 35) housed animals. Measures included absolute monocyte count and subsets, and in a subset ( n ≤ 18) platelet counts and activation data. RESULTS SIV infection resulted in the expected innate immune parameter changes with a modulating effect from housing condition. Monocyte number increased after infection for both groups, driven by classical monocytes (CD14 + CD16 - ), with a greater increase in socially housed animals (227%, p < .001, by day 14 compared with preinoculation time points). Platelet numbers recovered more quickly in the socially housed animals. Platelet activation (P-selectin) increased by 65% ( p = .004) and major histocompatibility complex class I surface expression by 40% ( p = .009) from preinoculation only in socially housed animals, whereas no change in these measures occurred in singly housed animals. CONCLUSIONS Chronic psychosocial stress produced by single housing may play an immunomodulatory role in the innate immune response to acute retroviral infection. Dysregulated innate immunity could be one of the pathways by which psychosocial stress contributes to immune suppression and increased disease severity in people with HIV.
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8
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Tao Q, Xiao G, Wang T, Zhang L, Yu M, Peng L, Han L, Du X, Han W, He S, Lyu M, Zhu Y. Identification of linoleic acid as an antithrombotic component of Wenxin Keli via selective inhibition of p-selectin-mediated platelet activation. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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9
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Melton A, Doyle-Meyers LA, Blair RV, Midkiff C, Melton HJ, Russell-Lodrigue K, Aye PP, Schiro F, Fahlberg M, Szeltner D, Spencer S, Beddingfield BJ, Goff K, Golden N, Penney T, Picou B, Hensley K, Chandler KE, Plante JA, Plante KS, Weaver SC, Roy CJ, Hoxie JA, Gao H, Montefiori DC, Mankowski JL, Bohm RP, Rappaport J, Maness NJ. The pigtail macaque (Macaca nemestrina) model of COVID-19 reproduces diverse clinical outcomes and reveals new and complex signatures of disease. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1010162. [PMID: 34929014 PMCID: PMC8722729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19 disease, has killed over five million people worldwide as of December 2021 with infections rising again due to the emergence of highly transmissible variants. Animal models that faithfully recapitulate human disease are critical for assessing SARS-CoV-2 viral and immune dynamics, for understanding mechanisms of disease, and for testing vaccines and therapeutics. Pigtail macaques (PTM, Macaca nemestrina) demonstrate a rapid and severe disease course when infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), including the development of severe cardiovascular symptoms that are pertinent to COVID-19 manifestations in humans. We thus proposed this species may likewise exhibit severe COVID-19 disease upon infection with SARS-CoV-2. Here, we extensively studied a cohort of SARS-CoV-2-infected PTM euthanized either 6- or 21-days after respiratory viral challenge. We show that PTM demonstrate largely mild-to-moderate COVID-19 disease. Pulmonary infiltrates were dominated by T cells, including CD4+ T cells that upregulate CD8 and express cytotoxic molecules, as well as virus-targeting T cells that were predominantly CD4+. We also noted increases in inflammatory and coagulation markers in blood, pulmonary pathologic lesions, and the development of neutralizing antibodies. Together, our data demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 infection of PTM recapitulates important features of COVID-19 and reveals new immune and viral dynamics and thus may serve as a useful animal model for studying pathogenesis and testing vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Melton
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- Biomedical Science Training Program, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Lara A. Doyle-Meyers
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Robert V. Blair
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Cecily Midkiff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Hunter J. Melton
- Florida State University, Department of Statistics, Tallahassee, Florida, United States of America
| | - Kasi Russell-Lodrigue
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Pyone P. Aye
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Faith Schiro
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Marissa Fahlberg
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Dawn Szeltner
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Skye Spencer
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | | | - Kelly Goff
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nadia Golden
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Toni Penney
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Breanna Picou
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Krystle Hensley
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Kristin E. Chandler
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jessica A. Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kenneth S. Plante
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Scott C. Weaver
- World Reference Center for Emerging Viruses and Arboviruses, Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Chad J. Roy
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - James A. Hoxie
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hongmei Gao
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David C. Montefiori
- Duke University Medical Center, Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Joseph L. Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Rudolf P. Bohm
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Jay Rappaport
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Maness
- Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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10
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Duguma N, Tesfaye Kiya G, Adissu Maleko W, Bimerew LG. Hematological parameters abnormalities and associated factors in HIV-positive adults before and after highly active antiretroviral treatment in Goba Referral Hospital, southeast Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Med 2021; 9:20503121211020175. [PMID: 34104440 PMCID: PMC8165838 DOI: 10.1177/20503121211020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Hematological abnormalities of the major blood cell lines are frequently reported in patients with HIV-1 infection, in patients without antiretroviral therapy, and during the advanced stages of the disease. Chronic immune activation and inflammation results in the progressive depletion of CD4+ T-cells play a significant role in the clinical progression and pathogenesis of this infection. This study was aimed at assessing the prevalence of hematological abnormalities and their associated factors before and after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy in adults with HIV-1 infection in a referral hospital. Methods The study was conducted from 1 April to 30 June 2018, at Goba Referral Hospital. A total of 308 HIV-positive adults on treatment were enrolled during the study period. Socio-demographic and clinical data were collected using a structured questionnaire, with pre-highly active antiretroviral therapy data were extracted from medical records while post-treatment immuno-hematological measurements were done on blood samples collected at the time of enrollment. Results The prevalence of anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia before initiation of antiretroviral treatment was higher, although anemia and thrombocytopenia decreased correspondingly after initiation of treatment leukopenia increased by 4%. Mean values of immuno-hematological parameters before and after treatment initiation were significant (p < 0.05). CD4+ T-cell count <200 cells/µL was the only independent risk factor for anemia and leukopenia before highly active antiretroviral therapy, while stage IV disease, female sex, zidovudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine treatment, and intestinal parasite infection were predictors of anemia after treatment initiation. Conclusion The study revealed that hematological abnormalities are common in HIV infection, while the occurrence of abnormalities after highly active antiretroviral therapy initiation. Different risk factors are associated with hematological abnormalities at pre- and post-highly active antiretroviral therapy with regular monitoring of risk factors, adherence to the early initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy, and conduct of further longitudinal studies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Negesso Duguma
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Madda Walabu University, Goba, Ethiopia
| | - Girum Tesfaye Kiya
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Wondimagegn Adissu Maleko
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia.,Clinical Trial Unit, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Lealem Gedefaw Bimerew
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Institute of Health, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
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11
