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Cowling BJ, Wong SS, Santos JJS, Touyon L, Ort J, Ye N, Kwok NKM, Ho F, Cheng SMS, Ip DKM, Peiris M, Webby RJ, Wilson PC, Valkenburg SA, Tsang JS, Leung NHL, Hensley SE, Cobey S. Preliminary findings from the Dynamics of the Immune Responses to Repeat Influenza Vaccination Exposures (DRIVE I) Study: a Randomized Controlled Trial. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.05.16.24307455. [PMID: 38798684 PMCID: PMC11118649 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.16.24307455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Background Studies have reported that repeated annual vaccination may influence the effectiveness of the influenza vaccination in the current season. The mechanisms underlying these differences are unclear but might include "focusing" of the adaptive immune response to older strains. Methods We established a 5-year randomized placebo-controlled trial of repeated influenza vaccination (Flublok, Sanofi Pasteur) in adults 18-45 years of age. Participants were randomized equally between five groups, with planned annual receipt of vaccination (V) or saline placebo (P) as follows: P-P-P-P-V, P-P-P-V-V, P-P-V-V-V, P-V-V-V-V, or V-V-V-VV. Serum samples were collected each year just before vaccination and after 30 and 182 days. A subset of sera were tested by hemagglutination inhibition assays, focus reduction neutralization tests and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays against vaccine strains. Results From 23 October 2020 through 11 March 2021 we enrolled and randomized 447 adults. We selected sera from 95 participants at five timepoints from the first two study years for testing. Among vaccinated individuals, antibody titers increased between days 0 and 30 against each of the vaccine strains, with substantial increases for first-time vaccinees and smaller increases for repeat vaccinees, who had higher pre-vaccination titers in year 2. There were statistically significant reductions in the proportion of participants achieving a four-fold greater rise in antibody titer for the repeat vaccinees for A(H1N1), B/Victoria and B/Yamagata, but not for influenza A(H3N2). There were no statistically significant differences between groups in geometric mean titers at day 30 or the proportions of participants with antibody titers ≥40 at day 30 for any of the vaccine strains. Conclusions In the first two years, repeat vaccinees and first-time vaccinees had similar post-vaccination geometric mean titers to all four vaccine strains, indicative of similar levels of clinical protection. The vaccine strains of A(H1N1) and A(H3N2) were updated in year 2, providing an opportunity to explore antigenic distances between those strains in humans in subsequent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J. Cowling
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Sook-San Wong
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jefferson J. S. Santos
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Lisa Touyon
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Jordan Ort
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Naiqing Ye
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Natalie K. M. Kwok
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Faith Ho
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Samuel M. S. Cheng
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Dennis K. M. Ip
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Malik Peiris
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Richard J. Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105
| | - Patrick C. Wilson
- Gale and Ira Drukier Institute for Children’s Health, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021
| | - Sophie A. Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - John S. Tsang
- Yale Center for Systems and Engineering Immunology and Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Nancy H. L. Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
- Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong Science and Technology Park, New Territories, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Scott E. Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Sarah Cobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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Baker R, Lawlor R, Smith M, Price J, Eaton A, Lover A, Alfandari D, Reinhart P, Arcaro KF, Osborne BA. Antibody responses in blood and saliva post COVID-19 bivalent booster do not reveal an Omicron BA.4/BA.5- specific response. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1401209. [PMID: 38812500 PMCID: PMC11133519 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1401209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Current SARS-CoV-2 strains continue to mutate and attempt to evade the antibody response elicited by previous exposures and vaccinations. In September of 2022, the first updated SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, designed to create immune responses specific for the variants circulating in 2022, were approved. These new vaccines, known commonly as the bivalent boost(er), include mRNA that encodes both the original Wuhan-Hu-1 spike protein as well as the spike protein specific to the Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 variants. Methods We recruited volunteers from University of Massachusetts student, faculty and staff members to provide samples of blood and saliva at four different time points, including pre-boost and three times post boost and analyzed samples for antibody production as well as neutralization of virus. Results Our data provide a comprehensive analysis of the antibody response following a single dose of the bivalent boost over a 6-month period and support previous findings that the response induced after the bivalent boost does not create a strong BA.4/BA.5-specific antibody response. Conclusion We found no evidence of a specific anti-BA.4/BA.5 response developing over time, including in a sub-population of individuals who become infected after a single dose of the bivalent booster. Additionally, we present data that support the use of saliva samples as a reliable alternative to blood for antibody detection against specific SARS-CoV-2 antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Baker
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, College of Natural Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Rebecca Lawlor
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, College of Natural Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Maeve Smith
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, College of Natural Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Jessica Price
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, College of Natural Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Ashley Eaton
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences (IALS) Clinical Testing Center (ICTC), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Andrew Lover
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Dominique Alfandari
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, College of Natural Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Peter Reinhart
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences (IALS), University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Kathleen F. Arcaro
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, College of Natural Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Barbara A. Osborne
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, College of Natural Science, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States
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Luo Z, Miranda HA, Burke KN, Spurrier MA, Berry M, Stover EL, Spreng RL, Waitt G, Soderblom EJ, Macintyre AN, Wiehe K, Heaton NS. Vaccination with antigenically complex hemagglutinin mixtures confers broad protection from influenza disease. Sci Transl Med 2024; 16:eadj4685. [PMID: 38691617 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.adj4685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Current seasonal influenza virus vaccines induce responses primarily against immunodominant but highly plastic epitopes in the globular head of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein. Because of viral antigenic drift at these sites, vaccines need to be updated and readministered annually. To increase the breadth of influenza vaccine-mediated protection, we developed an antigenically complex mixture of recombinant HAs designed to redirect immune responses to more conserved domains of the protein. Vaccine-induced antibodies were disproportionally redistributed to the more conserved stalk of the HA without hindering, and in some cases improving, antibody responses against the head domain. These improved responses led to increased protection against homologous and heterologous viral challenges in both mice and ferrets compared with conventional vaccine approaches. Thus, antigenically complex protein mixtures can at least partially overcome HA head domain antigenic immunodominance and may represent a step toward a more universal influenza vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaochen Luo
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Hector A Miranda
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kaitlyn N Burke
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - M Ariel Spurrier
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Madison Berry
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erica L Stover
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Rachel L Spreng
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Greg Waitt
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Erik J Soderblom
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Core Facility, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Andrew N Macintyre
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Kevin Wiehe
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Nicholas S Heaton
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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4
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Lewis NM, Zhu Y, Peltan ID, Gaglani M, McNeal T, Ghamande S, Steingrub JS, Shapiro NI, Duggal A, Bender WS, Taghizadeh L, Brown SM, Hager DN, Gong MN, Mohamed A, Exline MC, Khan A, Wilson JG, Qadir N, Chang SY, Ginde AA, Mohr NM, Mallow C, Lauring AS, Johnson NJ, Gibbs KW, Kwon JH, Columbus C, Gottlieb RL, Raver C, Vaughn IA, Ramesh M, Johnson C, Lamerato L, Safdar B, Casey JD, Rice TW, Halasa N, Chappell JD, Grijalva CG, Talbot HK, Baughman A, Womack KN, Swan SA, Harker E, Price A, DeCuir J, Surie D, Ellington S, Self WH. Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A-Associated Hospitalization, Organ Failure, and Death: United States, 2022-2023. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:1056-1064. [PMID: 38051664 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Influenza circulation during the 2022-2023 season in the United States largely returned to pre-coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-pandemic patterns and levels. Influenza A(H3N2) viruses were detected most frequently this season, predominately clade 3C.2a1b.2a, a close antigenic match to the vaccine strain. METHODS To understand effectiveness of the 2022-2023 influenza vaccine against influenza-associated hospitalization, organ failure, and death, a multicenter sentinel surveillance network in the United States prospectively enrolled adults hospitalized with acute respiratory illness between 1 October 2022, and 28 February 2023. Using the test-negative design, vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates against influenza-associated hospitalization, organ failures, and death were measured by comparing the odds of current-season influenza vaccination in influenza-positive case-patients and influenza-negative, SARS-CoV-2-negative control-patients. RESULTS A total of 3707 patients, including 714 influenza cases (33% vaccinated) and 2993 influenza- and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-negative controls (49% vaccinated) were analyzed. VE against influenza-associated hospitalization was 37% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 27%-46%) and varied by age (18-64 years: 47% [30%-60%]; ≥65 years: 28% [10%-43%]), and virus (A[H3N2]: 29% [6%-46%], A[H1N1]: 47% [23%-64%]). VE against more severe influenza-associated outcomes included: 41% (29%-50%) against influenza with hypoxemia treated with supplemental oxygen; 65% (56%-72%) against influenza with respiratory, cardiovascular, or renal failure treated with organ support; and 66% (40%-81%) against influenza with respiratory failure treated with invasive mechanical ventilation. CONCLUSIONS During an early 2022-2023 influenza season with a well-matched influenza vaccine, vaccination was associated with reduced risk of influenza-associated hospitalization and organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel M Lewis
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yuwei Zhu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ithan D Peltan
- Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah, and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Manjusha Gaglani
- Baylor Scott and White Health, Temple and Dallas, Texas, and Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Tresa McNeal
- Baylor Scott and White Health, and Baylor College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Shekhar Ghamande
- Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Jay S Steingrub
- Department of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathan I Shapiro
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abhijit Duggal
- Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Leyla Taghizadeh
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Samuel M Brown
- Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah, and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - David N Hager
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle N Gong
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Amira Mohamed
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew C Exline
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Akram Khan
- Department of Medicine, Oregon Health and Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jennifer G Wilson
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nida Qadir
- Department of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Steven Y Chang
- Department of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Adit A Ginde
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicholas M Mohr
- Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Adam S Lauring
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Nicholas J Johnson
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kevin W Gibbs
- Department of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennie H Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St.Louis, Missouri, USA
| | | | - Robert L Gottlieb
- Baylor University Medical Center Dallas, Baylor, Scott & White Heart and Vascular Hospital, Baylor, Scott and White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Ivana A Vaughn
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Mayur Ramesh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Cassandra Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lois Lamerato
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Basmah Safdar
- Emergency Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jonathan D Casey
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Todd W Rice
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Natasha Halasa
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - James D Chappell
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carlos G Grijalva
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - H Keipp Talbot
- Departments of Medicine and Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Adrienne Baughman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kelsey N Womack
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sydney A Swan
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Elizabeth Harker
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Ashley Price
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Jennifer DeCuir
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Diya Surie
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sascha Ellington
- National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Wesley H Self
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, and Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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5
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Kasten-Jolly J, Lawrence DA. Cellular and Molecular Immunity to Influenza Viruses and Vaccines. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:389. [PMID: 38675771 PMCID: PMC11154265 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12040389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune responses to influenza (flu) antigens reflect memory of prior infections or vaccinations, which might influence immunity to new flu antigens. Memory of past antigens has been termed "original antigenic sin" or, more recently, "immune imprinting" and "seniority". We have researched a comparison between the immune response to live flu infections and inactivated flu vaccinations. A brief history of antibody generation theories is presented, culminating in new findings about the immune-network theory and suggesting that a network of clones exists between anti-idiotypic antibodies and T cell receptors. Findings regarding the 2009 pandemic flu strain and immune responses to it are presented, including memory B cells and conserved regions within the hemagglutinin protein. The importance of CD4+ memory T cells and cytotoxic CD8+ T cells responding to both infections and vaccinations are discussed and compared. Innate immune cells, like natural killer (NK) cells and macrophages, are discussed regarding their roles in adaptive immune responses. Antigen presentation via macroautophagy processes is described. New vaccines in development are mentioned along with the results of some clinical trials. The manuscript concludes with how repeated vaccinations are impacting the immune system and a sketch of what might be behind the imprinting phenomenon, including future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Kasten-Jolly
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA;
| | - David A. Lawrence
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12208, USA;
- Departments of Biomedical Science and Environmental Health Science, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY 12144, USA
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6
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Laszlofy C, Fazekas G, Barath Z, Vajo Z. Evaluation of Vaccine Immunogenicity-Correlates to Real-World Protection: Influenza. Viruses 2024; 16:441. [PMID: 38543806 PMCID: PMC10975834 DOI: 10.3390/v16030441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent events highlighted that, despite decades of studying vaccine immunogenicity and efforts toward finding correlates of protection, evaluating real-world vaccine efficacy as well as establishing meaningful licensing criteria still represents a significant challenge. In this paper, we review all aspects of influenza vaccine immunogenicity, including animal and human challenge studies, humoral and cellular immunity parameters, and their potential correlation with real-life protection from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Csaba Laszlofy
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (C.L.); (Z.B.)
| | | | - Zoltan Barath
- Department of Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary; (C.L.); (Z.B.)
| | - Zoltan Vajo
- Department of Family Medicine, Semmelweis University Medical School, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
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7
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Wamhoff EC, Ronsard L, Feldman J, Knappe GA, Hauser BM, Romanov A, Case JB, Sanapala S, Lam EC, Denis KJS, Boucau J, Barczak AK, Balazs AB, Diamond MS, Schmidt AG, Lingwood D, Bathe M. Enhancing antibody responses by multivalent antigen display on thymus-independent DNA origami scaffolds. Nat Commun 2024; 15:795. [PMID: 38291019 PMCID: PMC10828404 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44869-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Protein-based virus-like particles (P-VLPs) are commonly used to spatially organize antigens and enhance humoral immunity through multivalent antigen display. However, P-VLPs are thymus-dependent antigens that are themselves immunogenic and can induce B cell responses that may neutralize the platform. Here, we investigate thymus-independent DNA origami as an alternative material for multivalent antigen display using the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, the primary target of neutralizing antibody responses. Sequential immunization of mice with DNA-based VLPs (DNA-VLPs) elicits protective neutralizing antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in a manner that depends on the valency of the antigen displayed and on T cell help. Importantly, the immune sera do not contain boosted, class-switched antibodies against the DNA scaffold, in contrast to P-VLPs that elicit strong B cell memory against both the target antigen and the scaffold. Thus, DNA-VLPs enhance target antigen immunogenicity without generating scaffold-directed immunity and thereby offer an important alternative material for particulate vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eike-Christian Wamhoff
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Larance Ronsard
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jared Feldman
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Grant A Knappe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Blake M Hauser
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Anna Romanov
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Shilpa Sanapala
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Evan C Lam
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Kerri J St Denis
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Julie Boucau
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Amy K Barczak
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Alejandro B Balazs
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Aaron G Schmidt
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Mark Bathe
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Harvard Medical School Initiative for RNA Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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8
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Lin PH, Hsiao PJ, Pan CF, Liu MT, Wang JT, Ching C, Wu FY, Lin YH, Yang YC, Hsu LY, Yang HC, Wu UI. Association of vaccine-specific regulatory T cells with reduced antibody response to repeated influenza vaccination. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350525. [PMID: 37713727 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Repeated annual influenza vaccinations have been associated with reduced vaccine-induced antibody responses. This prospective study aimed to explore the role of vaccine antigen-specific regulatory T (Treg) cells in antibody response to repeated annual influenza vaccination. We analyzed pre- and postvaccination hemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers, seroconversion rates, seroprotection rates, vaccine antigen hemagglutinin (HA)-specific Treg cells, and conventional T (Tconv) cells. We compared these parameters between vaccinees with or without vaccine-induced seroconversion. Our multivariate logistic regression revealed that prior vaccination was significantly associated with a decreased likelihood of achieving seroconversion for both H1N1(adjusted OR, 0.03; 95% CI, 0.01-0.13) and H3N2 (adjusted OR, 0.09; 95% CI, 0.03-0.30). Furthermore, individuals who received repeated vaccinations had significantly higher levels of pre-existing HA-specific Treg cells than those who did not. We also found that vaccine-induced fold-increases in HI titers and seroconversion were negatively correlated with pre-existing HA-specific Treg cells and positively correlated with the ratio of Tconv to Treg cells. Overall, our findings suggest that repeated annual influenza vaccination is associated with a lower vaccine-induced antibody response and a higher frequency of vaccine-specific Treg cells. However, a lower frequency of pre-existing Treg cells correlates with a higher postvaccination antibody response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Hung Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Ju Hsiao
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Fu Pan
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsan Liu
- Center for Diagnostics and Vaccine Development, Centers for Disease Control, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jann-Tay Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi Ching
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yi Wu
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lin
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chan Yang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Le-Yin Hsu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Program of Data Science, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Yang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Un-In Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medicine, National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Wang Q, Guo Y, Tam AR, Valdez R, Gordon A, Liu L, Ho DD. Deep immunological imprinting due to the ancestral spike in the current bivalent COVID-19 vaccine. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101258. [PMID: 37909042 PMCID: PMC10694617 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
To combat the evolving SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants, bivalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, encoding both ancestral and Omicron BA.5 spikes, have replaced monovalent vaccines in numerous countries. However, fourth doses of either vaccine result in similar neutralizing antibody titers against Omicron subvariants, raising the possibility of immunological imprinting. To address this, we investigate antibody responses in 72 participants given three doses of a monovalent mRNA vaccine, followed by a bivalent or monovalent booster, or those with breakthrough infections with BA.5 or BQ. Bivalent boosters do not show notably higher binding or virus-neutralizing titers against various SARS-CoV-2 variants compared to monovalent ones. However, breakthrough infections lead to significantly better neutralization of Omicron subvariants. Multiple analyses, including antigenic mapping, suggest that the ancestral spike in bivalent vaccines is causing deep immunological imprinting, preventing broadening of antibodies to the BA.5 component, thereby defeating its intended goal. Its removal from future vaccine compositions is therefore strongly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yicheng Guo
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony R Tam
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Riccardo Valdez
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Aubree Gordon
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Lihong Liu
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
| | - David D Ho
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Skowronski DM, Kaweski SE, Irvine MA, Chuang ESY, Kim S, Sabaiduc S, Reyes RC, Henry B, Sekirov I, Smolina K. Risk of hospital admission and death from first-ever SARS-CoV-2 infection by age group during the Delta and Omicron periods in British Columbia, Canada. CMAJ 2023; 195:E1427-E1439. [PMID: 37903524 PMCID: PMC10615343 DOI: 10.1503/cmaj.230721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population-based cross-sectional serosurveys within the Lower Mainland, British Columbia, Canada, showed about 10%, 40% and 60% of residents were infected with SARS-CoV-2 by the sixth (September 2021), seventh (March 2022) and eighth (July 2022) serosurveys. We conducted the ninth (December 2022) and tenth (July 2023) serosurveys and sought to assess risk of severe outcomes from a first-ever SARS-CoV-2 infection during intersurvey periods. METHODS Using increments in cumulative infection-induced seroprevalence, population census, discharge abstract and vital statistics data sets, we estimated infection hospitalization and fatality ratios (IHRs and IFRs) by age and sex for the sixth to seventh (Delta/Omicron-BA.1), seventh to eighth (Omicron-BA.2/BA.5) and eighth to ninth (Omicron-BA.5/BQ.1) intersurvey periods. As derived, IHR and IFR estimates represent the risk of severe outcome from a first-ever SARS-CoV-2 infection acquired during the specified intersurvey period. RESULTS The cumulative infection-induced seroprevalence was 74% by December 2022 and 79% by July 2023, exceeding 80% among adults younger than 50 years but remaining less than 60% among those aged 80 years and older. Period-specific IHR and IFR estimates were consistently less than 0.3% and 0.1% overall. By age group, IHR and IFR estimates were less than 1.0% and up to 0.1%, respectively, except among adults aged 70-79 years during the sixth to seventh intersurvey period (IHR 3.3% and IFR 1.0%) and among those aged 80 years and older during all periods (IHR 4.7%, 2.2% and 3.5%; IFR 3.3%, 0.6% and 1.3% during the sixth to seventh, seventh to eighth and eighth to ninth periods, respectively). The risk of severe outcome followed a J-shaped age pattern. During the eighth to ninth period, we estimated about 1 hospital admission for COVID-19 per 300 newly infected children younger than 5 years versus about 1 per 30 newly infected adults aged 80 years and older, with no deaths from COVID-19 among children but about 1 death per 80 newly infected adults aged 80 years and older during that period. INTERPRETATION By July 2023, we estimated about 80% of residents in the Lower Mainland, BC, had been infected with SARS-CoV-2 overall, with low risk of hospital admission or death; about 40% of the oldest adults, however, remained uninfected and at highest risk of a severe outcome. First infections among older adults may still contribute substantial burden from COVID-19, reinforcing the need to continue to prioritize this age group for vaccination and to consider them in health care system planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta M Skowronski
- Immunization Programs and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Service (Skowronski, Kaweski, Chuang, Kim), BC Centre for Disease Control; School of Population and Public Health (Skowronski, Henry, Smolina), University of British Columbia; Data and Analytic Services (Irvine, Smolina), BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Irvine), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; Public Health Laboratory (Sabaiduc, Sekirov), BC Centre for Disease Control; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Reyes, Sekirov), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; LifeLabs (Reyes), Burnaby, BC; Ministry of Health (Henry), Office of the Provincial Health Officer, Victoria, BC
| | - Samantha E Kaweski
- Immunization Programs and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Service (Skowronski, Kaweski, Chuang, Kim), BC Centre for Disease Control; School of Population and Public Health (Skowronski, Henry, Smolina), University of British Columbia; Data and Analytic Services (Irvine, Smolina), BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Irvine), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; Public Health Laboratory (Sabaiduc, Sekirov), BC Centre for Disease Control; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Reyes, Sekirov), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; LifeLabs (Reyes), Burnaby, BC; Ministry of Health (Henry), Office of the Provincial Health Officer, Victoria, BC
| | - Michael A Irvine
- Immunization Programs and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Service (Skowronski, Kaweski, Chuang, Kim), BC Centre for Disease Control; School of Population and Public Health (Skowronski, Henry, Smolina), University of British Columbia; Data and Analytic Services (Irvine, Smolina), BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Irvine), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; Public Health Laboratory (Sabaiduc, Sekirov), BC Centre for Disease Control; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Reyes, Sekirov), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; LifeLabs (Reyes), Burnaby, BC; Ministry of Health (Henry), Office of the Provincial Health Officer, Victoria, BC
| | - Erica S Y Chuang
- Immunization Programs and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Service (Skowronski, Kaweski, Chuang, Kim), BC Centre for Disease Control; School of Population and Public Health (Skowronski, Henry, Smolina), University of British Columbia; Data and Analytic Services (Irvine, Smolina), BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Irvine), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; Public Health Laboratory (Sabaiduc, Sekirov), BC Centre for Disease Control; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Reyes, Sekirov), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; LifeLabs (Reyes), Burnaby, BC; Ministry of Health (Henry), Office of the Provincial Health Officer, Victoria, BC
| | - Shinhye Kim
- Immunization Programs and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Service (Skowronski, Kaweski, Chuang, Kim), BC Centre for Disease Control; School of Population and Public Health (Skowronski, Henry, Smolina), University of British Columbia; Data and Analytic Services (Irvine, Smolina), BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Irvine), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; Public Health Laboratory (Sabaiduc, Sekirov), BC Centre for Disease Control; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Reyes, Sekirov), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; LifeLabs (Reyes), Burnaby, BC; Ministry of Health (Henry), Office of the Provincial Health Officer, Victoria, BC
| | - Suzana Sabaiduc
- Immunization Programs and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Service (Skowronski, Kaweski, Chuang, Kim), BC Centre for Disease Control; School of Population and Public Health (Skowronski, Henry, Smolina), University of British Columbia; Data and Analytic Services (Irvine, Smolina), BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Irvine), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; Public Health Laboratory (Sabaiduc, Sekirov), BC Centre for Disease Control; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Reyes, Sekirov), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; LifeLabs (Reyes), Burnaby, BC; Ministry of Health (Henry), Office of the Provincial Health Officer, Victoria, BC
| | - Romina C Reyes
- Immunization Programs and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Service (Skowronski, Kaweski, Chuang, Kim), BC Centre for Disease Control; School of Population and Public Health (Skowronski, Henry, Smolina), University of British Columbia; Data and Analytic Services (Irvine, Smolina), BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Irvine), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; Public Health Laboratory (Sabaiduc, Sekirov), BC Centre for Disease Control; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Reyes, Sekirov), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; LifeLabs (Reyes), Burnaby, BC; Ministry of Health (Henry), Office of the Provincial Health Officer, Victoria, BC
| | - Bonnie Henry
- Immunization Programs and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Service (Skowronski, Kaweski, Chuang, Kim), BC Centre for Disease Control; School of Population and Public Health (Skowronski, Henry, Smolina), University of British Columbia; Data and Analytic Services (Irvine, Smolina), BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Irvine), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; Public Health Laboratory (Sabaiduc, Sekirov), BC Centre for Disease Control; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Reyes, Sekirov), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; LifeLabs (Reyes), Burnaby, BC; Ministry of Health (Henry), Office of the Provincial Health Officer, Victoria, BC
| | - Inna Sekirov
- Immunization Programs and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Service (Skowronski, Kaweski, Chuang, Kim), BC Centre for Disease Control; School of Population and Public Health (Skowronski, Henry, Smolina), University of British Columbia; Data and Analytic Services (Irvine, Smolina), BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Irvine), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; Public Health Laboratory (Sabaiduc, Sekirov), BC Centre for Disease Control; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Reyes, Sekirov), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; LifeLabs (Reyes), Burnaby, BC; Ministry of Health (Henry), Office of the Provincial Health Officer, Victoria, BC