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Singh MV, Suwunnakorn S, Simpson SR, Weber EA, Singh VB, Kalinski P, Maggirwar SB. Monocytes complexed to platelets differentiate into functionally deficient dendritic cells. J Leukoc Biol 2021; 109:807-820. [PMID: 32663904 PMCID: PMC7854860 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3a0620-460rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to their role in hemostasis, platelets store numerous immunoregulatory molecules such as CD40L, TGFβ, β2-microglobulin, and IL-1β and release them upon activation. Previous studies indicate that activated platelets form transient complexes with monocytes, especially in HIV infected individuals and induce a proinflammatory monocyte phenotype. Because monocytes can act as precursors of dendritic cells (DCs) during infection/inflammation as well as for generation of DC-based vaccine therapies, we evaluated the impact of activated platelets on monocyte differentiation into DCs. We observed that in vitro cultured DCs derived from platelet-monocyte complexes (PMCs) exhibit reduced levels of molecules critical to DC function (CD206, dendritic cell-specific intercellular adhesion molecule-3-grabbing nonintegrin, CD80, CD86, CCR7) and reduced antigen uptake capacity. DCs derived from PMCs also showed reduced ability to activate naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, and secrete IL-12p70 in response to CD40L stimulation, resulting in decreased ability to promote type-1 immune responses to HIV antigens. Our results indicate that formation of complexes with activated platelets can suppress the development of functional DCs from such monocytes. Disruption of PMCs in vivo via antiplatelet drugs such as Clopidogrel/Prasugrel or the application of platelet-free monocytes for DCs generation in vitro, may be used to enhance immunization and augment the immune control of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meera V Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Sumanun Suwunnakorn
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Sydney R Simpson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Emily A Weber
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Vir B Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Pawel Kalinski
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Sanjay B Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Tropical Medicine, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
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12
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Murray KD, Singh MV, Zhuang Y, Uddin MN, Qiu X, Weber MT, Tivarus ME, Wang HZ, Sahin B, Zhong J, Maggirwar SB, Schifitto G. Pathomechanisms of HIV-Associated Cerebral Small Vessel Disease: A Comprehensive Clinical and Neuroimaging Protocol and Analysis Pipeline. Front Neurol 2020; 11:595463. [PMID: 33384655 PMCID: PMC7769815 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.595463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: We provide an in-depth description of a comprehensive clinical, immunological, and neuroimaging study that includes a full image processing pipeline. This approach, although implemented in HIV infected individuals, can be used in the general population to assess cerebrovascular health. Aims: In this longitudinal study, we seek to determine the effects of neuroinflammation due to HIV-1 infection on the pathomechanisms of cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). The study focuses on the interaction of activated platelets, pro-inflammatory monocytes and endothelial cells and their impact on the neurovascular unit. The effects on the neurovascular unit are evaluated by a novel combination of imaging biomarkers. Sample Size: We will enroll 110 HIV-infected individuals on stable combination anti-retroviral therapy for at least three months and an equal number of age-matched controls. We anticipate a drop-out rate of 20%. Methods and Design: Subjects are followed for three years and evaluated by flow cytometric analysis of whole blood (to measure platelet activation, platelet monocyte complexes, and markers of monocyte activation), neuropsychological testing, and brain MRI at the baseline, 18- and 36-month time points. MRI imaging follows the recommended clinical small vessel imaging standards and adds several advanced sequences to obtain quantitative assessments of brain tissues including white matter microstructure, tissue susceptibility, and blood perfusion. Discussion: The study provides further understanding of the underlying mechanisms of CSVD in chronic inflammatory disorders such as HIV infection. The longitudinal study design and comprehensive approach allows the investigation of quantitative changes in imaging metrics and their impact on cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Murray
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Meera V Singh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Yuchuan Zhuang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Md Nasir Uddin
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Xing Qiu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Miriam T Weber
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Madalina E Tivarus
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Henry Z Wang
- Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Bogachan Sahin
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Jianhui Zhong
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Sanjay B Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Giovanni Schifitto
- Department of Neurology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.,Department of Imaging Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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13
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Dickinson M, Kliszczak AE, Giannoulatou E, Peppa D, Pellegrino P, Williams I, Drakesmith H, Borrow P. Dynamics of Transforming Growth Factor (TGF)-β Superfamily Cytokine Induction During HIV-1 Infection Are Distinct From Other Innate Cytokines. Front Immunol 2020; 11:596841. [PMID: 33329587 PMCID: PMC7732468 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.596841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection triggers rapid induction of multiple innate cytokines including type I interferons, which play important roles in viral control and disease pathogenesis. The transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily is a pleiotropic innate cytokine family, some members of which (activins and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs)) were recently demonstrated to exert antiviral activity against Zika and hepatitis B and C viruses but are poorly studied in HIV-1 infection. Here, we show that TGF-β1 is systemically induced with very rapid kinetics (as early as 1-4 days after viremic spread begins) in acute HIV-1 infection, likely due to release from platelets, and remains upregulated throughout infection. Contrastingly, no substantial systemic upregulation of activins A and B or BMP-2 was observed during acute infection, although plasma activin levels trended to be elevated during chronic infection. HIV-1 triggered production of type I interferons but not TGF-β superfamily cytokines from plasmacytoid dendritic cells (DCs) in vitro, putatively explaining their differing in vivo induction; whilst lipopolysaccharide (but not HIV-1) elicited activin A production from myeloid DCs. These findings underscore the need for better definition of the protective and pathogenic capacity of TGF-β superfamily cytokines, to enable appropriate modulation for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Dickinson
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Anna E Kliszczak
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Giannoulatou
- Computational Genomics Laboratory, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Mortimer Market Centre, Department of HIV, CNWL NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pierre Pellegrino
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Williams
- Centre for Sexual Health and HIV Research, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hal Drakesmith
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, MRC Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Persephone Borrow
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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14
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Cai Z, Greene MI, Zhu Z, Zhang H. Structural Features and PF4 Functions that Occur in Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia (HIT) Complicated by COVID-19. Antibodies (Basel) 2020; 9:E52. [PMID: 33050376 PMCID: PMC7709132 DOI: 10.3390/antib9040052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Platelet factor 4 (PF4, CXCL4) is a small chemokine protein released by activated platelets. Although a major physiological function of PF4 is to promote blood coagulation, this cytokine is involved in innate and adaptive immunity in events when platelets are activated in response to infections. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients have abnormal coagulation activities, and severe patients develop higher D-dimer levels. D-dimers are small protein products present in the blood after blood clots are degraded by fibrinolysis. To prevent clotting, heparin is often clinically used in COVID-19 patients. Some clinical procedures for the management of COVID-19 patients may include extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and renal replacement therapy (CRRT), which also require the use of heparin. Anti-PF4 antibodies are frequently detected in severe patients and heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) can also be observed. PF4 and its role in HIT as well as in pathologies seen in COVID-19 patients define a potential therapeutic option of using blocking antibodies in the treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hongtao Zhang
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19301, USA; (Z.C.); (M.I.G.); (Z.Z.)