| | - Kate Smolina
- Immunization Programs and Vaccine Preventable Diseases Service (Skowronski, Kaweski, Chuang, Kim), BC Centre for Disease Control; School of Population and Public Health (Skowronski, Henry, Smolina), University of British Columbia; Data and Analytic Services (Irvine, Smolina), BC Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, BC; Faculty of Health Sciences (Irvine), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC; Public Health Laboratory (Sabaiduc, Sekirov), BC Centre for Disease Control; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (Reyes, Sekirov), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC; LifeLabs (Reyes), Burnaby, BC; Ministry of Health (Henry), Office of the Provincial Health Officer, Victoria, BC
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11
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Kolson DL. Can immunological imprinting drive neurological dysfunction in long COVID? Brain 2023; 146:3960-3962. [PMID: 37681523 PMCID: PMC11004940 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This scientific commentary refers to ‘Neurologic sequelae of COVID-19 are determined by immunologic imprinting from previous coronaviruses’ by Spatola et al. (https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awad155).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis L Kolson
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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12
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Sokal A, Barba-Spaeth G, Hunault L, Fernández I, Broketa M, Meola A, Fourati S, Azzaoui I, Vandenberghe A, Lagouge-Roussey P, Broutin M, Roeser A, Bouvier-Alias M, Crickx E, Languille L, Fournier M, Michel M, Godeau B, Gallien S, Melica G, Nguyen Y, Canoui-Poitrine F, Pirenne F, Megret J, Pawlotsky JM, Fillatreau S, Reynaud CA, Weill JC, Rey FA, Bruhns P, Mahévas M, Chappert P. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection drives late remodeling of the memory B cell repertoire in vaccinated individuals. Immunity 2023; 56:2137-2151.e7. [PMID: 37543032 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
How infection by a viral variant showing antigenic drift impacts a preformed mature human memory B cell (MBC) repertoire remains an open question. Here, we studied the MBC response up to 6 months after SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infection in individuals previously vaccinated with three doses of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccine. Longitudinal analysis, using single-cell multi-omics and functional analysis of monoclonal antibodies from RBD-specific MBCs, revealed that a BA.1 breakthrough infection mostly recruited pre-existing cross-reactive MBCs with limited de novo response against BA.1-restricted epitopes. Reorganization of clonal hierarchy and new rounds of germinal center reactions, however, combined to maintain diversity and induce progressive maturation of the MBC repertoire against common Hu-1 and BA.1, but not BA.5-restricted, SARS-CoV-2 Spike RBD epitopes. Such remodeling was further associated with a marked improvement in overall neutralizing breadth and potency. These findings have fundamental implications for the design of future vaccination booster strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Sokal
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253, Action thématique incitative sur programme-Avenir Team, Auto-Immune and Immune B cells, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Est-Créteil, Créteil, France; Service de Médecine interne, Hôpital Beaujon, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université de Paris Cité, Clichy, France; Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Giovanna Barba-Spaeth
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Lise Hunault
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1222, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, ED394, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), 75013 Paris, France
| | - Ignacio Fernández
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Matteo Broketa
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1222, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France; Sorbonne University, ED394, Paris, France
| | - Annalisa Meola
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Slim Fourati
- Département de Virologie, Bactériologie, Hygiène et Mycologie-Parasitologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France; INSERM U955, équipe 18. Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Imane Azzaoui
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; INSERM U955, équipe 2. Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Alexis Vandenberghe
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253, Action thématique incitative sur programme-Avenir Team, Auto-Immune and Immune B cells, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Est-Créteil, Créteil, France; Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; INSERM U955, équipe 2. Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Pauline Lagouge-Roussey
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253, Action thématique incitative sur programme-Avenir Team, Auto-Immune and Immune B cells, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Est-Créteil, Créteil, France; Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; INSERM U955, équipe 2. Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Manon Broutin
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253, Action thématique incitative sur programme-Avenir Team, Auto-Immune and Immune B cells, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Est-Créteil, Créteil, France; INSERM U955, équipe 2. Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Anais Roeser
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253, Action thématique incitative sur programme-Avenir Team, Auto-Immune and Immune B cells, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Est-Créteil, Créteil, France; Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Magali Bouvier-Alias
- Département de Virologie, Bactériologie, Hygiène et Mycologie-Parasitologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France; INSERM U955, équipe 18. Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Etienne Crickx
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253, Action thématique incitative sur programme-Avenir Team, Auto-Immune and Immune B cells, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Est-Créteil, Créteil, France; Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; INSERM U955, équipe 2. Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Laetitia Languille
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Morgane Fournier
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253, Action thématique incitative sur programme-Avenir Team, Auto-Immune and Immune B cells, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Est-Créteil, Créteil, France; Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Marc Michel
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Bertrand Godeau
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Sébastien Gallien
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Giovanna Melica
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Yann Nguyen
- Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Florence Canoui-Poitrine
- Département de Santé Publique, Unité de Recherche Clinique (URC), CEpiA (Clinical Epidemiology and Ageing), EA 7376- Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - France Pirenne
- INSERM U955, équipe 18. Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) Ile de France, Créteil, France
| | - Jérôme Megret
- Plateforme de Cytométrie en Flux, Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, INSERM US24-CNRS UMS3633, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Michel Pawlotsky
- Département de Virologie, Bactériologie, Hygiène et Mycologie-Parasitologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Créteil, France; INSERM U955, équipe 18. Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France
| | - Simon Fillatreau
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Claude-Agnès Reynaud
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253, Action thématique incitative sur programme-Avenir Team, Auto-Immune and Immune B cells, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Est-Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Jean-Claude Weill
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253, Action thématique incitative sur programme-Avenir Team, Auto-Immune and Immune B cells, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Est-Créteil, Créteil, France
| | - Félix A Rey
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Bruhns
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, INSERM UMR1222, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Mahévas
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253, Action thématique incitative sur programme-Avenir Team, Auto-Immune and Immune B cells, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Est-Créteil, Créteil, France; Service de Médecine Interne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Henri-Mondor, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France; INSERM U955, équipe 2. Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France.
| | - Pascal Chappert
- Institut Necker Enfants Malades, INSERM U1151/CNRS UMR 8253, Action thématique incitative sur programme-Avenir Team, Auto-Immune and Immune B cells, Université Paris Cité, Université Paris Est-Créteil, Créteil, France; INSERM U955, équipe 2. Institut Mondor de Recherche Biomédicale (IMRB), Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France.
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13
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Zhang Y, Kang X, Liu S, Han P, Lei W, Xu K, Xu Z, Gao Z, Zhou X, An Y, Han Y, Liu K, Zhao X, Dai L, Wang P, Wu G, Qi J, Xu K, Gao GF. Broad protective RBD heterotrimer vaccines neutralize SARS-CoV-2 including Omicron sub-variants XBB/BQ.1.1/BF.7. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011659. [PMID: 37721934 PMCID: PMC10538664 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants with severe immune evasion are a major challenge for COVID-19 prevention, especially the circulating Omicron XBB/BQ.1.1/BF.7 strains. Thus, the next-generation of broad-spectrum vaccines are urgently needed. Previously, we developed a COVID-19 protein subunit vaccine, ZF2001, based on the RBD-homodimer as the immunogen. To adapt SARS-CoV-2 variants, we developed chimeric RBD-heterodimers to induce broad immune responses. In this study, we further explored the concept of tandem RBD homotrimer and heterotrimer. Prototype SARS-CoV-2 RBD-homotrimer, prototype-Delta-BA.1 (PDO) RBD-heterotrimer and Delta-BA.2-BA.5 (DBA2BA5) RBD-heterotrimer were designed. Biochemical and cryo-EM structural characterization demonstrated total epitope exposure of the RBD-trimers. In mouse experiments, PDO and DBA2BA5 elicited broad SARS-CoV-2 neutralization. Potent protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants was observed in challenge assays and was correlated with neutralizing antibody titer. This study validated the design strategy of tandem RBD-heterotrimers as multivalent immunogens and presented a promising vaccine candidate, DBA2BA5, eliciting broad-spectrum immune responses, including against the circulating XBB/BF.7/BQ.1.1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinrui Kang
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Pu Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wenwen Lei
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zepeng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Zhengrong Gao
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuemei Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yaling An
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuxuan Han
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kefang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peiyi Wang
- Cryo-EM Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guizhen Wu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kun Xu
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - George F. Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Research Network of Immunity and Health (RNIH), Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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14
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Mooij P, Mortier D, Aartse A, Murad AB, Correia R, Roldão A, Alves PM, Fagrouch Z, Eggink D, Stockhofe N, Engelhardt OG, Verschoor EJ, van Gils MJ, Bogers WM, Carrondo MJT, Remarque EJ, Koopman G. Vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody responses to seasonal influenza virus H1N1 strains are not enhanced during subsequent pandemic H1N1 infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1256094. [PMID: 37691927 PMCID: PMC10484506 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1256094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The first exposure to influenza is presumed to shape the B-cell antibody repertoire, leading to preferential enhancement of the initially formed responses during subsequent exposure to viral variants. Here, we investigated whether this principle remains applicable when there are large genetic and antigenic differences between primary and secondary influenza virus antigens. Because humans usually have a complex history of influenza virus exposure, we conducted this investigation in influenza-naive cynomolgus macaques. Two groups of six macaques were immunized four times with influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) displaying either one (monovalent) or five (pentavalent) different hemagglutinin (HA) antigens derived from seasonal H1N1 (H1N1) strains. Four weeks after the final immunization, animals were challenged with pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm09). Although immunization resulted in robust virus-neutralizing responses to all VLP-based vaccine strains, there were no cross-neutralization responses to H1N1pdm09, and all animals became infected. No reductions in viral load in the nose or throat were detected in either vaccine group. After infection, strong virus-neutralizing responses to H1N1pdm09 were induced. However, there were no increases in virus-neutralizing titers against four of the five H1N1 vaccine strains; and only a mild increase was observed in virus-neutralizing titer against the influenza A/Texas/36/91 vaccine strain. After H1N1pdm09 infection, both vaccine groups showed higher virus-neutralizing titers against two H1N1 strains of intermediate antigenic distance between the H1N1 vaccine strains and H1N1pdm09, compared with the naive control group. Furthermore, both vaccine groups had higher HA-stem antibodies early after infection than the control group. In conclusion, immunization with VLPs displaying HA from antigenically distinct H1N1 variants increased the breadth of the immune response during subsequent H1N1pdm09 challenge, although this phenomenon was limited to intermediate antigenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Mooij
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Daniella Mortier
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Aafke Aartse
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alexandre B. Murad
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Correia
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - António Roldão
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula M. Alves
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (IBET), Oeiras, Portugal
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Zahra Fagrouch
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Norbert Stockhofe
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research/Wageningen University & Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Othmar G. Engelhardt
- Vaccines, Science, Research and Innovation Group, Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ernst J. Verschoor
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC, Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Willy M. Bogers
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | | | - Edmond J. Remarque
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Koopman
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, Netherlands
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15