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15
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Braxton AM, Chalmin AL, Najarro KM, Brockhurst JK, Johnson KT, Lyons CE, Daly B, Cryer CG, Vijay S, Cyphers G, Guerrero-Martin SM, Aston SA, McGee K, Su YP, Arav-Boger R, Metcalf Pate KA. Platelet-endothelial associations may promote cytomegalovirus replication in the salivary gland in mice. Platelets 2020; 31:860-868. [PMID: 31726921 PMCID: PMC7220825 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2019.1689383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Platelet decline is a feature of many acute viral infections, including cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in humans and mice. Platelet sequestration in association with other cells, including endothelium and circulating leukocytes, can contribute to this decline and influence the immune response to and pathogenesis of viral infection. We sought to determine if platelet-endothelial associations (PEAs) contribute to platelet decline during acute murine CMV (mCMV) infection, and if these associations affect viral load and production. Male BALB/c mice were infected with mCMV (Smith strain), euthanized at timepoints throughout acute infection and compared to uninfected controls. An increase in PEA formation was confirmed in the salivary gland at all post-inoculation timepoints using immunohistochemistry for CD41+ platelets co-localizing with CD34+ vessels. Platelet depletion did not change amount of viral DNA or timecourse of infection, as measured by qPCR. However, platelet depletion reduced viral titer of mCMV in the salivary glands while undepleted controls demonstrated robust replication in the tissue by plaque assay. Thus, platelet associations with endothelium may enhance the ability of mCMV to replicate within the salivary gland. Further work is needed to determine the mechanisms behind this effect and if pharmacologic inhibition of PEAs may reduce CMV production in acutely infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia M. Braxton
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Alyssa L. Chalmin
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Kevin M. Najarro
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Jacqueline K. Brockhurst
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Karl T. Johnson
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Claire E. Lyons
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Brenna Daly
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, USA
| | - Catherine G. Cryer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Shefali Vijay
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Griffin Cyphers
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Selena M. Guerrero-Martin
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - S. Andrew Aston
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Psychiatry of Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Kirstin McGee
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Yu-Pin Su
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
| | - Ravit Arav-Boger
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, USA
| | - Kelly A. Metcalf Pate
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, USA
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16
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Trotta A, Milillo MA, Serafino A, Castillo LA, Birnberg Weiss F, Delpino MV, Giambartolomei GH, Fernández GC, Barrionuevo P. Brucella abortus-infected platelets modulate the activation of neutrophils. Immunol Cell Biol 2020; 98:743-756. [PMID: 32623755 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Brucellosis is a contagious disease caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella. Platelets (PLTs) have been widely involved in the modulation of the immune response. We have previously reported the modulation of Brucella abortus-mediated infection of monocytes. As a result, PLTs cooperate with monocytes and increase their inflammatory capacity, promoting the resolution of the infection. Extending these results, in this study we demonstrate that patients with brucellosis present slightly elevated levels of complexes between PLTs and both monocytes and neutrophils. We then assessed whether PLTs were capable of modulating functional aspects of neutrophils. The presence of PLTs throughout neutrophil infection increased the production of interleukin-8, CD11b surface expression and reactive oxygen species formation, whereas it decreased the expression of CD62L, indicating an activated status of these cells. We next analyzed whether this modulation was mediated by released factors. To discriminate between these options, neutrophils were treated with supernatants collected from B. abortus-infected PLTs. Our results show that CD11b expression was induced by soluble factors of PLTs but direct contact between cell populations was needed to enhance the respiratory burst. Additionally, B. abortus-infected PLTs recruit polymorphonuclear (PMN) cells to the site of infection. Finally, the presence of PLTs did not modify the initial invasion of PMN cells by B. abortus but improved the control of the infection at extended times. Altogether, our results demonstrate that PLTs interact with neutrophils and promote a proinflammatory phenotype which could also contribute to the resolution of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldana Trotta
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Ayelén Milillo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Serafino
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luis A Castillo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Federico Birnberg Weiss
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Victoria Delpino
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Gabriela C Fernández
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Barrionuevo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (CONICET-Academia Nacional de Medicina), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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17
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Li XK, Lu QB, Chen WW, Xu W, Liu R, Zhang SF, Du J, Li H, Yao K, Zhai D, Zhang PH, Xing B, Cui N, Yang ZD, Yuan C, Zhang XA, Xu Z, Cao WC, Hu Z, Liu W. Arginine deficiency is involved in thrombocytopenia and immunosuppression in severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/459/eaat4162. [PMID: 30232226 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aat4162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) caused by a recently identified bunyavirus, SFTSV, is an emerging infectious disease with extensive geographical distribution and high mortality. Progressive viral replication and severe thrombocytopenia are key features of SFTSV infection and fatal outcome, whereas the underlying mechanisms are unknown. We revealed arginine deficiency in SFTS cases by performing metabolomics analysis on two independent patient cohorts, suggesting that arginine metabolism by nitric oxide synthase and arginase is a key pathway in SFTSV infection and consequential death. Arginine deficiency was associated with decreased intraplatelet nitric oxide (Plt-NO) concentration, platelet activation, and thrombocytopenia. An expansion of arginase-expressing granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells was observed, which was related to T cell CD3-ζ chain down-regulation and virus clearance disturbance, implicating a role of arginase activity and arginine depletion in the impaired anti-SFTSV T cell function. Moreover, a comprehensive measurement of arginine bioavailability, global arginine bioavailability ratio, was shown to be a good prognostic marker for fatal prediction in early infection. A randomized controlled trial demonstrated that arginine administration was correlated with enhanced Plt-NO concentration, suppressed platelet activation, and elevated CD3-ζ chain expression and eventually associated with an accelerated virus clearance and thrombocytopenia recovery. Together, our findings revealed the arginine catabolism pathway-associated regulation of platelet homeostasis and T cell dysregulation after SFTSV infection, which not only provided a functional mechanism underlying SFTS pathogenesis but also offered an alternative therapy choice for SFTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- The 302 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, No. 100, West 4th Ring Road, Fengtai District, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Wen Xu
- The 302 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, No. 100, West 4th Ring Road, Fengtai District, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Rong Liu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, 185 Donghu Street, Wuhan 430071, P. R. China
| | - Shao-Fei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, No. 38, Xueyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Ke Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Di Zhai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Pan-He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Bo Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Ning Cui
- The 154 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, 104 Nan-Hu Road, Shihe District, Xinyang 464000, P. R. China
| | - Zhen-Dong Yang
- The 154 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, 104 Nan-Hu Road, Shihe District, Xinyang 464000, P. R. China
| | - Chun Yuan
- The 154 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, 104 Nan-Hu Road, Shihe District, Xinyang 464000, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Xu
- The 302 Hospital, People's Liberation Army, No. 100, West 4th Ring Road, Fengtai District, Beijing 100039, P. R. China
| | - Wu-Chun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, P. R. China. .,School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P.R. China
| | - Zeping Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China.
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, 20 Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, P. R. China. .,School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, P.R. China.,Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Vector Borne and Natural Focus Infectious Diseases, Beijing, P. R. China
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18
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Trotta A, Velásquez LN, Milillo MA, Delpino MV, Rodríguez AM, Landoni VI, Giambartolomei GH, Pozner RG, Barrionuevo P. Platelets Promote Brucella abortus Monocyte Invasion by Establishing Complexes With Monocytes. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1000. [PMID: 29867977 PMCID: PMC5949576 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brucellosis is an infectious disease elicited by bacteria of the genus Brucella. Platelets have been extensively described as mediators of hemostasis and responsible for maintaining vascular integrity. Nevertheless, they have been recently involved in the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Although many interactions have been described between Brucella abortus and monocytes/macrophages, the role of platelets during monocyte/macrophage infection by these bacteria remained unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of platelets in the immune response against B. abortus. We first focused on the possible interactions between B. abortus and platelets. Bacteria were able to directly interact with platelets. Moreover, this interaction triggered platelet activation, measured as fibrinogen binding and P-selectin expression. We further investigated whether platelets were involved in Brucella-mediated monocyte/macrophage early infection. The presence of platelets promoted the invasion of monocytes/macrophages by B. abortus. Moreover, platelets established complexes with infected monocytes/macrophages as a result of a carrier function elicited by platelets. We also evaluated the ability of platelets to modulate functional aspects of monocytes in the context of the infection. The presence of platelets during monocyte infection enhanced IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-8, and MCP-1 secretion while it inhibited the secretion of IL-10. At the same time, platelets increased the expression of CD54 (ICAM-1) and CD40. Furthermore, we showed that soluble factors released by B. abortus-activated platelets, such as soluble CD40L, platelet factor 4, platelet-activating factor, and thromboxane A2, were involved in CD54 induction. Overall, our results indicate that platelets can directly sense and react to B. abortus presence and modulate B. abortus-mediated infection of monocytes/macrophages increasing their pro-inflammatory capacity, which could promote the resolution of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldana Trotta
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX), CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lis N Velásquez
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX), CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Ayelén Milillo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX), CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - M Victoria Delpino
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M Rodríguez
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Verónica I Landoni
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX), CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermo H Giambartolomei
- Instituto de Inmunología, Genética y Metabolismo (INIGEM), CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto G Pozner
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX), CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Barrionuevo
- Instituto de Medicina Experimental (IMEX), CONICET, Academia Nacional de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Bissel SJ, Gurnsey K, Jedema HP, Smith NF, Wang G, Bradberry CW, Wiley CA. Aged Chinese-origin rhesus macaques infected with SIV develop marked viremia in absence of clinical disease, inflammation or cognitive impairment. Retrovirology 2018; 15:17. [PMID: 29391069 PMCID: PMC5796498 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-018-0400-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Damage to the central nervous system during HIV infection can lead to variable neurobehavioral dysfunction termed HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). There is no clear consensus regarding the neuropathological or cellular basis of HAND. We sought to study the potential contribution of aging to the pathogenesis of HAND. Aged (range = 14.7-24.8 year) rhesus macaques of Chinese origin (RM-Ch) (n = 23) were trained to perform cognitive tasks. Macaques were then divided into four groups to assess the impact of SIVmac251 infection (n = 12) and combined antiretroviral therapy (CART) (5 infected; 5 mock-infected) on the execution of these tasks. RESULTS Aged SIV-infected RM-Ch demonstrated significant plasma viremia and modest CSF viral loads but showed few clinical signs, no elevations of systemic temperature, and no changes in activity levels, platelet counts or weight. Concentrations of biomarkers of acute and chronic inflammation such as soluble CD14, CXCL10, IL-6 and TNF-α are known to be elevated following SIV infection of young adult macaques of several species, but concentrations of these biomarkers did not shift after SIV infection in aged RM-Ch and remained similar to mock-infected macaques. Neither acute nor chronic SIV infection or CART had a significant impact on accuracy, speed or percent completion in a sensorimotor test. CONCLUSIONS Viremia in the absence of a chronic elevated inflammatory response seen in some aged RM-Ch is reminiscent of SIV infection in natural disease resistant hosts. The absence of cognitive impairment during SIV infection in aged RM-Ch might be in part attributed to diminishment of some facets of the immunological response. Additional study encompassing species and age differences is necessary to substantiate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie J. Bissel
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Kate Gurnsey
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Hank P. Jedema
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
- Present Address: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Nicholas F. Smith
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Guoji Wang
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
| | - Charles W. Bradberry
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
- Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, 4100 Allequippa Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
- Present Address: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Clayton A. Wiley
- University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, S758 Scaife Hall, Pittsburgh, PA 15261 USA
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20
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Beck SE, Queen SE, Metcalf Pate KA, Mangus LM, Abreu CM, Gama L, Witwer KW, Adams RJ, Zink MC, Clements JE, Mankowski JL. An SIV/macaque model targeted to study HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. J Neurovirol 2017; 24:204-212. [PMID: 28975505 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-017-0582-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of pigtailed macaques is a highly representative and well-characterized animal model for HIV neuropathogenesis studies that provides an excellent opportunity to study and develop prognostic markers of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) for HIV-infected individuals. SIV studies can be performed in a controlled setting that enhances reproducibility and offers high-translational value. Similar to observations in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART), ongoing neurodegeneration and inflammation are present in SIV-infected pigtailed macaques treated with suppressive ART. By developing quantitative viral outgrowth assays that measure both CD4+ T cells and macrophages harboring replication competent SIV as well as a highly sensitive mouse-based viral outgrowth assay, we have positioned the SIV/pigtailed macaque model to advance our understanding of latent cellular reservoirs, including potential CNS reservoirs, to promote HIV cure. In addition to contributing to our understanding of the pathogenesis of HAND, the SIV/pigtailed macaque model also provides an excellent opportunity to test innovative approaches to eliminate the latent HIV reservoir in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Beck
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Suzanne E Queen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kelly A Metcalf Pate
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Lisa M Mangus
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Celina M Abreu
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Lucio Gama
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Robert J Adams
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - M Christine Zink
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Janice E Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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21
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Vermillion MS, Lyons CE, Najarro KM, Adams RJ, Metcalf Pate KA. Immune Activation of Platelets in Response to Serial Phlebotomy in Pigtailed Macaques ( Macaca nemestrina). Comp Med 2017; 67:360-367. [PMID: 28830584 PMCID: PMC5557209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Serial phlebotomy is a common sampling practice for repeated-measures studies in biomedical research. In NHP, the effect of serial blood collection on RBC parameters has been characterized, but the effects on platelet parameters and other aspects of the hemogram have not been well studied. We sought to characterize the circulating platelet phenotype throughout the course of 7 serial phlebotomies spanning 30 d in pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Phlebotomy was performed on 23 animals at days 0, 2, 4, 7, 10, 21, and 30 to quantify the circulating platelet count and markers of both hemostatic and immune platelet activation. Platelet immune activation was characterized by increases in surface MHC class I and II expression and increases in circulating platelet-leukocyte aggregates. These changes occurred in the absence of increases in the prohemostatic markers P-selectin and CD40L and without evidence of adverse clinical effects. Mild increases in platelet count, mean platelet volume, and immune activation occurred early in the study. After day 21, mean platelet volume and other hematologic parameters returned to baseline while changes in platelet count and immune activation were greater than during the first 10 d of the study. These data demonstrate that serial phlebotomy in NHP has delayed effects on platelet parameters, which may be a source of clinically silent, immunologic and physiologic variability within repeated measures studies. The impact of these effects on research aims should be considered when designing protocols requiring serial phlebotomy in NHP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan S Vermillion
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Claire E Lyons
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kevin M Najarro
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Robert J Adams
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelly A Metcalf Pate