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Ahn JY, Ko JH, Peck KR, Bae S, Kim SH, Lee KH, Song YG, Kim YC, Park YS, Song KH, Kim ES, Jeong HW, Kim SW, Kwon KT, Choi WS, Choi JY. Immune Response Kinetics Following a Third Heterologous BNT162b2 Booster Dose After Primary 2-Dose ChAdOx1 Vaccination in Relation to Omicron Breakthrough Infection: A Prospective Nationwide Cohort Study in South Korea. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad363. [PMID: 37520424 PMCID: PMC10372859 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immune responses to each vaccine must be investigated to establish effective vaccination strategies for the ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. We investigated the long-term kinetics of immune responses after heterologous booster vaccination in relation to Omicron breakthrough infection (BI). Methods Our study included 373 healthcare workers who received primary ChAdOx1 vaccine doses and a third BNT162b2 vaccine dose. BIs that occurred after the third vaccine were investigated. Blood specimens were collected before and 3 months after the booster dose from participants without BI and 1, 4, and 6 months after BI from participants who experienced BI. Spike-specific binding and neutralizing antibody levels against the wild-type virus, Omicron BA.1, and Omicron BA.5, as well as cellular responses, were analyzed. Results A total of 346 participants (82 in the no BI group; 192 in the BI group during the BA.1/BA.2 period; 72 in the BI group during the BA.5 period) were included in the analysis. Participants without BI exhibited the highest binding and neutralizing antibody concentrations and greatest cellular response 1 month after the third vaccination, which reached a nadir by the ninth month. Antibody and cellular responses in participants who experienced BI substantially increased postinfection. Neutralizing antibody titers in individuals who experienced BI during the BA.1/BA.2 period showed more robust increase against wild-type virus than against BA.1 and BA.5. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence of antigenic imprinting in participants who received a heterologous booster vaccination, thereby serving as a foundation for further studies on the impact of BIs on immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongman Bae
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Hwa Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young Goo Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Chan Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Yoon Soo Park
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Song
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Eu Suk Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Hye Won Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju, South Korea
| | - Shin-Woo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Ki Tae Kwon
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Chilgok Hospital, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- Correspondence: Jun Yong Choi, MD, PhD, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea (); Won Suk Choi, MD, PhD, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123 Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan 15355, South Korea ()
| | - Jun Yong Choi
- Correspondence: Jun Yong Choi, MD, PhD, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 03722, South Korea (); Won Suk Choi, MD, PhD, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Korea University Ansan Hospital, 123 Jeokgeum-ro, Danwon-gu, Ansan 15355, South Korea ()
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16
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Weidenbacher PAB, Friedland N, Sanyal M, Morris MK, Do J, Hanson C, Kim PS. Decreased efficacy of a COVID-19 vaccine due to mutations present in early SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.06.27.546764. [PMID: 37425802 PMCID: PMC10326996 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.27.546764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
With the SARS-CoV-2 virus still circulating and evolving, there remains an outstanding question if variant-specific vaccines represent the optimal path forward, or if other strategies might be more efficacious towards providing broad protection against emerging variants. Here, we examine the efficacy of strain-specific variants of our previously reported, pan-sarbecovirus vaccine candidate, DCFHP-alum, a ferritin nanoparticle functionalized with an engineered form of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. In non-human primates, DCFHP-alum elicits neutralizing antibodies against all known VOCs that have emerged to date and SARS-CoV-1. During development of the DCFHP antigen, we investigated the incorporation of strain-specific mutations from the major VOCs that had emerged to date: D614G, Epsilon, Alpha, Beta, and Gamma. Here, we report the biochemical and immunological characterizations that led us to choose the ancestral Wuhan-1 sequence as the basis for the final DCFHP antigen design. Specifically, we show by size exclusion chromatography and differential scanning fluorimetry that mutations in the VOCs adversely alter the antigen's structure and stability. More importantly, we determined that DCFHP without strain-specific mutations elicits the most robust, cross-reactive response in both pseudovirus and live virus neutralization assays. Our data suggest potential limitations to the variant-chasing approach in the development of protein nanoparticle vaccines, but also have implications for other approaches including mRNA-based vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payton A.-B. Weidenbacher
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Natalia Friedland
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Mrinmoy Sanyal
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Jonathan Do
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Carl Hanson
- California Department of Public Health, Richmond, CA, USA
| | - Peter S. Kim
- Sarafan ChEM-H, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
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17
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Batra G, Murugesan DR, Raghavan S, Chattopadhyay S, Mehdi F, Ayushi, Gosain M, Singh S, Das SJ, Deshpande S, Sonar S, Jakhar K, Bhattacharya J, Mani S, Pandey AK, Sankalp, Goswami S, Das A, Dwivedi T, Sharma N, Kumar S, Sharma P, Kapoor S, Kshetrapal P, Wadhwa N, Thiruvengadam R, Kumar R, Gupta R, Garg PK, Bhatnagar S. Trends of humoral immune responses to heterologous antigenic exposure due to vaccination & omicron SARS-CoV-2 infection: Implications for boosting. Indian J Med Res 2023; 157:509-518. [PMID: 37322634 PMCID: PMC10466496 DOI: 10.4103/ijmr.ijmr_2521_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives Vaccination and natural infection can both augment the immune responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), but how omicron infection has affected the vaccine-induced and hybrid immunity is not well studied in Indian population. The present study was aimed to assess the durability and change in responses of humoral immunity with age, prior natural infection, vaccine type and duration with a minimum gap of six months post-two doses with either ChAdOx1 nCov-19 or BBV152 prior- and post-emergence of the omicron variant. Methods A total of 1300 participants were included in this observational study between November 2021 and May 2022. Participants had completed at least six months after vaccination (2 doses) with either ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 or an inactivated whole virus vaccine BBV152. They were grouped according to their age (≤ or ≥60 yr) and prior exposure of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Five hundred and sixteen of these participants were followed up after emergence of the Omicron variant. The main outcome was durability and augmentation of the humoral immune response as determined by anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) immunoglobulin G (IgG) concentrations, anti-nucleocapsid antibodies and anti-omicron RBD antibodies. Live virus neutralization assay was conducted for neutralizing antibodies against four variants - ancestral, delta and omicron and omicron sublineage BA.5. Results Before the omicron surge, serum anti-RBD IgG antibodies were detected in 87 per cent participants after a median gap of eight months from the second vaccine dose, with a median titre of 114 [interquartile range (IQR) 32, 302] BAU/ml. The levels increased to 594 (252, 1230) BAU/ml post-omicron surge (P<0.001) with 97 per cent participants having detectable antibodies, although only 40 had symptomatic infection during the omicron surge irrespective of vaccine type and previous history of infection. Those with prior natural infection and vaccination had higher anti-RBD IgG titre at baseline, which increased further [352 (IQR 131, 869) to 816 (IQR 383, 2001) BAU/ml] (P<0.001). The antibody levels remained elevated after a mean time gap of 10 months, although there was a decline of 41 per cent. The geometric mean titre was 452.54, 172.80, 83.1 and 76.99 against the ancestral, delta, omicron and omicron BA.5 variants in the live virus neutralization assay. Interpretation & conclusions Anti-RBD IgG antibodies were detected in 85 per cent of participants after a median gap of eight months following the second vaccine dose. Omicron infection probably resulted in a substantial proportion of asymptomatic infection in the first four months in our study population and boosted the vaccine-induced humoral immune response, which declined but still remained durable over 10 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Batra
- Centre for Bio Design and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Deepika Rathna Murugesan
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sreevatsan Raghavan
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Souvick Chattopadhyay
- Centre for Bio Design and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Farha Mehdi
- Centre for Bio Design and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ayushi
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Mudita Gosain
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Savita Singh
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Soon Jyoti Das
- Centre for Bio Design and Diagnostics, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Suprit Deshpande
- Centre for Viral Therapeutics and Vaccine, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sudipta Sonar
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Kamini Jakhar
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Jayanta Bhattacharya
- Centre for Viral Therapeutics and Vaccine, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shailendra Mani
- Centre for Infection and Immunity, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Anil Kumar Pandey
- Department of Physiology, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sankalp
- Department of Physiology, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shweta Goswami
- Department of Community Medicine, ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Asim Das
- ESIC Medical College & Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Tanima Dwivedi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Cancer Center, All India Institute of Medical Science, Jhajjar, Haryana, India
| | - Nandini Sharma
- Department of Community Medicine, Maulana Azad Medical College & Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Suresh Kumar
- Maulana Azad Medical College & Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pragya Sharma
- Andaman & Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Seema Kapoor
- Department of Pediatrics, Maulana Azad Medical College & Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pallavi Kshetrapal
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Nitya Wadhwa
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Ramachandran Thiruvengadam
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Centre for Community Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Science, New Delhi, India
| | - Ritu Gupta
- Department of Laboratory Oncology, Dr. B.R.A Institute-Rotary Cancer Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Garg
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Shinjini Bhatnagar
- Centre for Maternal and Child Health, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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18
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Sánchez-de Prada L, Sanz-Muñoz I, Sun W, Palese P, Ortiz de Lejarazu R, Eiros JM, García-Sastre A, Aydillo T. Group 1 and group 2 hemagglutinin stalk antibody response according to age. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1194073. [PMID: 37313413 PMCID: PMC10258341 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1194073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Antibodies elicited by seasonal influenza vaccines mainly target the head of hemagglutinin (HA). However, antibodies against the stalk domain are cross-reactive and have been proven to play a role in reducing influenza disease severity. We investigated the induction of HA stalk-specific antibodies after seasonal influenza vaccination, considering the age of the cohorts. Methods A total of 166 individuals were recruited during the 2018 influenza vaccine campaign (IVC) and divided into groups: <50 (n = 14), 50-64 (n = 34), 65-79 (n = 61), and ≥80 (n = 57) years old. Stalk-specific antibodies were quantified by ELISA at day 0 and day 28 using recombinant viruses (cH6/1 and cH14/3) containing an HA head domain (H6 or H14) from wild bird origin with a stalk domain from human H1 or H3, respectively. The geometric mean titer (GMT) and the fold rise (GMFR) were calculated, and differences were assessed using ANOVA adjusted by the false discovery rate (FDR) and the Wilcoxon tests (p <0.05). Results All age groups elicited some level of increase in anti-stalk antibodies after receiving the influenza vaccine, except for the ≥80-year-old cohort. Additionally, <65-year-old vaccinees had higher group 1 antibody titers versus group 2 before and after vaccination. Similarly, vaccinees within the <50-year-old group showed a higher increase in anti-stalk antibody titers when compared to older individuals (≥80 years old), especially for group 1 anti-stalk antibodies. Conclusion Seasonal influenza vaccines can the induction of cross-reactive anti-stalk antibodies against group 1 and group 2 HAs. However, low responses were observed in older groups, highlighting the impact of immunosenescence in adequate humoral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Sánchez-de Prada
- National Influenza Center of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | | | - Weina Sun
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Peter Palese
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | | | - José María Eiros
- National Influenza Center of Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Teresa Aydillo
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
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19
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Koutsakos M, Ellebedy AH. Immunological imprinting: Understanding COVID-19. Immunity 2023; 56:909-913. [PMID: 37105169 PMCID: PMC10113596 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Immunological imprinting generically refers to the effects prior exposures have on subsequent immune responses to, and eventually protection against, antigenically related viruses. Here, Koutsakos and Ellebedy explain different concepts and terms around imprinting and the fundamental immunological principles behind it. They also discuss the potential role imprinting may have in the context of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios Koutsakos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ali H Ellebedy
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA; The Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology & Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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20
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Tenforde MW, Patel MM, Lewis NM, Adams K, Gaglani M, Steingrub JS, Shapiro NI, Duggal A, Prekker ME, Peltan ID, Hager DN, Gong MN, Exline MC, Ginde AA, Mohr NM, Mallow C, Martin ET, Talbot HK, Gibbs KW, Kwon JH, Chappell JD, Halasa N, Lauring AS, Lindsell CJ, Swan SA, Hart KW, Womack KN, Baughman A, Grijalva CG, Self WH. Vaccine Effectiveness Against Influenza A(H3N2)-Associated Hospitalized Illness: United States, 2022. Clin Infect Dis 2023; 76:1030-1037. [PMID: 36327388 PMCID: PMC10226741 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciac869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic was associated with historically low influenza circulation during the 2020-2021 season, followed by an increase in influenza circulation during the 2021-2022 US season. The 2a.2 subgroup of the influenza A(H3N2) 3C.2a1b subclade that predominated was antigenically different from the vaccine strain. METHODS To understand the effectiveness of the 2021-2022 vaccine against hospitalized influenza illness, a multistate sentinel surveillance network enrolled adults aged ≥18 years hospitalized with acute respiratory illness and tested for influenza by a molecular assay. Using the test-negative design, vaccine effectiveness (VE) was measured by comparing the odds of current-season influenza vaccination in influenza-positive case-patients and influenza-negative, SARS-CoV-2-negative controls, adjusting for confounders. A separate analysis was performed to illustrate bias introduced by including SARS-CoV-2-positive controls. RESULTS A total of 2334 patients, including 295 influenza cases (47% vaccinated), 1175 influenza- and SARS-CoV-2-negative controls (53% vaccinated), and 864 influenza-negative and SARS-CoV-2-positive controls (49% vaccinated), were analyzed. Influenza VE was 26% (95% CI: -14% to 52%) among adults aged 18-64 years, -3% (-54% to 31%) among adults aged ≥65 years, and 50% (15-71%) among adults aged 18-64 years without immunocompromising conditions. Estimated VE decreased with inclusion of SARS-CoV-2-positive controls. CONCLUSIONS During a season where influenza A(H3N2) was antigenically different from the vaccine virus, vaccination was associated with a reduced risk of influenza hospitalization in younger immunocompetent adults. However, vaccination did not provide protection in adults ≥65 years of age. Improvements in vaccines, antivirals, and prevention strategies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Tenforde