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
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22
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Frydman GH, Metcalf Pate KA, Marini RP, de Laforcade AM, Bosch I, Bakthavatchalu V, Muthupalani S, Swennes AG, Lyons CE, Tompkins RG, Fox JG. Adult-onset, chronic, cyclic thrombocytopenia in a Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) after dengue virus vaccination and viral challenge. Vet Clin Pathol 2017; 46:238-247. [PMID: 28518476 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An 8-year-old, male Rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta), previously used for dengue virus (DENV) vaccine research with viral challenge, was presented with adult-onset, chronic, cyclic thrombocytopenia. Platelet number, morphology, and function were evaluated by automated hematology, peripheral blood smears, electron microscopy, flow cytometry, and impedance aggregometry. Bone marrow was evaluated by cytology. Both serum anti-dengue nonstructural protein 1 (NS1) antibodies and anti-platelet antibodies were detected by ELISA. Platelet characterization showed a lack of aggregation to all agonists (ADP, ASP, and collagen), increased activation with increased expression of surface marker (HLA-ABC), and an absence of surface receptor GPIX during clinical episodes of petechiae and ecchymoses, even in the presence of normal platelet counts. Bone marrow aspirates identified potential mild megakaryocytic hypoplasia. All platelet functions and morphologic attributes were within normal limits during clinically normal phases. Presence of anti-dengue NS1 serum antibodies confirmed a positive DENV titer 8 years postvaccination. Based on the history and clinical findings, a primary differential diagnosis for this chronic, cyclic platelet pathology was autoimmune platelet destruction with potential bone marrow involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit H Frydman
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Surgery, Innovation & Bioengineering, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kelly A Metcalf Pate
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert P Marini
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Armelle M de Laforcade
- Emergency and Critical Care, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Tufts University, North Grafton, MA, USA
| | - Irene Bosch
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Alton G Swennes
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Claire E Lyons
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ronald G Tompkins
- Center for Surgery, Innovation & Bioengineering, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James G Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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23
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Kar M, Singla M, Chandele A, Kabra SK, Lodha R, Medigeshi GR. Dengue Virus Entry and Replication Does Not Lead to Productive Infection in Platelets. Open Forum Infect Dis 2017; 4:ofx051. [PMID: 28491890 PMCID: PMC5420081 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofx051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia is a characteristic feature during the acute phase of dengue infection and has been found to associate with vascular leakage in severe dengue. Although dengue antigens have been observed in platelets, there is no strong evidence to suggest a direct infection of platelets by dengue virus as a contributing factor for thrombocytopenia. We show that dengue virus can enter platelets but replicate viral ribonucleic acid to a minimal extent and, therefore, cannot produce infectious virus. Dengue antigen was undetectable in platelets isolated from dengue patients; however, we observed an increase in CD14+CD16+ monocyte-platelet complexes, suggesting a mechanism for platelet clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meenakshi Kar
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana
| | - Mohit Singla
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
| | - Anmol Chandele
- ICGEB-Emory Vaccine Center, International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
| | - Sushil K Kabra
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
| | - Rakesh Lodha
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
| | - Guruprasad R Medigeshi
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana
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24
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Xiao L, Xue Y, Zhang C, Wang L, Lin Y, Pan G. The involvement of multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 in the distribution and excretion of berberine. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:314-323. [PMID: 28298174 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1300707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
1. Berberine (BBR), an isoquinoline alkaloid, has demonstrated multiple clinical pharmacological actions. As a substrate of multiple transporters in the liver, BBR is rarely excreted into the bile but can be found in the urine. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the role of multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1) in the transport of BBR in the liver and kidney. 2. Using human MATE1 (hMATE1)-transfected HEK293 cells, BBR was shown to be a substrate of hMATE1 (Km = 4.28 ± 2.18 μM). In primary rat hepatocytes, pH-dependent uptake and efflux studies suggested that the transport of BBR was driven by the exchange of H+ and involved Mate1. In rats, we found that pyrimethamine (PYR), an inhibitor of Mate1, increased hepatic and renal distribution of BBR and decreased systematic excretion of BBR. 3. These findings indicated that BBR is a substrate of MATE1 and that hepatic and renal Mate1 promote excretion of BBR into bile and urine, respectively. In conclusion, Mate1 plays a key role in the distribution and excretion of BBR, and we speculate that drug-drug interactions (DDIs) caused by MATE1 may occur between BBR and other co-administered drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xiao
- a Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China and.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yaru Xue
- a Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China and.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Cuifeng Zhang
- a Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China and.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Le Wang
- a Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China and.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Yunfei Lin
- a Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China and.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
| | - Guoyu Pan
- a Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China and.,b University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China
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Middleton EA, Weyrich AS, Zimmerman GA. Platelets in Pulmonary Immune Responses and Inflammatory Lung Diseases. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1211-59. [PMID: 27489307 PMCID: PMC6345245 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00038.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are essential for physiological hemostasis and are central in pathological thrombosis. These are their traditional and best known activities in health and disease. In addition, however, platelets have specializations that broaden their functional repertoire considerably. These functional capabilities, some of which are recently discovered, include the ability to sense and respond to infectious and immune signals and to act as inflammatory effector cells. Human platelets and platelets from mice and other experimental animals can link the innate and adaptive limbs of the immune system and act across the immune continuum, often also linking immune and hemostatic functions. Traditional and newly recognized facets of the biology of platelets are relevant to defensive, physiological immune responses of the lungs and to inflammatory lung diseases. The emerging view of platelets as blood cells that are much more diverse and versatile than previously thought further predicts that additional features of the biology of platelets and of megakaryocytes, the precursors of platelets, will be discovered and that some of these will also influence pulmonary immune defenses and inflammatory injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Middleton
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Andrew S Weyrich
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Guy A Zimmerman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, and the Program in Molecular Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
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26
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Nkambule BB, Davison G, Ipp H. Platelet leukocyte aggregates and markers of platelet aggregation, immune activation and disease progression in HIV infected treatment naive asymptomatic individuals. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2016; 40:458-67. [PMID: 25899563 DOI: 10.1007/s11239-015-1212-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Platelet aggregates play a crucial role in the immune defence mechanism against viruses. Increased levels of lipopolysaccharide have been reported in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected individuals. Platelets are capable of interacting with bacterial LPS and subsequently forming platelet leukocyte aggregates (PLAs). This study aimed at determining the levels of circulating PLAs in treatment naïve HIV infected individuals and correlating them, with markers of immune activation, disease progression and platelet aggregation. Thirty-two HIV negative and 35 HIV positive individuals were recruited from a clinic in the Western Cape. Platelet monocyte and platelet neutrophil aggregates were measured using flow cytometry at baseline and were correlated with markers of platelet activation (CD62P); aggregation (CD36); monocyte and neutrophil activation (CD69); monocyte tissue factor expression (CD142); immune activation (CD38 on T+ cells); D-dimers (a marker of active coagulation); CD4 count and viral load. Platelet monocyte aggregates were also measured post stimulation with lipopolysaccharide. PMA levels were higher in HIV 25.26 (16.16-32.28) versus control 14.12 (8.36-18.83), p = 0.0001. PMAs correlated with %CD38/8 expression (r = 0.54624, p = 0.0155); CD4 count (r = -0.6964, p = 0.0039) viral load (r = 0.633, p < 0.009) and monocyte %CD69 expression (r = 0.757, p = 0.030). In addition the %PMAs correlated with platelet %CD36 (r = 0.606, p = 0.017). The HIV group showed increased levels of %CD62P 5.44 (2.72-11.87) versus control 1.15 (0.19-3.59), p < 0.0001; %CD36 22.53 (10.59-55.15) versus 11.01 (3.69-26.98), p = 0.0312 and tissue factor (CD142) MFI 4.84 (4.01-8.17) versus 1.74 (1.07-9.3), p = 0.0240. We describe increased levels of circulating PMAs which directly correlates with markers of immune activation, disease progression and platelet aggregation in HIV treatment naïve individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongani B Nkambule
- Divisions of Haematology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University and NHLS, Tygerberg, South Africa.
| | - Glenda Davison
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Hayley Ipp
- Divisions of Haematology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University and NHLS, Tygerberg, South Africa.
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27
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Jones LD, Jackson JW, Maggirwar SB. Modeling HIV-1 Induced Neuroinflammation in Mice: Role of Platelets in Mediating Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151702. [PMID: 26986758 PMCID: PMC4795798 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The number of HIV-1 positive individuals developing some form of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is increasing. In these individuals, the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is compromised due to an increase in exposure to pro-inflammatory mediators, viral proteins, and virus released from infected cells. It has been shown that soluble CD40L (sCD40L) is released upon platelet activation and is an important mediator of the pathogenesis of HAND but the underlying mechanisms are unclear, emphasizing the need of an effective animal model. Here, we have utilized a novel animal model in which wild-type (WT) mice were infected with EcoHIV; a derivative of HIV-1 that contains a substitution of envelope protein gp120 with that of gp80 derived from murine leukemia virus-1 (MuLV-1). As early as two-weeks post-infection, EcoHIV led to increased permeability of the BBB associated with decreased expression of tight junction protein claudin-5, in CD40L and platelet activation-dependent manner. Treatment with an antiplatelet drug, eptifibatide, in EcoHIV-infected mice normalized BBB function, sCD40L release and platelet activity, thus implicating platelet activation and platelet-derived CD40L in virally induced BBB dysfunction. Our results also validate and underscore the importance of EcoHIV infection mouse model as a tool to explore therapeutic targets for HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letitia D Jones
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Joseph W Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - Sanjay B Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, New York, United States of America
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Larkin CM, Santos-Martinez MJ, Ryan T, Radomski MW. Sepsis-associated thrombocytopenia. Thromb Res 2016; 141:11-6. [PMID: 26953822 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2016.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Larkin
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland.
| | | | - Thomas Ryan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland; Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marek W Radomski
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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29
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Lipopolysaccharide Increases Immune Activation and Alters T Cell Homeostasis in SHIVB'WHU Chronically Infected Chinese Rhesus Macaque. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:202738. [PMID: 26713320 PMCID: PMC4680103 DOI: 10.1155/2015/202738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune activation plays a significant role in the disease progression of HIV. Microbial products, especially bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), contribute to immune activation. Increasing evidence indicates that T lymphocyte homeostasis disruptions are associated with immune activation. However, the mechanism by which LPS affects disruption of immune response is still not fully understood. Chronically SHIVB'WHU-infected Chinese rhesus macaques received 50 μg/kg body weight LPS in this study. LPS administration affected the virus/host equilibrium by elevating the levels of viral replication and activating T lymphocytes. LPS induced upregulation of CD8+ naïve T cells and downregulated the number of CD4+ and CD8+ T effector memory cells. The downregulated effector memory cells are associated with a lower frequency of monofunctional and polyfunctional cells, and an upregulated programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was observed in monkeys after LPS stimulation. Our data provide new insights into the function of LPS in the immune activation in SHIV/HIV infection.
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30
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Goddard A, Leisewitz AL, Kristensen AT, Schoeman JP. Platelet activation and platelet–leukocyte interaction in dogs naturally infected with Babesia rossi. Vet J 2015; 205:387-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Activated platelet-T-cell conjugates in peripheral blood of patients with HIV infection: coupling coagulation/inflammation and T cells. AIDS 2015; 29:1297-308. [PMID: 26002800 PMCID: PMC4502988 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite successfully suppressed viremia by treatment, patients with high levels of biomarkers of coagulation/inflammation are at an increased risk of developing non-AIDS defining serious illnesses such as cardiovascular diseases. Thus, there is a relationship between persistent immune activation and coagulation/inflammation, although the mechanisms are poorly understood. Platelets play an important role in this process. Although interactions between platelets and elements of the innate immune system, such as monocytes, are well described, little is known about the interaction between platelets and the adaptive immune system. DESIGN We investigated the interaction of a component of the coagulation system, platelets, and the adaptive immune system T cells. METHODS Healthy controls and combination antiretroviral therapy (cART)-treated HIV-infected patients with viral loads of less than 40 copies/ml for more than 15 months were analysed for platelet-T-cell conjugate formation. RESULTS Platelets can form conjugates with T cells and were preferentially seen in CD4 and CD8 T-cell subsets with more differentiated phenotypes [memory, memory/effector and terminal effector memory (TEM)]. Compared with healthy controls, these conjugates in patients with HIV infection were more frequent, more often composed of activated platelets (CD42bCD62P), and were significantly associated with the D-dimer serum levels. CONCLUSION These data support a model in which platelet-T-cell conjugates may play a critical role in the fast recruitment of antigen-experienced T cells to the place of injury. This mechanism can contribute in maintaining a state of coagulation/inflammation observed in these patients contributing to the pathology of the disease.
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32
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Thrombocytopenia and cancer risk during HIV infection. AIDS 2015; 29:1425-7. [PMID: 26098601 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Beck SE, Queen SE, Witwer KW, Metcalf Pate KA, Mangus LM, Gama L, Adams RJ, Clements JE, Christine Zink M, Mankowski JL. Paving the path to HIV neurotherapy: Predicting SIV CNS disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 759:303-12. [PMID: 25818747 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
HIV-induced damage to the CNS remains a major challenge for over 30 million people in the world despite the successes of combined antiretroviral therapy in limiting viral replication. Predicting development and progression of HIV-associated CNS disease is crucial because prevention and early intervention could be more effective than attempts to promote repair. The SIV/macaque model is the premier platform to study HIV neuropathogenesis, including discovery of predictive factors such as neuroprotective host genes and both blood and CSF biomarkers that precede and predict development of SIV CNS disease. This report details the role of macaque MHC class I genes, longitudinal alterations in biomarkers in the circulation, and expression of inflammatory and neuronal damage markers in CSF using samples from SIV-inoculated pigtailed macaques collected during acute, asymptomatic, and terminal stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Beck
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Suzanne E Queen
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Kenneth W Witwer
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Kelly A Metcalf Pate
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Lisa M Mangus
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Lucio Gama
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Robert J Adams
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Janice E Clements
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - M Christine Zink
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Joseph L Mankowski
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States.