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Manish M Patel
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Nathaniel M Lewis
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Katherine Adams
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Manjusha Gaglani
- Baylor Scott and White Health, Texas A&M University College of Medicine, Temple, Texas, USA
| | - Jay S Steingrub
- Department of Medicine, Baystate Medical Center, Springfield, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nathan I Shapiro
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Abhijit Duggal
- Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew E Prekker
- Departments of Emergency Medicine and Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ithan D Peltan
- Department of Medicine, Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah and University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - David N Hager
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Michelle N Gong
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Matthew C Exline
- Department of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Adit A Ginde
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicholas M Mohr
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Emily T Martin
- School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - H Keipp Talbot
- Departments of Medicine and Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kevin W Gibbs
- Department of Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jennie H Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - James D Chappell
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Natasha Halasa
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Adam S Lauring
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher J Lindsell
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Sydney A Swan
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kimberly W Hart
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kelsey N Womack
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Adrienne Baughman
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Carlos G Grijalva
- Department of Health Policy, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wesley H Self
- Vanderbilt Institute for Clinical and Translational Research and Department of Emergency Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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21
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Schiepers A, van 't Wout MFL, Greaney AJ, Zang T, Muramatsu H, Lin PJC, Tam YK, Mesin L, Starr TN, Bieniasz PD, Pardi N, Bloom JD, Victora GD. Molecular fate-mapping of serum antibody responses to repeat immunization. Nature 2023; 615:482-489. [PMID: 36646114 PMCID: PMC10023323 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05715-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The protective efficacy of serum antibodies results from the interplay of antigen-specific B cell clones of different affinities and specificities. These cellular dynamics underlie serum-level phenomena such as original antigenic sin (OAS)-a proposed propensity of the immune system to rely repeatedly on the first cohort of B cells engaged by an antigenic stimulus when encountering related antigens, in detriment to the induction of de novo responses1-5. OAS-type suppression of new, variant-specific antibodies may pose a barrier to vaccination against rapidly evolving viruses such as influenza and SARS-CoV-26,7. Precise measurement of OAS-type suppression is challenging because cellular and temporal origins cannot readily be ascribed to antibodies in circulation; its effect on subsequent antibody responses therefore remains unclear5,8. Here we introduce a molecular fate-mapping approach with which serum antibodies derived from specific cohorts of B cells can be differentially detected. We show that serum responses to sequential homologous boosting derive overwhelmingly from primary cohort B cells, while later induction of new antibody responses from naive B cells is strongly suppressed. Such 'primary addiction' decreases sharply as a function of antigenic distance, allowing reimmunization with divergent viral glycoproteins to produce de novo antibody responses targeting epitopes that are absent from the priming variant. Our findings have implications for the understanding of OAS and for the design and testing of vaccines against evolving pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariën Schiepers
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Allison J Greaney
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Trinity Zang
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hiromi Muramatsu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paulo J C Lin
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Ying K Tam
- Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Luka Mesin
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tyler N Starr
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul D Bieniasz
- Laboratory of Retrovirology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Norbert Pardi
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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22
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Mora DSO, Cox M, Magunda F, Williams AB, Linke L. An optimized live bacterial delivery vehicle safely and efficaciously delivers bacterially transcribed therapeutic nucleic acids. Eng Life Sci 2023; 23:e2200037. [PMID: 36874611 PMCID: PMC9978928 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202200037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet need for delivery platforms that realize the full potential of next-generation nucleic acid therapeutics. The in vivo usefulness of current delivery systems is limited by numerous weaknesses, including poor targeting specificity, inefficient access to target cell cytoplasm, immune activation, off-target effects, small therapeutic windows, limited genetic encoding and cargo capacity, and manufacturing challenges. Here we characterize the safety and efficacy of a delivery platform comprising engineered live, tissue-targeting, non-pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli SVC1) for intracellular cargo delivery. SVC1 bacteria are engineered to specifically bind to epithelial cells via a surface-expressed targeting ligand, to allow escape of their cargo from the phagosome, and to have minimal immunogenicity. We describe SVC1's ability to deliver short hairpin RNA (shRNA), localized SVC1 administration to various tissues, and its minimal immunogenicity. To validate the therapeutic potential of SVC1, we used it to deliver influenza-targeting antiviral shRNAs to respiratory tissues in vivo. These data are the first to establish the safety and efficacy of this bacteria-based delivery platform for use in multiple tissue types and as an antiviral in the mammalian respiratory tract. We expect that this optimized delivery platform will enable a variety of advanced therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Forgivemore Magunda
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and PathologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
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23
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Einav T, Kosikova M, Radvak P, Kuo YC, Kwon HJ, Xie H. Mapping the Antibody Repertoires in Ferrets with Repeated Influenza A/H3 Infections: Is Original Antigenic Sin Really "Sinful"? Viruses 2023; 15:374. [PMID: 36851590 PMCID: PMC9959794 DOI: 10.3390/v15020374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza-specific antibody repertoire is continuously reshaped by infection and vaccination. The host immune response to contemporary viruses can be redirected to preferentially boost antibodies specific for viruses encountered early in life, a phenomenon called original antigenic sin (OAS) that is suggested to be responsible for diminished vaccine effectiveness after repeated seasonal vaccination. Using a new computational tool called Neutralization Landscapes, we tracked the progression of hemagglutination inhibition antibodies within ferret antisera elicited by repeated influenza A/H3 infections and deciphered the influence of prior exposures on the de novo antibody response to evolved viruses. The results indicate that a broadly neutralizing antibody signature can nevertheless be induced by repeated exposures despite OAS induction. Our study offers a new way to visualize how immune history shapes individual antibodies within a repertoire, which may help to inform future universal influenza vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Einav
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Martina Kosikova
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Peter Radvak
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Yuan-Chia Kuo
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Hyung Joon Kwon
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Hang Xie
- Laboratory of Respiratory Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Office of Vaccines Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, United States Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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24
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King SM, Bryan SP, Hilchey SP, Wang J, Zand MS. First Impressions Matter: Immune Imprinting and Antibody Cross-Reactivity in Influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Pathogens 2023; 12:169. [PMID: 36839441 PMCID: PMC9967769 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12020169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Many rigorous studies have shown that early childhood infections leave a lasting imprint on the immune system. The understanding of this phenomenon has expanded significantly since 1960, when Dr. Thomas Francis Jr first coined the term "original antigenic sin", to account for all previous pathogen exposures, rather than only the first. Now more commonly referred to as "immune imprinting", this effect most often focuses on how memory B-cell responses are shaped by prior antigen exposure, and the resultant antibodies produced after subsequent exposure to antigenically similar pathogens. Although imprinting was originally observed within the context of influenza viral infection, it has since been applied to the pandemic coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. To fully comprehend how imprinting affects the evolution of antibody responses, it is necessary to compare responses elicited by pathogenic strains that are both antigenically similar and dissimilar to strains encountered previously. To accomplish this, we must be able to measure the antigenic distance between strains, which can be easily accomplished using data from multidimensional immunological assays. The knowledge of imprinting, combined with antigenic distance measures, may allow for improvements in vaccine design and development for both influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha M. King
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Shane P. Bryan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Shannon P. Hilchey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jiong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Martin S. Zand
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
- Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14618, USA
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25
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Antigenic sin of wild-type SARS-CoV-2 vaccine shapes poor cross-neutralization of BA.4/5/2.75 subvariants in BA.2 breakthrough infections. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7120. [PMID: 36402756 PMCID: PMC9675777 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34400-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With declining SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody titers and increasing numbers of spike mutations, the ongoing emergence of Omicron subvariants causes serious challenges to current vaccination strategies. BA.2 breakthrough infections have occurred in people who have received the wild-type vaccines, including mRNA, inactivated, or recombinant protein vaccines. Here, we evaluate the antibody evasion of recently emerged subvariants BA.4/5 and BA.2.75 in two inactivated vaccine-immunized cohorts with BA.2 breakthrough infections. Compared with the neutralizing antibody titers against BA.2, marked reductions are observed against BA.2.75 in both 2-dose and 3-dose vaccine groups. In addition, although BA.2 breakthrough infections induce a certain cross-neutralization capacity against later Omicron subvariants, the original antigenic sin phenomenon largely limits the improvement of variant-specific antibody response. These findings suggest that BA.2 breakthrough infections seem unable to provide sufficient antibody protection against later subvariants such as BA.2.75 in the current immunization background with wild-type vaccines.
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26
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Distinct immunological and molecular signatures underpinning influenza vaccine responsiveness in the elderly. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6894. [PMID: 36371426 PMCID: PMC9653450 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34487-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Seasonal influenza outbreaks, especially in high-risk groups such as the elderly, represent an important public health problem. Prevailing inadequate efficacy of seasonal vaccines is a crucial bottleneck. Understanding the immunological and molecular mechanisms underpinning differential influenza vaccine responsiveness is essential to improve vaccination strategies. Here we show comprehensive characterization of the immune response of randomly selected elderly participants (≥ 65 years), immunized with the adjuvanted influenza vaccine Fluad. In-depth analyses by serology, multi-parametric flow cytometry, multiplex and transcriptome analysis, coupled to bioinformatics and mathematical modelling, reveal distinguishing immunological and molecular features between responders and non-responders defined by vaccine-induced seroconversion. Non-responders are specifically characterized by multiple suppressive immune mechanisms. The generated comprehensive high dimensional dataset enables the identification of putative mechanisms and nodes responsible for vaccine non-responsiveness independently of confounding age-related effects, with the potential to facilitate development of tailored vaccination strategies for the elderly.
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27
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The impact of repeated vaccination on relative influenza vaccine effectiveness among vaccinated adults in the United Kingdom. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 150:e198. [PMID: 36331053 PMCID: PMC9987024 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822001753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual seasonal influenza vaccination is recommended for individuals at high risk of developing post-infection complications in many locations. However, reduced vaccine immunogenicity and effectiveness have been observed among repeat vaccinees in some influenza seasons. We investigated the impact of repeated influenza vaccination on relative vaccine effectiveness (VE) among individuals who were recommended for influenza vaccination in the United Kingdom with a retrospective cohort study using primary healthcare data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, a primary care database in the United Kingdom. Relative VE was estimated against general practitioner-diagnosed influenza-like illnesses (GP-ILI) and medically attended acute respiratory illnesses (MAARI) among participants who have been repeatedly vaccinated compared with first-time vaccinees using proportional hazards models. Relative VE against MAARI may be reduced for individuals above 65 years old who were vaccinated in the current and previous influenza seasons for some influenza seasons. However, these findings were not conclusive as we could not exclude the possibility of residual confounding in our dataset. The use of routinely collected data from electronic health records to examine the effects of repeated vaccination needs to be complemented with sufficient efforts to include negative control outcomes to rule out residual confounding.