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34
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Nording HM, Seizer P, Langer HF. Platelets in inflammation and atherogenesis. Front Immunol 2015; 6:98. [PMID: 25798138 PMCID: PMC4351644 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets contribute to processes beyond thrombus formation and may play a so far underestimated role as an immune cell in various circumstances. This review outlines immune functions of platelets in host defense, but also how they may contribute to mechanisms of infectious diseases. A particular emphasis is placed on the interaction of platelets with other immune cells. Furthermore, this article outlines the features of atherosclerosis as an inflammatory vascular disease highlighting the role of platelet crosstalk with cellular and soluble factors involved in atheroprogression. Understanding, how platelets influence these processes of vascular remodeling will shed light on their role for tissue homeostasis beyond intravascular thrombosis. Finally, translational implications of platelet-mediated inflammation in atherosclerosis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry M. Nording
- University Clinic for Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Eberhard Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Section for Cardioimmunology, Eberhard Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Seizer
- University Clinic for Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Eberhard Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald F. Langer
- University Clinic for Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Eberhard Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Section for Cardioimmunology, Eberhard Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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35
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Assinger A. Platelets and infection - an emerging role of platelets in viral infection. Front Immunol 2014; 5:649. [PMID: 25566260 PMCID: PMC4270245 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelets are anucleate blood cells that play a crucial role in the maintenance of hemostasis. While platelet activation and elevated platelet counts (thrombocytosis) are associated with increased risk of thrombotic complications, low platelet counts (thrombocytopenia) and several platelet function disorders increase the risk of bleeding. Over the last years, more and more evidence has emerged that platelets and their activation state can also modulate innate and adaptive immune responses and low platelet counts have been identified as a surrogate marker for poor prognosis in septic patients. Viral infections often coincide with platelet activation. Host inflammatory responses result in the release of platelet activating mediators and a pro-oxidative and pro-coagulant environment, which favors platelet activation. However, viruses can also directly interact with platelets and megakaryocytes and modulate their function. Furthermore, platelets can be activated by viral antigen-antibody complexes and in response to some viruses B-lymphocytes also generate anti-platelet antibodies. All these processes contributing to platelet activation result in increased platelet consumption and removal and often lead to thrombocytopenia, which is frequently observed during viral infection. However, virus-induced platelet activation does not only modulate platelet count but also shape immune responses. Platelets and their released products have been reported to directly and indirectly suppress infection and to support virus persistence in response to certain viruses, making platelets a double-edged sword during viral infections. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge on platelet interaction with different types of viruses, the viral impact on platelet activation, and platelet-mediated modulations of innate and adaptive immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Assinger
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna , Vienna , Austria ; Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the relationship between platelet counts and risk of AIDS and non-AIDS-defining events. DESIGN Prospective cohort. METHODS EuroSIDA patients with at least one platelet count were followed from baseline (first platelet ≥ 1 January 2005) until last visit or death. Multivariate Poisson regression was used to assess the relationship between current platelet counts and the incidence of non-AIDS-defining (pancreatitis, end-stage liver/renal disease, cancer, cardiovascular disease) and AIDS-defining events. RESULTS There were 62 898 person-years of follow-up (PYFU) among 12 279 patients, including 1168 non-AIDS-defining events [crude incidence 18.6/1000 PYFU, 95% confidence interval (CI) 17.5-19.6] and 735 AIDS-defining events (crude incidence 11.7/1000 PYFU, 95% CI 10.8-12.5). Patients with thrombocytopenia (platelet count ≤100 × 10/l) had a slightly increased incidence of AIDS-defining events [adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) 1.42, 95% CI 1.07-1.86], when compared to those with platelet counts 101-200 × 10/l, whereas the incidence of non-AIDS-defining events was more than two-fold higher (aIRR 2.66, 95% CI 2.17-3.26). Among non-AIDS-defining events, the adjusted incidence of cancer (aIRR 2.20, 95% CI 1.61-3.01), but not cardiovascular disease (aIRR 0.66, 95% CI 0.32-1.34), was significantly higher in patients with thrombocytopenia. The association between thrombocytopenia and cancer remained unaltered in sensitivity analyses requiring repeated platelet counts to confirm thrombocytopenia and lagging platelets by 1 year prior to clinical events. CONCLUSION Patients with thrombocytopenia had increased incidence of AIDS-defining and non-AIDS-defining events, but the association with the latter, in particular cancer, was stronger. Future studies should investigate whether the pathophysiological processes underlying thrombocytopenia are associated with the development of cancer during treated HIV disease.
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Reduced platelet hyperreactivity and platelet-monocyte aggregation in HIV-infected individuals receiving a raltegravir-based regimen. AIDS 2014; 28:2091-6. [PMID: 25265076 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Platelets are key cells in atherosclerosis and acute cardiovascular events. Platelet hyperreactivity and increased platelet-monocyte aggregation (PMA) are found in HIV-infected patients and may contribute to the excess cardiovascular risk. The integrase inhibitor raltegravir (RAL) has been associated with better residual viral suppression and reduction in inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers. The aim of our study was to investigate whether RAL-treated patients have reduced platelet reactivity and PMA. DESIGN AND METHODS We performed a cross-sectional study involving 80 virologically suppressed adult HIV1-infected patients on a RAL-based (n = 25), nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based (n = 30) or a protease inhibitor based (n = 25) regimen and 30 healthy controls. Platelet reactivity was determined by measuring platelet P-selectin expression and the binding of fibrinogen to platelets to stimulation with two concentrations of ADP. PMA was determined by measuring the expression of the platelet marker CD42b on CD14 positive cells. RESULTS HIV-infected individuals had higher platelet reactivity and PMA than controls. RAL-treated individuals showed significantly lower P-selectin expression to stimulation with low (P = 0.026 vs. NNRTI and P = 0.005 vs. protease inhibitor group) and high-dose ADP (P = 0.009 vs. NNRTI and P = 0.003 vs. protease inhibitor group). A similar trend for was found for fibrinogen binding, although only the difference in P-selectin expression between RAL and protease inhibitor treated patients reached statistical significance (P = 0.038). PMA was also lower in the RAL group than in the NNRTI (P = 0.037) and protease inhibitor (P = 0.034) groups. CONCLUSION Use of a RAL-based regimen was associated with a reduction in persistent HIV-induced platelet hyperreactivity and PMA compared with NNRTI and protease inhibitor based regimen.
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Higher levels of circulating monocyte-platelet aggregates are correlated with viremia and increased sCD163 levels in HIV-1 infection. Cell Mol Immunol 2014; 12:435-43. [PMID: 25109683 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2014.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased levels of monocyte-platelet aggregates (MPAs) are reported to be highly correlated with cardiovascular events. In this study, the MPA levels in different monocyte subsets and the associations between MPA levels, HIV-1 viremia and monocyte activation were evaluated during HIV-1 infection. The results showed that the percentages of MPAs in all three monocyte subsets were higher in HIV-1-infected subjects than in healthy controls, and were associated with the plasma viral load in the non-classical and intermediate monocyte subsets. The plasma levels of sCD14 and sCD163 were upregulated in HIV-1 infection and were positively associated with viral loads and negatively associated with CD4 counts. P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1 (PSGL-1) was shown to be expressed at significantly lower levels on all three monocyte subsets and was negatively correlated with the sCD163 level. The MPA level was correlated with the levels of plasma sCD163 but negatively correlated with CD163 and PSGL-1 on all three monocyte subsets. An elevated immune activation status was correlated with increased MPA formation, underlying the potential interaction between monocyte activation and MPA formation. This interaction may be related to a higher thromboembolic risk in patients infected with HIV-1.Cellular & Molecular Immunology advance online publication, 11 August 2014; doi:10.1038/cmi.2014.66.