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28
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Jeong HW, Kim SM, Jung MK, Noh JY, Yoo JS, Kim EH, Kim YI, Yu K, Jang SG, Gil J, Casel MA, Rare R, Choi JH, Kim HS, Kim JH, Um J, Kim C, Kim Y, Chin BS, Jung S, Choi JY, Song KH, Kim YD, Park JS, Song JY, Shin EC, Choi YK. Enhanced antibody responses in fully vaccinated individuals against pan-SARS-CoV-2 variants following Omicron breakthrough infection. Cell Rep Med 2022; 3:100764. [PMID: 36182684 PMCID: PMC9482837 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2022.100764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Omicron has become the globally dominant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variant, creating additional challenges due to its ability to evade neutralization. Here, we report that neutralizing antibodies against Omicron variants are undetected following COVID-19 infection with ancestral or past SARS-CoV-2 variant viruses or after two-dose mRNA vaccination. Compared with two-dose vaccination, a three-dose vaccination course induces broad neutralizing antibody responses with improved durability against different SARS-CoV-2 variants, although neutralizing antibody titers against Omicron remain low. Intriguingly, among individuals with three-dose vaccination, Omicron breakthrough infection substantially augments serum neutralizing activity against a broad spectrum of SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron variants BA.1, BA.2, and BA.5. Additionally, after Omicron breakthrough infection, memory T cells respond to the spike proteins of both ancestral and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 by producing cytokines with polyfunctionality. These results suggest that Omicron breakthrough infection following three-dose mRNA vaccination induces pan-SARS-CoV-2 immunity that may protect against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Won Jeong
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Mi Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Kyung Jung
- The Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yun Noh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Seung Yoo
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Il Kim
- Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangmin Yu
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Gyu Jang
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Juryeon Gil
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Mark Anthony Casel
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Rollon Rare
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sung Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Hyoung Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Um
- Public Health Research Institute, National Medical Center, Seoul 04564, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeyoon Kim
- The Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjae Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul 04564, Republic of Korea
| | - Bum Sik Chin
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, National Medical Center, Seoul 04564, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungmin Jung
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Yong Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Ho Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Dae Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; Chungbuk Regional Cancer Center, Chungbuk National University Hospital, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Sun Park
- Public Health Research Institute, National Medical Center, Seoul 04564, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Song
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- The Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea; Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Young Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea; Center for Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Viruses, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea.
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McCarthy MW. Original antigen sin and COVID-19: implications for seasonal vaccination. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2022; 22:1353-1358. [PMID: 36243027 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2022.2137402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Original antigenic sin describes the phenomenon in which immunity against pathogens or antigens is shaped by the host's first exposure to a related pathogen or antigen. AREAS COVERED When primary immunity is boosted not by the homologous but by a cross-reacting vaccine, the newly formed antibodies may react better with the primary antigen than with the antigen actually eliciting the response. This form of immune imprinting, which has been observed with influenza, dengue, human immunodeficiency virus, and other pathogens, has profound implications for the approach to seasonal vaccination against a variety of diseases, including COVID-19. EXPERT OPINION Public health agencies and regulatory bodies have consistently recommended repeated vaccination every few months as a way to protect against COVID-19. However, the risks and benefits of this approach requires scrutiny given the concern for original antigenic sin in response to SARS-CoV-2. This manuscript examines what is known about immune imprinting and looks ahead to explore how this phenomenon may impact seasonal vaccination against emerging SARS-CoV-2 subvariants such as BA.4, BA.5, and BA.5.1, which have been associated increased transmissibility due to enhanced immune escape.
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Schiepers A, van 't Wout MFL, Greaney AJ, Zang T, Muramatsu H, Lin PJC, Tam YK, Mesin L, Starr TN, Bieniasz PD, Pardi N, Bloom JD, Victora GD. Molecular fate-mapping of serum antibodies reveals the effects of antigenic imprinting on repeated immunization. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.08.29.505743. [PMID: 36093344 PMCID: PMC9460965 DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.29.505743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability of serum antibody to protect against pathogens arises from the interplay of antigen-specific B cell clones of different affinities and fine specificities. These cellular dynamics are ultimately responsible for serum-level phenomena such as antibody imprinting or "Original Antigenic Sin" (OAS), a proposed propensity of the immune system to rely repeatedly on the first cohort of B cells that responded to a stimulus upon exposure to related antigens. Imprinting/OAS is thought to pose a barrier to vaccination against rapidly evolving viruses such as influenza and SARS-CoV-2. Precise measurement of the extent to which imprinting/OAS inhibits the recruitment of new B cell clones by boosting is challenging because cellular and temporal origins cannot readily be assigned to antibodies in circulation. Thus, the extent to which imprinting/OAS impacts the induction of new responses in various settings remains unclear. To address this, we developed a "molecular fate-mapping" approach in which serum antibodies derived from specific cohorts of B cells can be differentially detected. We show that, upon sequential homologous boosting, the serum antibody response strongly favors reuse of the first cohort of B cell clones over the recruitment of new, naÏve-derived B cells. This "primary addiction" decreases as a function of antigenic distance, allowing secondary immunization with divergent influenza virus or SARS-CoV-2 glycoproteins to overcome imprinting/OAS by targeting novel epitopes absent from the priming variant. Our findings have implications for the understanding of imprinting/OAS, and for the design and testing of vaccines aimed at eliciting antibodies to evolving antigens.
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Ellis J, Marziani E, Aziz C, Brown CM, Cohn LA, Lea C, Moore GE, Taneja N. 2022 AAHA Canine Vaccination Guidelines. J Am Anim Hosp Assoc 2022; 58:213-230. [PMID: 36049241 DOI: 10.5326/jaaha-ms-canine-vaccination-guidelines] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
These guidelines are an update and extension of previous AAHA peer-reviewed canine vaccination guidelines published in 2017. Vaccination is a cornerstone of canine preventive healthcare and one of the most cost-effective ways of maintaining a dog's health, longevity, and quality of life. Canine vaccination also serves a public health function by forming a barrier against several zoonotic diseases affecting dogs and humans. Canine vaccines are broadly categorized as containing core and noncore immunizing antigens, with administration recommendations based on assessment of individual patient risk factors. The guidelines include a comprehensive table listing canine core and noncore vaccines and a recommended vaccination and revaccination schedule for each vaccine. The guidelines explain the relevance of different vaccine formulations, including those containing modified-live virus, inactivated, and recombinant immunizing agents. Factors that potentially affect vaccine efficacy are addressed, including the patient's prevaccination immune status and vaccine duration of immunity. Because animal shelters are one of the most challenging environments for prevention and control of infectious diseases, the guidelines also provide recommendations for vaccination of dogs presented at or housed in animal shelters, including the appropriate response to an infectious disease outbreak in the shelter setting. The guidelines explain how practitioners can interpret a patient's serological status, including maternally derived antibody titers, as indicators of immune status and suitability for vaccination. Other topics covered include factors associated with postvaccination adverse events, vaccine storage and handling to preserve product efficacy, interpreting product labeling to ensure proper vaccine use, and using client education and healthcare team training to raise awareness of the importance of vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Ellis
- University of Saskatchewan, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (J.E.)
| | | | - Chumkee Aziz
- Association of Shelter Veterinarians, Houston, Texas (C.A.)
| | - Catherine M Brown
- Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts (C.M.B.)
| | - Leah A Cohn
- University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri (L.A.C.)
| | | | - George E Moore
- Purdue University, College of Veterinary Medicine, West Lafayette, Indiana (G.E.M.)
| | - Neha Taneja
- A Paw Partnership, Veterinary Well-being Advocate, Centreville, Virginia (N.T.)
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Sen SR, Sanders EC, Santos AM, Bhuvan K, Tang DY, Gelston AA, Miller BM, Ricks-Oddie JL, Weiss GA. Evidence for deleterious effects of immunological history in SARS-CoV-2. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0272163. [PMID: 36001626 PMCID: PMC9401162 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0272163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous report demonstrated the strong association between the presence of antibodies binding to an epitope region from SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid, termed Ep9, and COVID-19 disease severity. Patients with anti-Ep9 antibodies (Abs) had hallmarks of antigenic interference (AIN), including early IgG upregulation and cytokine-associated injury. Thus, the immunological memory of a prior infection was hypothesized to drive formation of suboptimal anti-Ep9 Abs in severe COVID-19 infections. This study identifies a putative primary antigen capable of stimulating production of cross-reactive, anti-Ep9 Abs. Binding assays with patient blood samples directly show cross-reactivity between Abs binding to Ep9 and only one bioinformatics-derived, homologous putative antigen, a sequence derived from the neuraminidase protein of H3N2 influenza A virus. This cross-reactive binding is highly influenza strain specific and sensitive to even single amino acid changes in epitope sequence. The neuraminidase protein is not present in the influenza vaccine, and the anti-Ep9 Abs likely resulted from the widespread influenza infection in 2014. Therefore, AIN from a previous infection could underlie some cases of COVID-19 disease severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana R. Sen
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Emily C. Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Alicia M. Santos
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Keertna Bhuvan
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Derek Y. Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Aidan A. Gelston
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Brian M. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Joni L. Ricks-Oddie
- Center for Statistical Consulting, Department of Statistics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA, United States of America
- Biostatics, Epidemiology and Research Design Unit, Institute for Clinical and Translational Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Gregory A. Weiss
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
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Creech CB. To err is human, to forgive may require different vaccines. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:1070-1071. [PMID: 35952643 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Tsai et al. (2022) provide evidence that Staphylococcus aureus should be numbered among the pathogens for which original antigenic sin governs subsequent immune responses. Their approach may restore the utility of murine models in staphylococcal vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Buddy Creech
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Research Program, Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Nguyen DC, Lamothe PA, Woodruff MC, Saini AS, Faliti CE, Sanz I, Lee FE. COVID-19 and plasma cells: Is there long-lived protection? Immunol Rev 2022; 309:40-63. [PMID: 35801537 PMCID: PMC9350162 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Infection with SARS-CoV-2, the etiology of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, has resulted in over 450 million cases with more than 6 million deaths worldwide, causing global disruptions since early 2020. Memory B cells and durable antibody protection from long-lived plasma cells (LLPC) are the mainstay of most effective vaccines. However, ending the pandemic has been hampered by the lack of long-lived immunity after infection or vaccination. Although immunizations offer protection from severe disease and hospitalization, breakthrough infections still occur, most likely due to new mutant viruses and the overall decline of neutralizing antibodies after 6 months. Here, we review the current knowledge of B cells, from extrafollicular to memory populations, with a focus on distinct plasma cell subsets, such as early-minted blood antibody-secreting cells and the bone marrow LLPC, and how these humoral compartments contribute to protection after SARS-CoV-2 infection and immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doan C. Nguyen
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Pedro A. Lamothe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Matthew C. Woodruff
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ankur S. Saini
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Caterina E. Faliti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Ignacio Sanz
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Emory Autoimmunity Center of ExcellenceEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
| | - Frances Eun‐Hyung Lee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of MedicineEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
- Lowance Center for Human ImmunologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGeorgiaUSA
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Nagashima K, Dzimianski JV, Han J, Abbadi N, Gingerich AD, Royer F, O'Rourke S, Sautto GA, Ross TM, Ward AB, DuBois RM, Mousa JJ. The Pre-Existing Human Antibody Repertoire to Computationally Optimized Influenza H1 Hemagglutinin Vaccines. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2022; 209:5-15. [PMID: 35697384 PMCID: PMC9246865 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2101171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Computationally optimized broadly reactive Ag (COBRA) hemagglutinin (HA) immunogens have previously been generated for several influenza subtypes to improve vaccine-elicited Ab breadth. As nearly all individuals have pre-existing immunity to influenza viruses, influenza-specific memory B cells will likely be recalled upon COBRA HA vaccination. We determined the epitope specificity and repertoire characteristics of pre-existing human B cells to H1 COBRA HA Ags. Cross-reactivity between wild-type HA and H1 COBRA HA proteins P1, X6, and Y2 were observed for isolated mAbs. The mAbs bound five distinct epitopes on the pandemic A/California/04/2009 HA head and stem domains, and most mAbs had hemagglutination inhibition and neutralizing activity against 2009 pandemic H1 strains. Two head-directed mAbs, CA09-26 and CA09-45, had hemagglutination inhibition and neutralizing activity against a prepandemic H1 strain. One mAb, P1-05, targeted the stem region of H1 HA, but did not compete with a known stem-targeting H1 mAb. We determined that mAb P1-05 recognizes a recently discovered HA epitope, the anchor epitope, and we identified similar mAbs using B cell repertoire sequencing. In addition, the trimerization domain distance from HA was critical to recognition of this epitope by mAb P1-05, suggesting the importance of protein design for vaccine formulations. Overall, these data indicate that seasonally vaccinated individuals possess a population of functional H1 COBRA HA-reactive B cells that target head, central stalk, and anchor epitopes, and they demonstrate the importance of structure-based assessment of subunit protein vaccine candidates to ensure accessibility of optimal protein epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaito Nagashima
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - John V Dzimianski
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Julianna Han
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; and
| | - Nada Abbadi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Aaron D Gingerich
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Fredejah Royer
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Sara O'Rourke
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Giuseppe A Sautto
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Andrew B Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA; and
| | - Rebecca M DuBois
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA
| | - Jarrod J Mousa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA;
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Franklin College of Arts and Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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Lv H, So RTY, Teo QW, Yuan M, Liu H, Lee CCD, Yip GK, Ng WW, Wilson IA, Peiris M, Wu NC, Mok CKP. Neutralizing Antibody Response to Sarbecovirus Is Delayed in Sequential Heterologous Immunization. Viruses 2022; 14:1382. [PMID: 35891363 PMCID: PMC9318566 DOI: 10.3390/v14071382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Antigenic imprinting, which describes the bias of the antibody response due to previous immune history, can influence vaccine effectiveness. While this phenomenon has been reported for viruses such as influenza, there is little understanding of how prior immune history affects the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. This study provides evidence for antigenic imprinting through immunization with two Sarbecoviruses, the subgenus that includes SARS-CoV-2. Mice were immunized subsequently with two antigenically distinct Sarbecovirus strains, namely SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2. We found that sequential heterologous immunization induced cross-reactive binding antibodies for both viruses and delayed the emergence of neutralizing antibody responses against the booster strain. Our results provide fundamental knowledge about the immune response to Sarbecovirus and important insights into the development of pan-sarbecovirus vaccines and guiding therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Lv
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (H.L.); (R.T.Y.S.); (Q.W.T.); (G.K.Y.); (W.W.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Ray T. Y. So
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (H.L.); (R.T.Y.S.); (Q.W.T.); (G.K.Y.); (W.W.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Qi Wen Teo
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (H.L.); (R.T.Y.S.); (Q.W.T.); (G.K.Y.); (W.W.N.); (M.P.)
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (M.Y.); (H.L.); (C.-C.D.L.); (I.A.W.)
| | - Hejun Liu
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (M.Y.); (H.L.); (C.-C.D.L.); (I.A.W.)
| | - Chang-Chun D. Lee
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (M.Y.); (H.L.); (C.-C.D.L.); (I.A.W.)
| | - Garrick K. Yip
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (H.L.); (R.T.Y.S.); (Q.W.T.); (G.K.Y.); (W.W.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Wilson W. Ng
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (H.L.); (R.T.Y.S.); (Q.W.T.); (G.K.Y.); (W.W.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Ian A. Wilson
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; (M.Y.); (H.L.); (C.-C.D.L.); (I.A.W.)
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Malik Peiris
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; (H.L.); (R.T.Y.S.); (Q.W.T.); (G.K.Y.); (W.W.N.); (M.P.)
| | - Nicholas C. Wu
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Center for Biophysics and Computational Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Chris Ka Pun Mok
- The Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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van Zelm MC. Immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infections: To change the vaccine or not? Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabq5901. [PMID: 35653497 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abq5901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Analysis of memory B cell responses to Spike antigen after Omicron BA.1 breakthrough infections provides clues on whether "original antigenic sin" is in play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno C van Zelm
- Department of Immunology and Pathology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Central Clinical School, Monash University, and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Bivalent H1 and H3 COBRA Recombinant Hemagglutinin Vaccines Elicit Seroprotective Antibodies against H1N1 and H3N2 Influenza Viruses from 2009 to 2019. J Virol 2022; 96:e0165221. [PMID: 35289635 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01652-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Commercial influenza virus vaccines often elicit strain-specific immune responses and have difficulties preventing illness caused by antigenically drifted viral variants. In the last 20 years, the H3N2 component of the annual vaccine has been updated nearly twice as often as the H1N1 component, and in 2019, a mismatch between the wild-type (WT) H3N2 vaccine strain and circulating H3N2 influenza strains led to a vaccine efficacy of ∼9%. Modern methods of developing computationally optimized broadly reactive antigens (COBRAs) for H3N2 influenza viruses utilize current viral surveillance information to design more broadly reactive vaccine antigens. Here, 7 new recombinant hemagglutinin (rHA) H3 COBRA hemagglutinin (HA) antigens were evaluated in mice. Subsequently, two candidates, J4 and NG2, were selected for further testing in influenza-preimmune animals based on their ability to elicit broadly reactive antibodies against antigenically drifted H3N2 viral isolates. In the preimmune model, monovalent formulations of J4 and NG2 elicited broadly reactive antibodies against recently circulating H3N2 influenza viruses from 2019. Bivalent mixtures of COBRA H1 and H3 rHA, Y2 + J4, and Y2 + NG2 outperformed multiple WT H1+H3 bivalent rHA mixtures by eliciting seroprotective antibodies against H1N1 and H3N2 isolates from 2009 to 2019. Overall, the newly generated COBRA HA antigens, namely, Y2, J4, and NG2, had the ability to induce broadly reactive antibodies in influenza-naive and preimmune animals in both monovalent and bivalent formulations, and these antigens outperformed H1 and H3 WT rHA vaccine antigens by eliciting seroprotective antibodies against panels of antigenically drifted historical H1N1 and H3N2 vaccine strains from 2009 to 2019. IMPORTANCE Standard-of-care influenza virus vaccines are composed of a mixture of antigens from different influenza viral subtypes. For the first time, lead COBRA H1 and H3 HA antigens, formulated as a bivalent vaccine, have been investigated in animals with preexisting immunity to influenza viruses. The cocktail of COBRA HA antigens elicited more broadly reactive anti-HA antibodies than those elicited by a comparator bivalent wild-type HA vaccine against H1 and H3 influenza viruses isolated between 2009 and 2019.
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Fox A, Carolan L, Leung V, Phuong HVM, Khvorov A, Auladell M, Tseng YY, Thai PQ, Barr I, Subbarao K, Mai LTQ, van Doorn HR, Sullivan SG. Opposing Effects of Prior Infection versus Prior Vaccination on Vaccine Immunogenicity against Influenza A(H3N2) Viruses. Viruses 2022; 14:470. [PMID: 35336877 PMCID: PMC8949461 DOI: 10.3390/v14030470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior vaccination can alternately enhance or attenuate influenza vaccine immunogenicity and effectiveness. Analogously, we found that vaccine immunogenicity was enhanced by prior A(H3N2) virus infection among participants of the Ha Nam Cohort, Viet Nam, but was attenuated by prior vaccination among Australian Health Care Workers (HCWs) vaccinated in the same year. Here, we combined these studies to directly compare antibody titers against 35 A(H3N2) viruses spanning 1968-2018. Participants received licensed inactivated vaccines containing A/HongKong/4801/2014 (H3N2). The analysis was limited to participants aged 18-65 Y, and compared those exposed to A(H3N2) viruses circulating since 2009 by infection (Ha Nam) or vaccination (HCWs) to a reference group who had no recent A(H3N2) infection or vaccination (Ha Nam). Antibody responses were compared by fitting titer/titer-rise landscapes across strains, and by estimating titer ratios to the reference group of 2009-2018 viruses. Pre-vaccination, titers were lowest against 2009-2014 viruses among the reference (no recent exposure) group. Post-vaccination, titers were, on average, two-fold higher among participants with prior infection and two-fold lower among participants with 3-5 prior vaccinations compared to the reference group. Titer rise was negligible among participants with 3-5 prior vaccinations, poor among participants with 1-2 prior vaccinations, and equivalent or better among those with prior infection compared to the reference group. The enhancing effect of prior infection versus the incrementally attenuating effect of prior vaccinations suggests that these exposures may alternately promote and constrain the generation of memory that can be recalled by a new vaccine strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Fox
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (L.C.); (V.L.); (I.B.); (K.S.); (S.G.S.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (A.K.); (Y.-Y.T.)
| | - Louise Carolan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (L.C.); (V.L.); (I.B.); (K.S.); (S.G.S.)
| | - Vivian Leung
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (L.C.); (V.L.); (I.B.); (K.S.); (S.G.S.)
| | - Hoang Vu Mai Phuong
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam; (H.V.M.P.); (P.Q.T.); (L.T.Q.M.)
| | - Arseniy Khvorov
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (A.K.); (Y.-Y.T.)
| | - Maria Auladell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
| | - Yeu-Yang Tseng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (A.K.); (Y.-Y.T.)
| | - Pham Quang Thai
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam; (H.V.M.P.); (P.Q.T.); (L.T.Q.M.)
| | - Ian Barr
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (L.C.); (V.L.); (I.B.); (K.S.); (S.G.S.)
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (L.C.); (V.L.); (I.B.); (K.S.); (S.G.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia;
| | - Le Thi Quynh Mai
- National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam; (H.V.M.P.); (P.Q.T.); (L.T.Q.M.)
| | - H. Rogier van Doorn
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Wellcome Africa Asia Programme, National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, Ha Noi 100000, Vietnam;
- Centre of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LG, UK
| | - Sheena G. Sullivan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (L.C.); (V.L.); (I.B.); (K.S.); (S.G.S.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia; (A.K.); (Y.-Y.T.)
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Griggs EP, Flannery B, Foppa IM, Gaglani M, Murthy K, Jackson ML, Jackson LA, Belongia EA, McLean HQ, Martin ET, Monto AS, Zimmerman RK, Balasubramani GK, Chung JR, Patel M. Role of Age in the Spread of Influenza, 2011-2019: Data From the US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network. Am J Epidemiol 2022; 191:465-471. [PMID: 34274963 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwab205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Intraseason timing of influenza infection among persons of different ages could reflect relative contributions to propagation of seasonal epidemics and has not been examined among ambulatory patients. Using data from the US Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Network, we calculated risk ratios derived from comparing weekly numbers of influenza cases prepeak with those postpeak during the 2010-2011 through 2018-2019 influenza seasons. We sought to determine age-specific differences during the ascent versus descent of an influenza season by influenza virus type and subtype. We estimated 95% credible intervals around the risk ratios using Bayesian joint posterior sampling of weekly cases. Our population consisted of ambulatory patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza who enrolled in an influenza vaccine effectiveness study at 5 US sites during 9 influenza seasons after the 2009 influenza A virus subtype H1N1 (H1N1) pandemic. We observed that young children aged <5 years tended to more often be infected with H1N1 during the prepeak period, while adults aged ≥65 years tended to more often be infected with H1N1 during the postpeak period. However, for influenza A virus subtype H3N2, children aged <5 years were more often infected during the postpeak period. These results may reflect a contribution of different age groups to seasonal spread, which may differ by influenza virus type and subtype.