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TGFβ-Mediated Downregulation of Thrombopoietin Is Associated With Platelet Decline in Asymptomatic SIV Infection. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2014; 65:510-6. [PMID: 24220290 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombocytopenia is a known consequence of HIV infection, and decreased production of platelets has been previously implicated in the pathogenesis of platelet decline during asymptomatic infection. Thrombopoietin (THPO) drives platelet production by stimulating the maturation of bone marrow megakaryocytes and can be transcriptionally downregulated by cytokines that are increased during infection such as transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and platelet factor 4 (pf4). DESIGN To determine whether transcriptional downregulation of THPO contributed to decreased platelet production during asymptomatic infection in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/macaque model of HIV, we compared hepatic THPO mRNA levels to platelet number and megakaryocyte density. To identify potential inhibitory factors that decrease THPO transcription during asymptomatic infection, we measured TGFβ and pf4 plasma levels. To determine whether combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) could correct platelet decline by altering cytokine levels, we measured TGFβ and pf4 in cART-treated SIV-infected macaques and compared these values to cART-untreated SIV-infected macaques. RESULTS Hepatic THPO transcription was downregulated during asymptomatic SIV infection concurrent with platelet decline. Hepatic THPO mRNA levels correlated with bone marrow megakaryocyte density. In contrast, plasma TGFβ levels were inversely correlated with hepatic THPO transcription and bone marrow megakaryocyte density. With cART treatment, plasma TGFβ levels and platelet count returned to values similar to those in uninfected macaques. CONCLUSIONS TGFβ-mediated downregulation of hepatic THPO may lead to decline in platelet number during asymptomatic SIV infection, and cART may prevent platelet decline by normalizing plasma TGFβ levels.
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Nkambule BB, Davison G, Ipp H. The value of flow cytometry in the measurement of platelet activation and aggregation in human immunodeficiency virus infection. Platelets 2014; 26:250-7. [PMID: 24831969 DOI: 10.3109/09537104.2014.909021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency deficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with chronic inflammation and an increased risk of thrombotic events. Activated platelets (PLTs) play an important role in both thrombosis and inflammation, and HIV has been shown to induce PLT activation by both direct and indirect mechanisms. P-selectin (CD62P) is a well-described marker of PLT activation, and PLT glycoprotein (GP) IV (CD36) has been identified as a marker of PLT aggregation. Data on PLT function in the context of HIV infection remain inconclusive. Laboratory techniques, such as flow cytometry, enable the assessment of PLTs in their physiological state and environment, with minimal artifactual in vitro activation and aggregation. In this study, we describe a novel flow cytometry PLT assay, which enabled the measurement of PLT function in HIV infection. Forty-one antiretroviral-naïve HIV-positive individuals and 41 HIV-negative controls were recruited from a clinic in the Western Cape. Platelet function was evaluated by assessing the response of platelets to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) at two concentrations (0.04 mM, 0.2 mM). The percentage expression and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) of CD62P and CD36 was used to evaluate platelet function. These were then correlated with platelet (PLT) count; CD4 count; % CD38/8; viral load and D-dimers. The % CD62P levels were higher in HIV-positive patients (HIV % CD62P 11.33[5.96-29.36] vs. control 2.48[1.56-6.04]; p < 0.0001). In addition, the HIV group showed higher CD62P MFI levels (HIV CD62P MFI 3.25 ± 7.23 vs. control 2.35 ± 1.31, p = 0.0292). Baseline levels of %CD36 expression were significantly higher in HIV-positive patients (%CD36 12.41[6.31-21.83] vs. control 6.04[1.34-13.15]; p = 0.0091). However, the baseline CD36MFI showed no significant difference between the two groups (HIV CD36 MFI 3.09 ± 0.64 vs. control 2.44 ± 0.11, p = 0.4591). The HIV group showed higher levels of % CD36 expression post stimulation with 0.04 mM ADP 43.32 ± 27.41 vs. control 27.47 ± 12.95; p < 0.0214) and no significant difference at 0.2 mM ADP (HIV % CD36 39.06 ± 17.91 vs. control 44.61 ± 18.76; p = 0.3277). Furthermore, the HIV group showed a single phase response to ADP as compared to the control group, which showed a normal biphasic response. We concluded that PLT flow cytometry is valuable in the assessment of levels of PLT activation, and further, that the addition of an endogenous agonist, such as ADP, enabled the measurement of PLT function in HIV infection. We were able to show that, although PLTs are significantly activated in HIV compared to uninfected controls, they retain their functional capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongani B Nkambule
- Divisions of Haematology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University and NHLS , Tygerberg , South Africa and
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Platelet-TLR7 mediates host survival and platelet count during viral infection in the absence of platelet-dependent thrombosis. Blood 2014; 124:791-802. [PMID: 24755410 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2013-11-536003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections have been associated with reduced platelet counts, the biological significance of which has remained elusive. Here, we show that infection with encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) rapidly reduces platelet count, and this response is attributed to platelet Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7). Platelet-TLR7 stimulation mediates formation of large platelet-neutrophil aggregates, both in mouse and human blood. Intriguingly, this process results in internalization of platelet CD41-fragments by neutrophils, as assessed biochemically and visualized by microscopy, with no influence on platelet prothrombotic properties. The mechanism includes TLR7-mediated platelet granule release, translocation of P-selectin to the cell surface, and a consequent increase in platelet-neutrophil adhesion. Viral infection of platelet-depleted mice also led to increased mortality. Transfusion of wild-type, TLR7-expressing platelets into TLR7-deficient mice caused a drop in platelet count and increased survival post EMCV infection. Thus, this study identifies a new link between platelets and their response to single-stranded RNA viruses that involves activation of TLR7. Finally, platelet-TLR7 stimulation is independent of thrombosis and has implications to the host immune response and survival.
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Abstract
Despite their small size and anucleate status, platelets have diverse roles in vascular biology. Not only are platelets the cellular mediator of thrombosis, but platelets are also immune cells that initiate and accelerate many vascular inflammatory conditions. Platelets are linked to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, malaria infection, transplant rejection, and rheumatoid arthritis. In some contexts, platelet immune functions are protective, whereas in others platelets contribute to adverse inflammatory outcomes. In this review, we will discuss platelet and platelet-derived mediator interactions with the innate and acquired arms of the immune system and platelet-vessel wall interactions that drive inflammatory disease. There have been many recent publications indicating both important protective and adverse roles for platelets in infectious disease. Because of this new accumulating data, and the fact that infectious disease continues to be a leading cause of death globally, we will also focus on new and emerging concepts related to platelet immune and inflammatory functions in the context of infectious disease.
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Davidson DC, Jackson JW, Maggirwar SB. Targeting platelet-derived soluble CD40 ligand: a new treatment strategy for HIV-associated neuroinflammation? J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:144. [PMID: 24289660 PMCID: PMC3906985 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV) continues to be one of the most prevalent global health afflictions to date. The advent and introduction of combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) has made a significant impact on the course of infection. However, as patients are living longer, many HIV-associated illnesses are becoming prevalent among the infected population, especially those associated with chronic inflammation. Consistently, HIV-associated neuroinflammation is believed to be a major catalyst in the development of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), which are estimated to persist in approximately 50% of infected individuals regardless of cART. This dramatically underscores the need to develop effective adjunctive therapies capable of controlling this aspect of the disease, which are currently lacking. We previously demonstrated that the inflammatory mediator soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L) is elevated in both the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid of cognitively impaired infected individuals compared to their non-impaired infected counterparts. Our group, and others have recently demonstrated that there is an increasing role for this inflammatory mediator in the pathogenesis of HIV-associated neuroinflammation, thereby identifying this molecule as a potential therapeutic target for the management of HAND. Platelets are the major source of circulating sCD40L, and these small cells are increasingly implicated in a multitude of inflammatory disorders, including those common during HIV infection. Thus, antiplatelet therapies that minimize the release of platelet-derived inflammatory mediators such as sCD40L are an innovative, non-traditional approach for the treatment of HIV-associated neuroinflammation, with the potential to benefit other HIV-associated illnesses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sanjay B Maggirwar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 672, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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