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41
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Valkenburg SA, Poon LLM. Exploring the landscape of immune responses to influenza infection and vaccination. Nat Med 2022; 28:239-240. [PMID: 35177856 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01656-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Leo L M Poon
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Division of Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,Centre for Immunology & Infection, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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42
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Salazar F, Bignell E, Brown GD, Cook PC, Warris A. Pathogenesis of Respiratory Viral and Fungal Coinfections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0009421. [PMID: 34788127 PMCID: PMC8597983 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00094-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals suffering from severe viral respiratory tract infections have recently emerged as "at risk" groups for developing invasive fungal infections. Influenza virus is one of the most common causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections worldwide. Fungal infections complicating influenza pneumonia are associated with increased disease severity and mortality, with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis being the most common manifestation. Strikingly, similar observations have been made during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The copathogenesis of respiratory viral and fungal coinfections is complex and involves a dynamic interplay between the host immune defenses and the virulence of the microbes involved that often results in failure to return to homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the main mechanisms underlying susceptibility to invasive fungal disease following respiratory viral infections. A comprehensive understanding of these interactions will aid the development of therapeutic modalities against newly identified targets to prevent and treat these emerging coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Salazar
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Bignell
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C. Cook
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Adilia Warris
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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43
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Lin CY, Wolf J, Brice DC, Sun Y, Locke M, Cherry S, Castellaw AH, Wehenkel M, Crawford JC, Zarnitsyna VI, Duque D, Allison KJ, Allen EK, Brown SA, Mandarano AH, Estepp JH, Taylor C, Molina-Paris C, Schultz-Cherry S, Tang L, Thomas PG, McGargill MA. Pre-existing humoral immunity to human common cold coronaviruses negatively impacts the protective SARS-CoV-2 antibody response. Cell Host Microbe 2022; 30:83-96.e4. [PMID: 34965382 PMCID: PMC8648673 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection causes diverse outcomes ranging from asymptomatic infection to respiratory distress and death. A major unresolved question is whether prior immunity to endemic, human common cold coronaviruses (hCCCoVs) impacts susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection or immunity following infection and vaccination. Therefore, we analyzed samples from the same individuals before and after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination. We found hCCCoV antibody levels increase after SARS-CoV-2 exposure, demonstrating cross-reactivity. However, a case-control study indicates that baseline hCCCoV antibody levels are not associated with protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Rather, higher magnitudes of pre-existing betacoronavirus antibodies correlate with more SARS-CoV-2 antibodies following infection, an indicator of greater disease severity. Additionally, immunization with hCCCoV spike proteins before SARS-CoV-2 immunization impedes the generation of SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies in mice. Together, these data suggest that pre-existing hCCCoV antibodies hinder SARS-CoV-2 antibody-based immunity following infection and provide insight on how pre-existing coronavirus immunity impacts SARS-CoV-2 infection, which is critical considering emerging variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yang Lin
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Joshua Wolf
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - David C Brice
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Yilun Sun
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Sean Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Ashley H Castellaw
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Marie Wehenkel
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Veronika I Zarnitsyna
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Duque
- School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Kim J Allison
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - E Kaitlynn Allen
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Scott A Brown
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Jeremie H Estepp
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | | | - Carmen Molina-Paris
- School of Mathematics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK; T-6, Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Stacey Schultz-Cherry
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Li Tang
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Paul G Thomas
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Maureen A McGargill
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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44
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Similar severity of influenza primary and re-infections in pre-school children requiring outpatient treatment due to febrile acute respiratory illness: prospective, multicentre surveillance study (2013-2015). BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:12. [PMID: 34983428 PMCID: PMC8724639 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06988-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Influenza virus infections in immunologically naïve children (primary infection) may be more severe than in children with re-infections who are already immunologically primed. We compared frequency and severity of influenza virus primary and re-infections in pre-school children requiring outpatient treatment. Methods Influenza-unvaccinated children 1–5 years of age presenting at pediatric practices with febrile acute respiratory infection < 48 h after symptom onset were enrolled in a prospective, cross-sectional, multicenter surveillance study (2013–2015). Influenza types/subtypes were PCR-confirmed from oropharyngeal swabs. Influenza type/subtype-specific IgG antibodies serving as surrogate markers for immunological priming were determined using ELISA/hemagglutination inhibition assays. The acute influenza disease was defined as primary infection/re-infection by the absence/presence of influenza type-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and, in a second approach, by the absence/presence of subtype-specific IgG. Socio-demographic and clinical data were also recorded. Results Of 217 influenza infections, 178 were due to influenza A (87 [49%] primary infections, 91 [51%] re-infections) and 39 were due to influenza B (38 [97%] primary infections, one [3%] re-infection). Children with “influenza A primary infections” showed fever with respiratory symptoms for a shorter period than children with “influenza A re-infections” (median 3 vs. 4 days; age-adjusted p = 0.03); other disease characteristics were similar. If primary infections and re-infections were defined based on influenza A subtypes, 122 (87%) primary infections (78 “A(H3N2) primary infections”, 44 “A(H1N1)pdm09 primary infections”) and 18 (13%) re-infections could be classified (14 “A(H3N2) re-infections” and 4 “A(H1N1)pdm09 re-infections”). Per subtype, primary infections and re-infections were of similar disease severity. Children with re-infections defined on the subtype level usually had non-protective IgG titers against the subtype of their acute infection (16 of 18; 89%). Some patients infected by one of the influenza A subtypes showed protective IgG titers (≥ 1:40) against the other influenza A subtype (32/140; 23%). Conclusions Pre-school children with acute influenza A primary infections and re-infections presented with similar frequency in pediatric practices. Contrary to expectation, severity of acute “influenza A primary infections” and “influenza A re-infections” were similar. Most “influenza A re-infections” defined on the type level turned out to be primary infections when defined based on the subtype. On the subtype level, re-infections were rare and of similar disease severity as primary infections of the same subtype. Subtype level re-infections were usually associated with low IgG levels for the specific subtype of the acute infection, suggesting only short-time humoral immunity induced by previous infection by this subtype. Overall, the results indicated recurring influenza virus infections in this age group and no or only limited heterosubtypic antibody-mediated cross-protection. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12879-021-06988-7.
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45
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Immune-mediated attenuation of influenza illness after infection: opportunities and challenges. THE LANCET MICROBE 2021; 2:e715-e725. [DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(21)00180-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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46
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Oidtman RJ, Arevalo P, Bi Q, McGough L, Russo CJ, Vera Cruz D, Costa Vieira M, Gostic KM. Influenza immune escape under heterogeneous host immune histories. Trends Microbiol 2021; 29:1072-1082. [PMID: 34218981 PMCID: PMC8578193 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2021.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In a pattern called immune imprinting, individuals gain the strongest immune protection against the influenza strains encountered earliest in life. In many recent examples, differences in early infection history can explain birth year-associated differences in susceptibility (cohort effects). Susceptibility shapes strain fitness, but without a clear conceptual model linking host susceptibility to the identity and order of past infections general conclusions on the evolutionary and epidemic implications of cohort effects are not possible. Failure to differentiate between cohort effects caused by differences in the set, rather than the order (path), of past infections is a current source of confusion. We review and refine hypotheses for path-dependent cohort effects, which include imprinting. We highlight strategies to measure their underlying causes and emergent consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Oidtman
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Philip Arevalo
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Qifang Bi
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lauren McGough
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Diana Vera Cruz
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Marcos Costa Vieira
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Katelyn M Gostic
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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47
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Auerswald H, Kann S, Klepsch L, Hülsemann J, Rudnik I, Schreiber S, Buchy P, Schreiber M. Neutralization of Dengue Virus Serotypes by Sera from Dengue-Infected Individuals Is Preferentially Directed to Heterologous Serotypes and Not against the Autologous Serotype Present in Acute Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:v13101957. [PMID: 34696387 PMCID: PMC8541627 DOI: 10.3390/v13101957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequential infections of humans by the four different dengue serotypes (DENV-1–4) lead to neutralizing antibodies with group, cross, and type specificity. Virus neutralization of serotypes showed monotypic but mostly multitypic neutralization profiles due to multiple virus exposures. We have studied neutralization to heterologous, reference DENV serotypes using paired sera collected between days 6 and 37 after onset of fever. The DENV-primed neutralization profile of the first serum sample, which was monitored by a foci reduction neutralization test (FRNT), was boosted but the neutralization profile stayed unchanged in the second serum sample. In 45 of 47 paired serum samples, the predominant neutralization was directed against DENV serotypes distinct from the infecting serotype. Homologous neutralization studies using sera and viruses from the same area, 33 secondary sera from DENV-1 infected Cambodian patients and eight virus isolates from Cambodia, showed that the FRNT assay accurately predicted the lack of a predominant antibody response against the infecting DENV-1 serotype in contrast to FRNT results using the WHO set of DENV viruses. This report provides evidence that DENV-primed multitypic neutralizing antibody profiles were mainly boosted and stayed unchanged after secondary infection and that DENV neutralization was predominantly directed to heterologous DENV but not against the infecting homologous serotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Auerswald
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.K.); (J.H.); (I.R.); (S.S.)
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia;
| | - Simone Kann
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.K.); (J.H.); (I.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Leonard Klepsch
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.K.); (J.H.); (I.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Janne Hülsemann
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.K.); (J.H.); (I.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Ines Rudnik
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.K.); (J.H.); (I.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Sebastian Schreiber
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.K.); (J.H.); (I.R.); (S.S.)
| | - Philippe Buchy
- Virology Unit, Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia;
- GlaxoSmithKline, Vaccines R&D, Singapore 139234, Singapore
| | - Michael Schreiber
- Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany; (H.A.); (S.K.); (L.K.); (J.H.); (I.R.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence:
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48
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Bull MB, Cohen CA, Leung NH, Valkenburg SA. Universally Immune: How Infection Permissive Next Generation Influenza Vaccines May Affect Population Immunity and Viral Spread. Viruses 2021; 13:1779. [PMID: 34578360 PMCID: PMC8472936 DOI: 10.3390/v13091779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Next generation influenza vaccines that target conserved epitopes are becoming a clinical reality but still have challenges to overcome. Universal next generation vaccines are considered a vital tool to combat future pandemic viruses and have the potential to vastly improve long-term protection against seasonal influenza viruses. Key vaccine strategies include HA-stem and T cell activating vaccines; however, they could have unintended effects for virus adaptation as they recognise the virus after cell entry and do not directly block infection. This may lead to immune pressure on residual viruses. The potential for immune escape is already evident, for both the HA stem and T cell epitopes, and mosaic approaches for pre-emptive immune priming may be needed to circumvent key variants. Live attenuated influenza vaccines have not been immunogenic enough to boost T cells in adults with established prior immunity. Therefore, viral vectors or peptide approaches are key to harnessing T cell responses. A plethora of viral vector vaccines and routes of administration may be needed for next generation vaccine strategies that require repeated long-term administration to overcome vector immunity and increase our arsenal against diverse influenza viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maireid B. Bull
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (M.B.B.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Carolyn A. Cohen
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (M.B.B.); (C.A.C.)
| | - Nancy H.L. Leung
- World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Control, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
| | - Sophie A. Valkenburg
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (M.B.B.); (C.A.C.)
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49
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Allen JD, Ross TM. Evaluation of Next-Generation H3 Influenza Vaccines in Ferrets Pre-Immune to Historical H3N2 Viruses. Front Immunol 2021; 12:707339. [PMID: 34475872 PMCID: PMC8406686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.707339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Each person has a unique immune history to past influenza virus infections. Exposure to influenza viruses early in life establishes memory B cell populations that influence future immune responses to influenza vaccination. Current influenza vaccines elicit antibodies that are typically strain specific and do not offer broad protection against antigenically drifted influenza strains in all age groups of people. This is particularly true for vaccine antigens of the A(H3N2) influenza virus subtype, where continual antigenic drift necessitates frequent vaccine reformulation. Broadly-reactive influenza virus vaccine antigens offer a solution to combat antigenic drift, but they also need to be equally effective in all populations, regardless of prior influenza virus exposure history. This study examined the role that pre-existing immunity plays on influenza virus vaccination. Ferrets were infected with historical A(H3N2) influenza viruses isolated from either the 1970’s, 1980’s, or 1990’s and then vaccinated with computationally optimized broadly reactive antigens (COBRA) or wild-type (WT) influenza virus like particles (VLPs) expressing hemagglutinin (HA) vaccine antigens to examine the expansion of immune breadth. Vaccines with the H3 COBRA HA antigens had more cross-reactive antibodies following a single vaccination in all three pre-immune regimens than vaccines with WT H3 HA antigens against historical, contemporary, and future drifted A(H3N2) influenza viruses. The H3 COBRA HA vaccines also induced antibodies capable of neutralizing live virus infections against modern drifted A(H3N2) strains at higher titers than the WT H3 HA vaccine comparators.
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Affiliation(s)
- James D Allen
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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50
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Wen S, Wu Z, Zhong S, Li M, Shu Y. Factors influencing the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:2706-2718. [PMID: 33705263 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1875761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Annual vaccination is the best prevention of influenza. However, the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines varies among different populations. It is important to fully identify the factors that may affect the immunogenicity of the vaccines to provide best protection for vaccine recipients. This paper reviews the factors that may influence the immunogenicity of influenza vaccines from the aspects of vaccine factors, adjuvants, individual factors, repeated vaccination, and genetic factors. The confirmed or hypothesized molecular mechanisms of these factors have also been briefly summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Wen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhengyu Wu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Shuyi Zhong
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Mao Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China.,National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
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